Article(id=1224799661819576801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625673600000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-08, revisedDate=1639065600000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944595055, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944595055, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944595055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944595055, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799662125761000, articleId=1224799661819576801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the evolution process and driving mechanism of the sandy shoreline of the Qiwang Bay in eastern Guangdong from 1986 to 2019, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A dataset of the high water lines extracted from 113 Landsat images from 1986 to 2019 and the measured profile data from 2015 to 2019 were used to examine the middle-term to long-term shoreline process and driver at the embayment scale in this paper. The results show that the western and eastern beaches of the Qiwang Bay, which is separated by one small bedrock headland, have four and three different spatial characteristics, respectively. More than half of the shorelines behaved nonlinear in their variation trends. Thus, we use the Mann-Kendall method to solve the problem of the lack of basis for the division of time periods. In addition, the east breakwater resulted in the unstable embayment planform due to changing the position of the controlling “headland” and therefore the longshore sediment transport from west to east is the main driver of the most recent shoreline. And the intervening small bedrock headland also influenced the spatial variability of erosion and accretion at the Qiwang Bay. These findings will have important theoretical and practical significance for predicting further shoreline position and reducing the risk of shoreline erosion.

, correspAuthors=Jitao Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Luoyun Zhu, Tingting Liu, Renfu Fan, Yuanting Ding, Jitao Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799665435066973, articleId=1224799661819576801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=1986–2019年粤东企望湾砂质海岸线演变过程与驱动机制研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用1986–2019年113景Landsat影像提取高潮线,辅以2015–2019年实测剖面数据,开展了海湾尺度上海岸线的中长期演变过程与驱动机制研究。结果表明:企望湾以中间小型基岩岬角为界划分出的西侧海滩和东侧海滩分别具备4种和3种不同的空间特征;超过一半的区域其海岸线演变表现为非线性行为;Mann-Kendall趋势检验和显著性分析方法较好地解决了已有研究中对研究时段划分缺乏依据的问题;近5年的实测剖面数据也验证了企望湾近期显著的淤积和侵蚀现象。进一步研究表明,自西向东的沿岸输沙过程是近期海岸线演变主要的驱动机制,东侧防波堤因为改变了控制性“岬角”的位置,造成了海湾平面形态不平衡,而中间小型基岩岬角也影响了企望湾侵蚀和淤积的空间差异性。研究结果对于预测未来岸线位置和控制岸线侵蚀风险具有重要的理论和现实意义。

, correspAuthors=于吉涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于吉涛(1981―),男,山东省威海市人,博士,副教授,从事海滩过程与海岸地貌研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eqPZfwF8a4MjvwG4uHAa8Q==, magXml=zoLtDIMms44mn3Y193dr8g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=g6YrWG0o3a5YuXkUgVyTGA==, pdfFileSize=1866198, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CvF4fOH4vkDW9xWeXswEHQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DTRglrQLAAuh/mOiUaA+AA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱萝云(1994―),女,河南省永城市人,从事地理信息技术及应用研究。E-mail:

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Extraction and accuracy evaluation of multi-temporal coastlines of mainland China since 1940s[J]. Marine Sciences, 2014, 38(11): 66−73., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366141120463087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799661819576801, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=da Fontoura Klein A H, Vargas A, Raabe A L A, et al. Visual assessment of bayed beach stability with computer software[J]. 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113 m and 179 m at the black spots are the distance height

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黑点处113 m和179 m代表此处的高程

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The arrows indicate a marlced charge in the trend of the transect

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箭头指示了断面趋势发生明显变化

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Longshore variation in average beach gradient and sediment size from the intertidal beach at the Qiwang Bay

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剖面西部海滩东部海滩
P01P02P03P04P05P06P07P08P09P10P11P12
上部坡度/(°)7.14.84.63.11.82.22.09.17.56.32.72.8
下部坡度/(°)6.25.93.42.01.21.21.37.24.84.22.31.6
上部粒径(Φ)1.601.581.842.282.412.472.441.301.051.502.272.54
下部粒径(Φ)1.501.481.982.202.292.422.321.441.431.562.322.53
), ArticleFig(id=1225366133780430874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799661819576801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

企望湾潮间带海滩平均坡度和泥沙粒径的沿岸变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面西部海滩东部海滩
P01P02P03P04P05P06P07P08P09P10P11P12
上部坡度/(°)7.14.84.63.11.82.22.09.17.56.32.72.8
下部坡度/(°)6.25.93.42.01.21.21.37.24.84.22.31.6
上部粒径(Φ)1.601.581.842.282.412.472.441.301.051.502.272.54
下部粒径(Φ)1.501.481.982.202.292.422.321.441.431.562.322.53
), ArticleFig(id=1225366133885288481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799661819576801, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the values of shoreline change rate by the methods of EPR and LRR using measured shoreline position data and remote sensing shoreline position data in recent five years

