Article(id=1233720126751699758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233720124591633183, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1559577600000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-04, revisedDate=1588780800000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772071399628, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1611504000000, pubDateStr=2021-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772071399628, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772071399628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772071399628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233720124591633183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772071399114, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772071399114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233720129654158175, articleId=1233720126751699758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Impacts of the late spring Arctic Oscillation on the summer tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the present study, the connection between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in May and the following summer (June to September) western North Pacific tropical cyclone genesis frequency is investigated based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and tropical cyclone data from China Meteorological Administration for the period 1950–2018. A statistically significant positive correlation is found between the late spring AO and summer tropical cyclone genesis frequency. The diagnosis results show that the low-level relative vorticity, high-level divergence, vertical wind shear and the mid-low level relative humidity are all beneficial for the genesis of the western North Pacific tropical cyclones during the positive AO years. Moreover, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward and northward and tends to be much weaker. On the contrary, during the negative AO years, the tropical cyclone formation is reduced because of the strengthened western Pacific subtropical high combined with an anticyclonic vorticity in the lower troposphere. The possible mechanism involved the variations of the storm track in the North Pacific. It is showed that during the positive (negative) AO years the storm track is moving northward (southward) and there is a cyclonic (an anticyclonic) vorticity anomaly in the lower troposphere in the western North Pacific in the subsequent summer through the interaction between the synoptic-scale eddies and low-frequency mean flow. The resulting anomalous local Hadley circulation could lead to the change of the western Pacific subtropical high and further contribute to the western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis.

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利用美国气象环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心 (NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料以及中国气象局发布的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径数据集,本文探讨了1950–2018年期间晚春(5月)北极涛动(AO)与随后夏季(6–9月)西北太平洋上空热带气旋生成频数的关系。研究表明,晚春AO对夏季西北太平洋TC生成有明显的预报指示意义,二者之间存在显著的正相关关系。对应晚春AO指数偏高年,夏季西太平洋副热带高压主体位置偏东偏北、强度偏弱,西北太平洋上空大气低层有较强的辐合、高层辐散增强、中层水汽充足、垂直风切较弱,这些大尺度环境因子均有利于TC的生成。而在晚春AO指数偏低年,西北太平洋上空的大气环流特征与上述特征相反,造成TC生成频数偏少。进一步的分析揭示:与AO变化密切相关的北太平洋风暴轴位置的南北移动,在晚春AO与夏季西北太平洋TC生成频数二者关系中起到了关键作用。AO正位相(负位相)年,北太平洋风暴轴向北(向南)偏移,通过天气尺度波动和平均流之间的相互作用,造成后期夏季西北太平洋上空低层形成气旋性(反气旋性)涡度异常,在局地经向环流的调整作用下,西北太平洋副热带高压的位置及强度发生改变,对西北太平洋TC的形成起到了促进(抑制)作用。

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周群(1986—),女,山东省青岛市人,博士,主要从事气候动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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周群(1986—),女,山东省青岛市人,博士,主要从事气候动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2016, 9(6): 420−427., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233728222521774222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41505050);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放基金项目(KLOCW1902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233728216041575371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233728216054158286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, companyId=1233728216041575371, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233728216062546894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, companyId=1233728216041575371, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233728219518652484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Normalized time series of the late spring (May) Arctic Oscillation (AO) index (black solid line) and tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the western North Pacific (grey dashed line) in the subsequent summer (June to September) for the period of 1950–2018, figureFileSmall=R9CprRCCc4T8YOl/vChJfg==, figureFileBig=Q0UEgU75d1DLlQZAWX6QPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728219594149963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1950–2018年标准化的晚春(5月)AO指数(黑色实线)与夏季(6–9月)西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数(浅灰色虚线)的年际变化序列, figureFileSmall=R9CprRCCc4T8YOl/vChJfg==, figureFileBig=Q0UEgU75d1DLlQZAWX6QPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728219766116434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Regression distributions of the summer mean sea level pressure (SLP, contours; interval: 0.1 hPa) and 850 hPa wind (UV850, vectors; unit: m/s) (a), 500 hPa vertical velocity (O500, black contours; interval: 1.5×10−3 Pa/s) and 500 hPa geopotential height (H500, red and blue contours) (b) on the late spring AO index

