Article(id=1233732361670677148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732360236225173, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1594569600000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-13, revisedDate=1602259200000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074316661, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1614182400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074316661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074316661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074316661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732360236225173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074316317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074316317, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732363117712031, articleId=1233732361670677148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distributions, seasonal variations and influence factors of different manganese species in the Sanggou Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The distribution of dissolved manganese (DIMn) and manganese in surface sediment in the Sanggou Bay were investigated in April, August, October 2011 and January 2012. The concentrations of DIMn and manganese in surface sediment were measured by the the catalytic-kinetic spectrophotometric and two-step extraction method, respectively. The results showed that the average concentration of DIMn in 2011−2012 were (60.5±43.1) nmol/L in April, (42.0±30.5) nmol/L in August, (23.4±11.2) nmol/L in October and (18.2±13.5) nmol/L in January. The high concentrations of DIMn always being found in the estuary and decreased from nearshore to the coastal area. There exists significant seasonal variation for concentrations of DIMn with highest value in spring, followed by summer and autumn, and lowest value in winter. The concentrations of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay were higher than the Ailian Bay and the Lidao Bay in spring and summer, and with insignificant variation in autumn and winter. The average content of total manganese (TMns) in surface sediment were (861±308) mg/kg in April 2011, (915±322) mg/kg in August 2011, (589±108) mg/kg in October 2011 and (653±185) mg/kg in January 2012. The average content of acetic acid-soluble manganese (HAc-Mn) in surface sediment were (500±272) mg/kg in April 2011, (502±232) mg/kg in August 2011, (322±81) mg/kg in October 2011, (345±91) mg/kg in January 2012. The content of TMns and HAc-Mn in the sediment of the bay were both decreased with the increasing distance from the coast. There exists significant seasonal variation for concentrations of HAc-Mn in the surface sediments during the investigations, with higher concentrations occurred in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. The adsorption of SPM and utilization of plankton were important factors affecting the content and distribution of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay. The major sources for DIMn in the Sanggou Bay included the inputs from riverine, groundwater discharge, atmospheric deposition and release from the sediment-water interface. The major sinks for DIMn included the output into the Yellow Sea and the absorption or accumulation by biological activities. A preliminary box model was established to estimate the budgets of DIMn for the Sanggou Bay, which demonstrated that in addition to output into the Yellow Sea and biological activities, there was other sinks of DIMns in the Sanggou Bay. The results provide basic data for further understanding the biogeochemical cycle of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay.

, correspAuthors=Jingling Ren, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiaqi Liu, Jingling Ren, Jing Chen, Ruixue Fang, Zengjie Jiang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732365172921074, articleId=1233732361670677148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用催化动力学分光光度法和两步提取法对2011年4月(春)、8月(夏)、10月(秋)和2012年1月(冬)桑沟湾海域溶解态无机锰(DIMn)和表层沉积物中的锰的含量进行测定。结果表明,桑沟湾4个季节(春季至冬季,后同)DIMn浓度呈现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点,其平均浓度分别为(60.5±43.1) nmol/L、(42.0±30.5) nmol/L、(23.4±11.2) nmol/L和(18.2±13.5) nmol/L,呈现出明显的季节变化,即春季最高,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低;与相邻的俚岛湾和爱莲湾相比,桑沟湾春季、夏季DIMn的浓度较高,秋季、冬季则没有显著性差异。桑沟湾表层沉积物中总Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(861±308) mg/kg、(915±322) mg/kg、(589±108) mg/kg、(653±185) mg/kg,表层沉积物中醋酸提取态Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(500±272) mg/kg、(502±232) mg/kg、(322±81) mg/kg、(345±91) mg/kg,两者均表现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点。醋酸提取态Mn的含量在春季、夏季要显著高于秋季、冬季。悬浮颗粒物的吸附和浮游生物的利用是影响桑沟湾DIMn浓度与分布的重要因素。桑沟湾DIMn的源主要包括河流及地下水输送、大气输送、沉积物−水界面释放;汇主要包括养殖生物的清除、向黄海的输送等。简单箱式模型收支计算结果显示,桑沟湾DIMn的源略大于汇,表明除了养殖生物的清除和向黄海的输送,桑沟湾DIMn还存在其他汇。本研究的结果为桑沟湾DIMn的生物地球化学循环的深入认识提供了基础数据。

, correspAuthors=任景玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
任景玲,教授,主要从事痕量元素的生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0AD9kC+Pb7/1F870Q2qRtA==, magXml=KJZPNPI5rPG7bhPwZwR7fg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LS6iWzFAiO0n6QNaCnX4Ww==, pdfFileSize=2100653, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mlic/6bjKMyB7CmbyJs6ng==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hZYzWhvGAd1qlnZYwutQoQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘家琦(1997—),男,山东省日照市人,主要从事痕量元素的海洋生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:

