Article(id=1224799662658437625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022122, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1628870400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-14, revisedDate=1642003200000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944595254, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944595254, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944595254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944595254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799663031730698, articleId=1224799662658437625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Multi-dimensional analysis of atmospheric correction models on multi-spectral water depth inversion, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atmospheric correction (AC) is the basis and premise of quantitative remote sensing of water column. The effects of different AC models on water depth inversion from the four aspects of AC model, AC model parameters, water component differences, and water depth inversion band combination are discussed in this paper. The research uses 6S, FLAASH, ACOLITE and QUAC four AC models, select continental, marine and urban aerosol patterns, and the shallow waters around the northwest side of Oahu Island and Shemya Island are used as the study area of clean water, while the shallow waters around Liaodong Shoal and Penang Strait are used as the study area of turbid water. AC is performed based on Landsat-8 multispectral images, and eight wavebands are used for bathymetric remote sensing inversion. The results show that: (1) all the four AC models can weaken the atmospheric influence on the water signal to some extent; the correction results of different models are somewhat different depending on the parameter selection and the components of the water column. And the peak reflectance of the two types of water column occurs in the blue and green bands, respectively. (2) The 6S model is more robust, and the bathymetric inversion results of this model are less volatile than the rest of the models due to the changes in the components of the water column. The water depth inversion results of the two aerosol models of the FLAASH have more obvious differences in turbid water, and the difference of MRE in shallow water of Liaodong Shoal is 7.9%; the ACOLITE model is significantly influenced by the water column type and has superiority and stability for turbid water, and the MRE is 5.6% lower than that of FLAASH. (3) The accuracy of multi-band water depth inversion is generally better than that of single-band, but there is no significant correlation between the accuracy of inversion and however, there is no significant correlation between the inversion accuracy and the number of bands; the combination of bathymetric inversion bands has different sensitivity to different study areas, the inversion accuracy of the three-band model is better in clean water, and the inversion accuracy of the four-band model is optimal in turbid water, and the MRE is reduced by 5.6% compared with the three-band model.

, correspAuthors=Yi Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huanwei Zhang, Yi Ma, Jingyu Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799666324259503, articleId=1224799662658437625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=大气校正模型对多光谱水深反演影响的多维度分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大气校正是水体定量遥感的基础与前提。本文从大气校正模型、大气校正模型参数、水体组分差异以及水深反演波段组合方式4个维度探讨大气校正模型对水深反演的影响。研究采用6S、FLAASH、ACOLITE与QUAC 4种大气校正模型,选取大陆型、海洋型与城市型气溶胶模式,以瓦胡岛西北侧与谢米亚岛周边浅水作为清洁水体研究区,以辽东浅滩与槟城海峡作为浑浊水体研究区,基于Landsat-8多光谱影像开展大气校正,并采用8种波段组合方式进行水深遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)4种大气校正模型均可在一定程度上削弱大气对水体信号的影响;因参数选取以及研究区水体组分的不同,不同模型的校正结果存在一定差异;两类水体反射率峰值分别出现在蓝波段与绿波段;(2)6S大气校正模型鲁棒性较强,该模型因研究区水体组分发生变化导致对应的水深反演结果与其余模型相比波动较小;FLAASH模型在海洋型和城市型两种气溶胶模式水深反演结果在浑浊水体存在较为明显的差异,辽东浅滩浅水区平均相对误差相差7.9%;ACOLITE模型受水体类型影响显著且对浑浊水体具有优越性与稳定性,平均相对误差较FLAASH降低5.6%;(3)多波段水深反演精度普遍优于单波段,但反演精度与波段数目之间无显著的相关性;水深反演波段组合方式对不同研究区敏感性不同,清洁水体三波段模型的反演精度较好,浑浊水体中四波段模型的反演精度最优,平均相对误差较三波段模型降低达5.6%。

, correspAuthors=马毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马毅,研究员,主要从事海岛海岸带遥感与应用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IE+FZy2WjCo5eOO23ODk9A==, magXml=lA7z7F0WiYPPUp6bjhaE1A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=q097jNpAI8YGmdSLPPO13g==, pdfFileSize=2821024, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zGFQzf8xuI/q0t+QQRaJ1w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DJsZOSsIncrFzz20HczU0Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张焕炜(1998-),女,河南省安阳市人,主要从事海洋遥感与应用研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=WXu3iIpzjoixigzLO7vjkg==, figureFileBig=FlKFruruk6UjJL02vWuZbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140138992461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Scatter plots of bathymetry and reference bathymetry for different atmospheric correction models for Liaodong Shoal, figureFileSmall=NtP5+ovf86f0mhokh9fMVg==, figureFileBig=rTaT/f0UzC2fvL0IpDMX+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140231267152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=图10, caption=辽东浅滩研究区不同大气校正模型反演水深值与参考水深值散点图, figureFileSmall=NtP5+ovf86f0mhokh9fMVg==, figureFileBig=rTaT/f0UzC2fvL0IpDMX+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140348707670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Number distribution of water depth points in clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深点研究区整体0~5 m5~10 m10~15 m15~20 m
控制点瓦胡岛18348514737
谢米亚岛20244545153
检查点瓦胡岛8922292414
谢米亚岛9318232923
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140440982360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

清洁水体水深点数量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深点研究区整体0~5 m5~10 m10~15 m15~20 m
控制点瓦胡岛18348514737
谢米亚岛20244545153
检查点瓦胡岛8922292414
谢米亚岛9318232923
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140524868443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Number distribution of water depth points in turbid water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深点研究区整体0~5 m5~10 m10~15 m15~20 m
控制点辽东浅滩21750745637
槟城17850565220
检查点辽东浅滩9518312719
槟城8819272418
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140617143134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

浑浊水体水深点数量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深点研究区整体0~5 m5~10 m10~15 m15~20 m
控制点辽东浅滩21750745637
槟城17850565220
检查点辽东浅滩9518312719
槟城8819272418
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140688446307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Volume ratio of four basic particles in aerosol model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型水溶性粒子类尘埃海洋性粒子烟尘性粒子
  注:− 代表没有该类型的物质。
大陆型0.290.700.01
海洋型0.050.95
城市型0.610.170.22
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140768138087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

气溶胶模式4种基本粒子体积比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型水溶性粒子类尘埃海洋性粒子烟尘性粒子
  注:− 代表没有该类型的物质。
大陆型0.290.700.01
海洋型0.050.95
城市型0.610.170.22
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140902355820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Atmospheric correction parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区大气模式波长550 nm光学厚度平均高程/km
瓦胡岛热带0.0780.07
谢米亚岛中纬度夏季0.1850.00
辽东浅滩中纬度夏季0.0780.01
槟城热带0.2380.05
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141044962162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

大气校正参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区大气模式波长550 nm光学厚度平均高程/km
瓦胡岛热带0.0780.07
谢米亚岛中纬度夏季0.1850.00
辽东浅滩中纬度夏季0.0780.01
槟城热带0.2380.05
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141158208376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of atmospheric correction results for clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心波长/nm瓦胡岛研究区 谢米亚岛研究区
SDCV/10−3SDCV/10−3
482.555.81116.7 56.53328.0
562.537.80148.634.31350.3
65528.41182.717.86358.5
86522.73149.728.80585.1
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141267260284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