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实测剖面对应断面实测岸线EPR值/(m·a−1遥感岸线EPR值/(m·a−1实测岸线LRR值/(m·a−1遥感岸线LRR值/(m·a−1
P01T40−1.15−3.52−1.65−3.13
P02T59−0.20−4.39−0.65−5.23
P03T104−0.500.44−0.18−0.30
P04T1222.805.243.025.83
P05T1387.9810.057.808.66
P06T15317.7026.5217.7319.48
P07T16721.2030.8821.3025.41
P08T173−6.33−9.50−7.23−9.23
P09T1820.051.18−0.080.65
P10T19316.5520.2715.2014.45
P11T20215.323.8514.4620.58
P12T21710.213.8210.7112.95
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近5年实测岸线位置数据和遥感岸线位置数据使用EPR和LRR方法计算的岸线变化速率值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实测剖面对应断面实测岸线EPR值/(m·a−1遥感岸线EPR值/(m·a−1实测岸线LRR值/(m·a−1遥感岸线LRR值/(m·a−1
P01T40−1.15−3.52−1.65−3.13
P02T59−0.20−4.39−0.65−5.23
P03T104−0.500.44−0.18−0.30
P04T1222.805.243.025.83
P05T1387.9810.057.808.66
P06T15317.7026.5217.7319.48
P07T16721.2030.8821.3025.41
P08T173−6.33−9.50−7.23−9.23
P09T1820.051.18−0.080.65
P10T19316.5520.2715.2014.45
P11T20215.323.8514.4620.58
P12T21710.213.8210.7112.95
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1986–2019年粤东企望湾砂质海岸线演变过程与驱动机制研究
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朱萝云 1 , 刘婷婷 1 , 凡仁福 2 , 丁圆婷 3 , 于吉涛 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 82-94
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 82-94
1986–2019年粤东企望湾砂质海岸线演变过程与驱动机制研究
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朱萝云1 , 刘婷婷1, 凡仁福2, 丁圆婷3, 于吉涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 测绘与国土信息工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 2.海南省海洋与渔业科学院,海南 海口 571126
  • 3.海南师范大学 地理与环境科学学院,海南 海口 571158
  • 朱萝云(1994―),女,河南省永城市人,从事地理信息技术及应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

于吉涛(1981―),男,山东省威海市人,博士,副教授,从事海滩过程与海岸地貌研究。E-mail:
Study on the evolution process and driving mechanism of the sandy shoreline of the Qiwang Bay in eastern Guangdong from 1986 to 2019
Luoyun Zhu1 , Tingting Liu1, Renfu Fan2, Yuanting Ding3, Jitao Yu1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
  • 2. Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
  • 3. School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022100
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本文采用1986–2019年113景Landsat影像提取高潮线,辅以2015–2019年实测剖面数据,开展了海湾尺度上海岸线的中长期演变过程与驱动机制研究。结果表明:企望湾以中间小型基岩岬角为界划分出的西侧海滩和东侧海滩分别具备4种和3种不同的空间特征;超过一半的区域其海岸线演变表现为非线性行为;Mann-Kendall趋势检验和显著性分析方法较好地解决了已有研究中对研究时段划分缺乏依据的问题;近5年的实测剖面数据也验证了企望湾近期显著的淤积和侵蚀现象。进一步研究表明,自西向东的沿岸输沙过程是近期海岸线演变主要的驱动机制,东侧防波堤因为改变了控制性“岬角”的位置,造成了海湾平面形态不平衡,而中间小型基岩岬角也影响了企望湾侵蚀和淤积的空间差异性。研究结果对于预测未来岸线位置和控制岸线侵蚀风险具有重要的理论和现实意义。

海岸线  /  Landsat影像  /  非线性变化  /  沿岸输沙  /  岬湾海滩

A dataset of the high water lines extracted from 113 Landsat images from 1986 to 2019 and the measured profile data from 2015 to 2019 were used to examine the middle-term to long-term shoreline process and driver at the embayment scale in this paper. The results show that the western and eastern beaches of the Qiwang Bay, which is separated by one small bedrock headland, have four and three different spatial characteristics, respectively. More than half of the shorelines behaved nonlinear in their variation trends. Thus, we use the Mann-Kendall method to solve the problem of the lack of basis for the division of time periods. In addition, the east breakwater resulted in the unstable embayment planform due to changing the position of the controlling “headland” and therefore the longshore sediment transport from west to east is the main driver of the most recent shoreline. And the intervening small bedrock headland also influenced the spatial variability of erosion and accretion at the Qiwang Bay. These findings will have important theoretical and practical significance for predicting further shoreline position and reducing the risk of shoreline erosion.