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刘家琦(1997—),男,山东省日照市人,主要从事痕量元素的海洋生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800605559476279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Concentration of DIMn in major rivers and groundwater around the Sanggou Bay in the flood season of June 2012, figureFileSmall=1bGAEveXsDnZZHyj50qnhA==, figureFileBig=hxpTcA4xx4G30hQkWFJ5bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800605643362363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2012年6月丰水期桑沟湾周边主要河流和地下水中DIMn的浓度, figureFileSmall=1bGAEveXsDnZZHyj50qnhA==, figureFileBig=hxpTcA4xx4G30hQkWFJ5bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800605748219967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=DIMn budget in the Sanggou Bay, figureFileSmall=tmszN4K3uOng1yqcXRELTw==, figureFileBig=N+W1QuVeJ8RG8As+Kw1eUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800605874049095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=图8, caption=桑沟湾溶解态锰的通量, figureFileSmall=tmszN4K3uOng1yqcXRELTw==, figureFileBig=N+W1QuVeJ8RG8As+Kw1eUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800605999878218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The ranges of temperature, salinity, SPM, and concentrations of Chl a and DIMn in the Sanggou Bay from 2011 to 2012

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航次2011年4月2011年8月2011年10月2012年1月
温度/℃5.5~11.618.5~24.214.9~17.51.9~5.6
(9.0±2.1)(21.4±2.0)(16.5±0.8)(3.8±1.2)
盐度30.21~30.7426.17~31.4130.57~31.3731.32~31.57
(30.51±0.12)(29.39±1.78)(31.18±0.23)(31.52±0.06)
SPM/(mg·L−1)10.8~63.989.2~32.813.8~73.98.0~67.2
(29.9±15.2)(17.3±3.5)(22.5±6.3)(28.2±15.5)
DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)12.5~579.319.1~182.98.9~49.45.4~56.0
(170.0±163.7)(42.0±30.5)(23.4±11.2)(18.2±13.5)
Chl a浓度
/(µg·L−1)
0.7~2.75.7~38.70.7~19.60.4~2.9
(1.3±0.6)(14.4±9.7)(6.5±6.0)(0.9±0.6)
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606163456079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2011−2012年桑沟湾4个航次的温度、盐度、SPM、Chl a和DIMn的浓度范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航次2011年4月2011年8月2011年10月2012年1月
温度/℃5.5~11.618.5~24.214.9~17.51.9~5.6
(9.0±2.1)(21.4±2.0)(16.5±0.8)(3.8±1.2)
盐度30.21~30.7426.17~31.4130.57~31.3731.32~31.57
(30.51±0.12)(29.39±1.78)(31.18±0.23)(31.52±0.06)
SPM/(mg·L−1)10.8~63.989.2~32.813.8~73.98.0~67.2
(29.9±15.2)(17.3±3.5)(22.5±6.3)(28.2±15.5)
DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)12.5~579.319.1~182.98.9~49.45.4~56.0
(170.0±163.7)(42.0±30.5)(23.4±11.2)(18.2±13.5)
Chl a浓度
/(µg·L−1)
0.7~2.75.7~38.70.7~19.60.4~2.9
(1.3±0.6)(14.4±9.7)(6.5±6.0)(0.9±0.6)
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606272507985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The concentration of DIMn in some bays, shelf marginal seas and oceans of the world

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域时间表层DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)底层DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)参考文献
桑沟湾2011年4月12.5~152.7本文
2011年8月7.4~67.119.2~84本文
2011年10月9.1~63.17.2~48.2本文
2012年10月5.8~565.4~52.3本文
长江口2012年3月2.5~55.12.1~59.6[23]
2012年7月4.2~74.16.9~63.3[23]
珠江口2009年5−8月2.1~1 660[24]
东海2011年5月2.6~21.81.5~10.2[25]
2011年8月4.2~15.53.8~140.7[25]
2011年11月2.5~13.93.5~19.5[25]
2013年5月2.9~29.12.5~27.7未发表数据
2013年8月3.1~43.62.3~81.5未发表数据
2013年11月2.2~10.21.1~15.2未发表数据
南海2011年8月3.0~28.21.3~30未发表数据
2014年10月3.7~6.10.8~4.6[26]
2015年6月1.8~70.5~4.1[26]
2015年7月1.9~16.20.6~14.7未发表数据
哈德逊河口1995年10月/1996年10月33.0~1 460[27]
杰克逊港口1999年2月−2001年1月5.9~1 836.4[28]
太平洋(HOT−ALOHA)2001年4月/2002年6月1.2~1.70.26~0.31[29]
西北太平洋2008年7−8月1.3~2.60.3~0.7[30]
南大洋2008年2−3月0.04~0.640.07~0.23[3]
加利福尼亚湾1996年9月/1997年3月1.7~6.9>6[31]
黑海2001年6月<1006 000~8 000[32]
波罗的海2008年7−8月1 0005 000[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606368976980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分海湾、陆架边缘海及大洋中DIMn的浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域时间表层DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)底层DIMn浓度/(nmol·L−1)参考文献
桑沟湾2011年4月12.5~152.7本文
2011年8月7.4~67.119.2~84本文
2011年10月9.1~63.17.2~48.2本文
2012年10月5.8~565.4~52.3本文
长江口2012年3月2.5~55.12.1~59.6[23]
2012年7月4.2~74.16.9~63.3[23]
珠江口2009年5−8月2.1~1 660[24]
东海2011年5月2.6~21.81.5~10.2[25]
2011年8月4.2~15.53.8~140.7[25]
2011年11月2.5~13.93.5~19.5[25]
2013年5月2.9~29.12.5~27.7未发表数据
2013年8月3.1~43.62.3~81.5未发表数据
2013年11月2.2~10.21.1~15.2未发表数据
南海2011年8月3.0~28.21.3~30未发表数据
2014年10月3.7~6.10.8~4.6[26]
2015年6月1.8~70.5~4.1[26]
2015年7月1.9~16.20.6~14.7未发表数据
哈德逊河口1995年10月/1996年10月33.0~1 460[27]
杰克逊港口1999年2月−2001年1月5.9~1 836.4[28]
太平洋(HOT−ALOHA)2001年4月/2002年6月1.2~1.70.26~0.31[29]
西北太平洋2008年7−8月1.3~2.60.3~0.7[30]
南大洋2008年2−3月0.04~0.640.07~0.23[3]
加利福尼亚湾1996年9月/1997年3月1.7~6.9>6[31]
黑海2001年6月<1006 000~8 000[32]
波罗的海2008年7−8月1 0005 000[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606465445977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The content ranges of TMns and HAc-Mn in the surface sediment of the Sanggou Bay from 2011 to 2012

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间TMns含量/(mg·kg−1)HAc-Mn含量/(mg·kg−1)
2011年4月363~1 507(861±308)297~1 129(500±272)
2011年8月392~1 742(915±322)177~1 108(502±232)
2011年10月474~760(589±108)238~450(322±81)
2012年1月487~801(653±85)219~552(345±91)
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606566109277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2011−2012年桑沟湾表层沉积物中TMns和HAc-Mn的含量范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间TMns含量/(mg·kg−1)HAc-Mn含量/(mg·kg−1)