清洁水体校正结果标准差(SD)与变异系数(CV)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心波长/nm瓦胡岛研究区 谢米亚岛研究区
SDCV/10−3SDCV/10−3
482.555.81116.7 56.53328.0
562.537.80148.634.31350.3
65528.41182.717.86358.5
86522.73149.728.80585.1
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141359534979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of atmospheric correction results for turbid water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心波长/nm辽东浅滩研究区 槟城研究区
SDCV/10−3SDCV/10−3
482.574.96116.7 147.35159.7
562.599.19114.7122.16126.0
65560.5678.964.91114.3
86518.72128.359.80242.0
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141460198279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

浑浊水体校正结果标准差(SD)与变异系数(CV)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心波长/nm辽东浅滩研究区 槟城研究区
SDCV/10−3SDCV/10−3
482.574.96116.7 147.35159.7
562.599.19114.7122.16126.0
65560.5678.964.91114.3
86518.72128.359.80242.0
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141548278667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Different band combination model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波段数目组合方式
单波段BGR
双波段B+GB+RG+R
三波段B+G+R
四波段B+G+R+NIR
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141632164751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同波段组合模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波段数目组合方式
单波段BGR
双波段B+GB+RG+R
三波段B+G+R
四波段B+G+R+NIR
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141745410963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The accuracy of water depth inversion results of different band combination models for clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区模型MAE平均值/m MRE平均值/%
GB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIRGB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
  注:本表中展示了精度较好的几种波段组合方式。
瓦胡岛6S大陆型2.501.711.431.47 48.326.922.423.5
6S城市型2.521.731.441.4749.027.522.523.6
6S海洋型2.461.651.431.4947.225.722.123.3
FLAASH城市型2.681.721.411.4451.326.722.623.5
FLAASH海洋型2.671.711.431.4549.725.122.222.5
ACOLITE2.282.081.911.9141.733.832.333.2
QUAC2.491.661.421.4748.125.521.923.5
谢米亚岛6S大陆型2.432.432.472.4350.832.428.628.9
6S城市型3.592.722.492.4750.433.428.729.4
6S海洋型3.592.722.512.4050.633.029.328.7
FLAASH城市型3.922.922.562.5458.434.829.330.4
FLAASH海洋型4.103.142.422.4262.838.827.728.1
ACOLITE3.672.632.322.3452.730.825.726.9
QUAC3.792.702.342.3655.932.927.930.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141858657175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

清洁水体不同波段组合模型水深反演结果精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区模型MAE平均值/m MRE平均值/%
GB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIRGB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
  注:本表中展示了精度较好的几种波段组合方式。
瓦胡岛6S大陆型2.501.711.431.47 48.326.922.423.5
6S城市型2.521.731.441.4749.027.522.523.6
6S海洋型2.461.651.431.4947.225.722.123.3
FLAASH城市型2.681.721.411.4451.326.722.623.5
FLAASH海洋型2.671.711.431.4549.725.122.222.5
ACOLITE2.282.081.911.9141.733.832.333.2
QUAC2.491.661.421.4748.125.521.923.5
谢米亚岛6S大陆型2.432.432.472.4350.832.428.628.9
6S城市型3.592.722.492.4750.433.428.729.4
6S海洋型3.592.722.512.4050.633.029.328.7
FLAASH城市型3.922.922.562.5458.434.829.330.4
FLAASH海洋型4.103.142.422.4262.838.827.728.1
ACOLITE3.672.632.322.3452.730.825.726.9
QUAC3.792.702.342.3655.932.927.930.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225366141946737563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Mean and standard deviation of bathymetric inversion results of different band combination models for clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区指标BGRB+GB+RG+RB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
瓦胡岛MAE平均值/m3.742.513.671.753.752.341.501.53
标准差/m0.110.140.120.150.110.070.180.17
MRE平均值/%68.247.960.427.359.344.423.724.7
标准差/%3.83.03.23.03.80.83.83.8
谢米
亚岛
MAE平均值/m4.143.593.912.754.083.602.442.42
标准差/m0.690.500.620.210.670.490.080.06
MRE平均值/%70.554.559.733.764.354.828.229.0
标准差/%2.14.42.92.34.53.41.21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142022235040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

清洁水体不同波段组合模型水深反演结果均值与标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区指标BGRB+GB+RG+RB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
瓦胡岛MAE平均值/m3.742.513.671.753.752.341.501.53
标准差/m0.110.140.120.150.110.070.180.17
MRE平均值/%68.247.960.427.359.344.423.724.7
标准差/%3.83.03.23.03.80.83.83.8
谢米
亚岛
MAE平均值/m4.143.593.912.754.083.602.442.42
标准差/m0.690.500.620.210.670.490.080.06
MRE平均值/%70.554.559.733.764.354.828.229.0
标准差/%2.14.42.92.34.53.41.21.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142101926821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Mean and standard deviation of bathymetric inversion results of different band combination models for turbid water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区指标BGRB+GB+RG+RB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
辽东浅滩MAE平均值/m3.823.973.913.443.793.893.332.91
标准差/m0.010.010.010.030.010.000.070.16
MRE平均值/%50.253.352.243.049.651.841.736.1
标准差/%0.90.70.70.80.80.40.61.9
槟城MAE平均值/m3.273.233.583.243.233.083.082.96
标准差/m0.010.010.030.010.000.020.030.04
MRE平均值/%43.841.350.742.143.338.638.436.4
标准差/%0.20.30.40.30.30.50.80.6
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142185812905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

浑浊水体不同波段组合模型水深反演结果均值与标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区指标BGRB+GB+RG+RB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
辽东浅滩MAE平均值/m3.823.973.913.443.793.893.332.91
标准差/m0.010.010.010.030.010.000.070.16
MRE平均值/%50.253.352.243.049.651.841.736.1
标准差/%0.90.70.70.80.80.40.61.9
槟城MAE平均值/m3.273.233.583.243.233.083.082.96
标准差/m0.010.010.030.010.000.020.030.04
MRE平均值/%43.841.350.742.143.338.638.436.4
标准差/%0.20.30.40.30.30.50.80.6
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142257116075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

The accuracy of water depth inversion results of different band combination models for turbid water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区模型MAE/m MRE/%
BB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIRBB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
  注:本表只展示了精度较好的几种波段组合方式。
辽东浅滩6S大陆型3.833.423.272.8150.943.441.435.2
6S城市型3.833.443.302.8250.943.741.835.2
6S海洋型3.833.423.272.8150.943.741.535.1
FLAASH城市型3.813.473.413.0449.142.141.837.6
FLAASH海洋型3.813.453.383.2049.241.741.539.7
ACOLITE3.823.403.262.7750.943.240.934.1
QUAC3.813.483.402.9449.343.142.835.9
槟城6S大陆型3.233.073.062.9441.238.237.836.1
6S城市型3.223.073.052.9441.238.237.736.0
6S海洋型3.233.063.052.9441.238.137.635.9
FLAASH城市型3.213.123.123.0441.339.339.537.4
FLAASH海洋型3.223.113.113.0341.339.139.237.2
ACOLITE3.233.063.042.9441.238.237.736.0
QUAC3.253.093.102.9242.039.239.436.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142336807856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