shoreline  /  Landsat image  /  nonlinear change  /  longshore sediment transport  /  headland-bay beach
朱萝云, 刘婷婷, 凡仁福, 丁圆婷, 于吉涛. 1986–2019年粤东企望湾砂质海岸线演变过程与驱动机制研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 82 -94 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022100
Luoyun Zhu, Tingting Liu, Renfu Fan, Yuanting Ding, Jitao Yu. Study on the evolution process and driving mechanism of the sandy shoreline of the Qiwang Bay in eastern Guangdong from 1986 to 2019[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 82 -94 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022100
全球变暖、海平面上升、海岸线后退之间存在着密切的关系,因此,海岸线被视为研究全球气候变化重要且灵敏的“窗口”。例如,Barnard等[1]分析了1979–2012年环太平洋海盆48个海滩的海岸线数据、波候数据和当地水位数据,发现岸线侵蚀具有差异性,与厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)的关系最为紧密。Carvalho等[2]将1986–2018年Landsat影像获取的海岸线位置数据与当地的波候数据关联起来,证实了海岸线的年际变化与拉尼娜年发生的能量更高的风暴事件关系更紧密。已有的研究指出,在某一时间上的海岸线位置是所有长期过程和短期过程累积的结果[3-4],不仅包括短期的波、潮、流等过程和长期的海平面变化和河流输沙量等因素,还包括人类活动的影响。因此,海岸线蕴含着重要的过程信息、气候变化信息和人类活动信息,研究海岸线的变化过程并试图揭示造成变化的驱动因素或机制是当前研究的重点[4-6]
目前,国内外海岸线变化的研究主要使用历史地图、海图、航空像片、卫星遥感影像、现场GPS调查等数据源,其中Landsat系列卫星影像得到了越来越多的应用[7-10]。大部分研究通过提取多期(少于10期)岸线位置数据,对生成的断面使用端点速率(End Point Ratio, EPR)方法、线性回归(Linear Regression Rate, LRR)方法、加权线性回归(Weighted Liner Regression, WLR)方法等量化岸线的侵蚀或淤积速率[7, 11-12]。而这样处理可能产生了如下的疑问:(1)当可用数据较多时,不同的时段是基于岸线的时间变化分析挑选出来的还是随机挑选出来的?(2)所划分的时段能否准确刻画海岸线的变化过程?(3)当采用两种或多种不同的速率计算方法(例如EPR和LRR)时,哪种方法的结果更可靠?本质上,EPR、LRR和WLR方法都假设海岸线位置随时间恒定、匀速变化,认为海岸线变化表现为线性行为。然而,海岸线特有的变化性以及偶尔发生的极端事件或人类活动又决定了这种情况极少发生[13]。例如,Fenster等[3]为了解海岸线演变的非线性行为,使用最小描述长度(Minimum Description Length, MDL)标准判别历史岸线变化速率中是否发生显著变化和什么时候发生显著变化。Fenster和Dolan[13]使用该方法将美国大西洋中部海岸线的大尺度趋势逆转(非线性变化)归因于温带风暴的频率和等级。当前,国内大部分研究主要集中在对空间大尺度(全国、区域或省域)海岸线演变基本特征及驱动因素的研究[10, 14-17],且更加偏向于人类活动的影响。但人类活动(例如海岸建筑等)如何影响邻近海岸线的演变、影响多大范围等问题目前尚缺乏关注。
基于此,本文以粤东企望湾作为研究对象,通过提取1986–2019年Landsat影像(共113景)所有可用的高潮海岸线,分析企望湾长期演变的侵蚀、淤积过程;使用线性拟合和多项式拟合方法并尝试引入Mann-Kendall检验方法,阐明海岸线演变的线性行为或非线性行为,揭示企望湾海滩演变的控制机制以及海岸工程如何影响岸线演变;同时,使用了2015–2019年的实测剖面数据,证实企望湾近期发生的显著淤积和侵蚀现象。相关研究结果对于预测未来岸线的演变和管理岸线侵蚀风险具有重要的意义。