Red and blue lines in b denote the multi-year mean and superimposed the regressed anomalies on the multi-year mean western Pacific Subtropical High. Heavy and light shadings indicate the SLP (a), vertical velocity (b) anomalies significant above 95% and 90% confidence level, respectively

, figureFileSmall=78mXlFD9tA9i0FTaug3baA==, figureFileBig=kjgp5qeggAuRxhdFN/9qSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728219908722774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1950–2018年期间夏季平均海平面气压场(SLP,等值线;间隔:0.1 hPa)和850 hPa风场(UV850,矢量;单位:m/s)(a)以及500 hPa垂直速度(O500,黑色等值线;间隔:1.5×10−3 Pa/s)和500 hPa位势高度场(H500,红色及蓝色等值线)(b)回归到晚春AO指数的分布

b中红色及蓝色特征值线分别表征多年平均及将回归结果叠加其上的西太平洋副热带高压位置。深色和浅色阴影分别表示海平面气压(a)、垂直速度(b)通过95%和90%信度水平验证

, figureFileSmall=78mXlFD9tA9i0FTaug3baA==, figureFileBig=kjgp5qeggAuRxhdFN/9qSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728219988414553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Regression distributions of the summer mean 850 hPa vorticity (contours; interval: 0.5×10−6 s−1) (a), 200 hPa divergence (contours; interval: 0.75×10−6 s−1) (b), vertical zonal wind shear between 200−850 hPa (contours; interval: 0.3 m/s) (c) and 700−500 hPa mean relative humidity (contours; interval: 0.3%) (d) on the late spring AO index

Heavy and light shadings indicate the areas with the anomaly values significant above 95% and 90% confidence level, respectively

, figureFileSmall=e5lZW8JjDo7XiBKMjE+YOA==, figureFileBig=mHUVkt8wxa5SBdxeDJSzWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220084883550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图3, caption=将1950–2018年期间夏季平均对流层低层850 hPa相对涡度(等值线;间隔:0.5×10−6 s−1)(a),对流层上层200 hPa散度(等值线;间隔:0.75×10−6 s−1)(b),200~850 hPa之间纬向风的垂直切变(等值线;间隔:0.3 m/s)(c)以及700~500 hPa平均相对湿度(等值线;间隔:0.3%)(d)回归到晚春AO指数的分布型

深色和浅色阴影分别表示通过95%和90%信度水平

, figureFileSmall=e5lZW8JjDo7XiBKMjE+YOA==, figureFileBig=mHUVkt8wxa5SBdxeDJSzWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220189741152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Correlation patterns between late spring AO index and the simultaneous sea level pressure (a), 500 hPa geopotential height (b), and 200 hPa geopotential height (c) for the period 1950–2018, regressed pattern 850 hPa wind (vectors; unit: m/s) on the late spring AO index (d)

The contour interval is 0.15 in a, b and c. Significant values above the 95% confidence level are shaded

, figureFileSmall=MRulmH3DE7g4sg1he1Ck/Q==, figureFileBig=fxUuCAQNVtHDEeYlH2jSZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220302987370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1950−2018年期间晚春AO指数与同期海平面气压场(a),500 hPa位势高度场(b),以及200 hPa位势高度场(c)的相关分布,将同期850 hPa风场(矢量;单位:m/s)回归到春晚AO指数的分布型(d)

a、b和c中等值线间隔为0.15,阴影表示通过95%信度检验的区域

, figureFileSmall=MRulmH3DE7g4sg1he1Ck/Q==, figureFileBig=fxUuCAQNVtHDEeYlH2jSZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220433010795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Regression of the North Pacific storm track (contours; interval: 60 gpm) on the May AO index (a), spatial pattern (contours; interval: 60 gpm) (b) and normalized time coefficients (defined as the Storm Track Position Index, STPI) (c) of the second leading empirical orthogonal function modes of the North Pacific storm track in May