浑浊水体不同波段组合模型水深反演结果精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区模型MAE/m MRE/%
BB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIRBB+GB+G+RB+G+R+NIR
  注:本表只展示了精度较好的几种波段组合方式。
辽东浅滩6S大陆型3.833.423.272.8150.943.441.435.2
6S城市型3.833.443.302.8250.943.741.835.2
6S海洋型3.833.423.272.8150.943.741.535.1
FLAASH城市型3.813.473.413.0449.142.141.837.6
FLAASH海洋型3.813.453.383.2049.241.741.539.7
ACOLITE3.823.403.262.7750.943.240.934.1
QUAC3.813.483.402.9449.343.142.835.9
槟城6S大陆型3.233.073.062.9441.238.237.836.1
6S城市型3.223.073.052.9441.238.237.736.0
6S海洋型3.233.063.052.9441.238.137.635.9
FLAASH城市型3.213.123.123.0441.339.339.537.4
FLAASH海洋型3.223.113.113.0341.339.139.237.2
ACOLITE3.233.063.042.9441.238.237.736.0
QUAC3.253.093.102.9242.039.239.436.2
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142408111028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Accuracy evaluation of segmented depth of clean water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区水深段/m指标6S大陆型6S城市型6S海洋型FLAASH城市型FLAASH海洋型ACOLITEQUAC
瓦胡岛0~5MAE/m1.161.171.151.181.201.931.20
MRE/%44.644.744.045.245.074.344.7
5~10MAE/m1.131.151.131.151.111.651.20
MRE/%16.216.416.116.816.223.317.0
10~15MAE/m1.511.521.531.421.411.821.67
MRE/%13.013.013.112.112.015.414.2
15~20MAE/m1.831.841.811.711.852.531.77
MRE/%9.89.99.79.110.013.99.5
谢米
亚岛
0~5MAE/m2.142.212.192.281.911.741.72
MRE/%62.263.165.164.762.149.959.8
5~10MAE/m1.711.691.691.641.391.671.61
MRE/%24.023.923.922.719.023.322.9
10~15MAE/m1.911.861.942.001.931.911.90
MRE/%14.714.214.915.314.814.814.8
15~20MAE/m4.194.294.284.434.463.944.10
MRE/%24.324.924.925.725.822.924.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142479414200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

清洁水体分段水深精度评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区水深段/m指标6S大陆型6S城市型6S海洋型FLAASH城市型FLAASH海洋型ACOLITEQUAC
瓦胡岛0~5MAE/m1.161.171.151.181.201.931.20
MRE/%44.644.744.045.245.074.344.7
5~10MAE/m1.131.151.131.151.111.651.20
MRE/%16.216.416.116.816.223.317.0
10~15MAE/m1.511.521.531.421.411.821.67
MRE/%13.013.013.112.112.015.414.2
15~20MAE/m1.831.841.811.711.852.531.77
MRE/%9.89.99.79.110.013.99.5
谢米
亚岛
0~5MAE/m2.142.212.192.281.911.741.72
MRE/%62.263.165.164.762.149.959.8
5~10MAE/m1.711.691.691.641.391.671.61
MRE/%24.023.923.922.719.023.322.9
10~15MAE/m1.911.861.942.001.931.911.90
MRE/%14.714.214.915.314.814.814.8
15~20MAE/m4.194.294.284.434.463.944.10
MRE/%24.324.924.925.725.822.924.4
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142580077499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=EN, label=Table 13, caption=

Accuracy of segmented depth of turbid water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区水深段/m指标6S大陆型6S城市型6S海洋型FLAASH城市型FLAASH海洋型ACOLITEQUAC
辽东
浅滩
0~5MAE/m3.093.073.163.233.432.983.37
MRE/%86.485.888.591.199.082.589.1
5~10MAE/m2.042.032.132.072.101.931.88
MRE/%27.327.328.627.628.625.725.2
10~15MAE/m1.801.781.691.942.041.872.02
MRE/%13.513.412.714.615.414.115.3
15~20MAE/m5.295.325.205.355.725.225.56
MRE/%30.630.730.030.832.730.132.0
槟城0~5MAE/m1.761.751.761.721.731.751.80
MRE/%65.164.364.666.366.364.565.7
5~10MAE/m2.042.052.052.202.152.052.12
MRE/%30.730.930.832.932.130.932.1
10~15MAE/m2.262.252.252.392.402.252.13
MRE/%18.418.318.419.619.718.317.3
15~20MAE/m6.476.456.456.546.566.446.37
MRE/%37.237.137.137.637.737.036.6
), ArticleFig(id=1225366142668157888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799662658437625, language=CN, label=表13, caption=

浑浊水体分段水深精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区水深段/m指标6S大陆型6S城市型6S海洋型FLAASH城市型FLAASH海洋型ACOLITEQUAC
辽东
浅滩
0~5MAE/m3.093.073.163.233.432.983.37
MRE/%86.485.888.591.199.082.589.1
5~10MAE/m2.042.032.132.072.101.931.88
MRE/%27.327.328.627.628.625.725.2
10~15MAE/m1.801.781.691.942.041.872.02
MRE/%13.513.412.714.615.414.115.3
15~20MAE/m5.295.325.205.355.725.225.56
MRE/%30.630.730.030.832.730.132.0
槟城0~5MAE/m1.761.751.761.721.731.751.80
MRE/%65.164.364.666.366.364.565.7
5~10MAE/m2.042.052.052.202.152.052.12
MRE/%30.730.930.832.932.130.932.1
10~15MAE/m2.262.252.252.392.402.252.13
MRE/%18.418.318.419.619.718.317.3
15~20MAE/m6.476.456.456.546.566.446.37
MRE/%37.237.137.137.637.737.036.6
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大气校正模型对多光谱水深反演影响的多维度分析
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张焕炜 1 , 马毅 1, 2, * , 张靖宇 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 145-160
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 145-160
大气校正模型对多光谱水深反演影响的多维度分析
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张焕炜1 , 马毅1, 2, * , 张靖宇1
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 张焕炜(1998-),女,河南省安阳市人,主要从事海洋遥感与应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马毅,研究员,主要从事海岛海岸带遥感与应用研究。E-mail:
Multi-dimensional analysis of atmospheric correction models on multi-spectral water depth inversion
Huanwei Zhang1 , Yi Ma1, 2, * , Jingyu Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1. First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. Marine Telemetry Technology Innovation Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022122
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大气校正是水体定量遥感的基础与前提。本文从大气校正模型、大气校正模型参数、水体组分差异以及水深反演波段组合方式4个维度探讨大气校正模型对水深反演的影响。研究采用6S、FLAASH、ACOLITE与QUAC 4种大气校正模型,选取大陆型、海洋型与城市型气溶胶模式,以瓦胡岛西北侧与谢米亚岛周边浅水作为清洁水体研究区,以辽东浅滩与槟城海峡作为浑浊水体研究区,基于Landsat-8多光谱影像开展大气校正,并采用8种波段组合方式进行水深遥感反演。研究结果表明:(1)4种大气校正模型均可在一定程度上削弱大气对水体信号的影响;因参数选取以及研究区水体组分的不同,不同模型的校正结果存在一定差异;两类水体反射率峰值分别出现在蓝波段与绿波段;(2)6S大气校正模型鲁棒性较强,该模型因研究区水体组分发生变化导致对应的水深反演结果与其余模型相比波动较小;FLAASH模型在海洋型和城市型两种气溶胶模式水深反演结果在浑浊水体存在较为明显的差异,辽东浅滩浅水区平均相对误差相差7.9%;ACOLITE模型受水体类型影响显著且对浑浊水体具有优越性与稳定性,平均相对误差较FLAASH降低5.6%;(3)多波段水深反演精度普遍优于单波段,但反演精度与波段数目之间无显著的相关性;水深反演波段组合方式对不同研究区敏感性不同,清洁水体三波段模型的反演精度较好,浑浊水体中四波段模型的反演精度最优,平均相对误差较三波段模型降低达5.6%。