企望湾位于广东省汕头市南部(23°09′~23°14′N,116°38′~116°47′E),东起马耳角,西至海门角,整体呈弧形,湾口朝东南开敞,从北部汕头内港牛田洋分汊达濠溪注入湾顶(图1)。濠溪含沙量少,径流输沙量少[18],河流供沙对海湾演变的影响有限。海湾偏西侧存在1个小型基岩岬角(虎仔山),将海湾划分为西侧海滩和东侧海滩,其中虎仔山西侧岸段被开发为旅游沙滩。企望湾潮汐属于不规则半日潮,平均潮差约为1.22 m,属于弱潮海岸。潮流运动为往复流,涨潮流向为E−ESE,落潮流向为W−WSW,涨潮历时长于落潮历时,平均流速为25~30 cm/s,最大流速为40~60 cm/s,潮流作用较弱[19]。影响海湾的波浪以风浪为主,常浪向与常风向(E−ENE)一致,但进湾后往往发生绕射和折射,抵达口门附近的波浪几乎全为SWS向;平均波高为0.79 m,平均最大波高为0.92 m,平均周期为7.7 s[18]。研究区夏、秋季节多台风,会对砂质海岸线的短期过程产生显著影响。企望湾为粤东海岸典型的岬湾砂质海滩,海岸线演变(或海岸侵蚀)受岬湾海岸控制的特点显著[20]。另外,海湾西东两侧分别于2007年和2012年建设了海岸工程,又对海岸线演变施加了显著的人为影响。近年来虎仔山东侧南山岸段年最大侵蚀距离为14.0 m,年平均侵蚀距离为8.0 m[21]。上述特点表明,以企望湾作为研究对象开展海岸线演变过程与驱动机制研究具有典型性和代表性。
本研究数据源主要包括1986–2019年113景Landsat系列陆地卫星遥感影像数据和2015–2019年夏季企望湾4次现场观测的12条剖面数据。Landsat影像数据来自地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)和美国地质调查局官方网站(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov),选择行/列号为120/44,影像分辨率为30 m,云量低于20%且研究区无云、阴影和条带覆盖的影像。113景影像成像时刻介于01:44:17–02:42:02,主要集中在02:00–02:30(GMT+8 10:00–10:30)。成像时刻潮高皆低于多年平均高潮位(图2)。
此外,本文使用了2015–2019年夏季企望湾4次现场观测的12条海滩剖面(P01−P12)(图1)数据。观测期间,使用合众思壮RTK-GPS(国家2000坐标系)沿每条剖面从后滨固定点测至当日低潮位时的涉水最深处(图3),同时在潮间带上部和下部各采集表层泥沙样品1个。
实际应用中对遥感海岸线提取较精确的方法一般有两种:一种是基于计算机自动提取瞬时水边线,然后进行潮位校正得到平均大潮高潮线[22-23];另一种是根据岸线特征与野外调查经验进行人工目视解译提取高潮海岸线[5-6, 12, 24]。前者假定潮间带海滩坡度保持不变,通过两期遥感海岸线和潮位之差推算出海滩坡度。然而,砂质海滩实际的潮间带坡度是变化的。大部分情况下海滩剖面呈上凹形,即在低潮位附近坡度小,向陆侧坡度逐渐增加,这些情况都表明潮位校正方法未必可靠。另外,图2所示的113景遥感影像成像时的潮高不同且都低于多年平均高潮位,表明提取瞬时水边线也不可靠;因此,本文采用目视解译以光谱反射率不同的亮白干沙区域与灰暗潮间带的分界线作为解译标志分别提取了113景高潮海岸线[13, 25]。在ENVI 5.3平台下,对遥感影像进行裁剪、辐射定标、大气校正等预处理。然后,在ArcGIS平台下对TM和ETM+影像采用第5波段、第4波段、第3波段分别定义R(红)、G(绿)、B(蓝)进行假彩色合成提取高潮海岸线,对Landsat OLI影像采用第4波段、第5波段、第6波段的波段组合方式提取高潮海岸线。
本文使用了美国地质调查局推荐的数字岸线分析系统(Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS)在ArcGIS平台下自西向东生成了224条断面(断面间距50 m),其中,西侧海滩标记为T01–T167,东侧海滩标记为T168–T224。对于每一条断面的岸线速率计算,本文采用了EPR和LRR方法[26]。此外,为了进一步研究海岸线的变化过程,本文提取了每一条断面上所有的岸线位置数据(113个),分别采用线性拟合方法(y=ax+b)和二阶多项式拟合方法(y=ax2+bx+c)判断海岸线变化的线性行为或非线性行为。
Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验方法是检验长时间变化趋势的有效方法之一,优点是样本不需要遵循某一特定的分布,受异常值的影响小。该方法在水文、气象学中得到了广泛应用。为了深入探究企望湾海岸线较长期的演变过程与趋势变化,本文尝试引入M-K检验进一步揭示海岸线演变的线性行为或非线性行为,尤其关注趋势逆转或显著变化(例如侵蚀到淤积的转换、淤积加速或侵蚀加速等),其计算原理见文献[27]。