2011年4月363~1 507(861±308)297~1 129(500±272)
2011年8月392~1 742(915±322)177~1 108(502±232)
2011年10月474~760(589±108)238~450(322±81)
2012年1月487~801(653±85)219~552(345±91)
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606662578274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Aquaculture cycle and yield of aquatic products in the Sanggou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖种类播种期收获期产量/103 t
海带11−12月次年5−6月85(干重)
龙须菜6月当年10月25.4(湿重)
扇贝10−11月次年6−7月15(湿重)
牡蛎.4−5月次年11月60(湿重)
), ArticleFig(id=1233800606742270054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732361670677148, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

桑沟湾水产品养殖周期及产量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖种类播种期收获期产量/103 t
海带11−12月次年5−6月85(干重)
龙须菜6月当年10月25.4(湿重)
扇贝10−11月次年6−7月15(湿重)
牡蛎.4−5月次年11月60(湿重)
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桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素
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刘家琦 1 , 任景玲 1, * , 陈晶 1 , 房瑞雪 1 , 蒋增杰 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(2): 16-27
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(2): 16-27
桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素
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刘家琦1 , 任景玲1, * , 陈晶1, 房瑞雪1, 蒋增杰2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 刘家琦(1997—),男,山东省日照市人,主要从事痕量元素的海洋生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

任景玲,教授,主要从事痕量元素的生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:
Distributions, seasonal variations and influence factors of different manganese species in the Sanggou Bay
Jiaqi Liu1 , Jingling Ren1, * , Jing Chen1, Ruixue Fang1, Zengjie Jiang2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2021-02-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021018
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利用催化动力学分光光度法和两步提取法对2011年4月(春)、8月(夏)、10月(秋)和2012年1月(冬)桑沟湾海域溶解态无机锰(DIMn)和表层沉积物中的锰的含量进行测定。结果表明,桑沟湾4个季节(春季至冬季,后同)DIMn浓度呈现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点,其平均浓度分别为(60.5±43.1) nmol/L、(42.0±30.5) nmol/L、(23.4±11.2) nmol/L和(18.2±13.5) nmol/L,呈现出明显的季节变化,即春季最高,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低;与相邻的俚岛湾和爱莲湾相比,桑沟湾春季、夏季DIMn的浓度较高,秋季、冬季则没有显著性差异。桑沟湾表层沉积物中总Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(861±308) mg/kg、(915±322) mg/kg、(589±108) mg/kg、(653±185) mg/kg,表层沉积物中醋酸提取态Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(500±272) mg/kg、(502±232) mg/kg、(322±81) mg/kg、(345±91) mg/kg,两者均表现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点。醋酸提取态Mn的含量在春季、夏季要显著高于秋季、冬季。悬浮颗粒物的吸附和浮游生物的利用是影响桑沟湾DIMn浓度与分布的重要因素。桑沟湾DIMn的源主要包括河流及地下水输送、大气输送、沉积物−水界面释放;汇主要包括养殖生物的清除、向黄海的输送等。简单箱式模型收支计算结果显示,桑沟湾DIMn的源略大于汇,表明除了养殖生物的清除和向黄海的输送,桑沟湾DIMn还存在其他汇。本研究的结果为桑沟湾DIMn的生物地球化学循环的深入认识提供了基础数据。

溶解态锰  /  沉积物  /  分布  /  季节变化  /  影响因素  /  收支  /  桑沟湾

The distribution of dissolved manganese (DIMn) and manganese in surface sediment in the Sanggou Bay were investigated in April, August, October 2011 and January 2012. The concentrations of DIMn and manganese in surface sediment were measured by the the catalytic-kinetic spectrophotometric and two-step extraction method, respectively. The results showed that the average concentration of DIMn in 2011−2012 were (60.5±43.1) nmol/L in April, (42.0±30.5) nmol/L in August, (23.4±11.2) nmol/L in October and (18.2±13.5) nmol/L in January. The high concentrations of DIMn always being found in the estuary and decreased from nearshore to the coastal area. There exists significant seasonal variation for concentrations of DIMn with highest value in spring, followed by summer and autumn, and lowest value in winter. The concentrations of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay were higher than the Ailian Bay and the Lidao Bay in spring and summer, and with insignificant variation in autumn and winter. The average content of total manganese (TMns) in surface sediment were (861±308) mg/kg in April 2011, (915±322) mg/kg in August 2011, (589±108) mg/kg in October 2011 and (653±185) mg/kg in January 2012. The average content of acetic acid-soluble manganese (HAc-Mn) in surface sediment were (500±272) mg/kg in April 2011, (502±232) mg/kg in August 2011, (322±81) mg/kg in October 2011, (345±91) mg/kg in January 2012. The content of TMns and HAc-Mn in the sediment of the bay were both decreased with the increasing distance from the coast. There exists significant seasonal variation for concentrations of HAc-Mn in the surface sediments during the investigations, with higher concentrations occurred in spring and summer than that in autumn and winter. The adsorption of SPM and utilization of plankton were important factors affecting the content and distribution of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay. The major sources for DIMn in the Sanggou Bay included the inputs from riverine, groundwater discharge, atmospheric deposition and release from the sediment-water interface. The major sinks for DIMn included the output into the Yellow Sea and the absorption or accumulation by biological activities. A preliminary box model was established to estimate the budgets of DIMn for the Sanggou Bay, which demonstrated that in addition to output into the Yellow Sea and biological activities, there was other sinks of DIMns in the Sanggou Bay. The results provide basic data for further understanding the biogeochemical cycle of DIMn in the Sanggou Bay.