大气校正  /  气溶胶  /  水体组分  /  水深反演  /  波段组合  /  精度分析

Atmospheric correction (AC) is the basis and premise of quantitative remote sensing of water column. The effects of different AC models on water depth inversion from the four aspects of AC model, AC model parameters, water component differences, and water depth inversion band combination are discussed in this paper. The research uses 6S, FLAASH, ACOLITE and QUAC four AC models, select continental, marine and urban aerosol patterns, and the shallow waters around the northwest side of Oahu Island and Shemya Island are used as the study area of clean water, while the shallow waters around Liaodong Shoal and Penang Strait are used as the study area of turbid water. AC is performed based on Landsat-8 multispectral images, and eight wavebands are used for bathymetric remote sensing inversion. The results show that: (1) all the four AC models can weaken the atmospheric influence on the water signal to some extent; the correction results of different models are somewhat different depending on the parameter selection and the components of the water column. And the peak reflectance of the two types of water column occurs in the blue and green bands, respectively. (2) The 6S model is more robust, and the bathymetric inversion results of this model are less volatile than the rest of the models due to the changes in the components of the water column. The water depth inversion results of the two aerosol models of the FLAASH have more obvious differences in turbid water, and the difference of MRE in shallow water of Liaodong Shoal is 7.9%; the ACOLITE model is significantly influenced by the water column type and has superiority and stability for turbid water, and the MRE is 5.6% lower than that of FLAASH. (3) The accuracy of multi-band water depth inversion is generally better than that of single-band, but there is no significant correlation between the accuracy of inversion and however, there is no significant correlation between the inversion accuracy and the number of bands; the combination of bathymetric inversion bands has different sensitivity to different study areas, the inversion accuracy of the three-band model is better in clean water, and the inversion accuracy of the four-band model is optimal in turbid water, and the MRE is reduced by 5.6% compared with the three-band model.

