Article(id=1233732365315534855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732360236225173, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1598716800000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-30, revisedDate=1603641600000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074317530, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1614182400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074317530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074317530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074317530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732360236225173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074316317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074316317, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732365781102618, articleId=1233732365315534855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification and polyethylene-degrading characteristics of Bacillus LC-2, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plastics accumulate in the environment and gradually break into microplastics (MPs, size below 5 mm). It poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. In this study, a strain LC-2 capable of degrading polyethylene (PE) was isolated from plastic films collected from the Licun Estuary of Qingdao. It was identified as Bacillus aquimaris by using a combination of molecular biological technique with morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. After the strain was isolated, it was cultured in a liquid medium for 28 days with PE as the sole carbon source. The polyethylene was subsequently separated and examined with a scanning electron microscopy, a contact angle test, a thermogravimetric analysis and a Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis. The results showed that the weight loss of PE was about 9% after the degradation, with apparent morphologic changes on the surface of PE. It was also showed that the hydrophobicity of PE became smaller, with surface oxidation to produce −C=O functional groups. These evidences are sufficient to prove that the strain LC-2 can degrade PE.

, correspAuthors=Xianguo Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tingting Jiang, Huiping Ding, Lijuan Feng, Dahai Zhang, Ling Li, Yandong Liu, Xianguo Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732368801001598, articleId=1233732365315534855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=降解聚乙烯塑料芽孢杆菌LC-2的分离鉴定及降解特性研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

塑料在环境中不断地积累,逐渐破碎成为尺寸小于5 mm的微塑料,对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。本研究从青岛李村河口采集的塑料薄膜上分离出一株能够降解聚乙烯(PE)的细菌,命名为LC-2,通过分子生物学结合形态学和生理生化特征分析将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aquimaris)。在以PE为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,接种该细菌培养28 d后,通过扫描电镜、接触角测定、热重分析以及傅里叶变换红外光谱等手段分析表明,PE的失重率在9%左右,表面形貌发生变化,疏水性变小且表面发生氧化,产生−C=O官能团,这些证据足以证明LC-2可以降解PE。

, correspAuthors=李先国, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李先国(1965-),男,教授,主要研究方向为海洋有机地球化学及现代有机污染物与生物地球化学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1IrfuZCMR7M4RJIOpeEtcA==, magXml=8zIYhrqW9J94oLDs5sHwLA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4qSNSAHel+p09nRf05WCGQ==, pdfFileSize=1268274, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bBAvAlqRojyoAk438MnWiA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=d80Mo9svzgiDDE0YItqi2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

江婷婷(1995-),女,安徽省马鞍山市人,主要研究方向为环境分析化学。E-mail:

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江婷婷(1995-),女,安徽省马鞍山市人,主要研究方向为环境分析化学。E-mail:

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江婷婷(1995-),女,安徽省马鞍山市人,主要研究方向为环境分析化学。E-mail:

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Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values (>50%) based on a neighbor-joining analysis of 1 000 resampled datasets

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只展示自展值大于50%的节点数据,邻接法重复取样1 000次

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a. After 28 days in culture medium without LC-2 inoculated; b−d. after 28 days in culture medium with LC-2 inoculated showing the appearance of holes (b), cracks (c) and pits (d)

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a. 未接种LC-2的PE培养28 d后;b−d. 接种LC-2的PE 培养28 d后,显示出明显的孔洞(b)、裂痕(c)和凹坑(d)

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a. Control group after 28 days; b. experimental group after 28 days

