Article(id=1233720128454587193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233720124591633183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1582041600000, receivedDateStr=2020-02-19, revisedDate=1599667200000, revisedDateStr=2020-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772071400034, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1611504000000, pubDateStr=2021-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772071400034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772071400034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772071400034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233720124591633183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772071399114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772071399114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233720130086171497, articleId=1233720128454587193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Geological processes of fluids in the oceanic lithosphere subduction, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is no doubt that there is plenty of “water” (existential form: H2O, H2 and (HO)) existing in the mantle which can either exist in the form of fluids and melts or exist in aqueous minerals, nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) and dense hydrous Mg-silicates (DHMS). In this paper, “fluid” mainly refers to water which includes elements and compounds that dissolved in or migrated with it. Fluids, mainly consisting of water, play important roles in major geologic processes such as subduction zone earthquakes, mantle partial melting, magmatism and submarine hydrothermal activities. The subduction zone is a key place where the hydrated oceanic lithospheric plate subducts into the earth’s depth. And it is also an important zone of crust-mantle interaction. In the subduction zone, fluids are carried into the deep earth by the subducting lithospheric plate, part of the fluids are released into the overlying mantle wedge by extrusion, frictional heating and metamorphism, thereby lowering the melting point of mantle materials and causing magmatism; on the one hand, the ascending magma heats seawater that penetrates through cracks or rifts; on the other hand, the heated seawater and post-magmatic fluids generated by magma cooling compose the material basis of modern submarine hydrothermal activities; submarine hydrothermal activities not only affect the material composition of ocean water and ecological environment by importing a large number of underground elements or substances into ocean water, but also lead to the formation of hydrothermal polymetallic ore deposits with important economic value. Therefore, the fluid is a medium in the plate subduction process and the various important geological processes caused by it, thus it is a tracer to study these important geological processes. Based on the analysis of the main geological processes of fluids in the oceanic lithosphere subduction, this paper discussed the roles of fluids in earthquake mechanism, magmatic processes, modern submarine hydrothermal activities and subduction zone fluid mineralization. Furthermore, it is suggested that the recent research work should focus on these four aspects: (1) Making the assessment of the fluid flux subducted into the deep earth more accurate to solve global geochemical or material circulation problems. (2) Describing physical and chemical behaviors of fluids in plate subduction comprehensively and accurately, establishing theoretical models of fluid geological processes in subduction zones. (3) Making full use of modern tests and analysis methods, and obtaining accurate data in terms of in-situ analysis of minerals, testing physical and chemical indexes of fluid inclusions in minerals, stable and radioactive isotope analysis, etc., so as to find out the state and process of substances deep underground which can not be reached by current sampling and observation methods. (4) Developing numerical simulation technique to establish theoretical models of geological processes of fluids in subduction zones.

