Article(id=1225012173823431238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796769733726966, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652630400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-16, revisedDate=1655654400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769995261864, onlineDateStr=2026-02-02, pubDate=1664553600000, pubDateStr=2022-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769995261864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769995261864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995261864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796769733726966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943905528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996085810, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015629757956162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796769733726966, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015629757956163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796769733726966, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225012174096061000, articleId=1225012173823431238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Nutritional environment and influencing factors of seawater and surface sediments in the Jiaozhou Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seawater and surface sediment samples at 30 stations in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) and river water and coastal water samples at 18 stations along the JZB were collected in August 2019 and May 2021, respectively. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and structure in the water and the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), biogenic silica (BSi), and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) in surface sediments were analyzed to clarify the present nutritional environment of seawater and surface sediment and its main influencing factors in the JZB. The results show that the spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi) in seawater is consistent with that in the coastal water of JZB. The high values that occur northeast of the bay are mainly caused by river input and sewage discharge, and the low values mainly occur at the center and bay mouth. Combined with the analysis of historical data, we found that the nutrient concentrations of JZB in summer continued to rise from 1990 to 2008 and then declined since 2006 because of the declining nutrient loadings related to the implementation of total pollutant load control management and freshwater loadings from surrounding rivers. The decreased nutrient loadings were mainly found in rivers such as the Dagu River, causing the disappearance of high concentrations in the western region after 2010. The phosphorus limitation accelerated after 2000 as a result of the imbalanced input of nitrogen and phosphorus. The high values of TOC, TN, and TP in the surface sediments of JZB are concentrated along the northeast and east coasts, combined with BSi and water nutrient analysis, which is mainly caused by the river input and sewage discharge and the high primary productivity they bring. Sediment biogenic elements are well coupled with water