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a. 对照组28 d后;b. 实验组28 d后

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降解聚乙烯塑料芽孢杆菌LC-2的分离鉴定及降解特性研究
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江婷婷 1, 2 , 丁慧平 1, 2 , 冯丽娟 1, 2 , 张大海 1, 2 , 李苓 1, 2 , 刘彦东 1, 2 , 李先国 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(2): 9-15
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(2): 9-15
降解聚乙烯塑料芽孢杆菌LC-2的分离鉴定及降解特性研究
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江婷婷1, 2 , 丁慧平1, 2, 冯丽娟1, 2, 张大海1, 2, 李苓1, 2, 刘彦东1, 2, 李先国1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 江婷婷(1995-),女,安徽省马鞍山市人,主要研究方向为环境分析化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李先国(1965-),男,教授,主要研究方向为海洋有机地球化学及现代有机污染物与生物地球化学。E-mail:
Isolation, identification and polyethylene-degrading characteristics of Bacillus LC-2
Tingting Jiang1, 2 , Huiping Ding1, 2, Lijuan Feng1, 2, Dahai Zhang1, 2, Ling Li1, 2, Yandong Liu1, 2, Xianguo Li1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2021-02-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021036
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塑料在环境中不断地积累,逐渐破碎成为尺寸小于5 mm的微塑料,对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。本研究从青岛李村河口采集的塑料薄膜上分离出一株能够降解聚乙烯(PE)的细菌,命名为LC-2,通过分子生物学结合形态学和生理生化特征分析将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aquimaris)。在以PE为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,接种该细菌培养28 d后,通过扫描电镜、接触角测定、热重分析以及傅里叶变换红外光谱等手段分析表明,PE的失重率在9%左右,表面形貌发生变化,疏水性变小且表面发生氧化,产生−C=O官能团,这些证据足以证明LC-2可以降解PE。

聚乙烯  /  塑料  /  降解  /  芽孢杆菌

Plastics accumulate in the environment and gradually break into microplastics (MPs, size below 5 mm). It poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. In this study, a strain LC-2 capable of degrading polyethylene (PE) was isolated from plastic films collected from the Licun Estuary of Qingdao. It was identified as Bacillus aquimaris by using a combination of molecular biological technique with morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. After the strain was isolated, it was cultured in a liquid medium for 28 days with PE as the sole carbon source. The polyethylene was subsequently separated and examined with a scanning electron microscopy, a contact angle test, a thermogravimetric analysis and a Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis. The results showed that the weight loss of PE was about 9% after the degradation, with apparent morphologic changes on the surface of PE. It was also showed that the hydrophobicity of PE became smaller, with surface oxidation to produce −C=O functional groups. These evidences are sufficient to prove that the strain LC-2 can degrade PE.