通过EPR和LRR方法计算了1986–2019年企望湾海岸线的进退情况(图4)。EPR方法的结果(图4a)表明,108条断面发生侵蚀(占48.2%),116条断面发生淤积(占51.8%)。龙头山东侧(T01–T07断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为0.4 m/a,最大淤积速率为0.5 m/a(T03断面);竞海村至中海度假区岸段(T08–T111断面)发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.1 m/a,最大侵蚀速率为2.2 m/a(T38断面);虎仔山西侧(T112–T167断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为2.3 m/a,最大淤积速率为5.5 m/a(T166断面)。南山岸段(T168–T181断面)发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.8 m/a,最大侵蚀速率为2.8 m/a(T168断面);西屿西侧(T182–T224断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为4.0 m/a,最大淤积速率为5.7 m/a(T202断面)。LRR方法的结果(图4b)则表明,共有113条断面发生侵蚀(占50.4%),111条断面发生淤积(占49.6%)。龙头山东侧(T01–T14断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为0.8 m/a,最大淤积速率为1.4 m/a(T01断面);竞海村至中海度假区岸段(T15–T115断面)发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.0 m/a,最大侵蚀速率为1.7 m/a(T36断面);虎仔山西侧(T116–T167断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为1.3 m/a,最大淤积速率为2.9 m/a(T166断面)。南山岸段(T168–T179断面)发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.3 m/a,最大侵蚀速率为2.1 m/a(T168断面);西屿西侧(T180–T224断面)发生淤积,平均淤积速率为3.1 m/a,最大淤积速率为4.5 m/a(T203断面)。
综上所述,EPR和LRR方法都揭示了研究区近30年来在沿岸自西向东方向上所经历的“淤积−侵蚀−淤积−侵蚀−淤积”的空间变化特征,仅从结果本身,无法评价孰优孰劣。两种方法所得到的趋势基本一致,但侵蚀岸段与淤积岸段的转换位置存在差异,平均或最大侵蚀和淤积速率也不同。
图5给出了企望湾不同时段海岸线的侵蚀或淤积情况。其中,1986–1995年间发生淤积的岸段有中海度假区岸段(T53–T56断面、T108–T137断面)、虎仔山西侧(T141–T167断面)、西屿西侧(T181–T211断面),共93条断面,平均淤积速率为1.9 m/a;虎仔山西侧T149断面出现最高的淤积(5.4 m/a),西屿西侧T190断面出现次高的淤积(4.5 m/a)。其他131条断面发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.7 m/a;龙头山东侧T01断面出现最高的侵蚀(5.9 m/a),西屿西侧T218断面出现次高的侵蚀(4.8 m/a)。这一时期与1986–2019年的趋势进行对比,差异性主要表现为龙头山至中海度假区岸段整体遭受侵蚀,而西屿西侧岸段发生侵蚀(图5a)。
1996−2005年间发生淤积的岸段有中海度假区岸段(T52–T59断面、T78–T84断面、T104–T107断面)、虎仔山西侧(T116–T167断面)、西屿西侧(T173–T214断面、T217断面、T223–T224断面),共116条断面,平均淤积速率为1.2 m/a;虎仔山西侧T154断面出现最高的淤积(3.6 m/a),西屿西侧T202断面出现次高的淤积(3.2 m/a)。其他108条断面发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.0 m/a;龙头山东侧T01断面出现最高的侵蚀(2.9 m/a),竞海村岸段T38断面出现次高的侵蚀(2.5 m/a)。这一时期与1986−2019年的趋势进行对比,差异性主要表现为竞海村至中海度假区岸段基本上依然遭受侵蚀,而南山岸段与1986−1995年相比侵蚀速率减缓,趋向于稳定(图5b)。
2006−2015年间发生淤积的岸段有龙头山东侧(T01–T30断面)、中海度假村岸段(T102–T113断面)、虎仔山西侧(T121–T135断面、T150–T167断面)、西屿西侧(T175–T224断面),共125条剖面,平均淤积速率为2.7 m/a; 龙头山东侧T02断面出现最高的淤积(8.0 m/a),西屿西侧T224断面出现次高的淤积(7.6 m/a)。其他99条断面发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为1.1 m/a;中海度假区岸段T53断面出现最高的侵蚀(3.0 m/a),T77断面上出现次高的侵蚀(1.8 m/a)。这一时期与1986−2019年的趋势相比基本一致,但是数值差异较大;另外,与1986−1995年、1996−2005年相比,龙头山东侧岸段开始发生显著淤积,而虎仔山西侧淤积速率显著降低,但是西屿西侧显著淤积(图5c)。