dissolved manganese  /  sediment  /  distribution  /  seasonal variation  /  influence factors  /  flux and budget  /  Sanggou Bay
刘家琦, 任景玲, 陈晶, 房瑞雪, 蒋增杰. 桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (2) : 16 -27 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021018
Jiaqi Liu, Jingling Ren, Jing Chen, Ruixue Fang, Zengjie Jiang. Distributions, seasonal variations and influence factors of different manganese species in the Sanggou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (2) : 16 -27 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021018
锰(Mn)在地壳中的含量位于第12位,质量分数为0.071 6%[1]。在天然水环境中,岩石风化产物中Mn的溶解度通常较低,并且逗留时间短,故海洋中溶解态无机锰(DIMn)浓度较低,一般1 L海水中只有几nmol,属于痕量元素[2]。Mn的生物地球化学行为受海水的氧化还原环境、生物活动、颗粒物−水界面反应以及光化学反应等过程的影响,不同海区其含量、存在形态及分布存在较大差异。在大洋中,DIMn的来源主要包括大气颗粒物的沉降溶解、河流输入、海底沉积物的释放、海底热液输入等[34],而近岸海域DIMn主要受河流输入和人类活动影响。颗粒物的吸附和浮游植物的吸收利用可以将DIMn清除出水体。Mn在自然界中共存在5种价态(+2、+3、+4、+6、+7),是典型的氧化还原敏感型元素。从热力学角度考虑,在缺氧或无氧的环境中,锰元素主要以溶解态Mn2+离子的形式存在,而在氧化性的水环境中,Mn2+易被氧化成Mn4+,最终转化为颗粒态MnO2的形式被清除出水体[3, 56]。在沉积物−水界面,锰的内部循环取决于沉积物−水界面的氧化还原条件,在缺氧或无氧环境中Mn4+被还原成Mn2+,向上覆水扩散;当其在氧化性环境中会转化为Mn4+,被埋藏在沉积物中[7]。锰是浮游植物生长所必须的微量营养元素之一,是叶绿素合成和自由基清除酶促反应中的重要辅助因子[8]。在微量营养元素Fe匮乏的条件下,现场观测和实验室Mn加富实验均证明,DIMn可能是浮游植物生长的限制因子[910]。Mn是国际海洋科学研究计划痕量元素及同位素的海洋生物地球化学循环研究(GEOTRACES)规定的关键参数之一,常常作为示踪剂追踪海洋中氧化还原环境的变化,其浓度、分布和迁移转化的研究具有重要意义。
桑沟湾位于山东半岛东端,湾口向东,面临黄海,属于典型的半封闭型海湾。海湾水域面积为143.20 km2,湾内平均水深7.5 m,最大水深15 m。入湾的主要河流为沽河、十里河、桑干河等,均为山溪性河流,年平均径流总量为2×108 m3,约为湾内总海水体积的17%,年沙输入量为17.1×104 t。桑沟湾海底地势平坦,其沉积物类型主要是砂砾、细砂、细砂质粉砂、粉砂、黏土质粉砂,其中黏土质粉砂的分布占到了湾内面积的85%[11]。作为我国北方重要的水产养殖基地,桑沟湾养殖海域面积超过60 km2,在湾外及水深较深、流速较大处以海带养殖为主,湾内水浅处以海带和贝类(牡蛎、贻贝等)间养或以贝类养殖为主[12]。双壳类和海带养殖面积可达桑沟湾养殖海域面积的2/3[13]。各季节养殖生物量影响海水交换,秋季水交换较好,平均半交换期为30 d,而在养殖生物生长旺盛的春季、夏季,湾内海水的平均半交换期分别为38.5 d和31.5 d[14]
近几年来多位研究者对桑沟湾痕量金属的分布及变化特征开展了调查研究,如闫哲等[15]和李磊等[16]对桑沟湾内溶解无机砷的分布、季节变化和影响因素进行探索与研究;张国玲等[17]对湾内溶解态铝的分布、季节变化进行初步探索;房瑞雪等[18]进一步指出周边河流及地下水的输入、与黄海水的交换、大气输送、养殖生物和悬浮颗粒物(Suspend Particle Matter,SPM)对溶解态铝分布的影响;王希龙等[19]运用地下水端元223Ra和224Ra活度及地下水贡献的过剩223Ra和224Ra的量估算了桑沟湾海底地下水的排放量;Zhu等[20]对桑沟湾这一典型水产养殖区表层海水中溶解态Fe的季节性分布进行了研究;张晓慧等[21]对桑沟湾溶解态Fe的分布、季节变化及影响因素进行了更深入的研究。相比之下,桑沟湾海域Mn的研究相对欠缺,本文报道了2011−2012年4个季节桑沟湾内DIMn和沉积物中总Mn和醋酸提取态Mn的分布和季节变化,探讨了影响桑沟湾海水DIMn和表层沉积物中不同形态Mn分布的主要因素,并对其DIMn的源、汇通量进行了计算。研究结果丰富了桑沟湾不同形态Mn的数据,有助于更加深入认识受养殖活动影响显著的近岸海湾中Mn的海洋生物地球化学行为。