, correspAuthors=Shikui Zhai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie Xu, Shikui Zhai, Zenghui Yu, Ke Wang, Xia Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233720131055055786, articleId=1233720128454587193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的地质作用, columnId=1189609213333594548, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地幔中存在着大量的“水”(存在形式:H2O、H+和(HO))已是不争的事实,这些“水”既可以以流体或熔体的形式存在,又可以存在于含水矿物、名义上的无水矿物和致密含水镁硅酸盐中。在本文中,“流体”是指以水为主体包括溶解于水中或随水迁移的元素和化合物。在俯冲带的地震作用、地幔部分熔融、岩浆作用以及海底热液活动等重大地质作用过程中,流体都发挥着重要的作用。俯冲带是水化了的大洋岩石圈板块俯冲进入地球深处的关键部位,也是壳幔相互作用的重要地带。在俯冲带,流体随俯冲的岩石圈板块进入地球深部,部分在挤压和摩擦热的作用下脱逸俯冲的岩石圈板块,连同岩石矿物变质所产生的水进入上覆地幔楔,从而降低上覆地幔物质的熔点,产生岩浆;岩浆上升一方面加热了沿裂隙或物质间隙下渗的海水,另一方面也会因岩浆冷却产生岩浆作用后期热液流体,这些加热的下渗海水和岩浆作用后期流体构成了现代海底热液活动的物质基础;海底热液活动不仅将大量地下元素或物质输入大洋水体从而影响了大洋海水的物质组成及生态环境,而且在海底形成了具有重要经济价值的热液多金属矿体。因此,流体是贯穿板块俯冲及其所产生的各种重要地质作用过程的介质,从而成为研究这些重要地质作用的示踪剂。本文在分析了大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的主要地质作用过程的基础上,探讨了流体在俯冲带地震发生机制、岩浆作用过程、现代海底热液活动模式及俯冲带流体成矿作用等方面的作用,并进一步提出近期研究工作应主要集中在4个方面:(1)进一步准确地定量评估通过板块俯冲作用进入地球深部的“流体”通量,为最终解决全球地球化学或物质循环问题作出贡献;(2)全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型;(3)充分利用现代化的测试分析手段,重点获取矿物原位微区分析、矿物流体包裹体物理化学指标测试、稳定和放射性同位素分析等方面的精细准确数据,用于查明当前取样观测手段无法触及的地下深处物质状态和作用过程;(4)发展数值模拟技术,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型。

, correspAuthors=翟世奎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
翟世奎(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
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徐婕(1996—),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事岩石地球化学研究。E-mail:

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大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的地质作用
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徐婕 1, 2 , 翟世奎 1, 2, * , 于增慧 1, 2 , 王轲 1, 2 , 张侠 1, 2
海洋学报 | 综述 2021,43(1): 27-43
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海洋学报 | 综述 2021, 43(1): 27-43
大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的地质作用
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徐婕1, 2 , 翟世奎1, 2, * , 于增慧1, 2, 王轲1, 2, 张侠1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2海洋科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 徐婕(1996—),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事岩石地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

翟世奎(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
Geological processes of fluids in the oceanic lithosphere subduction
Jie Xu1, 2 , Shikui Zhai1, 2, * , Zenghui Yu1, 2, Ke Wang1, 2, Xia Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2021-01-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021021
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地幔中存在着大量的“水”(存在形式:H2O、H+和(HO))已是不争的事实,这些“水”既可以以流体或熔体的形式存在,又可以存在于含水矿物、名义上的无水矿物和致密含水镁硅酸盐中。在本文中,“流体”是指以水为主体包括溶解于水中或随水迁移的元素和化合物。在俯冲带的地震作用、地幔部分熔融、岩浆作用以及海底热液活动等重大地质作用过程中,流体都发挥着重要的作用。俯冲带是水化了的大洋岩石圈板块俯冲进入地球深处的关键部位,也是壳幔相互作用的重要地带。在俯冲带,流体随俯冲的岩石圈板块进入地球深部,部分在挤压和摩擦热的作用下脱逸俯冲的岩石圈板块,连同岩石矿物变质所产生的水进入上覆地幔楔,从而降低上覆地幔物质的熔点,产生岩浆;岩浆上升一方面加热了沿裂隙或物质间隙下渗的海水,另一方面也会因岩浆冷却产生岩浆作用后期热液流体,这些加热的下渗海水和岩浆作用后期流体构成了现代海底热液活动的物质基础;海底热液活动不仅将大量地下元素或物质输入大洋水体从而影响了大洋海水的物质组成及生态环境,而且在海底形成了具有重要经济价值的热液多金属矿体。因此,流体是贯穿板块俯冲及其所产生的各种重要地质作用过程的介质,从而成为研究这些重要地质作用的示踪剂。本文在分析了大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的主要地质作用过程的基础上,探讨了流体在俯冲带地震发生机制、岩浆作用过程、现代海底热液活动模式及俯冲带流体成矿作用等方面的作用,并进一步提出近期研究工作应主要集中在4个方面:(1)进一步准确地定量评估通过板块俯冲作用进入地球深部的“流体”通量,为最终解决全球地球化学或物质循环问题作出贡献;(2)全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型;(3)充分利用现代化的测试分析手段,重点获取矿物原位微区分析、矿物流体包裹体物理化学指标测试、稳定和放射性同位素分析等方面的精细准确数据,用于查明当前取样观测手段无法触及的地下深处物质状态和作用过程;(4)发展数值模拟技术,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型。