2015−2019年间发生淤积的岸段有龙头山东侧(T08–T13断面)、虎仔山西侧(T105–T167断面)、西屿西侧(T182–T224断面),共计112条剖面,平均淤积速率为12.0 m/a;虎仔山西侧T166断面出现最高的淤积(26.7 m/a),西屿西侧T203断面出现次高的淤积(23.6 m/a)。其他112条断面发生侵蚀,平均侵蚀速率为3.3 m/a;南山岸段T169断面出现最高的侵蚀(10.0 m/a),中海度假区岸段T65断面出现次高的侵蚀(5.7 m/a)。这一时期与1986−2019年的趋势进行对比,差异性主要表现为竞海村至中海度假区岸段整体处于侵蚀状态(图5d)。
综上所述,4个时段所得到的岸线进退情况表明,研究区的某些区域存在侵蚀–淤积的逆转(例如龙头山东侧岸段、西屿西侧岸段等),也表明EPR或LRR方法无法准确刻画岸线的演变过程。
为了揭示海岸线更详细的变化过程,本文对每条断面上所有的岸线位置数据采用线性拟合和二项式拟合方法评价岸线变化的线性行为或非线性行为。如图6所示,224条断面在沿岸方向上整体表现出7种长期趋势特征。对于西侧海滩,主要表现为4种长期趋势特征。例如,龙头山东侧岸段(T01–T31断面)为开口向上的二项式形态,自西向东二项式系数A逐渐降低(图6a中的0.214降至图6b中的0.113),长期趋势逐渐趋于线性。竞海村至中海度假区岸段(T32–T109断面)呈现斜率较大的线性降低趋势(图6c),并且向东斜率逐渐减小。汕头市风筝冲浪俱乐部岸段(T110–T123断面)则为斜率很小的线性趋势(图6d),可能指示着该岸段的稳定;虎仔山西侧岸段(T124–T167断面)自西向东非线性趋势越来越显著(图6e),表现为二项式系数A升高。而东侧海滩则主要表现为3种长期趋势特征。其中,南山岸段(T168–T179断面)则表现出侵蚀加剧的非线性趋势(图6f),即后期的斜率明显大于前期。南山岸段东侧(T180–T183断面)岸段为斜率很小的线性趋势(图6g),指示着该岸段的稳定。西屿西侧岸段(T184–T224断面)则表现为自西向东非线性趋势越来越显著(图6h)。其中,二项式拟合效果更好的断面约有128条,占57.1%,而线性拟合效果更好的断面约有96条,占42.9%。
上述结果揭示了企望湾某些岸段在时间上发生了趋势“逆转”,例如龙头山东侧岸段、虎仔山西侧岸段、西屿西侧岸段,表现为海岸带前期稳定或遭受侵蚀而后期发生淤积;也揭示出了南山岸段存在侵蚀“加速度”,即前期遭受侵蚀,且后期的侵蚀更加强烈。为了得到发生显著变化的时间,本文尝试引入M-K检验方法反演具体断面上岸线更详细的变化过程,不仅关注趋势发生显著变化的时间,还关注趋势的显著性检验。图7以8条断面为例阐述对海岸线中长期演变的M-K趋势检验。龙头山东侧T01断面的UF统计量在x=2 004.937(对应2004年12月8日)和x=2 007.282(对应2007年4月13日)(即x是以数字代表的年份,后同)出现显著侵蚀趋势最大值,且都通过了0.01水平的显著性检验;而x=2 018.408(对应2018年5月29日)淤积趋势有稍减缓的趋势。整体而言,x=2 007.282所处的时间基本上可以将断面划分成前期线性侵蚀和后期线性淤积两个阶段(图7a)。龙头山东侧T24断面的UF统计量在x=2 004.937(对应2004年12月8日)出现侵蚀趋势最大值,但该侵蚀趋势一直较稳定的持续到x=2 008.88(对应2008年11月17日),且都通过了0.01水平的显著性检验;然后转向淤积趋势,但该淤积趋势没有通过0.05水平的显著性检验(图7b)。T01断面和T24断面海岸线的演变过程类似,但发生趋势逆转的时间T24断面滞后于T01断面,且T24断面后期的淤积趋势不如T01断面显著。竞海村岸段T35断面的UF统计量整体呈现线性下降趋势,并且通过了0.01水平的显著性检验;但图中两个下箭头位置所指示的时段,反映了短期过程对长期侵蚀趋势的影响(图7c)。汕头市风筝冲浪俱乐部岸段T116断面的UF统计量整体呈现一定的线性下降趋势,但是没有通过0.05水平的显著性检验,可以认为该岸段稳定(图7d)。虎仔山西侧岸段T158断面的UF统计量在x=2 004.937(对应2004年12月8日)之前趋势较稳定,随后开始朝向淤积状态;图中两个上箭头位置所对应的时段,则反映了短期过程对长期淤积趋势的影响,在x=2 014.575(对应2014年7月29日)之后淤积趋势越来越显著(通过了0.01水平的显著性检验)(图7e)。南山岸段T169断面的UF统计量整体呈现显著的侵蚀趋势一直到x=2 004.937,图中两个下箭头位置指示了该段时间内侵蚀趋势较稳定的持续到x=2 013.655(对应2013年8月27日),随后侵蚀进一步加速(图7f)。南山岸段东侧T180断面的UF统计量虽然具有一个先侵蚀后淤积的趋势,通过0.05水平(持续时间较短)但没有通过0.01水平的显著性检验,表明岸段较为稳定(图7g)。西屿西侧岸段T218断面的UF统计量在x=2 007.94(对应2007年12月9日)出现显著的侵蚀趋势最大值;随后转向淤积趋势,图中两个上箭头位置指示了1个约两年的趋势稳定时期,一直到x=2 013.589(对应2013年8月3日),随后该断面继续淤积且淤积情况越来越显著(图7h)。