column nutrients in spatial distribution. The adverse effect of coarse sediment grain size on the preservation of organic matter and the strong hydrodynamic effect of the bay mouth jointly lead to the low content of biogenic elements in the west, middle, and mouth of the bay. The δ13C and two-endmember mixing model show that the source of organic matter in the surface sediments of JZB is mainly marine-derived, accounting for an average of 64%. The eastern coast is obviously affected by terrestrial input. The spatial distribution of δ15N shows that the nitrogen in the surface sediment of JZB is jointly affected by mariculture and sewage discharge. The current situation of the water body and sediment nutrient environments shows that the control of sewage discharge from the northeast river and the coastal area is the key to the later pollution control of JZB.

, correspAuthors=Yujue Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng Wang, Yujue Wang, Dong Liu, Dongyan Liu, Ke Liu, Hailong Zhang, Xiaotong Xiao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225012175937360478, articleId=1225012173823431238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素(δ13C、δ15N)进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990−2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其带来的高初级生产力造成的,沉积物生源要素与水体营养盐在空间分布上存在较好的耦合关系。沉积物粒度较粗对有机质保存的不利影响以及湾口较强的水动力作用共同导致了湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低。δ13C以及二端元混合模型显示,胶州湾表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,平均占比为64%,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N的空间分布显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。水体和沉积物营养环境现状共同表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。

, correspAuthors=王玉珏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王玉珏,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JhS8rFpVDI+A/CYBsr9RLw==, magXml=Jz3QsjRqc9Al6eeVFxy6KA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=H8U7BA+FwQ5mwaBbORfNrA==, pdfFileSize=2824543, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=kzYrScRXJnjOxxaLawP1rA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VXJhWFNuPGBLbCvxp5rNjw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王猛(1998-),男,江苏省连云港市人,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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王猛(1998-),男,江苏省连云港市人,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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王猛(1998-),男,江苏省连云港市人,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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The trend lines are the 5-year moving average trend lines

, figureFileSmall=1Dsq4lbxnE7sV5MHwnYxuQ==, figureFileBig=xtmpi1PviXB4cz+zfihsaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368265472525164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1225012173823431238, language=CN, label=图5, caption=胶州湾夏季营养盐比值变化

趋势线为5年移动平均趋势线

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Correlation analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TOCTNTPIPOPBSiC/Nδ13Cδ15NOCMDINDIPDSi
注:*代表0.05显著水平(双尾); **代表0.01显著水平(双尾)。
TOC10.934 1**0.741 6**0.785 8**0.409 1*0.693 7**0.826 0**−0.632 0**0.116 40.923 1**0.446 2*0.559 1**0.405 5*