分别于2011年4月(春)、8月(夏)、10月(秋)和2012年1月(冬)采集桑沟湾表层、底层海水样品,其中2011年4月只采集表层水样,采样站位如图1所示。俚岛湾、爱莲湾与桑沟湾地埋位置相近,均位于山东半岛东端,气候条件和人文环境几乎相同。为对比不同水文环境对DIMn分布和季节变化的影响,对桑沟湾附近的爱莲湾和俚岛湾也进行了采样调查。除大面观测站外,图1还给出了2012年6月桑沟湾主要入湾河流和地下水的采样站位,以期衡量陆源输入对桑沟湾DIMn分布的影响。河流采样站位位于河流中下游(盐度为0),距离入海口3~10 km,包括桑干河、十里河、沽河和八河水库等,地下水采样站位分别位于环桑沟湾的6处井水。沉积物样品采集站位仅分布于桑沟湾内,与湾内溶解态样品相比,个别站位因海流过急或者沉积类型为砂质沉积的原因而没有能够获得沉积物样品。沉积物样品利用箱式采泥器采集获得,取表层1~2 cm的样品装到密封的塑封袋中,冷冻保存。样品在分析之前需用冷冻干燥机进行干燥,然后用玛瑙研钵研磨后进行混酸消解后测定。直接取箱式采泥器中沉积物表层2 cm 进行恒温离心(3000 r/min,15 min),取上清液经孔径为0.45 μm的醋酸纤维膜过滤得到孔隙水,将其装入预先洗净的聚乙烯瓶中密封冷冻保存。 雨水的采集是在观测期间遇到降雨事件时,用采雨器(距地面1.5 m)收集雨水样品后,立即过滤装入预先洗净的聚乙烯瓶中密封保存。
调查船为有机械动力的木船,在船头使用有机玻璃采水器采集痕量元素样品。采水器内壁事先用酒精和Milli-Q水清洗。采样瓶和样品瓶使用前均用体积比为1∶5的盐酸浸泡约1周,然后依次用蒸馏水和Milli-Q水洗净,装入双层洁净塑封袋中备用。
所有溶解态样品采集后用经盐酸处理的Nalgene过滤器和孔径为0.45 μm的醋酸纤维滤膜(经pH=2的HCl浸泡,用Milli-Q水浸泡平衡到中性)过滤,过滤后将样品装入聚乙烯样品瓶中,冷冻(−20℃)保存。滤膜上所得即为SPM样品,其含量是过滤前后烘干滤膜的质量差值。现场条件下将Milli-Q水过滤做空白水样,以衡量现场采样条件、样品瓶对样品中DIMn浓度的影响。温度、盐度数据通过Multi 350i多参数水质分析仪现场测定获得。叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度根据《海洋监测规范》中的方法,利用Turner Ⅱ 型荧光光度计测定获得。
在实验室中采用催化动力学分光光度法测定海水、雨水及孔隙水样品中DIMn的浓度[22]。该方法检出限为0.6 nmol/L,对空白样品和浓度为5.5 nmol/L的样品分析的精密度分别为6.8%和2.7%。采用本方法测定了中国环境保护标准样品(GSB 07-1189–2000),分析结果(0.30±0.008)μg/L与推荐值(0.30±0.015)μg/L无显著性差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=11)。利用两步提取法提取沉积物中的Mn(两步提取法是利用25%的醋酸(HAc)进行第一次提取,测定上清液中的醋酸提取态Mn(HAc-Mn),倾去上清液后加入硝酸超声1 h,再转移到消化杯中,用硝酸和高氯酸清洗后的清洗液也一并倒入消化杯,然后再加入氟化氢(HF)加热浓缩,最后将浓缩液用1%盐酸稀释定容进行测定),然后采用催化动力学分光光度法测定其中Mn的含量。通过该法对国家标准物质水系沉积物(GSD-9)中HAc-Mn和总锰(TMns)进行平行测定,精密度分别为3.0%和4.3%,与给定TMns的推荐值不存在显著性差异(t检验,p <0.05,n=7),回收率为99.9%。
表1给出了2011−2012年4个季节(分别用4月、8月、10月和1月代表4个季节)桑沟湾内海水温度、盐度、SPM、叶绿素a(Chl a)的浓度范围及平均值。由表1可知,桑沟湾海水DIMn的浓度在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季、冬季较低,存在明显的季节性差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=19)。桑沟湾海水盐度基本表现为由近岸向外海升高,夏季盐度梯度变化比春季、秋季和冬季明显[22]。湾内养殖生物在春季、夏季从生长到成熟[16],严重阻碍了湾内外水体交换,且夏季雨量增大,大量淡水入湾导致桑沟湾与外海之间有明显的盐度梯度。在秋季、冬季,主要受到淡水输入减少的影响,湾内外的盐度梯度较小。另外,秋季、冬季阀架养殖的海带收获,湾内外水交换通畅也是造成湾内外海水盐度梯度不大的原因。
桑沟湾水深较浅,表层、底层海水混合均匀,海水整体上不存在显著性差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=19)。所以该湾表层、底层海水DIMn的分布规律相似,因此本文只给出表层海水DIMn的分布等值线图。由图2可知,2011年4月航次近岸S-13、S-18、S-19等几个站位表层DIMn浓度出现异常高值,是2013年4月航次相同站位的DIMn浓度(实验室未发表数据)的好几倍,其他站位两年之间不存在显著差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=12),因此2011年4月航次近岸站位可能受到偶发性的城市排污等因素影响,所以在后面的讨论中并不包含2011年4月航次近岸的异常站位DIMn的浓度数据。桑沟湾表层海水DIMn的分布在整体上呈现为由近岸向外海逐渐降低的趋势,高值常常出现在近岸,主要是受河流输入的影响。在春季、夏季,桑沟湾的河流输入量较大,同时受养殖生物影响,湾内外海水交换较弱,两个季节DIMn浓度梯度变化明显;秋季、冬季海水交换良好且河流径流量减小,使湾内外的DIMn浓度梯度不大。