综上所述,M-K趋势检验能够较好地揭示出断面上海岸线的长期变化过程。识别趋势的逆转,不仅有助于科学合理的划分研究时段,也有助于探讨造成趋势逆转背后的驱动因素或机制;并且,对于发生趋势逆转的岸段,其近期趋势对于预测岸线未来的演变可能更有意义。
对企望湾布设的12条海滩剖面在2015−2019年夏季先后开展了4次野外观测工作,海滩剖面地形变化如图3所示,海湾潮间带平均坡度(4次观测平均)和表层泥沙平均粒径(2015−2017年3次观测平均)如表1所示。西侧海滩整体以存在水下沙坝地形为特征,其中,龙头山至中海度假区岸段以横向沙坝为主,虎仔山西侧岸段则以沿岸沙坝为主;东侧海滩南山岸段以横向沙坝为特征,西屿西侧岸段则以反射特征为特点。竞海村岸段和南山岸段潮间带宽度较小,一般小于15 m(图3a,图3c);而虎仔山西侧岸段和西屿西侧岸段宽度往往大于30 m(图3b,图3d),甚至有时超过50 m。表1表明,竞海村岸段和南山岸段坡度陡,由中砂组成,而虎仔山西侧岸段和西屿西侧岸段坡度较缓,由细砂所组成。
将近5年通过实测剖面得到的高潮线位置分别采用EPR和LRR方法进行计算(所得高潮线位置数据分别为EPR值和LRR值),并与近5年22期遥感海岸线位置数据计算得到的EPR值和LRR值进行对比。由表2可知,近5年来竞海村岸段和南山岸段均遭受侵蚀,而虎仔山西侧岸段和西屿西侧岸段发生淤积;其中,实测岸线的LRR值与遥感海岸线的LRR值趋势比较一致(侵蚀或淤积),整体而言数值更加接近;但在侵蚀岸段两个值之间的偏差较大,而在淤积岸段偏差较小。这主要是由于计算实测岸线的LRR值只使用了4个岸线位置,有限的数据个数会导致拟合结果的不确定性。此外,结果对比也反映了较陡、较窄的潮间带比较缓、较宽的潮间带不确定性更高。图3b图3d直观地反映了虎仔山西侧岸段和西屿西侧岸段发生淤积的事实,不仅表现为岸线向海推进,也表现为潮上带泥沙的明显堆积;虎仔山西侧岸段已形成典型的风沙地貌,以新月形沙丘为特征(图8d图8f)。图8a图8c则证实了竞海村至中海度假区岸段海岸线显著的后退,早期滨海建造的房屋一部分已位于沙滩之上且遭受了严重毁坏。图3c图8g图8i则反映了南山岸段显著的侵蚀,不仅表现为岸线显著后退,也表现为后滨泥沙整体丧失而向陆后退。
企望湾属于弱潮海岸(潮差小于2 m),但虎仔山西侧岸段和西屿西侧岸段因潮间带泥沙较细、坡度较缓导致潮间带宽度往往大于30 m(图3),这表明利用计算机提取瞬时水边线的方法在企望湾不一定可靠。表1展示了企望湾潮间带海滩坡度的沿岸变化和垂岸变化,表明采用潮汐校正瞬时海岸线推算出大潮平均高潮线的做法也很难保证岸线提取的准确性[22-23]。因此,本文采用了目视解译方法提取高潮海岸线。对于岸线提取结果精度评估,侯西勇等[28]提出了“理论最大允许误差”的概念及计算方法判断岸线的精度水平。本文据此对2016年、2017年和2019年8月实测的36个控制点和高潮点(图3)与3期遥感影像(2016年10月14日、2017年10月25日和2019年9月29日)提取的高潮海岸线进行误差分析,均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)分别为31.37 m、37.89 m和22.17 m,平均值为31.15 m,误差水平约为1个像元。因为没有做到同步观测,该评价结果可能包括因台风事件等造成的高潮海岸线变化。因此,为了降低提取过程中存在的不确定性[9-10],本文增加了遥感影像的数量(超过100景)。
本文采用线性拟合和非线性拟合方法评价了海岸线演变的线性或非线性行为。结果表明,超过半数(57.1%)断面上的海岸线变化主要表现为非线性行为,这也反映了EPR和LRR方法的不可靠性。而对于长期表现出线性变化行为的海岸线,也可能受到短期过程或极端事件的影响(图7c),相比于LRR方法,EPR方法由于只使用了两个岸线位置会产生更大的不可靠性。
对于龙头山东侧岸段、虎仔山西侧岸段、西屿西侧岸段前期与后期变化特征逆转的区域,为了更准确地划分“前期”与“后期”之间的时间,本文尝试引入的M-K趋势检验可以较好地揭示海岸线详细的演变过程和趋势特征。对于具有线性变化行为或比较稳定的区域(例如竞海村至中海度假区岸段、汕头市风筝冲浪俱乐部岸段和南山岸段东侧),所有的数据都对长期趋势有所贡献;而对于具有非线性变化行为的区域(例如龙头山东侧岸段、虎仔山西侧岸段、西屿西侧岸段等),当对未来岸线位置进行预测时,应该重点考虑后期数据。这一处理也纠正了目前很多研究中对于研究时段的划分缺乏依据的问题[7, 11-12]