流体地质作用  /  俯冲带  /  研究现状  /  近期研究方向

It is no doubt that there is plenty of “water” (existential form: H2O, H2 and (HO)) existing in the mantle which can either exist in the form of fluids and melts or exist in aqueous minerals, nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) and dense hydrous Mg-silicates (DHMS). In this paper, “fluid” mainly refers to water which includes elements and compounds that dissolved in or migrated with it. Fluids, mainly consisting of water, play important roles in major geologic processes such as subduction zone earthquakes, mantle partial melting, magmatism and submarine hydrothermal activities. The subduction zone is a key place where the hydrated oceanic lithospheric plate subducts into the earth’s depth. And it is also an important zone of crust-mantle interaction. In the subduction zone, fluids are carried into the deep earth by the subducting lithospheric plate, part of the fluids are released into the overlying mantle wedge by extrusion, frictional heating and metamorphism, thereby lowering the melting point of mantle materials and causing magmatism; on the one hand, the ascending magma heats seawater that penetrates through cracks or rifts; on the other hand, the heated seawater and post-magmatic fluids generated by magma cooling compose the material basis of modern submarine hydrothermal activities; submarine hydrothermal activities not only affect the material composition of ocean water and ecological environment by importing a large number of underground elements or substances into ocean water, but also lead to the formation of hydrothermal polymetallic ore deposits with important economic value. Therefore, the fluid is a medium in the plate subduction process and the various important geological processes caused by it, thus it is a tracer to study these important geological processes. Based on the analysis of the main geological processes of fluids in the oceanic lithosphere subduction, this paper discussed the roles of fluids in earthquake mechanism, magmatic processes, modern submarine hydrothermal activities and subduction zone fluid mineralization. Furthermore, it is suggested that the recent research work should focus on these four aspects: (1) Making the assessment of the fluid flux subducted into the deep earth more accurate to solve global geochemical or material circulation problems. (2) Describing physical and chemical behaviors of fluids in plate subduction comprehensively and accurately, establishing theoretical models of fluid geological processes in subduction zones. (3) Making full use of modern tests and analysis methods, and obtaining accurate data in terms of in-situ analysis of minerals, testing physical and chemical indexes of fluid inclusions in minerals, stable and radioactive isotope analysis, etc., so as to find out the state and process of substances deep underground which can not be reached by current sampling and observation methods. (4) Developing numerical simulation technique to establish theoretical models of geological processes of fluids in subduction zones.

geological processes of fluids  /  subduction zone  /  research actuality  /  recent research direction