Heavy and light shadings indicate the 95% and 90% confidence level in a and b. The axis of the multi-year mean storm track is marked by the thick black dashed line

, figureFileSmall=6apEyyu6e4bL/IZXnpegYQ==, figureFileBig=B3n/lqOKROW+P0xUkqWAow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220550451311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图5, caption=将1950−2018年期间5月北太平洋风暴轴(等值线;间隔:60 gpm)回归到同期AO指数的分布型(a),5月风暴轴(等值线;间隔:60 gpm)经验正交函数分解的第二模态的空间分布型(b)以及对应的标准化处理后的时间系数(即风暴轴位置指数STPI)(c)

a和b中深、浅色阴影分别通过95%、90%信度检验的区域。加粗黑色虚线表示多年平均风暴轴的轴线位置

, figureFileSmall=6apEyyu6e4bL/IZXnpegYQ==, figureFileBig=B3n/lqOKROW+P0xUkqWAow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220651114609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Regression distributions of storm track position index on the summer mean 850 hPa wind (vectors; unit: m/s), 850 hPa vorticity (anomalies significant above 95% and 90% confidence level are shaded with dark and shallow) and 500 hPa geopontential height during 1950–2018

Red and blue lines denote the multi-year mean western Pacific subtropical high and superimposed the regressed anomalies on it

, figureFileSmall=pWmEAqSl4MFNFDLh5iu2LQ==, figureFileBig=2b8I6hOvkpdKKM1vQFqlVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220726612086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图6, caption=将1950–2018年期间夏季平均850 hPa风场(矢量;单位:m/s)、850 hPa相对涡度(深色和浅色阴影分别表示通过95%和90%信度水平)及500 hPa位势高度场回归到风暴轴位置指数的空间分布型

红色及蓝色加粗线分别表征多年平均及将回归结果叠加其上的西太平洋副热带高压位置

, figureFileSmall=pWmEAqSl4MFNFDLh5iu2LQ==, figureFileBig=2b8I6hOvkpdKKM1vQFqlVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220818886780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Regression distributions of the late spring strom track position index (a), AO index (b) on the summer mean vertical motion over western North Pacific local Hadley cell (120°E–180° average)

Contour interval is 0.25×10−2 Pa/s. Heavy and light shadings denote the regions at the 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively

, figureFileSmall=SxdMoSKmnrN41xKwLCnZ9Q==, figureFileBig=kUi8YStuS0RtTfex7YtmOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220927938688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图7, caption=将1950–2018年期间夏季平均西北太平洋局地(120°E~180°平均)经向环流回归到晚春风暴轴位置指数(a)以及晚春AO指数(b)的分布型

等值线间隔为0.25×10−2 Pa/s,深、浅色阴影分别表示通过95%、90%信度检验的区域

, figureFileSmall=SxdMoSKmnrN41xKwLCnZ9Q==, figureFileBig=kUi8YStuS0RtTfex7YtmOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728220995047555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Correlation of the late spring AO index and the simultaneous SST (contours; interval: 0.15) (a), normalized time series of the AO index (red line) and northern tropical Atlantic SST (blue line) (b) and the 31 a sliding correlations (grey shadings) between the two series (c) during 1950−2018

Heavy and light shadings in a denote the regions at the 95% and 90% confidence levels, respectively. The horizontal blue line in c indicates the 95% confidence level

, figureFileSmall=2KIeAZxq+sXuV4x5PkBGeA==, figureFileBig=gmmRrF8jmPLVWoP90p2Jog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233728221070545032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233720126751699758, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1950–2018年期间晚春AO指数与同期海表温度指数场的相关分布(等值线;间隔:0.15)(a),标准化的AO指数(红色实线)与热带大西洋关键区海表温度指数(蓝色实线)的年际变化序列(b)以及两个序列之间的滑动相关系数(31 a滑动窗口,灰色阴影)(c)

a中深、浅色阴影分别表示通过95%、90%信度检验的区域。c中蓝色水平线表示95%信度水平

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晚春北极涛动对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数的影响
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周群 1 , 魏立新 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(1): 82-92
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(1): 82-92
晚春北极涛动对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数的影响
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周群1 , 魏立新1
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 周群(1986—),女,山东省青岛市人,博士,主要从事气候动力学方面的研究。E-mail:

Impacts of the late spring Arctic Oscillation on the summer tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific
Qun Zhou1 , Lixin Wei1
Affiliations
  • 1National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2021-01-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021007
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利用美国气象环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心 (NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料以及中国气象局发布的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径数据集,本文探讨了1950–2018年期间晚春(5月)北极涛动(AO)与随后夏季(6–9月)西北太平洋上空热带气旋生成频数的关系。研究表明,晚春AO对夏季西北太平洋TC生成有明显的预报指示意义,二者之间存在显著的正相关关系。对应晚春AO指数偏高年,夏季西太平洋副热带高压主体位置偏东偏北、强度偏弱,西北太平洋上空大气低层有较强的辐合、高层辐散增强、中层水汽充足、垂直风切较弱,这些大尺度环境因子均有利于TC的生成。而在晚春AO指数偏低年,西北太平洋上空的大气环流特征与上述特征相反,造成TC生成频数偏少。进一步的分析揭示:与AO变化密切相关的北太平洋风暴轴位置的南北移动,在晚春AO与夏季西北太平洋TC生成频数二者关系中起到了关键作用。AO正位相(负位相)年,北太平洋风暴轴向北(向南)偏移,通过天气尺度波动和平均流之间的相互作用,造成后期夏季西北太平洋上空低层形成气旋性(反气旋性)涡度异常,在局地经向环流的调整作用下,西北太平洋副热带高压的位置及强度发生改变,对西北太平洋TC的形成起到了促进(抑制)作用。

北极涛动  /  热带气旋  /  西北太平洋  /  风暴轴

In the present study, the connection between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in May and the following summer (June to September) western North Pacific tropical cyclone genesis frequency is investigated based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and tropical cyclone data from China Meteorological Administration for the period 1950–2018. A statistically significant positive correlation is found between the late spring AO and summer tropical cyclone genesis frequency. The diagnosis results show that the low-level relative vorticity, high-level divergence, vertical wind shear and the mid-low level relative humidity are all beneficial for the genesis of the western North Pacific tropical cyclones during the positive AO years. Moreover, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward and northward and tends to be much weaker. On the contrary, during the negative AO years, the tropical cyclone formation is reduced because of the strengthened western Pacific subtropical high combined with an anticyclonic vorticity in the lower troposphere. The possible mechanism involved the variations of the storm track in the North Pacific. It is showed that during the positive (negative) AO years the storm track is moving northward (southward) and there is a cyclonic (an anticyclonic) vorticity anomaly in the lower troposphere in the western North Pacific in the subsequent summer through the interaction between the synoptic-scale eddies and low-frequency mean flow. The resulting anomalous local Hadley circulation could lead to the change of the western Pacific subtropical high and further contribute to the western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis.