TN10.672 2**0.701 0**0.390 7*0.634 2**0.596 3**−0.474 5**0.306 60.964 3**0.318 20.396 6*0.335 9
TP10.934 2**0.774 2**0.442 8*0.658 5**−0.262 00.291 20.722 0**0.505 4**0.564 3**0.450 2*
IP10.497 4**0.556 8**0.669 9**−0.413 0*0.276 00.708 2**0.562 1**0.655 8**0.463 4**
OP10.089 90.412 70.094 80.217 60.498 80.230 30.207 40.271 1
BSi10.660 7**−0.756 3**−0.192 70.575 4**0.305 50.398 0*0.137 7
C/N1−0.734 7**−0.263 90.694 4**0.431 1*0.560 5**0.323 4
δ13C10.495 6**−0.345 2−0.147 7−0.311 4−0.012 2
δ15N10.327 80.332 40.255 60.381 2*
OCM10.379 5*0.435 8*0.412 5*
DIN10.958 9**0.884 3**
DIP10.847 8**
DSi1
黏土占比0.579 3**0.731 7**0.384 5*0.368 50.281 40.601 9**
粉砂占比0.422 3*0.592 9**0.250 00.248 90.166 40.461 4*
砂占比−0.489 4**−0.656 7**−0.305 2−0.298 6−0.212 6−0.523 2**
中值粒径−0.409 5*−0.512 6**−0.310 2−0.280 7−0.256 0−0.355 9
), ArticleFig(id=1225368267833918386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1225012173823431238, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TOCTNTPIPOPBSiC/Nδ13Cδ15NOCMDINDIPDSi
注:*代表0.05显著水平(双尾); **代表0.01显著水平(双尾)。
TOC10.934 1**0.741 6**0.785 8**0.409 1*0.693 7**0.826 0**−0.632 0**0.116 40.923 1**0.446 2*0.559 1**0.405 5*
TN10.672 2**0.701 0**0.390 7*0.634 2**0.596 3**−0.474 5**0.306 60.964 3**0.318 20.396 6*0.335 9
TP10.934 2**0.774 2**0.442 8*0.658 5**−0.262 00.291 20.722 0**0.505 4**0.564 3**0.450 2*
IP10.497 4**0.556 8**0.669 9**−0.413 0*0.276 00.708 2**0.562 1**0.655 8**0.463 4**
OP10.089 90.412 70.094 80.217 60.498 80.230 30.207 40.271 1
BSi10.660 7**−0.756 3**−0.192 70.575 4**0.305 50.398 0*0.137 7
C/N1−0.734 7**−0.263 90.694 4**0.431 1*0.560 5**0.323 4
δ13C10.495 6**−0.345 2−0.147 7−0.311 4−0.012 2
δ15N10.327 80.332 40.255 60.381 2*
OCM10.379 5*0.435 8*0.412 5*
DIN10.958 9**0.884 3**
DIP10.847 8**
DSi1
黏土占比0.579 3**0.731 7**0.384 5*0.368 50.281 40.601 9**
粉砂占比0.422 3*0.592 9**0.250 00.248 90.166 40.461 4*
砂占比−0.489 4**−0.656 7**−0.305 2−0.298 6−0.212 6−0.523 2**
中值粒径−0.409 5*−0.512 6**−0.310 2−0.280 7−0.256 0−0.355 9
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胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素
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王猛 1 , 王玉珏 1, * , 刘栋 2 , 刘东艳 1 , 刘珂 3 , 张海龙 3 , 肖晓彤 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(10): 49-62
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(10): 49-62
胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素
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王猛1 , 王玉珏1, * , 刘栋2, 刘东艳1, 刘珂3, 张海龙3, 肖晓彤3
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.鲁东大学 滨海生态高等研究院,山东 烟台 264025
  • 3.中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 王猛(1998-),男,江苏省连云港市人,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王玉珏,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
Nutritional environment and influencing factors of seawater and surface sediments in the Jiaozhou Bay
Meng Wang1 , Yujue Wang1, * , Dong Liu2, Dongyan Liu1, Ke Liu3, Hailong Zhang3, Xiaotong Xiao3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2022-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022178