徐婕, 翟世奎, 于增慧, 王轲, 张侠. 大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造背景下流体的地质作用. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (1) : 27 -43 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021021
Jie Xu, Shikui Zhai, Zenghui Yu, Ke Wang, Xia Zhang. Geological processes of fluids in the oceanic lithosphere subduction[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (1) : 27 -43 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021021
地幔中存在着大量的“水”(存在形式:H2O、H+和(HO))已是不争的事实,这些“水”既可以以流体或熔体的形式存在,又可以存在于含水矿物、名义上的无水矿物(Nominally Anhydrous Minerals,NAMs)和致密含水镁硅酸盐(Dense Hydrous Mg-Silicates,DHMS)中,对地幔中发生的诸多地质作用过程都有着重要的影响。洋−洋和洋−陆俯冲带是水化了的大洋岩石圈板块俯冲进入地球深处的关键部位,也是壳幔相互作用的重要地带,构成了特有的大洋岩石圈板块俯冲构造环境。Tatsumi和Takahashi[1]提出了“俯冲加工厂”(Subduction Factory)的概念,大洋沉积物、洋壳及蛇纹石化的上地幔以及它们所携带的海水是“俯冲加工厂”的“原料”,它们在俯冲过程中发生一系列的物理化学反应,这些“加工过程”是地球系统的重要过程。“原料”中的流体一方面因降低物质熔点而导致地幔物质部分熔融[2-3],产生的岩浆上涌、喷发形成了火山岛弧,并对成矿产生了重要影响;另一方面,“原料”将部分水、碳等组分从地球表层带入了地球内部,实现了地球圈层间的物质循环[4-5]。另外,流体还可以改变俯冲板块及其上覆地幔的结构与构造,从而引发地震等地质灾害[6-7]。因此,俯冲带不单是火山活动带、地球物质循环带,还是全球矿化带、构造活跃带,流体在“俯冲加工厂”中扮演着至关重要的角色。研究流体与俯冲带重大地质现象和过程之间的联系已成为发展新地球科学理论的潜在生长点。本文主要以大洋岩石圈俯冲带为例,旨在分析探讨流体在俯冲带的地质作用及其研究进展,并对下一步研究工作的重点进行展望。
地震层析成像[8]和电导率测量[9-10]等地球物理探测均证明地幔是“湿”的,也就是说地幔中存在着大量的“水”。Pearson等[11]在巴西Juina的一块金刚石中发现了林伍德石包体,此报道为地幔的含“水”性质提供了重要证据。除此之外,天然金刚石中冰-VII相包裹体[12]以及金刚石包裹体中Egg相和δ-AlOOH包裹体[11, 13]的发现也为地幔中有“水”提供了直接证据[14]
许多学者对地幔的含水量进行了定量的估计,发现“水”在地幔的不同圈层中分布不均匀。上地幔(<410 km)的“水”主要以结构水的形式赋存于橄榄石和其他矿物之中[15]。地幔过渡带(410~660 km)含有瓦茨利石、林伍德石、超硅石榴子石以及少量的斯石英,它们与上地幔和下地幔矿物相比能够溶解更多的“水”[16-17]。下地幔(>660 km)主要矿物为钙钛矿和镁方铁矿,其储水能力的实验研究仍存在较大争议[18-19],但水在下地幔组成矿物中的溶解度似乎比过渡带矿物低得多[2]。在地幔内部的物相界面(上地幔、地幔过渡带和下地幔之间的界面)上,水在各矿物相中分配系数的差异会导致脱水作用发生,产生含水层[20]
“水”的存在能够对地幔及地幔过程产生重大影响。一方面,即使很少量的水就可以使地幔矿物相发生改变从而使地幔矿物组成发生调整,致使地幔物质的黏滞度、电导率和弹性模量等物理参数改变并因此导致地幔物理性质的改变[21];另一方面,水可以通过降低岩石熔融的温度,导致地幔物质部分熔融[22]。此外,研究地幔中的“水”对探讨软流圈的起源以及地幔分异、“过渡带水过滤器”全地幔对流模型、大火成岩省岩石中水含量与微量元素分布的关系、深俯冲过程中弧后板内火山活动、滞留于地幔转换带底部的俯冲板块脱水对地幔转换带结构的影响等重大地质现象和过程都具有重要意义[23]。对地幔中“水”的研究是探讨地球深部动力学过程的重要环节。
世界上绝大多数强烈的地震都发生在俯冲带,流体对这些地震的发生有着重要的影响。富含水的俯冲板块及其上覆沉积物在俯冲带浅部发生脱水作用,产生的流体在俯冲带弧前地区的巨大逆冲断层带中聚集,导致断层处流体压力增大,摩擦系数减小,对弧前巨大逆冲型地震的孕育成核起到重要作用[24]。近年来,许多研究者对此作了深入的研究,研究结果表明,流体通过俯冲带缓慢滑移事件发生迁移,提高了孕震逆冲断层的孔隙流体压力,可能影响逆冲断层的性质并提高引发巨大逆冲型地震的可能性[25-26]
板内地震是俯冲带地震研究的主体,按照发生深度可被划分为浅源地震(<60 km)、中源地震(60~300 km)、和深源地震(≥300 km)。地球上约有78%的地震发生在小于70 km的深度[27],对于俯冲带浅源板内地震来说,流体能够弱化地壳和上地幔岩石[28],进一步导致其局部变形,从而诱发较大的浅源板内地震。从热−岩石模型、野外工作和实验室工作得出的重要证据表明,脱水脆化可能是导致中等深度地震发生的机制。已有研究表明,地震发生的位置与预测的俯冲板块中脱水位置相吻合[29-30],中源地震常呈双地震带分布,其上、下地震带分别对应着洋壳蓝片岩转换成榴辉岩过程中脱水的位置和部分交代地幔橄榄岩脱水的位置[31]。另外,蛇纹石、角闪石、金云母、超水化高岭石及其他黏土矿物等矿物的脱水作用也被用来解释中源地震的发生[6]。因此,俯冲板块的脱水作用可能是中源地震发生的主控因素。此外,中源地震产生的裂隙可作为俯冲带流体迁移到地幔楔的通道,对俯冲带流体的迁移和地幔楔的部分熔融具有重要作用[32]。就深源地震的成因机制而言,仍众说纷纭,其中脱水脆裂为其中受到广泛接受和较多讨论的一种机制。Okazaki和Hirth[7]认为硬柱石脱水会直接引起俯冲洋壳中不稳定断层滑动,导致中−深源地震的发生。Zhang等[33]认为榴辉岩中绿辉石和石榴石的晶格缺陷内可能含有大量结构水,在一定的温压条件下可能析出微量熔体,诱发岩石的脆性破裂并导致俯冲带中等深度地震。但是也有学者,例如Barcheck等[34]通过比较地震速率、地震活动程度和计算出的板块脱水通量,发现脱水通量与地震活动度在任何深度上都没有显著的对应关系,这证明一些除水之外的因素,例如板块的应力状态,控制着中−深源地震的发生。
在俯冲带,经海水蚀变了的洋壳、洋底沉积物及岩石圈地幔中都含有大量的水,除绝热减压熔融机制外,俯冲板块在一定深度条件(温度和压力)下释水并发生俯冲板块自身的部分熔融,低密度熔体和流体进入上覆地幔楔可大大降低地幔岩石的熔点,从而导致进一步的地幔物质熔融而产生岩浆则是俯冲带地幔熔融及岩浆形成的理论机制[3, 35]
俯冲板块释放的流体不但能对岩浆的形成产生重要影响,还能对岛弧和弧后盆地火山岩中的微量元素分布产生影响。已有研究表明,受板块俯冲作用影响的岛弧和弧后盆地火山岩具有典型的微量元素分布模式[36],即富集Ba、Rb、K、Sr和Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素(HFSE),这正是流体中所富含的俯冲迁移元素对岩浆源区地幔改造的结果。
地幔楔生成的岩浆在上升到地表(或海底)并喷出之前还要经过一系列复杂的地质作用,例如结晶分异作用和分离结晶作用、地幔物质的陆续熔融混入和地壳物质的混染等。岩浆中所裹挟流体的多少还会影响矿物结晶析出的顺序,例如岩浆中高的水含量可以强烈地抑制斜长石的结晶[37],使岛弧熔岩和弧后盆地玄武岩(BABB)中矿物的结晶顺序不同于大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB),且岩浆中水的含量越高,斜长石出现的时间越晚[38]
现代海底热液活动广泛分布于大洋中脊、弧后盆地、热点火山、岛弧等岩浆作用活跃的构造环境,往往和岩浆作用相伴生。海底热液活动不但可以将大量地下元素或物质输入大洋水体,从而影响了大洋海水的物质组成及生态环境,导致现代海底热液喷口周围发育有大量生物群落[39-40],还可以在海底形成热液多金属矿床[41]