由4.3节可知,龙头山东侧岸段在2007−2008年自西向东依次发生了趋势逆转(侵蚀−淤积)。遥感影像显示,企望湾西侧在2007年建设了防波堤。该工程建设影响了龙头山东侧岸段的海岸线演变(大约为1.55 km);造成该区域海岸线自西向东依次发生趋势逆转(时间响应逐渐滞后),并且该工程对越靠近西侧的岸线影响越大,淤积越显著。西侧海滩的竞海村至中海度假区岸段和虎仔山西侧岸段以及东侧海滩南山岸段和西屿西侧岸段的变化特征,表明了企望湾近期存在着显著自西向东的沿岸输沙。因小型基岩岬角(虎仔山)对西侧泥沙的阻挡,导致西侧海滩和东侧海滩都具有这种空间分布特征,其中汕头市风筝冲浪俱乐部岸段和南山岸段东侧则表现出“枢纽”作用,这两个岸段海岸线比较稳定。
东侧海滩西屿西侧岸段的长期演变趋势与龙头山东侧岸段类似(前期侵蚀后期淤积),应归因于企望湾东侧2012年修建的向海延伸很长的防波堤。由4.3节可知,西屿西侧岸段(T218断面)开始发生显著淤积的时间为2013年8月3日,南山岸段(T169断面)发生侵蚀加速的时间为2013年8月27日,虎仔山西侧岸段(T158断面)则在2014年7月29日后淤积越来越显著。这表明,东侧防波堤发挥了控制性“岬角”的作用,改变了岬湾海滩原有的长期平面形态。基于此,本文使用了岬湾海滩平衡平面形态模型(Model for Equilibrium Planform of BAY Beach, MEPBAY)软件[29]模拟了“岬角”变动前后企望湾长期的平衡平面形态。如图9所示,东侧防波堤建设前,模拟的海岸线在岬角以西位于实际海岸线陆侧,表明企望湾处于一种动态平衡状态。东侧防波堤建成后,模拟的海岸线在岬角以西位于实际海岸线海侧,表明海湾处于一种不稳定状态。这表明,东侧防波堤建成后,导致西侧海滩由竞海村至中海度假区岸段经汕头市风筝冲浪俱乐部岸段向虎仔山西侧岸段堆积泥沙,但因虎仔山岬角的阻挡,泥沙无法继续向东搬运;而这进一步导致了东侧海滩南山岸段近期发生显著侵蚀,经南山岸段东侧向西屿西侧岸段堆积泥沙。所以,东侧防波堤的建设导致企望湾处于不稳定状态,沿岸流控制着泥沙自西向东搬运,试图重塑企望湾新的平衡平面形态,影响范围约为 9.65 km。
此外,本文使用了M-K检验对单个断面逐一进行了趋势识别并测定了发生趋势显著变化的时间,发现海湾东侧防波堤的修建导致海岸线自东向西在时间上依次滞后响应。这表明,相邻断面上的岸线位置变化具有空间相关性。Frazer等[30]和Genz等[31]也指出,单个断面上岸线位置的变化非独立事件,而是与相邻断面上岸线位置的变化有关。因此,今后将继续探索沿岸方向上包含海岸线速率变化相关性的方法。
本文使用了1986−2019年113景的Landsat影像数据提取高潮海岸线,开展了海湾尺度下海岸线的中长期演变过程与驱动机制研究,主要得到如下结论:
(1)以中间小型基岩岬角为界划分出的西侧海滩在空间上具备4个特征:前期侵蚀后期淤积、一直侵蚀、较稳定、前期侵蚀或稳定而后期淤积;东侧海滩在空间上则具备3个特征:前期侵蚀后期侵蚀加剧、较稳定和前期侵蚀后期淤积。
(2)超过半数的区域海岸线演变表现出非线性行为,表明EPR和LRR方法的不可靠性;而对于主要表现为线性变化行为的海岸线,LRR方法因使用了更多的岸线位置数据点会更具可靠性。
(3)M-K趋势检验可以较好地识别海岸线的中长期趋势变化并进行显著性检验,解决了已有研究中对研究时段的划分缺乏依据的问题;而近5年的实测剖面数据证实了M-K趋势检验所得到的近期海滩侵蚀和淤积的事实。
(4)东侧防波堤的建设影响的海岸范围约为9.65 km,表现为海岸线的响应时间自东向西滞后。该防波堤影响海岸线的主要原因是造成了控制性“岬角”位置的变动,导致岬湾海滩平面形态变为不稳定状态,自西向东的沿岸输沙过程和中间小型基岩岬角的阻挡主要控制着海岸线演变的空间特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42071007,41701011)
  • 2021年海南省本级部门预算项目“珊瑚岛礁泥沙湍动力过程观测技术构建与应用”
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022100
  • 接收时间:2021-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-08
  • 修回日期:2021-12-10
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国家自然科学基金(42071007,41701011)
2021年海南省本级部门预算项目“珊瑚岛礁泥沙湍动力过程观测技术构建与应用”
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学 测绘与国土信息工程学院,河南 焦作 454000
    2.海南省海洋与渔业科学院,海南 海口 571126
    3.海南师范大学 地理与环境科学学院,海南 海口 571158

通讯作者:

于吉涛(1981―),男,山东省威海市人,博士,副教授,从事海滩过程与海岸地貌研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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