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为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素(δ13C、δ15N)进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990−2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其带来的高初级生产力造成的,沉积物生源要素与水体营养盐在空间分布上存在较好的耦合关系。沉积物粒度较粗对有机质保存的不利影响以及湾口较强的水动力作用共同导致了湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低。δ13C以及二端元混合模型显示,胶州湾表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,平均占比为64%,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N的空间分布显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。水体和沉积物营养环境现状共同表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。

营养盐  /  沉积物生源要素  /  影响因素  /  碳、氮稳定同位素  /  胶州湾

Seawater and surface sediment samples at 30 stations in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) and river water and coastal water samples at 18 stations along the JZB were collected in August 2019 and May 2021, respectively. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and structure in the water and the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), biogenic silica (BSi), and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) in surface sediments were analyzed to clarify the present nutritional environment of seawater and surface sediment and its main influencing factors in the JZB. The results show that the spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi) in seawater is consistent with that in the coastal water of JZB. The high values that occur northeast of the bay are mainly caused by river input and sewage discharge, and the low values mainly occur at the center and bay mouth. Combined with the analysis of historical data, we found that the nutrient concentrations of JZB in summer continued to rise from 1990 to 2008 and then declined since 2006 because of the declining nutrient loadings related to the implementation of total pollutant load control management and freshwater loadings from surrounding rivers. The decreased nutrient loadings were mainly found in rivers such as the Dagu River, causing the disappearance of high concentrations in the western region after 2010. The phosphorus limitation accelerated after 2000 as a result of the imbalanced input of nitrogen and phosphorus. The high values of TOC, TN, and TP in the surface sediments of JZB are concentrated along the northeast and east coasts, combined with BSi and water nutrient analysis, which is mainly caused by the river input and sewage discharge and the high primary productivity they bring. Sediment biogenic elements are well coupled with water column nutrients in spatial distribution. The adverse effect of coarse sediment grain size on the preservation of organic matter and the strong hydrodynamic effect of the bay mouth jointly lead to the low content of biogenic elements in the west, middle, and mouth of the bay. The δ13C and two-endmember mixing model show that the source of organic matter in the surface sediments of JZB is mainly marine-derived, accounting for an average of 64%. The eastern coast is obviously affected by terrestrial input. The spatial distribution of δ15N shows that the nitrogen in the surface sediment of JZB is jointly affected by mariculture and sewage discharge. The current situation of the water body and sediment nutrient environments shows that the control of sewage discharge from the northeast river and the coastal area is the key to the later pollution control of JZB.