Arctic Oscillation  /  tropical cyclone  /  western North Pacific  /  storm track
周群, 魏立新. 晚春北极涛动对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数的影响. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (1) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021007
Qun Zhou, Lixin Wei. Impacts of the late spring Arctic Oscillation on the summer tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (1) : 82 -92 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021007
西北太平洋是全球热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone, TC)生成的主要地区之一,全球约有1/3的热带气旋在此海域生成。热带气旋带来的狂风巨浪、灾害性风暴潮严重威胁人民的生命财产安全,因此,关于TC生成的气候学研究具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。以往的很多研究聚焦于西北太平洋上TC生成的年际变化,一系列的工作揭示出许多海洋、大气模态与西北太平洋TC的频数变化存在联系[1-11]。西北太平洋TC生成频数与赤道中东太平洋不同类型增暖型事件、东印度洋海温异常以及热带大西洋海温异常等都有着密切关系[1-3]。大气模态诸如南极涛动[4]、北太平洋涛动[5]、亚洲–太平洋涛动[6]、北极涛动[7-8]以及北大西洋涛动[9]等对西北太平洋TC的生成也有比较明显的调整作用。这些研究不仅有助于全面认知影响热带气旋生成的因子[10-11],对于提高西北太平洋台风灾害的季节预测水平也有着重要的科学意义。
北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)是大气内部的一种模态,表征了北半球热带外大气在年际尺度上的主要变化[12]。北极涛动存在明显的季节变化,即AO信号变化在夏季最弱,而在冬季最强。因此,早期研究更多的关注冬季AO对同期冬季气候的显著作用[13-15],并指出冬季AO变化对后期东亚地区环流异常也能产生重要影响[15]。一些研究发现,春季AO/NAO(North Atlantic Oscillation,北大西洋涛动;被认为是AO在北大西洋部分的分量)也可以作为东亚夏季气温、降水异常的潜在预报因子[16-23]。以往的研究表明,AO的气候影响不仅局限在北半球中高纬度地区,其强弱变化也能影响热带地区的天气和气候,如赤道中东太平洋海温变率[24-25]、热带地区的对流活动[26]及西北太平洋热带气旋活动[27-29]等。通过将西北太平洋划分为东、西部两个区域(以150°E为界),Cao等[29]指出春季(3–5月)平均AO指数与夏季东部区域内的TC生成个数之间存在密切联系,而对西部区域上空的TC活动无明显影响;Choi等[28]的研究发现春季AO指数偏高时,随后夏季更多的TC侵袭日本、韩国和中国台湾地区,而影响菲律宾地区的TC个数偏少,这与东亚中纬度和低纬度地区分别存在着反气旋和气旋式环流异常有关,然而AO影响的具体过程及背后的物理机制却并没有被很好地揭示出来。由于春季各月AO相互独立,许多研究采用单月的AO指数来研究春季AO的气候效应,并且指出东亚夏季风异常与晚春(5月)AO指数关系最为密切[20-23]。那么,晚春AO能否对夏季西北太平洋上空TC活动有更好的指示作用,又是通过怎样的动力过程产生这一影响的,这些都成为亟待深入探讨的科学问题,在短期气候预测中也具有实际应用价值。为此,本研究利用5月AO指数重点分析如下两个问题:在年际尺度上,晚春AO是否能显著的影响夏季西北太平洋TC的生成个数?如果能,那么其影响机制如何?本文首先考察晚春AO指数与西北太平洋TC生成频数的相关关系,并对相关的大尺度环境因子进行系统的分析,在此基础上就其中可能涉及的物理过程及影响机制做进一步探讨。