atmospheric correction  /  aerosol  /  water components  /  water depth inversion  /  band combination  /  accuracy analysis
张焕炜, 马毅, 张靖宇. 大气校正模型对多光谱水深反演影响的多维度分析. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 145 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022122
Huanwei Zhang, Yi Ma, Jingyu Zhang. Multi-dimensional analysis of atmospheric correction models on multi-spectral water depth inversion[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 145 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022122
水深是交通航运、近海工程和滩涂开发的重要基础数据。遥感是水深测量的一种新兴技术手段,与传统的水深测量方法相比,遥感有大范围、低成本和重复观测等优点,可以实现水深的宏观动态观测,在一定程度上弥补了传统水深测量方法的不足。
卫星传感器接收到的光信号包括大气信息和水体信息。水体信息中由水底反射进入传感器的信号是水下地形的直接反映,是水深遥感的主要信息来源[1]。在开阔的海洋,大气信息约占90%,而在沿岸水域有时会高于90%[2],因此有效地消除大气影响是决定水深反演精度的首要环节。前人将大气贡献分离为瑞利散射和气溶胶散射两部分,并假设近红外波段离水辐射为0,成功对一类水体进行大气校正,为大气校正提供了经典方法[3-4]。Ruddick等[5]假设两个近红外波段离水辐射反射率比值在空间上均匀分布,对标准大气校正算法进行改进,应用于比利时沿海水域,提供了一种可应用于浑浊水体的大气校正算法。迄今为止,国内外已开发出30余个大气校正模型,其中6S(Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)模型、辐射传输模型、LOWTRAN(Low Resolution Transmission)模型、MORTRAN(Moderate Resolution Transmission)模型与ATCOR(A Spatially-Adaptive Fast Atmospheric Correction)模型等应用最为广泛[6-7]。孔金玲等[6]以曹妃甸近岸水体为例,采用FLAASH(Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes)模型与6S模型两种大气校正模型对MODIS影像进行对比试验,并对校正结果进行水体悬浮泥沙浓度反演。Wang等[8]为探讨大气校正算法对悬浮颗粒物浓度值的一致性影响,采用4种大气校正算法对巢湖进行试验,发现MUMM(Management Unit of the North Seas Mathematical Model)算法表现出较好的优越性。
水深遥感技术在国外开展较早,随着第一颗遥感卫星发射成功,利用多光谱遥感数据提取水深的研究得到了迅速发展,在水深遥感模型构建方面形成了理论解析模型、半理论半经验模型与统计模型3大类[1, 9]。理论解析模型反演精度高,但计算过程十分复杂,需要大量水体光学参数[10-11] ;半理论半经验模型是理论解析模型的简化,所需参数较少,在具有一定普适性的前提下,不仅在很大程度上减少了反演的计算量也保证了水深反演的精度[9, 11];统计模型需要通过建立遥感图像光谱值和参考水深之间的关系来建立拟合模型,该模型在特定时间和水域具有较好的水深反演能力,但不具有普适性[12];半理论半经验模型是目前水深光学遥感应用相对广泛的模型。
目前,国内外大气校正研究工作主要聚焦在水色要素反演方面,大气校正方法对水深反演影响的研究关注较少。许海蓬等[13]、张彦彦等[14]采用暗像元(Dark Object Subjection,DOS)、FLAASH与6S大气校正模型对我国西沙永兴岛周边进行水深反演,且只选取了海洋型气溶胶模式,事实上,在一般情况下,沿岸水体上空气溶胶特性复杂多变,不同气溶胶模式会导致相异的大气校正结果;同时,该项研究主要侧重于波段选取、组合方式以及控制点与检查点比例对水深反演的影响,没有呈现和分析遥感图像大气校正的结果,也未考虑因水体组分差异带来的区别。
本研究以Landsat-8陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)多光谱影像为数据源,采用主流的6S 、FLAASH、 ACOLITE(Atmospheric Correction for OLI “LITE”)与快速大气校正(Quick Atmospheric Correction, QUAC)4种大气校正模型,其中6S模型选取大陆型、海洋型与城市型3种气溶胶模式,FLAASH模型选取海洋型与城市型两种气溶胶模式,对水体清澈的瓦胡岛西北侧、谢米亚岛和水体浑浊的辽东浅滩和槟城海峡进行大气校正,并利用多波段对数线性模型,共8种波段组合方式进行水深反演,旨在从大气校正模型、大气校正模型参数、水体组分差异以及水深反演波段组合方式等多维度探讨不同水体大气校正模型对水深反演的影响。
为探讨水体组分与研究区底质类型对水深反演的影响,本研究选取瓦胡岛与谢米亚岛为清洁水体研究区,辽东浅滩与槟城海峡为浑浊水体研究区。采用空间分辨率为30 m的Landsat-8多光谱遥感影像,结合LiDAR测深数据与海图数据进行水深反演。本文试验水深范围为0~20 m,并按照约2∶1的比例对控制点与检查点进行随机抽样。
瓦胡岛是夏威夷群岛中的第三大岛屿,岛上檀香山是美国夏威夷州首府所在地。该岛面积为1 545 km2,海岸线长为365 km,大约呈现钻石状,其海岸曲折,沿岸多为砂质与积岩,水质清澈,本研究区位于瓦胡岛西北侧。谢米亚岛为美军空军基地,位于北太平洋,海岛一般被珊瑚礁所包围,东部与南部为海藻标记区,岛屿西北方向为岩石覆盖区,周围浅滩深度约为3 m或更浅,岛屿周围水质清澈[15],研究区位置如图1所示。
瓦胡岛与谢米亚岛遥感影像成像时间分别为2016年3月26日20:59(UTC)与2013年4月27日 23:21(UTC);两幅影像成像时刻研究区上空无云,影像质量较好,可清晰辨别研究区岸线。瓦胡岛参考水深值为LiDAR测深数据,由机载SHOALS(Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne Lidar Survey)系统采集,该系统是目前世界上应用最广泛的LiDAR测深系统之一,最大测量深度可达40 m,垂直方向误差小于0.15 m,测深数据点间隔在3~15 m之间[16]。谢米亚岛参考水深值为美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)2014年发布海图数据,比例尺为1∶20 000,投影方式为墨卡托投影。瓦胡岛与谢米亚岛水深控制点与检查点数量分布如表1所示,研究区水深点分布如图1所示。
辽东浅滩位于渤中浅滩东北部、辽东湾南部,以渤海海峡的老铁山水道为中心,有6根放射状的沙脊,呈现向辽东湾散开,向渤海聚拢的扇形分布。该区域受到沙脊影响,海底地形较为复杂,沙脊区水深为12~35 m,沙脊间距为7.0~16.7 km,基槽高差为6.8~21.9 m,沙脊脊部水深由南北两侧向沙脊中部变浅,南侧水深比北侧深,而沙脊间沟槽南侧水深比北侧浅[17]。槟城位于马来西亚半岛西北部,首府乔治市是重要的港口城市,西隔马六甲海峡与印度苏门答腊岛相对,受潮汐与两边宽中间窄的地形影响,槟城海峡南北海道多被泥沙冲刷,导致水体浑浊,研究区影像如图2所示。
辽东浅滩与槟城海峡遥感影像成像时间分别为2015年3月10日02:35(UTC)与2014年1月26日03:35(UTC),两幅影像研究区上空无云满足试验要求。辽东浅滩参考水深值为大连港至长咀子海图数据,比例尺为1∶150 000,海图所选用的投影方式为墨卡托投影,高程基准为1985国家高程基准。槟城海域海图比例尺为1∶200 000,制作时间为2001年。辽东浅滩与槟城海域水深检查点与控制点数量分布如表2所示。
原始Landsat-8影像灰度值(DN值)是没有量纲的数值,将其转换为绝对辐亮度才可以进行定量遥感反演。Landsat-8辐亮度转换公式为
$ {{L}}_{{i}}{=DN}{\times}{{\rm{gai}}}{{{\rm{n}}}}_{{i}}{+{\rm{offse}}}{{{\rm{t}}}}_{{i}}{,} $
式中,${L}_{i} $为波段的辐亮度值;${\rm{gain}}_{{i}}$为波段增益系数;${\rm{offset}}_{{i}}$为波段偏置系数。其中增益系数与偏置系数均可从影像头文件获取。