nutrients  /  sediment biogenic elements  /  influencing factors  /  stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen  /  Jiaozhou Bay
王猛, 王玉珏, 刘栋, 刘东艳, 刘珂, 张海龙, 肖晓彤. 胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (10) : 49 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022178
Meng Wang, Yujue Wang, Dong Liu, Dongyan Liu, Ke Liu, Hailong Zhang, Xiaotong Xiao. Nutritional environment and influencing factors of seawater and surface sediments in the Jiaozhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (10) : 49 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022178
海湾位于海陆连接地带,其生态环境同时受人类活动和外海的影响,相对敏感脆弱。近100年来,人类活动带来的氮、磷过量输入使得富营养化成为全球多个海湾生态系统面临的主要环境问题[1]。如美国切萨皮克湾在20世纪50−60年代反复出现严重的水体低氧、沉水植物群落退化等现象[2];日本东京湾在20世纪80年代频繁发生甲藻赤潮[3];墨西哥湾北部在20世纪60−80年代季节性底层水缺氧频发并且缺氧面积持续增加[4]。富营养化过程伴随的缺氧、有害藻华等现象不仅会影响海湾水质环境,也会导致养殖生物大量死亡等,给社会经济造成巨大损失[5-6]。因此,了解海湾营养盐和沉积物中生源要素的分布状况及关键影响因素,对有效进行海湾生态环境管理,促进海湾可持续发展具有重要作用。
胶州湾是我国北方典型的富营养化海湾,受周边工农业和生活污水排放、水产养殖、围填海等人类活动的影响,其水体自20 世纪 80 年代以来呈现富营养化趋势:营养盐浓度增加、结构发生变化;浮游植物生物量增加,并呈现硅藻向甲藻、大型硅藻向小型硅藻演替的变化[7-8]。2006年以来,针对胶州湾的富营养化问题,山东省实施了一系列措施对胶州湾入海营养物质进行了管控,并取得了可见的效果,如胶州湾陆源总溶解氮(Total Dissolved Nitrogen,TDN)输入通量从2007年的19.5×103 t下降至2015年的4.7×103 t[9],这使得胶州湾水体和沉积物营养环境得到改善。对胶州湾近40年水体营养盐变化的研究发现,胶州湾溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN)和溶解无机磷(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus,DIP)均在2008年前后开始呈现下降趋势,营养盐的结构也经历了20 世纪 80 年代前的“氮限制”、1990−2000年的“硅限制”和近10年的“磷限制”3个主要阶段[10-11]。对沉积物柱状样的研究亦表明,近年来湾中部总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)含量的增加也有所减缓[12-13]
前人结合环境保护政策对胶州湾水体氮、磷营养盐空间分布及时间变化进行了研究[9-11],但对政策影响下胶州湾水体营养盐和沉积物营养环境空间上的综合响应特征尚不清楚。本研究在对胶州湾水体营养盐空间分布分析的基础上,结合对沿岸河流与海水营养盐的分析、表层沉积物生源要素及碳、氮稳定同位素的分析,对胶州湾营养盐和有机质的空间分布、来源和主要人类活动影响因素进行探讨,并通过对比前人的结果,研究胶州湾环境保护政策的实施效果。本研究将为进一步了解污染物排放管控措施实施下胶州湾水体和沉积物营养环境响应以及污染源的变化提供数据参考和科学支持。
胶州湾位于南黄海北部、山东半岛南岸,是个半封闭海湾,平均水深为7 m,周边入海河流有大沽河、墨水河、李村河、海泊河等。主要人类活动包括工农业生产、港口贸易、底播贝类养殖及居民生活等[14]。本研究于2019年8月,对胶州湾30个站位的水体和表层沉积物进行了采集(图1),其中西部9个与东北部3个水深小于5 m的站位只采集一个水层,其余站位采集表、底层水。每个水层取海水1 L,使用GF/F滤膜过滤后滤液于−20℃冷冻保存用于营养盐浓度分析。使用抓斗式采泥器采集表层沉积物,取表层2 cm并混匀,装于塑料密封袋中,于−20℃冷冻保存。样品采集水层的温度、盐度、水深等参数由CTD(SBE 25 plus,美国)现场测定。
2021年5月,对胶州湾沿岸河流及入海口、港口码头、排污口等18个站位点进行了水样采集(图1),每个站位点采集水样1.5 L,使用GF/F滤膜过滤后于−20℃冷冻保存用于营养盐浓度分析,现场水体温度、盐度由便携式多参数水质仪(Manta+2.0,美国)测定。
水样解冻后,溶解无机态营养盐浓度使用营养盐连续流动分析仪(Seal Tech,QuAAtro39,德国)直接测定。其中亚硝酸盐(NO2-N)浓度用重氮−偶氮法测定,硝酸盐(NO3-N)浓度采用镉−铜还原后再用重氮−偶氮法测定,铵盐(NH4-N)浓度采用靛酚蓝法测定。溶解无机氮(DIN)浓度为NO3-N、NH4-N和NO2-N浓度之和。溶解无机磷(DIP)用磷钼蓝法测定,溶解硅酸盐(Dissolved Silicate,DSi)浓度使用硅钼蓝法测定。
表层沉积物冻干后,使用10%的H2O2溶液和浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸去除沉积物中的有机质和碳酸盐后,用激光粒度仪(Lightmas Plus,英国)测定其粒径组成。先将沉积物颗粒按照小于4 μm、4~63 μm和大于63 μm 3个粒径范围分为黏土、粉砂和砂3类并计算其相对比例,然后按照Folk沉积物三角分级和命名规则划分沉积物类型[15]
使用原位酸洗法测定沉积物中TOC含量和δ13C值[16]。表层沉积物样品冻干、研磨混匀过120目标准筛,称取约100 mg,加入1 mL浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸充分去除样品中无机碳酸盐,然后用超纯水洗至中性后冻干,用4 mm×6 mm的锡杯包样后,使用元素分析−同位素质谱联用仪(Thermo Scientific,Delta plus XP,德国)测定TOC含量和δ13C值。冻干研磨过筛后的沉积物,直接用锡杯包样,上机测定沉积物TN含量和δ15N值。TOC和TN测定相对标准偏差小于0.05%,分别以VPDB和空气作为δ13C和δ15N的参考标准,测定相对标准偏差小于0.1‰。同位素比率用δ符号表示,计算公式如下:
$ {{{\delta} }}=\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{d}}}-1\right)\times 1\,\,\mathrm{ }000\text{‰}\text{,} $