传统的海底热液活动系统模式认为:冷的海水沿岩石裂隙或孔隙下渗,在岩浆房上部受热并与周围岩石发生反应,萃取出岩石中的金属元素;富含金属离子的热液流体由于受热比重减小而向上运移,最终喷出海底;释放出的热液流体由于温度、介质、氧化还原条件的改变而发生矿物沉淀,形成多金属硫化物等热液沉积物[42-43]。这种热液活动及其成矿作用模式被称为“海水循环模式”或“浅层循环模式”[44-45]。近年来,随着研究工作的不断深入,岩浆作用对热液活动的物质贡献逐渐引起了研究者的重视,陆续提出并完善了“岩浆后期热液注入模式”[46-47],该模式认为随着岩浆不断的结晶演化,残余岩浆中不断富集水、挥发性组分和不相容的金属元素并产生岩浆后期热液,岩浆后期热液可直接释放进入热液系统中,为热液成矿作用提供了直接的物质来源。在岩浆作用强烈、裂隙较发育的热液区,“海水循环模式”和“岩浆后期热液注入模式”可能同时存在,形成了“双扩散对流模式”(图1)。双扩散对流模式可以解释海水循环模式难以解释的众多现象[48]
俯冲洋壳主要由洋底沉积物、蚀变大洋玄武岩以及下伏辉长岩组成,沉积物和玄武岩的孔隙中含有自由水,含水矿物中含有结合水[35, 49]。Peacock[4]认为,在俯冲带每年约有8.7×1011 kg的水运移至地球深部,通过岛弧和洋中脊的岩浆喷发返回地表的水每年约为2.0×1011 kg。最近的研究表明,俯冲洋壳携带水的能力被严重低估,相比于Peacock[4]得出的结论,俯冲作用实际上能将更多的水带入地球内部[50]。在俯冲板块向下弯曲处,水或流体可沿构造压力较低、渗透率较高的断层或裂隙向下泵入俯冲板块[51]。在板块平直区段,由于温度和压力的增加,从脱水板块释放的流体进入上覆地幔楔或进入俯冲板块内部随其俯冲到地幔深部。地震学研究表明,俯冲板块能将一定数量的水带入地幔内部甚至核幔边界[52-53]。因此,俯冲带脱水作用是深部水循环的重要环节之一。
CO2是除水以外在俯冲带最为常见的流体组分,主要可以通过俯冲变质脱碳反应[54]、俯冲板块释放流体的溶解作用[55-56]、俯冲板块上部含有碳酸盐的沉积物和蚀变洋壳的熔融作用[57-58]以及碳酸盐岩和碳酸盐沉积物的底辟作用加入地幔[59-60]。最新研究表明,全球俯冲带每年可以将(82±14)Mt的碳输入到地球深部[5]
除水和CO2之外,俯冲带流体中还含有包括S、N2及卤素在内的大量挥发性组分,这些流体主导着从板块到地幔楔和地壳的质量和能量转移,对上述岩浆作用、地震活动和成矿作用等地质作用过程都有着重要影响或控制作用[49, 61]
俯冲带的热结构是决定俯冲板块岩石中含水矿物稳定性的关键,也决定了板块脱水的位置和脱水量[62-63]。由于不同俯冲带地热梯度的不同,俯冲大洋岩石圈不仅在脱水速率和脱水量上存在一定的差异,而且水从俯冲洋壳向地幔深处的输运也具有不同的P–T路径。郑永飞等[64]对俯冲板块在不同地热梯度下的脱水特征进行了总结。在冷到超冷的俯冲带,地热梯度非常低(≤5℃/km),在弧前深度释放出的水相比热俯冲带少得多,大量的水进入角闪石、云母、绿帘石等高压含水矿物中并被板片带至弧下深度,通过变质脱水和含水矿物的分解[65-66]、名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水的逸出[67]释放。释放出的流体会导致地幔楔中的橄榄岩发生蛇纹岩化、绿泥石化乃至角闪石化。然而在地温梯度较高(>25℃/km)的热俯冲带,俯冲大洋岩石圈在浅层明显脱水,含水矿物发生分解,释放出来的水以孔隙流体的形式向上运移。因此,其弧前地幔楔水化作用比冷俯冲带更强,只有少量的水能够被带到地幔更深处。在冷俯冲带、热俯冲带这两种端元脱水模式之间存在大量的中间模态,使得俯冲带脱水方式多样。
按所含流体及其内来自俯冲板块元素或离子的含量,可将俯冲带熔体/流体分为含水熔体、富水熔体、富水流体和超临界流体[68]。超临界流体通常是指在平衡体系中温度和压力超过临界点值时,存在形式介于气体和液体之间的流体[69],包括超临界纯流体(H2O+CO2)和超临界KCl溶液,它们具有黏度低、易流动与对熔体润湿性强的特点[70]。Kessel等[71]的实验表明,超临界流体可以携带高浓度的LILE、Pb、Th、U、Sr和LREE。Rapp等[72]的实验则证明超临界流体可以溶解并搬运HFSE。超临界流体比富水流体中各种元素离子的含量高,但是比富水熔体中的含量低[73]。熔体(包括富水熔体和含水熔体)相比于富水流体能够携带更多的主、微量元素,可达富水流体的5~10倍。
早期对俯冲带流体的研究重点是根据预测的热结构和洋壳岩石的最大含水能力,确定板块中流体的释放位置和释放量[62-63]。然而,流体在释放后如何迁移,如何分配进入上覆地幔楔、板块界面和板块内部,仍然是一个悬而未决的科学问题。了解流体在俯冲带的迁移对认识俯冲带的地震活动和进入深部的流体通量等都至关重要。通过模拟和高温高压实验可以研究流体是如何通过地幔楔运移到部分熔融位置以及流体在这个过程中所发生的变化[74]。流体运移到部分熔融位置的过程可以通过集中流、孔隙流和底辟流的形式,其中集中流是输送微量元素最简单有效的形式[75]。近几年的研究表明,流体在地幔楔中的运移主要有3种模式:(1)变质的橄榄岩被俯冲板块向下拖动,在一定的温压条件下含水矿物分解并释放出流体,这些流体交代上覆部分地幔楔使其变质并产生新的流(熔)体,这些流(熔)体的运移可以进一步交代更大范围的地幔楔,此过程不断往复直至形成一定规模的岩浆体;(2)板块流体在地幔楔体中的输运是通过裂缝中的集中流而不是孔隙流[74-75],这导致流体与橄榄岩之间的相互作用很有限;(3)湿橄榄岩固相线处于较低的温度下,以致于在一定深度上释放的俯冲流体将立即引发地幔的局部熔融,流体的运移完全以含水玄武质熔体的形式进行[76]
综上所述,目前对俯冲带流体地质行为的认识主要是基于地球物理探测、高温高压实验和对地表火成岩的研究结果,也就是说模式是间接的定性理论(假说),尚缺乏直接的证据,也难以准确地定量评估通过板块俯冲作用进入地球深部的“流体”通量。今后工作有待于全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的定量理论模型。
俯冲带岩浆作用中流体的作用一直是地质学家们关注的重要课题之一。微量元素地球化学、稳定同位素地球化学、放射性同位素地球化学等方法被广泛用于俯冲带流体行为的示踪研究。随着现代测试分析技术的发展,同位素地球化学示踪方法正在被越来越多地应用于俯冲带流体作用的示踪研究。Li、B、Be和铀系等元素同位素被用于示踪岛弧流(熔)体的作用过程已被证明是行之有效的,La-Ce、Mg、Cl、Tl、Zn、Ba、Mo、Ce等非传统同位素在近几年也被尝试应用于岛弧流(熔)体行为的示踪研究,极大地丰富了俯冲带流(熔)体作用示踪研究的内容。
在板块俯冲过程中,强迁移元素(如Rb、Ba、K和Pb等)可以从俯冲的板块或沉积物中随流体或熔体析出而进入上覆地幔楔中,它们可被用于指示俯冲物质对地幔中岩浆作用的总体影响。Th和U则主要是通过高温熔融产生的熔体加入到地幔楔中,主要被用于指示深部(熔融)俯冲组分的影响[77]。在实际工作中,常常使用迁移元素与非迁移元素的比值或强迁移元素与弱迁移元素的比值(如Ba/La、Cs/Rb、Th/Nb和Pb/Ce等)来指示俯冲组分在浅部或深部对岩浆作用的影响或贡献,构成比值的各元素在地幔熔融和结晶分异过程中具有相近的总分配系数,而在以水为主的流体中具有不同的迁移能力[78-79]。除上述常见微量元素比值外,一些新的微量元素比值也正在被尝试应用于示踪流体/熔体的作用过程,如Li/Y、Cl/Nb、F/Cl、I/Cl和Br/Cl比值等,它们为研究俯冲带流体对岩浆作用的贡献提供了新的方法和手段[80-81]
放射性元素同位素自20世纪中晚期就被广泛应用于俯冲带流体作用的示踪研究。
10Be是一种宇宙成因的放射性核素,在大洋沉积物中富集,在地幔中亏损或缺失,因此Be及其同位素组成被广泛应用于判断是否有俯冲沉积物进入岩浆熔体中。Gill等[82]研究发现俾斯麦弧岩石中230Th/232Th比值与10Be/9Be、B/Be比值呈正相关,而与238U/230Th比值之间不存在正相关关系,从而判断源于400 km深处的岩浆已经没有俯冲沉积物的贡献。Dreyer等[83]和Shimaoka等[84]的研究发现火山岩中10Be含量及10Be/9Be比值沿着横切岛弧由海向陆方向逐渐降低,据此认为俯冲沉积物为岛弧甚至弧后地区的岩浆作出了物质贡献。