polyethylene  /  plastic  /  degradation  /  Bacillus aquimaris
江婷婷, 丁慧平, 冯丽娟, 张大海, 李苓, 刘彦东, 李先国. 降解聚乙烯塑料芽孢杆菌LC-2的分离鉴定及降解特性研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (2) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021036
Tingting Jiang, Huiping Ding, Lijuan Feng, Dahai Zhang, Ling Li, Yandong Liu, Xianguo Li. Isolation, identification and polyethylene-degrading characteristics of Bacillus LC-2[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (2) : 9 -15 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021036
全世界每年石油基合成塑料的产量超过3亿t,废弃塑料的环境污染问题已经引起人们的日益关注[1-2]。聚乙烯(Polyethylene, PE)塑料由于廉价、轻便、耐用的特点被广泛用于人们的日常生活,但由于PE是一种稳定性很好的聚合物,在环境中难以降解,容易造成“白色污染”[3]。环境中废弃的塑料由于风化和降解作用会破碎成尺寸更小的塑料碎片,最后形成尺寸小于5 mm的微塑料。微塑料广泛存在于环境中[4-6],其很有可能进入食物链,还可能吸附和运输各类污染物,进而成为有毒、有害化学物质的载体,增强其在生态系统中的累积和放大作用,加剧环境和健康问题[7-11]。当前,解决塑料污染的方法主要有焚烧、填埋、微生物降解、回收利用[12]以及可降解塑料的开发等。在塑料垃圾治理方面,焚烧和填埋都会造成比较严重的二次污染,微生物降解则被认为是最为环保的有效途径[13-14],特别是在塑料垃圾集中的区域,若能找到并高效利用塑料降解菌,将是一种安全且可行的方法。目前从环境中分离得到的能够降解PE材料的微生物,大多数是细菌和真菌,主要包括蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)、玫瑰红红球菌(Rhodococcus rhodochrous)和微杆菌(Microbacterium phyllosphaerae)等[15-20]。这些微生物大多是从土壤、垃圾填埋厂和一些生物的肠道中获得,极少来源于海洋环境。若能从海洋环境中获得有效降解PE的微生物,对于丰富PE降解微生物资源库及促进海洋生态系统的物质和能源循环都具有积极的意义。
从李村河口随机收集3块有严重分解迹象的塑料,比如有裂纹、孔洞或者有褪色等现象,放于无菌塑料袋中,低温保存带回实验室。
市售PE保鲜膜,将其剪成大小约3 mm×3 mm(用于降解实验)和3 cm×3 cm(用于PE降解菌的筛选)的块状。降解菌筛选和PE降解实验之前,样品根据文献[21]的方法在无水乙醇中浸泡灭菌,超净台中风干,室温存放于超净台以备下一步使用。
培养基的配方参照文献[17]。液体无碳培养基:0.7 g KH2PO4、0.7 g K2HPO4、0.7 g MgSO4·7H2O、1.0 g NH4NO3、0.005 g NaCl、0.002 g FeSO4·7H2O、0.002 g ZnSO4·7H2O、0.001 g MnSO4·H2O、去离子水1 000 mL,调节pH为7.0~7.2。固体无碳培养基由液体无碳培养基添加20 g/L的琼脂粉制得。营养肉汤培养基:蛋白胨10 g、牛肉膏3 g、NaCl 5 g、去离子水1 000 mL、调节pH为7.0~7.2。营养琼脂培养基由营养肉汤培养基添加20 g/L的琼脂粉制得。以上培养基均在121℃高压灭菌30 min。
将从李村河口采集的塑料样品剪碎,装于盛有100 mL灭菌生理盐水的锥形瓶中,向其中加入灭菌的玻璃微珠。使用摇床在180 r/min,35℃条件下恒温振荡3 h后静置。吸取5 mL悬浮液加入含有100 mL液体无碳培养基的锥形瓶中,并向其中加入1 g灭菌的PE薄膜作为唯一碳源。为筛选合适的PE降解菌,将锥形瓶放于摇床上,于120 r/min,35℃条件下孵育20 d。20 d后将锥形瓶中的塑料薄膜弃去,剩余的培养液用无菌生理盐水梯度稀释后分别取10−4、10−5、10−6的稀释液各0.2 mL涂布于营养琼脂平板上,以获得单一菌落,用四分体划线法将其转接至新鲜营养的琼脂平板上进行培养,多次转接,直至获得菌株的纯培养物。菌株培养温度均为35℃,共分离出52个单一菌落。