式中,Rsample值和Rstandard值分别为样品和标准品的同位素比值(13C/12C、15N/14N)。
使用ASPILA法测定沉积物中总磷(Total Phosphorus,TP)、无机磷(Inorganic Phosphorus,IP)和有机磷(Organic Phosphorus,OP)的含量[17]。表层沉积物冻干、研磨混匀过120目标准筛,称取约100 mg,加入20 mL浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸后在室温下振荡提取24 h,使用磷钼蓝法测定上清液中IP含量;TP测定前用马弗炉将样品灰化(550℃,2 h),提取和测定方法同IP;OP含量为TP与IP含量的差值。
使用连续提取法测定沉积物中生物硅(BSi)的含量[18]。测定方法:样品冻干、研磨混匀过120目标准筛,称取150 mg,使用15 mL 浓度为1 mol/L的盐酸和H2O2(30%)去除碳酸盐和有机质后,用40 mL浓度为2 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液在85℃水浴条件下连续提取5 h,每隔1 h提取0.1 mL上清液并使用硅钼蓝比色法测定提取液中的硅酸盐浓度,最后根据溶出曲线计算BSi的值。
使用Surfer16.0绘制采样站位图、水体营养盐分布图、沉积物生源要素分布图及粒度等值线分布图;使用SPSS22.0软件对营养盐浓度进行差异显著性分析,对各参数进行Pearson相关性分析。
使用双端元线性混合模型来计算有机质的海源和陆源贡献率[19],公式如下:
$ f=\frac{{\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}-{\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}}{{\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}-{\mathrm{\delta }}^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}}\times 100{\text{%}}\text{,} $
$ f{'}=1-f \text{,} $
式中,f为陆源有机质贡献率;$f{'} $为海源有机质贡献率;δ13Cmarine为海源端元值,取海洋浮游植物的δ13C值−19.30‰[20-21];δ13Cterrestrial为陆源端元值,取大沽河下游溶解有机质的δ13C值−25.24‰[22];δ13Csample为样品实测值。
陆(海)源有机质含量为
$ {\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{T}({{\rm{M}}})}=f(f{'})\times \mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C} \text{,} $
式中,OCT为陆源有机质含量;OCM为海源有机质含量。
夏季营养盐历史数据来源于青岛市海洋发展局(Qingdao Municipal Marine Development Bureau,QMDB)[23]、青岛生态环境监测中心(Qingdao Environmental Monitoring Center,QEMC)[24]、国家生态科学数据中心(National Ecosystem Science Data Center,NESDC)[25]和已发表的论文数据[11, 26-30]
胶州湾周边氮、磷肥使用量和工业废水排放量数据来源于青岛市统计局1990−2021年统计年鉴[31],大沽河、墨水河、海泊河与李村河及其附近污水处理厂排污口年TDN通量数据来源于文献[9]。
稳定同位素特征值来源:C3植物参考文献[32-34],C4植物参考文献[32, 35],浮游植物参考文献[20, 36],污水参考文献[37-38]。
对18个站位表、底层水体营养盐浓度分析表明,表层营养盐浓度略高于底层,表、底层水体营养盐浓度差异不显著(p值:NH4-N=0.233、NO3-N=0.129、NO2-N=0.207、DIP=0.226、DSi=0.451,双尾),因此本文取表、底层浓度平均值来说明胶州湾营养盐浓度的空间分布,结果如图2所示。胶州湾DIN、DIP和DSi浓度空间分布一致,均呈现东北部、西部、湾中心及湾口依次递减的分布特征。DIN浓度范围为3.02~53.71 μmol/L,均值为(13.71±12.25)μmol/L,其中NO3-N为主要组分,平均占比63.95%,浓度范围为2.03~35.61 µmol/L,均值为(8.57±7.43)μmol/L;NH4-N次之,平均占比为30.46%,浓度范围为0.48~20.91 µmol/L,均值为(4.56±4.84)μmol/L;NO2-N浓度最低,平均占比仅为5.59%,浓度范围0.10~2.06 μmol/L,均值为(0.65±0.50)μmol/L。空间分布上,NO3-N和NH4-N与DIN一致,NO2-N与DIN分布不同,NO2-N浓度的最高值出现在西部大沽河、洋河口,其次是东北部河口区(图2)。DIP浓度范围为0.05~1.15 µmol/L,均值为(0.31±0.30)µmol/L,空间分布特征与DIN相同;DSi浓度范围为1.92~22.14 µmol/L,均值为(6.56±5.05)µmol/L,高值分布在湾东北部和湾西部(图2)。
沿岸水体营养盐浓度的空间分布与湾内营养盐相似,东北部墨水河、李村河及其河口营养盐浓度较高(图2)。DIN和DSi浓度的最高值均出现在墨水河河口,分别为205.67 µmol/L和107.03 µmol/L,NO3-N浓度最高值出现在李村河河口,为172.06 µmol/L。虽然DIP和NH4-N浓度的最高值均出现在西南部2号站点,分别为5.36 µmol/L和81.93 µmol/L,但其余较高值均出现在东北部河流与河口处。
近年来研究表明,陆源输入是胶州湾DIN、DIP的主要输入方式,占比分别约59%和70%,地下水和大气沉降分别约占17%、26%和24%、4%,其中陆源输入以东北部的墨水河和李村河及其入海口附近的污水处理厂排污口为主[39],本研究中沿岸水体营养盐高值也多出现在这两个河口处。自2015年以来,墨水河DIN输入量约为511 t/a,占总河流输入的57%,其次为大沽河,占比约为30%,墨水河、李村河等河口附近污水处理厂DIN输入量约为1 231 t/a,占总排污输入量的70%;DIP的河流输入和排污入海通量分别约为48 t/a和36 t/a,其中河流输入中大沽河占比最高,约为60%,排污则主要集中在湾东北部[40]。研究数据显示,胶州湾沿岸河流营养物质排放在干季和湿季具有明显差异,而污水处理厂排放通量受干湿季影响较小[40-41],本研究航次采样时间为2019年8月,为胶州湾湿季,但是资料显示2019年青岛市夏季降水量为120 mm上下,仅为2020年和2021年同期降水量的1/3[42],因此可能是受到2019年夏季干旱少雨的影响,本研究未在大沽河口发现DIN、DIP浓度的高值。本研究中沿岸水体DSi浓度高值主要出现在东北部和西部河口,表明胶州湾DSi空间分布主要受河流影响,这与前人研究中胶州湾DSi 80%来自河流输入的结果相似[43]。除了陆源输入影响,胶州湾东北部地形较封闭、海水流速较慢,导致污染物不易扩散,也是造成东北部营养盐浓度较高的原因之一[14]。本研究中沿岸水体采样时间为2021年5月末,降水量和航次采样期间相当,因此两次采样期间河流DIN、DIP的输入通量可能差异并不大,这解释了本研究中沿岸水体和湾内水体营养盐浓度空间分布的一致性。