图3给出了4个季节桑沟湾、俚岛湾和爱莲湾的盐度与海水DIMn浓度的对比。由图3b可知,在春季、秋季和冬季,3个海湾的平均盐度不存在显著性差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=19),而在夏季,桑沟湾平均盐度明显低于俚岛湾和爱莲湾。造成这种差异的原因是桑沟湾属于半封闭型海湾,并且养殖面积相对较大,夏季湾内养殖生物阻碍了湾内外的海水交换;而且桑沟湾入湾河流比其他两个海湾多,淡水输入较大。由图3a可知,春季、夏季受河流输入的影响显著,桑沟湾海水DIMn的浓度显著高于其他两个海湾;秋季、冬季大部分养殖生物收获后,桑沟湾内外海水交换变强,受外海海水入侵影响变大,DIMn的浓度与其他两个海湾相比没有显著性差异(t检验,p<0.10,n=19)。
我国河口、陆架边缘海及世界主要大洋、海湾中DIMn的浓度对比见表2。由于DIMn受陆源输入影响显著,桑沟湾又属于半封闭式的海湾,桑沟湾DIMn的浓度要高于世界大洋和大多数陆架边缘海。另外,桑沟湾特殊的养殖环境也使得该区域DIMn浓度的季节变化更加明显。桑沟湾属于半封闭性海湾受陆源输入及养殖活动影响明显,而东海、南海属于陆架边缘海,受大洋水团影响显著,因此东海、南海DIMn的浓度远低于桑沟湾海水的浓度。在缺氧环境中,高价态的Mn易被还原成Mn2+,使DIMn浓度出现高值,因此在缺氧海域中的DIMn浓度远高于桑沟湾的浓度;在不同河口区,由于受到絮凝、颗粒物吸附、水团混和等影响,使河口DIMn表现出保守或不保守的行为。因此,长江口区域DIMn的浓度要低于桑沟湾DIMn的浓度[23],珠江口DIMn的浓度要高于桑沟湾DIMn的浓度[24]
大量饵料的投放、养殖生物的大量排泄物、未收获的残渣沉积造成桑沟湾内沉积物的沉降速率较高,平均沉降速率为1.13 cm/a[33]图4给出了桑沟湾4个季节表层沉积物中TMns和HAc-Mn平面分布,桑沟湾沉积物中HAc-Mn与TMns的分布规律一致,并且与桑沟湾DIMn的分布相似,均呈现出近岸高、远岸低的特点。TMns和HAc-Mn含量最大值出现在近岸,主要是受河流输入的影响。在春季、夏季,桑沟湾周边的河流输入量较大,同时受养殖生物影响,湾内外海水交换较弱,两个季节沉积物中TMns和HAc-Mn的含量梯度变化明显,在秋季、冬季,陆源输入减少和海水混合均匀导致沉积物中Mn的含量梯度变化不大。表3给出了桑沟湾4个季节表层沉积物中HAc-Mn和沉积物中TMns含量变化范围,表层沉积物中HAc-Mn的含量在177~1 129 mg/kg范围之间波动,对比4个季节相同采样区域的结果,春季、夏季的HAc-Mn含量要显著高于秋季、冬季(t检验,p<0.05,n=8),表层沉积物中TMns不存在季节的显著性差异(t检验,p<0.05,n=8)。表层沉积物中HAc-Mn的这种季节性差异与湾内海水中DIMn的季节性差异相似,这主要是由于春季、夏季是湾内养殖生物生长旺期,湾内饵料大量投放、养殖生物大量排泄以及陆源输入,造成春季、夏季海水中DIMn的浓度较高。海水中的DIMn被生物利用后,随生物排泄物及生物组织沉降或者被颗粒物吸附等作用从水体中清除并最终转移到沉积物中,因此造成表层沉积物中HAc-Mn含量显著高于秋季、冬季。
桑沟湾海水4个季节盐度和DIMn浓度之间的相关关系见图5a,图中理论稀释线(TDL)以俚岛湾最靠外海的L-6和L-10站位DIMn的平均浓度(23.21 nmol/L)作为黄海水端元,以沽河的DIMn为淡水端元(1 236 nmol/L)。由图中可以看出,桑沟湾大部分站位DIMn的浓度在理论稀释线以下,表明湾内清除效应显著,可能与湾内生物利用和SPM的吸附清除有关。
天然水体中的Mn主要来源于陆源的风化物质,水中的SPM对Mn的吸附−解吸作用使其既是海水中DIMn的来源也可能是汇。由图5b可以看出,SPM对DIMn的影响较为复杂,不同季节的影响也有差异,从总体上来看,桑沟湾内的SPM对DIMn存在一定的清除作用,这表明水体中DIMn有一部分被吸附到颗粒物表面并随颗粒物沉降到海底,进而从水体中清除。
为研究浮游生物活动对桑沟湾海水中DIMn分布的影响,仅考虑水团的物理混合,以夏季沽河水和黄海水为两个混合端元来估算桑沟湾海水中DIMn的理论值,其计算公式为
${S_{\rm{a}}} = {S_{\rm{R}}}x + {S_{\rm{Y}}}y,$
$x + y = 1,$
${C_{\rm{c}}} = {C_{\rm{R}}}x + {C_{\rm{Y}}}y,$
${C_{\rm{e}}} = \frac{{{C_{\rm{a}}} - {C_{\rm{c}}}}}{{{C_{\rm{a}}}}},$
式中,Sa为实测盐度;SR为河水盐度(SR=0);SY为黄海水的平均盐度(SY=32);x为水团混合中河水端元所占的比例;y为黄海水端元所占的比例;Cc为DIMn的估算值;CR为沽河水中DIMn的浓度值(1 236 nmol/L);Ca为DIMn的实测值;以俚岛湾最靠外海的L-6和L-10站位DIMn的平均浓度(30.85 nmol/L)作为黄海水端元CY。最后由公式(4)得出实测值与估算值之间差值占实测值的比例Ce
桑沟湾区域Ce与叶绿素a浓度之间的关系如图6所示,由图中可以看出Ce与叶绿素a浓度呈显著的负相关,表明浮游植物对桑沟湾内海水中DIMn的清除存在一定贡献。