实测水深采集时的潮高数据与遥感影像获取时的潮高数据并不相同,为使水深反演结果更加精确,需对实测水深数据进行潮汐改正。其原理为某时刻水深值等于实测值加上该时刻潮高。查阅网站获知瓦胡岛遥感影像获取时刻停潮,谢米亚岛影像获取时刻潮高为1.5 m;辽东浅滩该时遥感影像获取时刻潮高为0.8 m,槟城海域影像获取时刻潮高为0.9 m。
传感器所接收到的信号主要受气体分子和气溶胶影响,虽然气体分子的贡献得到了很好的考虑,但由于很难准确估计大气颗粒物的浓度和类型,使得气溶胶贡献在大气校正中产生了很大的不确定性[18-19]。国际气象学和大气物理学协会(International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,IAMAP)定义了气溶胶4种基本粒子类型:水溶性粒子、类尘埃、海洋性粒子与烟尘性粒子[20]。基于4种基本粒子体积比将气溶胶类型进行分类,如表3所示。本研究范围包含近岸水体,水体上空气溶胶特性复杂多变,无论是通用的辐射传输模型还是基于图像自身的大气校正算法都需要合理地假定气溶胶模式,一般主要选取大陆型、海洋型和城市型3种气溶胶模式。
6S模型是由美国马里兰大学Eric Vemote对5S海洋资源环境遥感信息处理业务应用示范系统高分专项(41-Y30F07-9001-20/22)模型进行改进得到的,6S模型考虑了新的气体吸收分子(CH4、N2O、CO)、 非均一地面以及双向反射率问题,其中瑞利散射和气溶胶散射效应的计算精度已经通过逐次散射算法(Successive Order of Scattering,SOS)得到提高,用于光谱积分的步长(分辨率)已经提高到了2.5 nm[21-22]。模型提供了多种气溶胶模式,分别为大陆型、海洋型、城市型、沙漠型、生物燃烧型与平流层型6种。本研究选取大陆型、海洋型与城市型3种进行试验。
模型根据卫星接收的表观反射率$ {R}^{*} $得到地物反射率R,公式为
$ R =\dfrac{{R}^{*}\left(\theta_{\rm{s}},\theta_{\rm{v}},\phi\right)-R_{\rm{a}}\left(\theta_{\rm{s}},\theta_{\rm{v}},\phi\right)}{T^{\uparrow}{{T}}^{\downarrow}+{S}\left[\dfrac{{{R}}^{*}\left(\theta_{\rm{s}},\theta_{\rm{v}},\phi\right)}{{{t}}_{{{\rm{g}}}}}-{{R}}_{{{\rm{a}}}}\left(\theta_{\rm{s}},\theta_{\rm{v}}{\rm{}},\phi\right)\right]}{,} $
式中,$\theta_{\rm{s}}$为太阳天顶角;$\theta_{\rm{v }}$为传感器天顶角;$ \phi $为相对方位角;${{t}}_{{{\rm{g}}}}$为气体吸收透过率;${{R}}_{{{\rm{a}}}}$为大气的路径辐射项等效反射率;$ {T}^{\uparrow }、{T}^{\downarrow } $和分别为上行与下行大气透过率;$ {S} $为球面反照率。
FLAASH模型利用MORTRAN4+模型对辐射定标后的影像进行校正,它是为可见光至短波红外光谱区的高分辨率成像应用而创建的一种蚁群算法[23]。FLAASH大气校正假设在太阳波谱范围内地表为均一朗伯体[24],传感器获取的单个像元辐射亮度值满足公式:
$ L^* =\frac{{A\rho}}{{1}-\rho_{{{\rm{e}}}}{S}}+\frac{{B}{\rho}_{{{\rm{e}}}}}{{1-}{\rho}_{{{\rm{e}}}}{S}} {{L}}^*_{\rm{a}} \text{,} $
式中,${L}^{{\rm{*}}}_{}$为传感器接收到的总辐射;$ A、B $为计算系数;$\ \rho $为表面反射率;$ {\ \rho }_{\mathrm{e}} $为像元与周围环境的平均表面反射率;${{L}}_{\text{a}}^{\text{*}}$为大气后向散射系数;$ S $为大气半球反射率。其中$ ,A、B $和${{L}}_{\text{a}}^{\text{*}}$是由MODTRAN4+模型计算得到的,并且$ A、B $只与观测时传感器及大气状态有关。模型共包括4种气溶胶模式,本文选用海洋型与城市型两种进行试验。
ACOLITE模型是针对Landsat5、Landsat7、Landsat8和Sentinel-2A、Sentinel-2B研究开发的模型,它为沿海和内陆水体提供了简单、快速的大气校正处理方法[18, 25]。ACOLITE模型消除了分子和气溶胶成分在水体中产生的散射效应,其中瑞利散射使用6SV(6S Vector)模型中的查找表进行校正,气溶胶散射则是基于清水的近红外波段(842 nm、865 nm)以及中等浑浊水体的短波红外波段(1 610 nm、2 130 nm)估算得到的[17-18, 24, 26]。ACOLITE模型提供了26种参数类型,其中针对水体进行大气校正的参数共有10种,本试验采用的参数为水像元的遥感反射率。
QUAC是针对多光谱与高光谱影像的大气校正模型,它支持的波谱范围为0.4~2.5 μm,模型即使在传感器没有适当的辐射或波长校正的情况下也可以得到相对精确的反射光谱,模型计算不涉及第一辐射原理,因此比基于物理方法的大气校正模型计算速度快,在很大程度上适合于实时应用[27]
本文选取Lyzenga等[28]提出的对数线性模型进行水深(Z)反演,公式为
$ {Z}={{a}}_{\text{0}}\text+\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{N}{a}_{i}\mathrm{ln}\left[L\left({\lambda }_{i}\right)-{L}_{\infty }\left({\lambda }_{i}\right)\right]\text{,} $
式中,$ {a}_{0}、{a}_{i} $为常数(${i=}{1},\cdots,{N}$);$ {N} $为光谱波段数;$ L\left({\lambda }_{i}\right) $为$ i $波段辐亮度值;$ {L}_{\infty }\left({\lambda }_{i}\right) $为${i}$波段深水处辐亮度值。文中采用可见光与近红外波段的不同组合进行水深反演。
校正得到的离水辐亮度或者遥感反射率因辐射传输模型、输入参数与研究区底质类型的不同产生差异,校正模型参数见表4,本文波长550 nm处光学厚度由ACOLITE模型获得。
综合考虑水深反演范围以及研究区形状等因素,从两类研究区中随机选取检验区,结果如图1图2所示。绘制检验区反射率均值柱状图,并计算不同校正结果平均值(Mean)、标准差(Standard Deviation,SD)与变异系数(Coefficient of Variation,CV)3方面对不同大气校正模型得到的遥感反射率结果进行分析(图示结果为实际反射率的10 000倍)。Mean、SD与CV公式分别为
$ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i}}{n} \text{,} $
$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}=\sqrt{\frac{{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}({x}_{i}-{x}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}})^{2}}}{n}}\text{,} $
$ \mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}=\frac{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{D}}{{x}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}}\text{,} $
式中,$ {x}_{i} $为第$ i $种校正结果波段反射率;${x}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}$为同一波段$ n $种校正结果反射率均值。
计算各校正模型在清洁水体检验区可见光至近红外波段得到的反射率及其均值,见图3。两个研究区在可见光波段反射率均在蓝波段达到最高,并且随着波长增加反射率逐渐降低;瓦胡岛研究区各波段反射率在FLAASH海洋型气溶胶模型处最小;谢米亚岛研究区因模型与参数不同导致的校正结果相互关系与瓦胡岛存在差异,为进一步判断模型之间差异,计算四波段SD与CV,见表5