本文使用的大气资料主要是美国气象环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)逐月再分析资料,其水平分辨率为2.5°×2.5°,所用的变量包括:海平面气压场、位势高度场、垂直速度场、相对湿度场、经向风场和纬向风场。AO指数取自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)的气候预测中心(Climate Prediction Centre, CPC),该指数已被广泛地应用于天气、气候预报业务和科研工作中。文中的热带气旋统计资料取自中国气象局热带气旋资料中心发布的最佳路径数据集。该资料中包含了强度未达到热带风暴级别的热带低压数据,但本文只考虑赤道以北的西北太平洋(120°E~180°)范围内生成的最大强度达到或超过热带风暴级别(中心附近最大风速≥18 m/s)的热带气旋。本研究选用1950–2018年共计69年的资料进行统计分析,采用的方法主要是回归分析和相关分析,并利用t检验来验证其显著性。文中还采用了经验正交函数分解的方法来考察北太平洋风暴轴的空间异常分布和时间演变特征。
图1为标准化的晚春(5月)北极涛动指数与随后夏季(6–9月)西北太平洋热带气旋生成总数的时间序列,可以看到二者均表现出明显的年际变化。通过计算我们发现1950–2018年期间晚春AO指数与夏季西北太平洋TC生成频数之间的相关系数为0.32,能通过99%信度检验水平。也即当晚春AO为正位相,夏季更多的TC在西北太平洋上空生成;相反,当晚春AO为负位相,夏季西北太平洋TC生成个数偏少。
为了说明晚春AO对西北太平洋TC生成的影响,图2首先给出了晚春AO影响下的后期西北太平洋上空的大气环流特征。由图2可知,晚春AO较强时,夏季西北太平洋上空海平面气压显著减弱,对流层低层850 hPa形成一个异常的气旋性环流(图2a);500 hPa位势高度场显示西北太平洋副热带高压的强度和位置发生了改变,副高主体位置偏东偏北、强度上略有减弱,有利于其南侧热带辐合带强度的增强,相应地,500 hPa垂直速度场在热带地区表现为负异常,也即存在上升运动(图2b),再次证实西北太平洋热带对流活动发展旺盛。而晚春AO较弱时,西北太平洋对流层低层形成一个反气旋式环流异常,副高主体位置偏西偏南、强度增强,热带地区对流活动受到抑制。
西北太平洋暖池表层海温一般都在28.5℃以上,可以满足TC生成所要求的热力条件[30],因此,我们着重分析与西北太平洋TC生成有关的一些大尺度环境因子的变化情况。图3a3b是将夏季西北太平洋上空850 hPa辐合、200 hPa辐散回归到前期AO指数的分布型。除近赤道地区外,西北太平洋整个热带地区被显著的低层涡度正异常及高层散度正异常控制,也就是说,对应晚春AO的正位相,西北太平洋对流层低层形成一个气旋式相对涡度,为TC生成和发展提供大尺度的辐合上升运动;对流层高层辐散增强,表明高层辐散与低层辐合相配合,加强大尺度的上升运动,促进对流层中层正相对涡度的发展,从而有利于西北太平洋TC的生成[31]。垂直风切变较小才能使得初始扰动的对流凝结所释放的潜热能更好地集中在一个对流层中上层有限的空间范围内,形成暖心结构,而过大的风切则会抑制对流活动的发展,限制暖心和涡旋的形成,不利于TC的生成。从晚春AO与随后夏季200~850 hPa之间的纬向风垂直切变的关系(图3c)中可以看到,除20°N附近狭长的纬度带外,西北太平洋热带地区几乎被一致的垂直风切变负异常区所覆盖,这反映了当前期AO越强(弱),夏季垂直风切越小(大),对西北太平洋TC的生成越有利(不利)。对流层中、低层大的湿度对于TC生成也是一个重要的条件,若某区域对流层中、低层湿度太小会引起水汽的蒸发,不利于凝结潜热的释放和上升运动的加强,从而抑制对流的发展,不利于TC的生成。晚春AO与夏季700~500 hPa平均相对湿度的回归分布进一步证实了AO与TC生成频数相关关系的存在性,从图3d中可见菲律宾以东的热带海域为大气相对湿度大值区,表明前期AO处于正位相时,后期该区域范围内的水汽更加充足,有利于TC生成频数的增多。与此相反,当前期AO处于负位相时,夏季热带西北太平洋上空低层形成一个反气旋式相对涡度,高层辐散减弱、风切增大、相对湿度减小,这些都不利于TC的生成和发展。因此,这里的分析说明前期AO可以通过影响与TC生成密切相关的大尺度环境条件,实现对后期西北太平洋TC生成频数的调节。
为了解晚春AO影响夏季西北太平洋TC生成的机制,我们首先考察晚春AO对同期北太平洋大气环流异常的重要作用。图4是海平面气压场、850 hPa风场、500 hPa及200 hPa位势高度场与同期AO指数的相关分布。在全球尺度上,AO的典型特征是北半球中纬度与极地地区之间气压异常的“跷跷板”式准正压性的反向变化。在北太平洋地区,我们发现大气环流异常也显示出准正压性的垂直结构,并且在中纬度–亚热带地区形成一个典型的偶极子分布型,中纬度海平面气压升高,850 hPa存在异常的反气旋式环流,对流层中、高层为显著的位势高度正异常所占据,而在其西南侧的西北太平洋地区,海平面气压降低,存在弱的气旋式环流异常,对流层中、高层位势高度降低,这与之前的研究结果相一致[29]