138La-138Ce体系(T1/2=292.5 Ga)[85]是一种示踪俯冲沉积物的新工具。但是,使用138La-138Ce作为俯冲沉积物示踪指标也面临一定的挑战,这是因为母体138La在其同位素体系中丰度很低,且其半衰期很长,在地质过程中不易发生分馏,因此作为其子体的138Ce的丰度也远小于核素140Ce的丰度,这导致了质谱法测试的难度增大。近年来,随着TIMS技术的发展[86],Ce同位素应用于岛弧系统火山岩的研究逐渐出现[87-88],在这些研究中La-Ce常常与Sm-Nd同位素联用。Bellot等[88]测试了马里亚纳火山岩和马里亚纳海沟俯冲沉积物的143Nd/144Nd、138Ce/142Ce比值,利用Ce-Nd端元混合模型得出火山碎屑沉积物组分对马里亚纳火山岩提供了0.75%~2.5%的物质贡献。为了更好地理解Ce及其同位素在俯冲带的行为,未来还需要更多的实验和分析测试数据的支撑。
铀系核素可以在俯冲板块脱水和部分熔融过程中发生衰变[89-90],使母、子体放射性活度发生变化,从而导致火山岩中的铀系不平衡。由于母体和子体的不平衡在分馏后的5个半衰期后恢复到长期平衡,因此这种不平衡可以作为研究俯冲带流体运移和岩浆作用时间的尺度工具。Hawkesworth等[91]报道了马里亚纳、汤加−科马德克、瓦努阿图等岛弧火山岩中U、Th、Sr、Nd的同位素组成,并据此推断流体从俯冲板块释放出来至岩浆喷发经过了3万~12万年的时间,进而推断流体通过地幔楔的平均输送速率为1~4 m/a。Avanzinelli等[92]报道了马里亚纳岛弧熔岩的235U-231Pa以及238U-234U-230Th-232Th的同位素组成,并据此认为马里亚纳火山岩中的U-Th-Pa体系的同位素特征更多地受到了俯冲组分而不是地幔部分熔融的影响。目前,对造成铀系不平衡的原因主要有两种模型解释:(1)流体加入模型,即俯冲物质加入地幔楔中造成了铀系不平衡;(2)地幔增长熔融模型,即长期的地幔熔融过程造成了铀系不平衡。这两个模型都能够解释一部分地球化学现象,但都存在着一定的局限,前者无法解释岩浆岩中普遍存在的231Pa过剩,后者无法解释226Ra/230Th和Sr/Th、Ba/Th之间的相关性。黄方和冷伟[93]认为俯冲速率影响了地幔楔孔隙度大小,孔隙度大小控制了熔体在地幔楔中的运移速度和时间,从而控制着铀系不平衡,因此俯冲速率控制地幔楔的逐步熔融是产生岛弧岩浆岩铀系不平衡的首要原因,岛弧火山岩的铀系不平衡和流体何时加入地幔楔没有直接关系。黄方和张鞠琳[94]认为大多数岛弧岩浆岩不能代表地幔熔融的原始成分,因为岩浆在演化过程中受到了同化混染,岛弧岩浆岩的铀系(特别是短半衰期核素)不平衡会因此受到影响。同化混染过程中产生的226Ra/230Th和10Be/Be或238U/230Th呈正相关关系,而这些参数常被认为是俯冲流体加入地幔楔的指示。因此,岛弧岩浆岩的铀系不平衡更可能是地幔熔融的结果,而不是流体直接加入的结果。
综上所述,铀系核素被用于示踪俯冲物质进入地幔楔的过程、地幔部分熔融过程以及岩浆自产生到喷出地表的演化过程都还存在众多的疑问或不确定性,有待于更多资料的积累和对铀系核素在上述过程中的行为更为系统性和深入的研究。
Li主要富集于沉积物和蚀变洋壳中,在地幔中亏损[95]7Li具有较强的流体活性,能够随俯冲板块脱水产生的流体进入上覆地幔楔,从而使得地幔楔中的Li同位素变重[96]。另外,Li在岩浆结晶分异过程中具有中等不相容性,倾向于进入熔体相,在高温岩浆作用过程中Li同位素不发生分馏[97]。在俯冲板块的部分熔融过程中Li也不发生显著的分馏[98]。这些特点使得Li及其同位素组成特征在研究俯冲带地球化学过程中被广泛应用。自20世纪80年代以来,随着热电离质谱(TIMS)以及多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)等技术的快速发展,Li同位素的精确测量得以实现[99-100]。目前,研究工作主要集中在以下几个方面:主要地质储库的Li同位素组成[101-102]、俯冲带流体交代后地幔楔中δ7Li值的分布[103-104]、使用流体–地幔楔混合组分模拟探讨各端元对Li同位素的相对贡献[105]、Li的扩散分馏机制对岛弧火山岩δ7Li值的影响[106-107]以及矿物中Li同位素组成及分馏机制[108-109]
B具有高流体活动性,且B在自然界中不受氧化还原条件支配[110],在沉积物、蛇纹石、蚀变洋壳和未发生变质作用的地幔等不同储库中B和δ11B值的变化较大[111-113],这些特点使B及δ11B值成为示踪俯冲带流体行为的有效工具。在过去的20多年中,早期研究重点主要集中于δ11B值在横穿岛弧方向上随俯冲深度增加的变化[114],并对B的主要来源进行了探讨[113];近年来则强调通过结合其他同位素来定量估算俯冲组分对岛弧岩浆的贡献[115-116]
尽管早期实验研究认为溶解于流体中的Mg含量很低[117],但最近研究表明Mg在俯冲带变质作用中具有流体活性[118-120]。在地幔熔融和玄武质岩浆的分异过程中,Mg的同位素不会发生明显的分馏作用[121]。因此,Mg的同位素可能是研究俯冲带流体作用的有效工具。Li等[122]通过研究加利福尼亚州Franciscan Complex的橄榄岩,认为在板块−地幔界面上,Mg的同位素组成可能在流体变质作用下产生较大的变化。已有资料表明,俯冲带流体具有高的δ26Mg值,而俯冲碳酸盐岩因俯冲温度、压力增高产生的熔体具有低的δ26Mg值,若二者同时对地幔楔发生交代作用则可能不会导致岛弧岩石中的δ26Mg值发生明显改变[123]。Teng等[124]研究了马提尼克岛的熔岩,发现其具有高δ26Mg值(δ26Mg=−0.25‰~−0.1‰),这是第一例岛弧岩石重于大洋玄武岩中镁同位素的实例,他们认为高δ26Mg值是由于蚀变的俯冲板块在俯冲过程中脱水并释放高Mg物质优先进入地幔楔并对其进行了改造的结果。在菲律宾海盆和劳海盆中也发现了具有高δ26Mg值的火山岩,但哥斯达黎加海盆中火山岩却具有较低的δ26Mg值(δ26Mg=−0.32‰~−0.27‰)[125]。因此,Mg的同位素组成可能是示踪板块俯冲作用过程中流体行为的又一良好示踪剂,但有待于更多的分析测试资料,以对Mg同位素组成的变化机制有更深入系统的了解。
在利用氯同位素示踪不同俯冲组分对岛弧或弧后盆地岩浆作用影响的研究中,岛弧或弧后盆地的火山岩全岩样品常被选作测试和研究的样品[126-128]。然而,近十多年来不同岛弧和弧后盆地熔岩中橄榄石熔体包裹体的氯同位素组成的研究为我们提供了新的认识。Bouvier等[129]的研究发现橄榄石熔体包裹体具有比其寄主岩石低的δ37Cl值,据此推测全岩样品可能由于岩浆脱气过程中的动力学分馏而丢失了其原始的37Cl。因此,研究火山岩中橄榄石熔体包裹体的氯同位素组成能帮助我们更好地了解相对原始的岩浆中的氯同位素组成信息。Layne等[127]、Bouvier等[129]和Manzini等[130]的研究结果则显示岛弧和弧后盆地熔岩中橄榄石熔体包裹体的δ37Cl值的分布范围较宽(>4.0‰),不同弧后盆地和岛弧熔岩中橄榄石熔体包裹体的氯同位素组成明显不同,同一样品中不同的橄榄石熔体包裹体的δ37Cl值也具有明显差异(可达2.5‰)。不同岛弧之间橄榄石熔体包裹体的δ37Cl值差异可能与俯冲带的热结构差异[130]和Cl的主要来源差异[129]有关。同一样品中不同的橄榄石熔体包裹体的δ37Cl值不同可能反映了不同来源Cl的加入[129]