沽河是流入桑沟湾最大的河流,年均径流量约占桑沟湾周边河流年均径流总量的70%[11]。另外,八河水库是荣成市最大的水库,在泄洪时将淡水排入桑沟湾。图7给出了2012年6月丰水期桑沟湾周边主要河流和地下水中DIMn的浓度。受人为活动的影响,桑沟湾周边河流中DIMn的浓度差异较大,变化范围为93.4~1 236 nmol/L。由于缺乏周边其他河流的年均径流量的准确数据,忽略其他河流对桑沟湾DIMn分布的影响,且近年来桑沟湾近岸河流的年平均径流量有所降低,为减小估算误差,将沽河对桑沟湾DIMn的贡献采用年均径流总量的80%进行估算[16]。计算公式为
${Y_{\rm{Q}}} = {C_{{\rm{DIMn}}}} \times V \times 80 {\text \%} ,$
式中,YQ表示河流年均输入DIMn的总量(mol/a);CDIMn表示河流中DIMn的浓度(mol/m3);V表示桑沟湾周边河流的年均径流总量(m3/a)。由该公式计算出周边河流每年对桑沟湾DIMn的贡献量为19.8×104 mol/a。由此说明,河流是桑沟湾海水中DIMn的一个重要来源,同时也解释了桑沟湾DIMn浓度由近岸向外海逐渐减少的分布规律。
与河流相比,地下水中DIMn的浓度较低(平均浓度为(18.2±13.6)nmol/L),根据镭放射性同位素示踪法估算出的桑沟湾地下水年均输送通量(3.8×109 m3/a)[19],约为河流年均径流量的20倍。为减小误差,取陆源地下淡水占总地下水通量的10%计算[34],根据下式计算得出地下水对桑沟湾DIMn的贡献量:
${Y_{\rm{G}}} = SGD \times {C_{{\rm{DIMn}}}},$
式中,YG表示DIMn的地下水年输入总量(mol/a);CDIMn表示地下水中DIMn的浓度(mol/m3);SGD表示地下水排放通量(m3/a)。计算得出DIMn通过地下水向桑沟湾输入的总量为0.7×104 mol/a,约占河流输入量的3.5%。
桑沟湾海水与黄海水的交换同样会影响到湾内DIMn的分布。根据LOICZ模型[35]进行估算,通过水量平衡原则,由桑沟湾河流年均径流量、地下水排放通量、年均降雨量(Vp=1.3×108 m3/a)和年蒸发量(VE=1.5×108 m3/a),计算出桑沟湾向黄海的年输出水量约为6.7×108 m3/a;由桑沟湾的平均盐度(30.6)和黄海的平均盐度(32),通过盐量收支平衡
${V_{\rm{X}}} = \frac{{{V_{\rm{R}}}{S_{\rm{R}}}}}{{({S_1} - {S_2})}},$
${S_{\rm{R}}} = \frac{{{S_1} + {S_2}}}{2},$
$\Delta {\rm{DIMn}} = {V_{\rm{R}}}{\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_{\rm{R}}} + {V_{\rm{X}}}\left[ {{\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_2} - {\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_1}} \right],$
${\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_{\rm{R}}} = \frac{{{\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_{\rm{2}}} + {\rm{DIM}}{{\rm{n}}_{\rm{1}}}}}{2},$
式中,VX为根据盐量收支平衡的水交换通量;SR为湾内盐度S2与黄海盐度S1的平均值;ΔDIMn为桑沟湾向黄海DIMn的交换量;DIMnR为湾内DIMn2值与黄海DIMn1值的平均值,计算出黄海与桑沟湾达到盐量收支平衡的水交换量为VX=1.5×1010 m3/a。由此估算出桑沟湾余流项向黄海输入DIMn的量为1.58×104 mol/a,桑沟湾和黄海之间DIMn交换量为1.69×105 mol/a,所以桑沟湾输入黄海的DIMn的量为1.85×105 mol/a。
大气的干、湿沉降输入也是湾内DIMn的重要来源。根据以下公式对DIMn的大气干沉降输入量进行计算:
${Y_{{\rm{d1}}}} = {C_{\rm{a}}} \times A \times {V_{\rm{t}}} \times S,$
${Y_{{\rm{d2}}}} = {V_{\rm{p}}} \times {C_{\rm{p}}} \times {\rm{A}},$
式中,Yd1Yd2分别表示大气干、湿沉降输入DIMn的量(mol/a);Ca为气溶胶中Mn的浓度;Vt为大气沉降速率(cm/s);A表示桑沟湾海域面积(m2);S表示气溶胶中Mn的溶解度;Vp为平均年降水量(mm);Cp为雨水中DIMn的浓度(mol/L)。大气气溶胶中Mn的浓度取10.78 ng/m3、沉降速率为3 cm/s[36],大气气溶胶中锰的溶解度为50%[37-39]。根据以上数据计算得出,大气干沉降通量为10.4×103 mol/a,桑沟湾收集雨水中DIMn的浓度为17.8 nmol/L,粗略计算出DIMn通过湿沉降的输入通量为2.3×103 mol/a。所以由大气输入的DIMn的总量为1.27×104 mol/a。