清洁水体内两个检验区在可见光范围SD与CV之间呈现负相关,即随着波长增加,各校正结果SD逐渐减小,但因模型与参数不同引起校正结果之间的差异逐渐增大。瓦胡岛与谢米亚岛研究区底质类型不同,瓦胡岛检验区多为珊瑚礁,谢米亚岛周围岩石较多,QUAC模型因两个研究区底质不同导致校正结果存在明显差异。
计算各校正模型在浑浊水体检验区可见光至近红外波段得到的反射率,并计算7种模型在同一波段反射率均值,见图4。两个研究区四波段反射率均在绿波段达到最高;6S与FLAASH海洋型气溶胶模型在浑浊水体研究区反射率均小于相同校正模型下其他气溶胶参数得到的结果;研究区内6S、FLAASH海洋型气溶胶模型与QUAC模型得到的反射率结果值较高。为进一步判断模型之间差异,计算四波段SD与CV,见表6
辽东浅滩与槟城海峡检验区底质多为砂质,水体内组分相似,由表6可知,检验区内SD“谷”值与CV“峰”值均出现在近红外波段,可知浑浊水体研究区近红外波段反射率受校正模型影响较大。可见光波段CV值随着波长的增加逐渐减小,表明在该波长区域反射率受校正模型及其参数变化的影响逐渐减小,校正结果稳定性逐渐增强。
传感器接收到的反射率信息主要包括水面反射光、水体内悬浮物反射光、水底反射光和天空反射光,大气校正模型主要消除由于天空光对辐射传输带来的影响,但是因研究区底质类型与水体组分差异导致水体对辐射的吸收具有波段选择性,从而导致校正结果存在差异。分析图3图4表5表6可知,清洁水体研究区不同大气校正模型结果差异受水体底质影响较大,即模型结果之间波动性明显,如谢米亚岛研究区;但浑浊水体研究区由于水体内成分复杂多变,使得不同辐射传输模型得到的校正结果相关性保持一致。两类水体校正结果CV在可见光范围变化趋势相反,清洁水体研究区随着波长增大,CV逐渐增大,而浑浊水体CV峰值则出现在蓝波段处。
两类水体反射率峰值分别出现在蓝波段与绿波段处,以瓦胡岛蓝波段与辽东浅滩绿波段为例绘制反射率分布图,如图5图6所示。ACOLITE模型是基于短波红外“暗像元”针对内陆与沿岸水体提出的大气校正模型,导致在对清洁水体进行试验时产生过校正现象; 在浑浊水体研究区该模型得到的结果较为缓和,且出现了双峰值的现象,见图6f。整体来看,除ACOLITE模型外,其余模型校正结果在检验区反射率分布相似,受研究区影响较小。
本文选取蓝波段(B)、绿波段(G)、红波段(R)与近红外(NIR)4个波段,组合方式如表7所示。以平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error, MAE)与平均相对误差(Mean Relative Error, MRE)为评价指标,对不同波段组合方式得到的水深反演结果进行分析(表8),并计算不同大气校正模型在同一水深反演模型下MAE与MRE的平均值与标准差,得到相同波段数目下最佳反演模型(表9)。绘制组合折线图(MAE与MRE走向一致,故本文将只展示MRE),判断水深反演模型的稳定性,从而选取最佳波段组合方式。计算发现同类水体研究区整体变化一致,故本文以瓦胡岛与辽东浅滩为例展开详细分析。
绘制瓦胡岛研究区各个组合方式反演结果MRE柱状图,见图7,单波段与双波段水深反演模型结果呈现“W”型走向,之后精度逐渐增高,即在绿波段与蓝+绿波段MRE达到“谷”值,水深反演结果精度在同波段数模型中最好。为判断因异常值对水深反演模型精度的影响,计算MAE与MRE的平均值与标准差,如表9所示。
表9可知,瓦胡岛研究区内单波段与双波段MRE均值最低时,SD均较大,绿波段反演模型处MAE与MRE标准差分别为0.14 m与3.0%,较蓝波段模型分别高出0.03 m与−0.8%。单、双波段水深反演模型整体SD均较大,可知两种类型水深反演模型整体稳定性较差。三波段模型得到的水深反演结果精度最佳,其MAE与MRE均值为1.50 m与23.7%,较四波段降低了0.03 m与1.0%,SD与四波段无明显差距。
表8表9可知,谢米亚岛研究区单、双波段MRE最小值分别出现在绿、蓝+绿波段处,且三波段水深反演结果精度与四波段接近,两者MAE与MRE平均值分别相差0.02 m与0.8%,整体与瓦胡岛研究区保持一致。在清洁水体研究区,多波段水深反演模型结果优于单波段,一定程度上波段数目与反演结果精度呈现正相关,但是随着波段数目的增加,精度变化逐渐减小。以瓦胡岛为例,反演模型MAE平均值与波段数目呈现负相关,且在三波段处达到最优值,对应的MAE与MRE平均值分别为1.50 m与23.7%,较蓝波段分别降低了2.24 m与44.5%,且MRE标准差为3.8%,即不同校正模型对应的反演结果差异明显,故本文对清洁水体研究区将采用三波段水深反演模型开展试验。
绘制辽东浅滩研究区各个组合方式反演结果MRE柱状图(图8),单波段与双波段水深反演模型结果趋势呈现倒“N”型走向,且水深反演结果精度与模型波段数目呈现正相关。单、双波段水深反演结果整体差异较小,在三波段水深反演模型处明显下降,四波段精度达到最佳,计算各水深反演模型结果标准差,如表10所示。
表11可知,辽东浅滩研究区除四波段水深反演模型外,其他模型反演结果MRE平均值高于40.0%,SD小于1.0%,表明大气校正模型差异对该研究区水深反演结果产生的差异较小。随着水深反演模型波段数目的增多,因校正模型产生的差异逐渐明显,四波段反演模型MAE、MRE标准差均达到峰值,分别为0.16 m与1.9%,由图8可知,该模型误差来源主要为FLAASH校正模型对应的水深反演结果。
表10表11可知,槟城研究区反演结果精度在四波段模型处达到最好,其MAE与MRE均值分别为2.96 m与36.4%,较三波段模型分别降低了0.12 m与2.0%,研究区整体精度走向与辽东浅滩一致。浑浊水体多波段水深反演模型结果优于单波段,波段数目与反演结果精度呈现正相关,详见表11。以辽东浅滩为例,相邻波段数最佳反演模型MRE平均值差距分别为7.2%、1.3%与5.6%,且精度逐渐提高。四波段模型反演结果MAE与MRE平均值分别为2.91 m与36.1%,MRE标准差为1.9%,反演结果精度因校正模型不同产生明显差异,故本研究对浑浊水体研究区将采用四波段水深反演模型开展试验。
表8表11可知,水深反演模型受水体组分影响,清洁水体研究区最优波段为绿波段,浑浊水体为蓝、绿波段;双波段最优组合模型在浑浊水体研究区分别为蓝+绿与绿+红;整体来看,清洁水体研究区三波段精度较好;浑浊水体四波段模型反演结果最好,辽东浅滩研究区MRE均值较三波段降低了5.6%。
对不同大气校正模型结果进行水深反演,绘制检查点反演结果与真实值之间的散点图(以瓦胡岛与辽东浅滩为例),计算拟合直线(实线)比例系数,与1∶1直线(虚线)进行对比分析。并计算检查点MAE与MRE。
绘制瓦胡岛不同大气校正模型对应的参考水深值与反演结果之间的散点图,如图9所示。7种大气校正模型对应的水深反演结果与参考水深值之间拟合系数均不小于0.97,整体拟合效果较好。由图9b图9d可知,两种模型对应的水深反演结果精度一致,且都是由城市型气溶胶校正模型得到的,MRE均为22.5%;由图9c图9e可知,海洋型气溶胶校正模型得到的反演结果精度较高,MRE分别为22.1%与22.2%。ACOLITE模型对应的反演结果精度最差,MAE与MRE分别为1.91 m与32.3%,较6S海洋型水深结果精度降低了10.2%。
表8可知,清洁水体水深反演结果受校正模型影响较大;瓦胡岛研究区不同校正模型对应的反演结果精度相差较小,且因气溶胶参数不同导致的水深反演结果差异可以忽略;但是在谢米亚岛研究区,FLAASH模型因气溶胶不同导致的水深精度差异明显,海洋型气溶胶反演结果比城市型精度提高了0.14 m与1.6%。ACOLITE模型在清洁水体研究区内波动性明显,瓦胡岛研究区反演结果精度最差,MRE为32.3%,谢米亚岛MRE为25.7%,较FLAASH模型降低了3.6%。
绘制辽东浅滩研究区不同大气校正模型对应的实测水深值与反演水深值之间的散点图,并计算MAE与MRE,如图10所示。发现7种水深反演结果与实测水深值拟合系数保持在0.85±0.02,在5~10 m水深段拟合效果较好,靠近1∶1直线。由图10a图10c可知,当校正模型为6S时,改变气溶胶参数对整体反演结果精度影响较小。相比6S模型,FLAASH模型因参数改变导致的水深结果精度变化明显,当为海洋型气溶胶时,精度较差,其MRE为39.7%,较城市型校正结果精度下降了2.1%。该研究区精度最佳的反演结果由ACOLITE模型校正结果产生,其MAE与MRE分别为2.77 m与34.1%。
表10可知,浑浊水体研究区FLAASH校正模型对应的水深反演结果最差,辽东浅滩与槟城研究区水深反演结果中最大的MRE分别为39.7%与37.4%,较ACOLITE模型水深反演结果分别高出了5.6%与1.4%。研究区内6S与ACOLITE模型对应的水深反演结果精度稳定且相近,在槟城研究区两者MAE为2.94 m,MRE差值保持在0.02%及以内。
为进一步探讨不同大气校正模型对水深反演的影响,以5 m、10 m和15 m为界,计算不同水深段内检查点的MAE与MRE,开展分段水深反演精度分析。