在最近几年,不少学者探讨利用Tl同位素组成特征来示踪俯冲组分对俯冲带岩浆活动的贡献[131-133]。Tl在流体中呈中等活性,但在大洋沉积物中富集[134],而在地幔楔中含量极低(约0.5 mg/g)[135],Tl的同位素组成在俯冲沉积物、蚀变洋壳和上地幔中也明显不同[133, 135]。因此,Tl及其同位素组成对地幔楔中俯冲物质的加入反应十分敏感,能够有效地示踪俯冲带岩浆中的俯冲组分。Prytulak等[134]首次将Tl同位素应用于岛弧地区岩浆岩的研究,发现马里亚纳岛弧熔岩的Tl同位素分布范围较窄,且在MORB的Tl同位素组成变化范围之内,因此认为该岛弧处俯冲物质的Tl同位素变化范围很有限,原因是此地俯冲的大洋沉积物主要由火山碎屑组成。Nielsen等[131-132]和Shu等[133]利用Tl-Sr-Nd-Pb同位素对不同岛弧和弧后盆地中的火山岩进行了研究,成功识别出了俯冲沉积物和蚀变洋壳对岛弧地区岩浆源区地幔的影响。Nielsen等[131-132]发现汤加−科马德克岛弧、阿留申岛弧和中美洲尼加拉瓜岛弧熔岩的Tl同位素组成特征主要受到了俯冲沉积物的影响,而中美洲哥斯达黎加岛弧熔岩的Tl同位素组成特征主要受到了蚀变洋壳的影响。Shu等[133]发现琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽火山岩中Tl同位素与Sr、Nd和Pb同位素的变化特征相同,琉球岛弧火山岩中的Tl同位素组成特征沿岛弧方向发生变化且与沉积物中Tl同位素变化特征一致,据此认为岛弧和弧后盆地火山岩中的Tl同位素组成受到了俯冲沉积物的控制。在此基础上,Shu等[133]分别建立了琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽火山岩中Tl同位素与Sr、Nd和Pb等元素同位素的二端元混合模型,探讨了进入岛弧下方地幔楔的俯冲沉积物通量。在未来的研究中,建立不同地热背景和沉积物输入条件下的俯冲带熔岩Tl浓度及其同位素数据库,是未来有效利用Tl作为俯冲带物质输运示踪指标的必要条件。
Zn具有中等迁移能力并在俯冲带的流体中富集[136]。与地幔物质相比,沉积物、蚀变洋壳和蛇纹岩中具有迥异的Zn同位素组成[137-138],岩浆的结晶分异作用对Zn同位素的影响也很有限[139]。因此,Zn的同位素组成特征有望成为判断俯冲流体进入岩浆的精准判别指标。Huang等[140]研究了中美洲、勘察加、阿留申群岛及小安第列斯群岛火山岩中Zn的同位素组成,发现几乎所有岩石的δ66Zn值都与地幔相似或比地幔略小;在其中一个岛弧的火山岩中δ66Zn值与Ba/Th和87Sr/86Sr比值呈负相关,他们据此认为流体的δ66Zn值是小的,流体的加入改变了地幔楔的Zn同位素组成。但是,相反的结论来自Huang等[139]对勘察加−阿留申岛弧熔岩及弧后盆地玄武岩的δ66Zn值与Ba/La、Ba/Th、Sr/Y和Hf/Lu等比值相关性的研究。因此,迄今对俯冲带这一复杂体系中Zn的同位素组成特征还不清楚,利用Zn的同位素组成来示踪俯冲流体进入岩浆的过程和定量估算的研究尚处于初始阶段。
Ba是流体活动元素[71],俯冲沉积物和洋壳脱水产生的流体中富集Ba[141-142]。在地幔物质的熔融和岩浆的结晶演化过程中,Ba又是高度不相容元素。因此,Ba的含量及其变化是示踪板块俯冲和物质循环的另一个独特指标[143]。然而,迄今还没有发现岩浆岩中Ba的同位素组成特征与距离海沟的距离、部分熔融程度、俯冲流体组分混入等之间有着明显的相关性,这种特征被解释为Ba在随流体进入上地幔楔的过程中发生了同位素分馏且大量Ba的加入可能使地幔楔中的Ba同位素组成发生了均一化[144]。目前,对于俯冲过程中Ba同位素的行为及其在俯冲带岩浆过程中的示踪应用研究正处于起步阶段。
近十几年以来,Mo同位素开始被应用于岛弧火山岩的研究[145-147]。但是,由于Mo及其同位素在俯冲带脱水作用及岩浆作用中的行为和性质仍存在争议,Mo及其同位素组成能否作为俯冲带流体的有效示踪剂也需要更深入系统的研究。Noll等[148]认为在板块脱水过程中Mo不易随流体迁移,而Green和Adam[149]则认为Mo在俯冲带温度和压力条件下的水溶液中具有强迁移能力。König等[150]认为Mo随俯冲板块中流体的迁移是Solomon岛弧火山岩中Mo富集的原因。Voegelin等[151]则认为Mo同位素组成随岩浆演化而发生系统性变化,但Willbold和Elliott[152]认为结晶分异过程中Mo同位素组成变化有限。Freymuth等[146]发现马里亚纳岛弧熔岩富集Mo且其δ98/95Mo值高于MORB,从而认为几乎未蚀变的深层俯冲洋壳发生脱水作用,产生的流体在脱水作用和流动过程中发生Mo同位素分馏,使流体具有高98Mo/95Mo比值,这些流体加入地幔导致了岩浆具有较重的Mo同位素组成。König等[147]认为:尽管具有高δ98/95Mo值的火山岩受到了俯冲流体的影响,且火山岩的低δ98/95Mo值与沉积物熔体的加入有关,但不能简单地把火山岩中低的δ98/95Mo值归因于俯冲沉积物的部分熔融作用,这是因为在俯冲洋壳脱水时,洋壳中形成了具有轻Mo同位素组成的次生矿物相,这导致加入地幔楔的流体具有重的Mo同位素组成。随着俯冲沉积物的熔融,一些次生相可能发生分解,使熔体的δ98/95Mo值降低,从而导致一些岛弧火山岩具有低δ98/95Mo值。综上所述,Mo及其同位素组成在俯冲带脱水作用和岩浆作用中的行为需要更多的资料和研究来证实。
Se是一种亲铜元素[153-154],并且具有中等挥发性[155]。地幔与地壳中Se的含量及其同位素组成具有巨大差异,因此俯冲组分的加入将使地幔中Se的同位素组成产生变化[156-157]。Se同位素不受岩浆脱气和结晶分异作用的影响,因此洋底火山熔岩的δ82/76Se值可能保留了其“源”的特征[158]。Kurzawa等[158]对马里亚纳岛弧火山岩进行了Se含量及其同位素组成分析,发现其δ82/76Se值明显低于地幔且变化范围较大(δ82/76Se=0.03‰~−0.33‰),据此认为这可能是由于俯冲组分的加入所造成的。
前文提到,传统的海底热液循环模式很难解释近十几年来所发现的一些事实[48]。其一,洋壳岩石十分致密,虽然海底之下200 m深以内岩石的渗透率足以“允许”海水下渗,但海底之下200~700 m的火山岩孔隙度逐渐减小,1 000 m以下岩石的渗透率不足以形成流体循环,因此不可能有深部的流体循环发生[159-160];其二,按热液流体温度为300℃左右,计算得出在洋中脊处进行一次海水循环,通过岩/水反应使下渗海水中金属元素含量达到热液中的浓度的时间为8~10 Ma,而按洋中脊半扩张速率(3 cm/a)计算可知:如果海水循环模式成立,则海底热液喷口应分布在距离扩张轴240~300 km处,而不是现在所发现的热液喷口主要集中在洋中脊扩张轴附近[161]
王淑杰等[48]的“双扩散对流循环模式”(见前文)可解释许多传统的海水循环模式难以解释的现象,如:热液循环只发生在洋壳上部渗透率高和裂隙发育的岩层,这可以解释海底1 000 m以下洋壳渗透率低使流体循环无法发生的问题;洋中脊轴部集中发生热液活动是因为该处热液活动模式以岩浆注入模式为主;热液及其形成的硫化物矿物的87Sr/86Sr比值大部分靠近地幔和海底玄武岩端元是因为源于地幔的岩浆对热液系统具有物质贡献等。
在岩浆后期热液注入过程中,岩浆作用既能够为下渗的海水提供热源,使其萃取岩石中的金属元素,又能通过岩浆后期热液流体和挥发性组分的加入为热液系统提供直接的成矿物质。硫化物矿物(气液)包裹体研究、岩浆熔体包裹体研究和同位素研究为此提供了丰富而有力的证据[162]。Vidal和Clauer[163]发现东太平洋海隆21°N热液活动区硫化物的87Sr/86Sr比值介于基底玄武岩和海水之间,从而认为热液为岩浆作用后期热液和海水的混合物。侯增谦等[164]发现冲绳海槽长英质岩中脉状硫化物的3He/4He比值可达29.9 Ra。于增慧[165]发现冲绳海槽热液区火山岩中气液包裹体和热液成因矿物中流体包裹体的挥发性组分几乎一致,证明了岩浆对热液成矿的物质贡献。Herzig等[166]发现劳海盆Hine Hina热液活动区硫化物矿物的δ34S值很低(δ34S=−3.4‰~−5.7‰),Kim等[47]发现马努斯海盆SuSu Knolls热液活动区硫化物也具有很低的δ34S值(δ34S=−3.9‰~−8.0‰),他们都认为这可能是岩浆挥发性组分中的SO2发生了歧化作用并对热液系统产生了贡献所造成的。
岛弧和弧后盆地是现代海底热液活动集中分布的区域,孕育了全球已发现海底热液活动区的30%左右[39]。自板块构造理论被广泛接受以来,俯冲过程与成矿的关系一直是成矿学研究的重点[167],岛弧和弧后盆地是热液活动和成矿作用调查研究的重点区域之一。对于俯冲背景下的现代VMS(Volcanic-associatedMassive Sulfide)型矿床,海水和岩浆流体在其成矿作用过程中起着关键作用。已有研究表明,现代海底热液矿床中的易溶元素(如Pb、Zn和Ag等)主要源于海水对岩石的淋滤,而难溶元素(如Cu、Sn、Bi和Mo等)主要源于岩浆。海水沿着海底岩石的孔隙和裂缝下渗,一方面其携带的Ba和Pb等元素直接进入热液循环系统,另一方面受到岩浆加热的高温海水淋滤萃取了海底岩石中的Zn、Mn、Fe等金属元素进入热液系统。岩浆作用后期流体不仅能够为热液系统提供热源,还能为流体提供成矿物质:一方面,富含金属的岩浆后期热液流体能直接加入热液系统;另一方面,岩浆通过喷发前的去气作用会释放H2O、CO2、Cl、S和F等挥发性组分,若这些携带大量金属元素的挥发性组分脱离岩浆而形成不混溶流体,且进入热液系统,则会对海底热液成矿提供充足的成矿金属元素[46]。另外,不同性质流体的混合作用也能促进金属硫化物的沉淀成矿,尤其是当热液上升到近海底或进入烟囱体时,将与海水发生强烈的混合作用,造成大量金属硫化物的沉淀。