值得注意的一点是,AO偏强时,在热带西太平洋上空低层出现西风异常(图4c),Chen等[24]的研究指出这是由北太平洋地区天气尺度波动和平均流之间相互作用造成的,并且西风异常的形成和维持是AO触发随后冬季El Niño事件发生的重要环节。一般而言,北半球天气尺度(2.5~6 d)带通瞬变扰动方差的极大值呈带状集中分布在中纬度两大洋上。这种天气尺度扰动最活跃的地区,被称为风暴轴,因此,我们有必要分析北太平洋风暴轴随AO强弱而变化的情况。图5a是将5月份风暴轴回归到同期AO指数的分布型,这里采用2.5~6 d带通滤波后的500 hPa位势高度方差来表征风暴轴[32],多年平均的气候态风暴轴分布在图中以加粗黑色虚线表示。由图可见,正异常中心基本位于多年平均风暴轴位置的北侧,而负异常中心基本位于其南侧。将1950–2018年期间该月风暴轴进行经验正交函数分解,可以发现第1模态表现为风暴轴增强或减弱的变化型,也即反映了风暴轴的强度变化(图略)。第2模态(如图5b所示,方差贡献11.2%)的空间型明显表现为经向上的偶极子型分布,与风暴轴对AO强弱变化的响应十分类似,气候态平均位置的南侧为显著的负值区,北侧为显著的正值区,表明第2模态的空间型集中反映了风暴轴位置的南北移动情况,这与已有的工作相一致[33]。因此,第2模态对应的标准化时间系数可认为是风暴轴的位置指数(Storm Track Position Index, STPI),从该指数的时间变化序列(图5c)可以看出风暴轴的南北位移具有明显的年际差异,计算1950–2018年期间该指数与同期AO指数的相关系数高达0.40(通过99%置信水平验证)。也就是说,晚春AO正位相时北太平洋风暴轴往往向北偏移,而AO负位相时风暴轴向南偏移。
龚道溢[20]和Gong等[16, 21]的一系列工作认为东亚高空急流的向北移动,是晚春AO影响夏季东亚环流异常的关键过程。为此,我们系统地考察了西北太平洋夏季大气环流对前期北太平洋风暴轴位置南北移动的响应(图6)。在对流层低层850 hPa为明显的气旋性环流异常,850 hPa涡度的变化表明低层是异常的辐合流场,这些都有利于TC的发生和发展,对流层中层西北太平洋副热带高压位置较气候态偏东偏北、强度偏弱,这与晚春AO对夏季西北太平洋地区大气环流的影响十分类似(图2图3a)。从局地(120°E~180°平均)经向Hadley环流与风暴轴位置指数的回归系数的诊断结果来看,低纬地区的上升气流位于15°N附近,在其两侧为异常的下沉气流,其中北侧的下沉支位于30°N附近,与副高主体位置和强度变化关系密切;在45°N附近存在一个中纬度的上升运动区,其北侧60°N附近为对应的下沉支(图7a)。这些结果表明夏季西北太平洋局地经向环流随前期风暴轴位置南北移动而变化,并且与晚春AO强弱变化造成的变异高度一致。AO指数高值年,随后的夏季西北太平洋主要的上升气流位于15°N及45°N附近,而下沉气流则主要位于赤道附近、30°N及60°N附近,整个局地Hadley环流发生了调整(图7b),从而将热带外地区诸如副高、东亚高空急流等的改变与热带地区对流活动的异常联系在一起。
已有的工作提出太平洋/日本(Pacific–Japan,PJ)遥相关型是联系AO与TC活动的重要环节,并考察了局地经向环流在二者联系过程中起到的关键作用[27-28];Cao等[29]则认为北太平洋风暴轴的不同响应是造成AO与TC活动关系变化的主要原因,但并未给出风暴轴变异与西北太平洋大气环流异常相联系的具体过程。综合上述研究,本节首先分析了AO对北太平洋风暴轴的影响(图5),随后考察了西北太平洋夏季大气环流对风暴轴位置的响应(图6),并强调了局地经向环流的调整是将热带外环流改变与热带对流活动异常相联系的重要桥梁(图7),从而揭示了春季AO影响夏季TC生成频数的整个物理过程。本节的分析结果表明,晚春北极涛动信号首先影响北太平洋风暴轴的南北移动,通过天气尺度波动异常反馈给平均流,导致正AO年夏季在西北太平洋上空对流层低层产生气旋性环流异常和气旋性涡度,从而有利于TC的生成和发展,在局地Hadley环流异常的作用下,造成西北太平洋副热带高压偏东偏北、强度偏弱,进一步增强热带辐合带的对流活动。而负AO年夏季大气环流变化基本与上述相反,不利于TC在西北太平洋上空形成。