计算清洁水体研究区不同大气校正模型各水深段反演结果MAE与MRE,见表12。瓦胡岛研究区反演结果精度在0~20 m水深段逐渐提高;6S模型3种结果在0~10 m保持较好的精度值,且3种结果精度相近;ACOLITE模型得到的水深反演结果精度在各个水深段均为最低,浅水区较为显著,MRE为74.3%,精度较6S海洋型降低了30.3%。FLAASH海洋型校正模型在5~10 m水深段得到的水深反演结果精度最好。QUAC模型在4个水深段反演结果精度与其他模型差距逐渐缩短,且在15~20 m水深段MRE为9.5%。
谢米亚岛0~15 m水深段反演结果精度随着水深增加而增加,在10~15 m处达到最优; 在浅水区ACOLITE模型对应的水深反演结果精度最好,MRE较6S海洋型结果降低了15.2%;5~10 m与10~15 m最佳反演精度分别对应FLLAASH与6S模型。整体来看,ACOLITE与QUAC模型在5~15 m水深段精度相近且较好,两者MRE差值保持在0.1%。
清洁水体研究区在各个水深段精度变化存在差异,瓦胡岛研究区随着水体深度增加精度逐渐升高,且相同水深段因模型参数不同导致的水深反演结果精度差异微弱;谢米亚岛研究区在10~15 m处水深结果精度最佳,且受校正模型参数影响敏感,以FLAASH模型为例,5~10 m水深段城市型气溶胶对应结果MRE较海洋型降低了3.7%。
计算浑浊水体研究区不同大气校正模型各水深段反演结果MAE与MRE,见表13。辽东浅滩研究区反演结果在0~15 m水深段精度逐渐提高,在10~15 m达到最佳,15~20 m逐渐下降。ACOLITE模型在各个水深段反演结果精度均较好,0~5 m处优越性明显,其MAE与MRE分别为2.98 m与82.5%。对比发现,相同大气校正模型因气溶胶参数不同导致的水深反演结果精度变化主要发生在0~10 m研究区,且城市型气溶胶对应的反演结果精度较好;如FLAASH模型,海洋型气溶胶0~5 m水深反演结果MAE与MRE分别为3.43 m与99.0%,与城市型气溶胶相差0.20 m与7.9%。
槟城研究区反演结果在0~15 m水深段精度逐渐提高,在10~15 m达到最佳,15~20 m逐渐下降,与辽东浅滩研究区相同。FLAASH模型对应的反演结果在4个水深段与参考水深值之间的偏差明显。6S城市型校正模型与ACOLITE模型反演结果在各个水深段精度均相近,两者MAE与MRE差值分别保持在0.01 m与0.1%。
两个浑浊水体研究区内ACOLITE校正模型对应的反演结果精度均有一定的优越性;FLAASH校正模型均为最差。6S与FLAASH校正模型在浑浊水体研究区内因气溶胶不同导致的水深反演结果精度变化较清洁水体明显,且海洋型气溶胶模式结果精度最差。
本文分别以瓦胡岛西北侧与谢米亚岛为清洁水体研究区,辽东浅滩与槟城海域为浑浊水体研究区,选用主流的6S、FLAASH、ACOLITE与QUAC大气校正模型对Landsat-8 OLI影像进行对比试验,其中6S与FLAASH两种模型选取了不同气溶胶模式,最终采用8种波段组合方式进行水深反演。研究从不同维度探讨了几种大气校正模型对水深反演的影响,结果如下:
(1)尽管4种不同大气校正模型之间存在差异,但均可在一定程度上消除大气对水体信号的影响;受水体组分与模型参数影响导致最终校正结果存在差异,且采用不同气溶胶模式得到的大气校正结果不同,这一现象在浑浊水体研究区表现相对明显。因此气溶胶现场测量是有必要的。
(2)受水体组分影响导致校正结果产生差异,在可见光波段差异明显。清洁水体研究区蓝波段反射率最大且受校正模型影响较小,即CV最小;浑浊水体反射率峰值出现在绿波段。整体上,清洁水体研究区随着波长增大,CV逐渐增大;浑浊水体则与之相反。
(3)本文选取可见光与近红外波段进行水深反演,采用8种波段组合方式,单波段水深反演模型精度与稳定性受校正模型与水体浑浊程度影响较大;在一定程度上水深反演精度随着模型波段数目的增加而提升,浑浊水体研究区四波段模型精度明显高于三波段;但波段数目与反演精度之间不存在严格的相关性,清洁水体研究区三波段与四波段组合模型水深反演结果精度相近。
(4)整体来看,6S大气校正模型鲁棒性较强,该模型因研究区水体组分发生变化导致对应的水深反演结果与其余模型相比波动较小,ACOLITE模型在瓦胡岛得到反演精度最差,MRE为33.2%,在辽东浅滩MRE仅为34.1%,反演结果受水体组分影响显著;但6S模型3种反演结果与参考水深值整体拟合系数在瓦胡岛均不小于0.98,辽东浅滩大于0.85。对比两类水体,清洁水体水深反演结果精度主要受研究区影响,如ACOLITE模型在谢米亚岛对应的水深反演结果MRE较6S模型降低了3.6%,浑浊水体因气溶胶参数不同导致的水深反演精度变化明显,如辽东浅滩0~10 m水深段,城市型气溶胶对应的水深结果精度较海洋型有明显提升,FLAASH城市型模型在0~5 m水深范围对应的反演结果MRE较海洋型高出7.9%。
水深遥感的一个关键步骤是去除大气影响获得离水辐射信号,大气影响因素中气溶胶时空变化较大,尤其近岸水体,是大气校正的主要难题。许海蓬等[13]、张彦彦等[14]利用6S、FLAASH与DOS模型对WorldView-2影像进行大气校正,6S与FLAASH模型统一选取海洋型气溶胶模式进行试验,探讨不同大气校正模型对南海岛礁水体水深反演的影响。本文不仅选取6S、FLAASH模型,而且增加了ACOLITE与QUAC两种模型,同时对6S与FLAASH还选取2~3种气溶胶模式;为探讨水体组分与底质多样性对大气校正的影响,本文不限于岛礁清洁水体辽东浅滩西北侧,还考虑了底质类型复杂的谢米亚岛作为清洁水体研究区,并将近岸辽东湾与槟城海峡区域作为浑浊水体研究区进行试验,结果表明: 6S模型表现稳定;不同气溶胶模式对大气校正结果产生的影响不可忽略,且因研究区水体组分与底质变化使得校正结果产生差异。
可见光、近红外波段能够穿透一定深度的水体,获取海底反射信息并经过水体与大气传输进入传感器,因此可见光、近红外波段广泛应用于水深反演。张彦彦等[14]利用WorldView-2影像的8个波段共255种组合方式对永兴岛周边进行水深反演;本文选取了更为常用的Landsat四波段影像数据,考虑了清洁水体与浑浊水体,利用可见光与近红外不同的波段组合方式进行水深反演,结果发现:对于清洁水体,三波段水深反演结果精度最佳,如瓦胡岛MAE与MRE均值分别为1.50 m与23.7%,浑浊水体水深反演结果精度四波段优于三波段。
采用通用辐射传输模型(MODTRAN和6S)进行水体大气校正的关键在于获得较为完备的大气参数。本文进行大气校正时采用的为经验参数,今后的研究可对大气校正模型的参数进行完善。此外,底质是影响水深反演精度的原因之一,如清洁水体谢米亚岛研究区底质类型复杂多变,得到的水深反演结果整体劣于底质相对单一的瓦胡岛研究区。不同反演模型对底质变化的适应性不同,本文仅选用了传统的对数线性组合模型,在接下来的研究中将采取不同水深反演模型进行试验,探讨大气校正模型、水深反演模型与底质类型之间的关系。在进一步的研究中,可以考虑对研究区底质进行分类,将大气校正模型与底质类型进行结合,探讨两者之间的关系,从而使对校正与反演模型的选择更具有针对性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(51839002)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(41906158)
  • 海洋资源环境遥感信息处理业务应用示范系统高分专项(41-Y30F07-9001-20/22)
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022122
  • 接收时间:2021-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-14
  • 修回日期:2022-01-13
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51839002)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(41906158)
海洋资源环境遥感信息处理业务应用示范系统高分专项(41-Y30F07-9001-20/22)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    2.自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061

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马毅,研究员,主要从事海岛海岸带遥感与应用研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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