对胶州湾近30年来夏季营养盐浓度进行统计对比发现,DIN、DIP、DSi浓度均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势(图3)。其中DIN、DSi均在2007年达到最大值,分别为63.54 µmol/L和30.37 µmol/L,DIP在2008年达到最大值,为2.25 µmol/L。河流输入和排污是胶州湾营养盐的主要来源,2000s末DIN和DIP浓度下降响应了周边污水排放量与河流径流量的减小。为落实国家“十一五”规划中提出的环境保护目标,青岛市于2006年开始执行“入海污染物总量控制计划”,加快了污水处理厂的配套管网建设并严格执行入海排污标准,同时实施“两湖一河”和海河流域治理工程等,截至2020年,青岛市工业废水排放量由2011年的1.10×108 t下降至0.57×108 t;氮肥折纯量在1990−2007年间变化不大,2007−2020年间从10.48×104 t下降到3.60×104 t;而磷肥折纯量自1993年至今持续下降,从每年4.16×104 t降至每年1.09×104 t(图3d)。“入海污染物总量控制计划”实施效果显著,“十二五”期间胶州湾周边各河流流域非点源氮、磷负荷年际下降趋势明显[44],主要河流与污水处理厂排污口TDN年通量下降了约80%(图3d)。同时受气候变化造成的降水减少与河流开发利用的影响,胶州湾周边河流径流量近20年来锐减,如大沽河径流量从2007年的7×108 m3降至2016年的0.8×108 m3,其余河流如墨水河、李村河等也已基本成为季节性河流[39],这也造成河流营养盐输入量随之减小。胶州湾中DSi主要来源于河流输入,因此河流径流量减小同时也是DSi浓度近年来出现下降的主要原因。
由于胶州湾周边人类活动的差异,近30年来政策影响下胶州湾营养盐浓度的空间分布也发生了变化。本研究中营养盐浓度的空间分布特征与近年来研究结果相似[11, 45],但与2010年之前的研究有所不同[27, 46-47],差异主要体现在近年来湾西部大沽河口氮、磷营养盐浓度明显降低。虽然西部大沽河是胶州湾周边径流量最大的河流,但是近20年来兴建水坝、污染物排放控制以及降水的减少导致大沽河污染物输入量显著下降,如2006−2015年间大沽河的氮负荷明显下降,TDN减少了70%,其中NH4-N减少了80%,NO3-N减少了60%[9]。与西部相比,胶州湾东北部及东部河流治理效果相对有限,导致胶州湾东北部营养环境改善较西部不明显。对比研究表明,后期胶州湾营养环境的治理需重点加强对东北部河流和沿岸排污的管控。
2019年夏季胶州湾营养盐N/P范围为27.69~93.22,均值为47.76±13.81;Si/N范围为0.32~0.93,均值为0.55±0.18;Si/P范围为13.2~45.31,均值为25.56±8.15。N/P高值主要出现在西部,低值主要出现在湾口处和东部沿岸;Si/N高值出现在湾口处以及西部洋河口,低值主要出现在东部;Si/P分布与N/P相似,总体呈西高东低的分布特征(图4)。基于Dortch和Whitledge[48]及Justić等[49]提出的营养盐潜在限制标准、Nelson和Brzezinski[50]提出的绝对限制标准,对胶州湾的营养盐限制进行判断,发现2019年夏季胶州湾不存在相对或绝对的氮、硅限制,但50%的站点存在相对磷限制,20%的站点存在绝对磷限制,并且磷限制主要出现在湾中西部和湾口(图4)。
对近20年胶州湾夏季营养盐比值的分析表明,Si/N在1998−2010年前后呈现上升的变化,之后基本保持在0.5上下;Si/P和N/P变化接近,都呈现先上升(1998−2005年),再下降(2005−2010年),之后再次上升(2010−2018年)的变化趋势(图5)。夏季营养盐结构的变化表明了胶州湾自2000年后磷相对于氮和硅的限制性的增加,这与以往对胶州湾营养盐年际变化研究中发现的20世纪60年代“氮限制”为主和2010年后主要以“磷限制”为主的变化相吻合[10-11, 51]。2000年后“磷限制”加剧的原因可能为2000年以来含磷洗涤剂的禁用和磷肥使用量的持续下降,导致陆源氮、磷营养盐输入失衡,造成了胶州湾DIP相对于DIN的下降幅度更大(图3d)。
胶州湾周边河流输入和排污在影响水体营养环境的同时还调控着胶州湾沉积物的营养环境。陆源营养物质输入对沉积物生源要素的影响不仅体现在颗粒态有机质的直接沉降,还体现在水体营养盐增加造成海源有机质生产量的提高[52]。除了来源,沉积物粒度也会对有机质的含量产生影响,通常细颗粒沉积物对有机质具有更好地保存能力[53]。基于Folk沉积物三角分级和命名规则[15]和胶州湾表层沉积物的粒度结果可将其分为泥、砂质泥、粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂5种类型。其中砂质粉砂和砂质泥占比最大,占比均为33.3%,广泛分布在湾中部和东部;其次为泥,占比16.7%,分布在湾北部和东部;粉砂质砂占比10%,主要分布在大沽河口和湾口;粉砂占比最小,为6.7%,主要分布在湾北部(图6)。
本研究胶州湾表层沉积物中TOC含量范围为0.06%~0.82%,均值为(0.42±0.17)%;TN含量范围为0.010%~0.097%,均值为(0.063±0.019)%;BSi含量范围为0.40%~0.79%,均值为(0.66±0.09)%,TOC和TN含量高值多出现在东北部与东部沿岸,低值多出现在西部大沽河口、湾口和湾中心,同时TN含量在湾北部也较高,BSi总体呈现自东向西递减的分布趋势(图7)。TOC、TN含量高值区的空间分布指示了东部河流与排污的陆源输入影响,TN在湾北部含量也较高,可能是由于沿岸海水养殖废排水中富含高蛋白的残饵和代谢物颗粒所致[54]。由于硅藻在胶州湾浮游植物群落中占有绝对优势[8, 45, 55],故表层沉积物中BSi的含量可以在一定程度上反映胶州湾初级生产力的分布情况。考虑到夏季是胶州湾陆源营养物质输入和浮游植物生长的旺季[39, 45],因此夏季海洋自生有机质应该是胶州湾表层沉积物中有机质的重要组成部分。对沉积物中生源要素和水体营养盐进行相关性分析,结果显示TOC与DIN、DIP、DSi均呈显著正相关,BSi、TOC、TN两两呈显著正相关(表1),表明沉积物中碳和氮具有高度同源性的同时,东部沿岸河流与排污口带来的高营养盐造成东部初级生产力整体较高,海源有机质对沉积物有机质具有重要贡献,体现了上层水体对沉积物营养环境的影响。湾西部、中部和湾口TOC、TN的相对低值一方面与有机质的陆源输入较东部低有关,另一方面受沉积环境的影响。对生源要素和沉积物粒度进行相关性分析显示,TOC、TN、BSi均与黏土和粉砂占比呈显著正相关,与砂占比或中值粒径呈显著负相关(表1),这表明湾西部大沽河口、湾中部与湾口较粗的沉积物颗粒影响了TOC、TN、BSi的保存。此外,湾口处海水与外界交换较强亦是湾中部和湾口TOC、TN含量较低的一个重要原因[14]