将所获得的单一菌落在营养肉汤培养基中富集培养,然后6 000 r/min离心,弃去上清液,加入生理盐水洗涤细菌沉淀物3次,再次离心,弃去上清液,以确保除去其中的营养物质。将获得的细菌沉淀物重悬于生理盐水中,吸取0.2 mL涂布在固体无碳培养基上,在平板表面覆盖上3 cm×3 cm的无菌PE薄膜,置于恒温培养箱中,培养几天后通过观察PE薄膜周边是否有菌落形成来判断是否是潜在的PE降解菌。对获得的3株具有潜在降解PE能力的菌株进行进一步的分子生物学鉴定。所有实验均进行3次平行实验。
16SrRNA测序在青岛睿博兴科生物技术有限公司进行,所得序列使用美国国家生物技术信息中心的BLAST数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)进行相似性搜索,并上传到GeneBank(gbsub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)获得登录号,从中选择匹配度为95%以上的细菌菌株,使用MEGA7.0软件提供的邻接法构建系统发育树。
将具有PE降解能力的细菌接种到新鲜的营养肉汤培养基中,在35℃,120 r/min的摇床上振荡培养,达到指数生长期后,将细菌培养液在6 000 r/min条件下离心,反复洗涤3次。然后将细菌沉淀物重悬于生理盐水中,向100 mL含有50 mg PE塑料的液体无碳培养基中接种2 mL细菌培养液(接种细菌密度为4.9×109 CFU/mL)用于实验,对照组中则不接种。所有实验均进行3次平行实验。
为了监测降解过程中PE塑料的重量变化,分别在实验的第7天、第14天、第21天、第28天取样测定PE塑料的失重率。将培养基中的PE塑料用孔径为0.45 μm的玻璃纤维滤膜过滤分离,在2%的十二烷基硫酸钠溶液中浸泡4 h,然后用去离子水反复淋洗干净,以除去PE塑料表面附着的微生物膜,最后将洗净的PE塑料在50℃的烘箱中干燥过夜,冷却至室温后称重。PE塑料的失重率由下式计算:
失重率(%)=(初始质量−降解后的质量)÷ 初始质量×100%.
用稀释涂布平板法测定降解过程中培养基中游离的细菌数,分别在第7天、第14天、第21天、第28天取样,将培养基中的液体摇匀后,吸取50 μL培养液,用无菌生理盐水梯度稀释后,涂布在营养琼脂平板上,培养24 h后,记录菌落数,所有实验均进行3次平行实验。
采用S-4800台式扫描电子显微镜(日本Hitachi)对降解前后的PE塑料表面形貌进行表征。样品在氩气气氛下溅射喷金,10 kV真空条件下观察并拍摄。
使用JC2000DM接触角测量仪(上海中晨数字技术设备有限公司)测定降解前后PE薄膜表面的水接触角(室温下使用去离子水测定)。
使用Nexus 670 FTIR光谱仪(美国Nicolet)对样品进行FTIR表征,长度范围为4 000~400 cm−1 ,分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数为20次。
使用乌氏黏度计(毛细管直径为0.5 mm,上海宝山启航仪器厂)测量降解前后PE塑料的黏均分子量。十氢萘为溶剂,70℃恒温水浴测量。
选用TGA2热分析仪(梅特勒−托利多)对材料的热稳定性进行表征,升温速率为10℃/min,从25℃开始升温至600℃,其流速为20 mL/min,吹扫气为N2,保护气(N2)流速为15 mL/min。
对分离出的PE降解菌株LC-2,选取曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavipes)作为外群,基于16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育分析树。如图1所示,其16S rRNA基因序列与两株典型菌株Bacillus sp. Marseille-Q1617(相似度为100%)和Bacillus aquimaris strain PBCS1(相似度为99%)的序列以极高相似度聚在一条进化分支上,确定其为芽孢杆菌属的一个菌株,命名为LC-2。其GeneBank登录号为MW199054。
通过比较PE塑料的干重损失(图2)来评估PE塑料的表观降解速率。结果表明,孵育28 d后,PE塑料的重量损失在9%左右,直观地说明了LC-2对PE塑料的降解。对照组在第7天后的少量重量损失可能与PE塑料在洗涤转移中的损失有关。
图3结果可以看出,在培养的前7天,细菌浓度增长缓慢,可能是细菌对环境有一个适应过程;在第7~21天,细菌开始大量增长,说明细菌可以利用PE塑料作为唯一碳源来进行自身的生长繁殖;在第21~28天,培养基中的细菌数开始下降,主要是因为培养基中的无机盐被消耗殆尽,也有可能是细菌产生的代谢物对自身的生长繁殖起了抑制作用,或者是更多的细菌附着在了PE塑料的表面,导致培养基中的细菌浓度降低。