表4的养殖水产品的产量数据由荣成市渔业技术推广站(http://www.rcyyjs.com/message.asp)2012年统计资料获得,海带中Mn的含量为20.67 mg/kg(干重)[40],因此可得出海带收割对海水中Mn的清除量约为1757 kg/a;海带收割后会在湾的北部养殖龙须菜,龙须菜中Mn的含量为45.03 mg/kg(干重)[41],干湿重转化率以5%[42]计算,得出龙须菜对海水中Mn的清除量为57.2 kg/a;牡蛎中Mn的含量为21.34 mg/kg[43],因此牡蛎对海水中Mn清除量为1 280 kg/a,扇贝中Mn的含量为4.06 mg/kg[44],所以扇贝对海水中Mn的清除量为60.9 kg/a。基于以上所述,桑沟湾内养殖生物对海水中DIMn总的清除通量YB约为5.74×104 mol/a。
因为2011−2012年航次数据没有采集桑沟湾沉积物孔隙水的样品,用实验室2013年4月桑沟湾航次在S-11、S-5、S-4站位孔隙水中测定的DIMn浓度(68.0 μmol/L,未发表数据)做近似计算,得到底层DIMn的浓度为47.8 nmol/L[22]。沉积物−水界面的扩散通量用Fick扩散第一定律计算:
${F_{\rm{s}}} = - {D_{\rm{s}}}K\left(\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}x}}\right),$
式中,Fs为沉积物−水界面DIMn的扩散通量;Ds为分子扩散系数,此处取5.9×10−10 m2/s[45];dC/dx为界面DIMn的浓度梯度;K为表层沉积物孔隙率,此处取0.7[22]。根据上式再结合桑沟湾的面积得到沉积物向水体中DIMn的扩散通量YS为6.3×104 mol/a。
桑沟湾DIMn的通量估算结果如图8所示。从图中可以看出,桑沟湾DIMn的主要源为河流、地下水的输入、大气沉降和沉积物−水界面释放等,其中河流输送占到了DIMn源的70.5%;主要的汇为桑沟湾海水与黄海水的交换以及养殖生物的清除,其中与黄海水的交换占到DIMn汇的69.8%。根据估算结果,桑沟湾DIMn的源略大于汇,差值为3.85×104 mol/a,约占总源的13.7%,由此可以看出,桑沟湾DIMn可能存在其他的汇,如悬浮颗粒物的吸附等。此外,桑沟湾大气的干、湿沉降通量等数据来自文献,并非实时观测数据;浮游生物以及养殖鱼类清除作用也不容忽视,这些因素都可能对桑沟湾DIMn的收支平衡产生影响。由桑沟湾DIMn的浓度及收支情况可以计算出桑沟湾内DIMn的存留时间为47.7 d,远低于大洋中DIMn的存留时间1.0~3.8 a[38]
通过对2011年4月、8月、10月和2012年1月桑沟湾海域海水DIMn以及表层沉积物中不同形态Mn浓度的分布、季节变化及其影响因素的探究,主要得出以下结论:
(1)2011−2012年4个季节中,桑沟湾海域海水中表层、底层DIMn浓度均呈现出由近岸向外海逐渐降低的分布趋势。桑沟湾海域中DIMn浓度存在明显的季节变化,春季最高,夏季次之,秋、冬季最低。
(2)2011−2012年4个季节中,桑沟湾表层沉积物中TMns和HAc-Mn的含量大致呈现由近岸向远海降低的分布趋势,而且HAc-Mn的含量存在明显的季节性变化,春、夏季的含量显著高于秋、冬季。
(3)讨论了SPM及浮游生物对桑沟湾内DIMn浓度及分布的影响,结果表明SPM、浮游生物对桑沟湾内DIMn均表现出一定的清除作用。
(4)影响桑沟湾DIMn浓度及收支的主要因素为河流及地下水的输入、大气输入、向黄海水的输送、养殖生物的利用、沉积物−水界面释放等。通过对桑沟湾DIMn通量的估算发现,除了养殖生物的清除、向黄海的输送,DIMn还存在其他汇。桑沟湾内DIMn的存留时间为47.7 d。
致谢:感谢中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所、华东师范大学河口海岸国家重点实验室、中国海洋大学海洋生物地球化学实验室及荣成市海洋与渔业局的老师和同学们的帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41676072);山东省“泰山学者”工程专项经费和青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室“鳌山人才”计划项目(2015ASTP-OS08)。
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2021年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021018
  • 接收时间:2020-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-13
  • 修回日期:2020-10-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(41676072);山东省“泰山学者”工程专项经费和青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室“鳌山人才”计划项目(2015ASTP-OS08)。
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071

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任景玲,教授,主要从事痕量元素的生物地球化学循环研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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