在关于西北太平洋TC活动的气候学研究中,AO强弱变化对TC生成的影响一直是研究热点。利用季节(3−5月)平均的AO指数,Cao等[29]发现春季AO仅仅对夏季150°E以东的西北太平洋上空生成的TC有一定影响。考虑到相较于整个春季,晚春(5月)的AO指数与东亚夏季风环流异常的关系更为密切,本文基于NCEP/NCAR再分析逐月资料和中国气象局发布的热带气旋最佳路径集等数据,考察了晚春AO与随后6−9月西北太平洋TC生成的关系,发现1950–2018年期间晚春AO指数与夏季TC生成频数具有显著的正相关关系(相关系数能通过99%信度检验),表明较之季节平均的AO指数,晚春AO指数对夏季西北太平洋上空TC活动有更好的指示作用,为TC生成频数的季节预报提供了一定的依据。进一步的诊断分析可以得出以下主要结论:
(1)晚春AO与夏季西北太平洋上空大尺度环境因子相关联,这种关联对TC生成频数的年际变化产生重要影响。在AO指数为正的年份,夏季西北太平洋副热带高压偏东偏北、强度偏弱,对流层低层形成一个异常的气旋性环流异常,热带辐合带对流活动加强,西北太平洋低纬度地区有正的低层气旋性涡度、高层散度大值、较小的垂直风切边以及较大的中层相对湿度,这些都有利于TC生成。反之,晚春AO处于负位相时则不利于TC的生成。
(2)晚春AO对北太平洋风暴轴位置南北移动的调制,是AO影响后期夏季西北太平洋上空大气环流异常的重要环节。具体而言,晚春AO正位相年,风暴轴向北移动,通过天气尺度波动和平均流之间的相互作用,导致后期在西北太平洋上空形成一个低层的气旋性涡度异常,在局地经向环流异常的作用下,造成西北太平洋副热带高压位置偏东偏北、温度偏弱,有利于其南侧热带辐合带的进一步加强,与之相联系的大尺度热力、动力因子发生改变,从而有利于TC的生成和发展。这是晚春AO影响后期夏季TC在西北太平洋上生成的关键过程。
此外,春季热带大洋海温也是西北太平洋TC生成的重要预报因子[34-35],从与晚春AO指数相联系的同期海温场可以看到,在热带大西洋(Northern Tropical Atlantic,NTA)存在显著的负相关区(图8a)。计算整个研究时段(1950–2018年)晚春AO指数与NTA关键区(0°~25°N,90°W~15°E)区域平均的海温序列之间的相关系数为–0.23,仅能通过90%的信度检验。然而,若以1980年为界将研究时段划分为前、后两个时期,后期(1980–2018年)两个序列表现出更多的反位相演变特征,表明二者的负相关关系更为密切(图8b)。从两个序列之间的滑动相关系数来看(图8c,取长度为31 a滑动窗口,横坐标显示的年份为滑动窗口的中间值),研究时段内该系数均为负值且随时间呈线性下降的演变趋势,特别是在1995–2003年期间该系数能通过95%的信度检验,表明自1980年以来晚春AO指数与NTA关键区海温之间呈显著的负相关关系。Wang[36]提出春季海温预报因子对西北太平洋TC数量的预报能力存在明显的年代际变化,这里讨论的AO与NTA海温之间联系的不断加强是否对上述年代际变化有所贡献,未来还需要做深入的分析研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41505050);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放基金项目(KLOCW1902)
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2021年第43卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021007
  • 接收时间:2019-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-04
  • 修回日期:2020-05-07
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国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41505050);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放基金项目(KLOCW1902)
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    1国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
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