PE塑料表面形貌的变化是被LC-2降解的间接证据。未接种LC-2的PE薄膜表面完整光滑、没有裂痕(图4a);降解28 d后的PE塑料表面出现了明显的孔洞(图4b)、裂痕(图4c)和凹坑(图4d)。这说明LC-2可以附着在PE塑料表面,形成生物膜,并利用PE塑料作为碳源,对其表面产生了破坏。
PE材料与水的接触角大小是其亲疏水性的体现。接触角越小,其亲水性越高,越有利于微生物的定植和附着。表面亲水性的增强是微生物附着在PE塑料表面并形成生物膜的关键。图5结果表明,经过28 d的孵育,经LC-2降解后PE的水接触角为71.72°,对照组为93.54°。降解后的PE水接触角变小,说明其表面疏水性降低,亲水性提高;也说明PE塑料表面在LC-2的作用下很有可能被氧化产生了亲水基团。亲水基团的产生有利于菌株大量附着在其表面,为菌株进一步降解PE塑料提供了条件。
通常来说,羰基等基团的出现被认为是PE氧化降解的直接证据。由降解前后PE塑料的红外光谱图(图6)可以看出,对照组可以观察到波数在2 918 cm−1和2 851 cm−1的PE的特征峰,分别归属于CH2-的不对称和对称伸缩振动;1 468 cm−1和725 cm−1的吸收峰则分别对应于C-H键的伸缩振动和摇摆振动,与前人结果一致[22-24]。孵育28 d后的PE塑料,其红外光谱在1 712 cm−1处显示出羰基的伸缩振动峰是PE氧化降解的标志[17]
聚合物主链长度的下降是其降解的一个重要指标。链长影响所有的降解类型,不论是物理、化学还是生物降解。链长越长,越难于降解。本文的结果表明,降解前PE塑料黏均分子量的平均值是74 131±1 007,降解28 d后的分子量平均值是60 255±775,降低了约(18.7±1.1)%。黏均分子量的降低表明LC-2能够利用PE塑料,并引起链的断裂,导致形成较短的片段。据报道[25-27],细菌释放到培养基中的胞外酶可以攻击聚合物的主链,导致的聚合物分子量的降低,是聚合物链降解的证据。
塑料材料的热稳定性主要取决于聚合物链的类型、结构和长度。图7热重曲线表明,降解后的PE薄膜热稳定性有所提高,其失重起始温度(435.9℃)较对照组(424.7℃)拖后,总失重率(96.42%)较对照组(98.21%)略有降低,可能与聚合物的结晶度增大有关。结晶度增大是因为PE作为半结晶的高聚物,其晶区的结构较为规整密实,在LC-2降解PE的过程中,可能引起分子链的断裂,破坏了缠结网络,产生的小分子链段具有较强的活动性,会沿着原有的晶粒外缘发生二次结晶,使结晶度提高[28]。因此热稳定性提高可能与较短聚合物链的形成有关,表明微生物可以利用PE塑料,并形成低分子量的聚合物。
但是,显著性检验(p>0.05)结果表明,实验组和对照组并无显著性差异,可能是由于塑料降解的时间不长,降解程度不高(重量损失9%左右,见3.2节),热稳定性变化不显著。
本研究从李村河口采集的塑料薄膜上分离出细菌LC-2,根据形态学特征、生理生化特征和分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,鉴定为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aquimaris)。LC-2在实验室控制条件下可以加速PE塑料的降解,并且该细菌可以在以PE塑料为唯一碳源的液体无碳培养基中生长良好。经过LC-2降解后的PE塑料,其表面水接触角变小,亲水性增加;表面形貌发生了变化,产生了孔洞、裂痕和凹坑;表面被氧化产生了羰基;降解后的PE塑料的热重损失及黏均分子量下降。所有证据都表明了LC-2可以降解PE塑料。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(201861015)。
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2021年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021036
  • 接收时间:2020-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-30
  • 修回日期:2020-10-26
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项(201861015)。
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

通讯作者:

李先国(1965-),男,教授,主要研究方向为海洋有机地球化学及现代有机污染物与生物地球化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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