表层沉积物中TP含量一定程度上可以反映上层水体的营养状况[56],本研究中TP含量范围为8.74~15.0 µmol/g,均值为(11.60±1.56)µmol/g,IP含量范围为6.90~12.0 µmol/g,均值为(8.74±1.26)µmol/g,OP含量范围为1.54~4.19 µmol/g,均值为(2.81±0.65)µmol/g,IP是沉积物中TP的主要存在形式,平均占比为(75.42±0.06)%,因此IP的分布决定了TP的空间分布特征。TP、IP含量高值主要出现在湾东北部与东部沿岸,低值出现在西部大沽河口和湾口,OP的分布与TP、IP略有不同,高值呈斑块状分布在沿岸(图7)。TP、IP空间分布特征与TOC、TN以及水体营养盐相似,相关性分析显示,TP、IP、OP与TOC、TN含量均呈显著正相关(表1),同时前人研究也显示胶州湾表层沉积物中IP是主要的磷形态,来自陆源输入的碎屑态磷(Det-P)和海洋自生的钙结合态磷(Ca-P)是IP的主要成分[57-59],这表明磷元素的含量和空间分布影响因素与TOC、TN相同,为湾东部河流输入与污水排放及二者共同造成的高初级生产力。此外,湾西部OP含量较高则可能与大沽河、洋河输入的农业废水有关[44]。沉积物中磷的重释放是胶州湾水体中DIP的重要来源,并且在湾东部表现得更明显[59],本研究相关性分析结果显示,TP、IP和上层水体DIP呈显著正相关(表1),体现了水体和沉积物营养环境的相互耦合。与沉积物粒度的相关性分析显示,仅TP与黏土占比呈显著正相关,其余相关性不显著,表明沉积物中磷元素含量受粒度影响相对较小,主要受到上层水体的影响。
海湾沉积物有机质的来源通常表现出强烈的陆源和海源混合的特征[60],δ13C作为一种可靠的地球化学指标已被广泛应用于指示有机质来源,δ15N、C/N受沉积物早期成岩作用等影响而不稳定,可作为有机质溯源的辅助指标[32]。本研究δ13C值范围为−22.68‰~−20.85‰,均值为−21.60‰;δ15N值范围为4.21‰~7.18‰,均值为5.91‰;C/N范围为4.58~10.34,均值为7.54。根据胶州湾周边河流输入和污水排放等有机质来源,选取C3植物、C4植物、污水和海洋浮游植物作为胶州湾有机质的4个潜在来源[13, 21, 61]。注意到胶州湾受C4植物的影响主要体现在西部洋河口互花米草入侵,Liu等[61]的研究显示,互花米草碎屑对沉积物有机质的影响仅限于西部河口沿岸区域,同时结合本研究中C/N、δ13C值和δ15N值的分布(图8),排除C4植物作为胶州湾沉积物有机质的来源。
本研究中胶州湾表层沉积物δ13C均值为−21.60‰,总体呈自西向东递减的趋势(图9),表明沉积物有机质来源主要以海源浮游植物为主,并且东部受到陆源有机质输入影响更明显而西部受到海源有机质输入影响更明显。需要指出,湾西部δ13C值偏正还有可能是受海水养殖活动的影响。研究显示,西部海水养殖塘水体溶解有机质δ13C值约为−19.98‰[22],同时Liu等[61]在大沽河口沉积物中测得δ13C值约为−19.7‰,这说明海水养殖活动可能造成了该区域δ13C值偏正。本研究中有机质C/N呈自东向西递减的分布趋势,C/N大于10的站位主要分布在东北部及东部沿岸(图9),这表明胶州湾东部沿岸沉积物有机质受到陆源输入影响较西部大,这与根据δ13C值得出的结论一致。
二端元混合模型结果显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中有机质来源主要以海源为主,贡献比例范围为48%~84%,均值为64%,OCM范围为0.05%~0.43%,均值为0.26%;陆源贡献比例范围为16%~52%,均值为36%,OCT范围为0.01%~0.42%,均值为0.16%。空间分布如图10所示,OCT高值主要出现在东部沿岸,OCM在湾东部整体较高,相关性分析显示BSi和OCM显著正相关(表1),进一步验证了由BSi分析得到的胶州湾东部初级生产力较高的结果。
δ15N均值为5.91‰,与海洋浮游植物特征值接近。δ15N高值主要出现在湾西部、北部沿岸,并呈向湾口递减的趋势(图9),这可能是海水养殖活动与污水排放共同造成的。自大沽河口向东至红岛,是胶州湾主要的海参、贝类养殖区,研究显示海水养殖活动产生的废水δ15N值较高,约为11‰[62],同时Ke等[54]的研究显示,胶州湾养殖区海水悬浮颗粒物δ15N值为7‰~8‰,因此海水养殖活动可能是造成西部与北部沿岸δ15N值较高的主要原因。此外,通常城市污水中有机质的δ15N值为10‰[54]~25‰[37-38],因此污水排放可能是胶州湾东北部沉积物有机质δ15N较高的主要原因。
(1)胶州湾东北部与东部的河流输入和污水排放构成了海湾营养盐来源的主体。环保政策作用下西部大沽河口的营养环境相对于湾东北部在2010年后改善更明显。氮磷营养盐的增减不同步造成2000年以来胶州湾营养盐“磷限制”加剧,并且“磷限制”主要集中于湾中部和西部区域。
(2)胶州湾表层沉积物生源要素高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,主要受河流与排污口的陆源输入及其带来的高初级生产力的影响。西部沉积物较粗的颗粒和湾口较强的水交换是导致湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低的主要原因。δ13C值以及二端元混合模型显示表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N值的空间分布显示了表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。
(3)水体营养盐和表层沉积物生源要素的空间分布存在较好的耦合关系,综合胶州湾水体和沉积物营养环境分析表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。
  • 国家自然科学基金−山东省联合基金(U1706219)
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2022年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022178
  • 接收时间:2022-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-02
  • 出版时间:2022-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16
  • 修回日期:2022-06-20
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国家自然科学基金−山东省联合基金(U1706219)
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    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.鲁东大学 滨海生态高等研究院,山东 烟台 264025
    3.中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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王玉珏,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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