大洋岩石圈板块俯冲带是最近几年地球科学研究中的热点区域之一,这里是全球物质循环的关键节点,同时又是与地球环境和人类社会发展密切相关的火山活动、地震活动和成矿作用的聚集带。在俯冲带,水化了的大洋岩石圈板块俯冲进入地球深处,导致一系列全球规模的地质作用。因此,俯冲带很可能是继板块构造理论之后,新地球科学理论的孕育诞生地。在俯冲带一系列复杂的地质作用过程中,流体是贯穿板块俯冲及其所导致的各种重要地质作用过程的介质(图2),从而成为研究这些重要地质作用的示踪剂。
尽管人们尝试各种技术手段试图了解发生在俯冲带的地质作用过程,但因受到当前科学技术发展的限制,至今还无法有效地查明地下深处的物质组成、结构构造、发展演化、动力机制等重大科学问题。在迄今所有可用的技术手段中,地球化学方法无疑是最有效的手段之一,因为任何地质作用过程无不导致元素的迁移转化和同位素的再分配。如前文所述,在应用于俯冲带流体作用过程示踪的众多地球化学手段方法(元素及其同位素指标)中,还没有一个被证明是定量准确和通用有效的指标,大多方法或指标都存在一定的局限性,这一方面是因为俯冲带地质作用的复杂性,另一方面更是由于迄今所观测获得的数据十分有限,资料缺乏系统性或全面性。因此,在近期的研究工作中应该强化以下4个方面的调查研究:
(1)进一步准确地定量评估通过板块俯冲作用进入地球深部的“流体”通量,为最终解决全球地球化学或物质循环问题作出贡献。俯冲作用能将大量“流体”带入地球深部,是地球水循环的重要环节。很多研究定量评估了随板块俯冲作用进入地球内部的“流体”通量,但由于研究方法不同,这些研究结果之间差异很大,因此通过俯冲作用进入地球深部的流体通量还需要进一步的精确,以便为最终解决全球地球化学或物质循环这一重要科学问题作出贡献。
(2)全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型。俯冲带流体的生成、规模和迁移等问题目前尚主要依赖于实验岩石学的结果。富水流体、超临界流体、含(富)水熔体各自形成的条件和彼此的相互转化还需要更深入的研究。俯冲流体在地幔楔、俯冲板块−地幔楔接触界面和板块内部的分配比例仍不清楚。因此,全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为将成为今后俯冲带流体研究的重点和热点。
(3)充分利用现代化的测试分析手段,重点获取矿物原位微区分析、矿物流体包裹体物理化学指标测试、稳定和放射性元素同位素分析等方面的精细准确数据,用于查明当前取样观测手段无法触及的地下深处物质状态和作用过程。矿物原位微区分析是近年来新兴起的分析技术,能够在避免繁琐的化学分离提纯程序和节约成本的同时使分析测试更加精准。只有获取足够精准的测试分析数据,才能准确有效地判断地下深部的物质行为和地质作用过程。通过矿物流体包裹体的物理化学指标测试能够获得地下深部地质作用和成矿时的温度、压力、盐度和化学组分等信息,是了解地质作用和成矿机制、建立地质作用模型和成矿作用模式的重要基础。
传统的稳定元素同位素是示踪流体成因的重要手段。Zn、Mg、Mo、Tl、Cl、Ba、Se等非传统稳定元素同位素和Ce等放射性元素同位素的应用是近年来俯冲带地球化学研究中重要的技术进展之一,它们可以(或有潜力)被应用于俯冲带岩浆作用中流(熔)体作用过程的示踪。但目前对岛弧和弧后盆地火山岩中Zn、Mg、Ba、Ce等元素同位素的研究还不够全面。因此,利用非传统元素同位素方法系统研究岛弧和弧后盆地火山岩将是未来俯冲带地球化学过程示踪研究中最有生命力的方向之一。应进一步强化和完善分析测试方法和技术,丰富弧−盆体系火山岩的非传统元素同位素研究的数据基础。
(4)发展数值模拟技术,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型。数值模拟是将地球系统中物理和化学等理论使用数学公式表达,并通过计算机程序求解的一种研究手段。数值模拟不但是揭示地球内部运行机制和成因演化的重要手段,还是预测其未来发展的重要技术手段,是地球科学从描述转向记录的必由之路[168]。将俯冲带中难以通过物理模拟的流体行为进行数值模拟,建立可靠的俯冲带流体地质作用的数据库和理论模型,提高模型的可信度并弥补现有模型的不足,将是今后俯冲带流体地质作用研究的另一主要方向。
“水”可以以流体、熔体、含水矿物、NAMs和DHMS的形式存在于地球的各个圈层中。在俯冲带,流体对地震作用、地幔部分熔融、岩浆作用以及海底热液活动等重大地质过程都有着重要的影响。俯冲带是大量“水”(流体)进入地球深部的重要窗口。H2O和CO2是俯冲带流体中最主要的组分,此外还有S、N2和卤素等大量挥发性组分。按所含流体及元素(或离子)的多少,可将俯冲带中的熔/流体分为含水熔体、富水熔体、富水流体和超临界流体。其中,熔体相比于富水流体能够携带更多的主、微量元素,超临界流体具有极高的元素迁移能力。早期对俯冲带流体的研究重点是根据预测的俯冲带热结构、俯冲板块中含水矿物的稳定性和最大含水能力,确定板块中流体的释放位置和释放量。近年来,一些研究探讨了流体释放后的迁移形式和模式,为俯冲带流体的研究提供了新的认识。然而,目前研究所得出的结论主要是基于地球物理探测、高温高压实验和对地表火成岩的研究结果,尚缺乏直接的证据。
研究俯冲带流体地质作用的地球化学示踪方法主要包括微量(稀土)元素(比值)方法、放射性元素同位素方法和稳定元素同位素方法。Mg、Ba、Zn、Tl、Mo、Cl和La-Ce等非传统元素同位素的应用极大地丰富了俯冲带岩浆作用中流体的示踪研究。
有关现代海底热液活动的理论模式目前尚在进一步的丰富完善之中,近十几年主要进展是岩浆后期热液注入概念的提出,解释了许多新发现的事实。在岩浆后期热液注入模式中,岩浆作用既能为下渗的海水提供热源,使其萃取岩石中的金属元素,又能通过岩浆后期热液流体和挥发性组分的加入为热液成矿作用提供直接的物源。
在今后一段时间内,有关俯冲背景下流体地质作用的研究应该强化以下4个方面:(1)进一步准确地定量评估通过板块俯冲作用进入地球深部的“流体”通量,为最终解决全球地球化学或物质循环问题作出贡献;(2)全面、准确地描述俯冲作用中流体的物理和化学行为,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型;(3)充分利用现代化的测试分析手段,重点获取矿物原位微区分析、矿物流体包裹体物理化学指标测试、稳定和放射性元素同位素分析等方面的精细准确数据,用于查明当前取样观测手段无法触及的地下深处物质状态和作用过程;(4)发展数值模拟技术,建立俯冲带流体地质作用的理论模型。
  • 国家重点基础研究发展计划(2013CB429702)。
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021021
  • 接收时间:2020-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-19
  • 修回日期:2020-09-10
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国家重点基础研究发展计划(2013CB429702)。
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    1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2海洋科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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翟世奎(1958—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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