Article(id=1224799660645171666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1631548800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-14, revisedDate=1639065600000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944594775, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944594775, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944594775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944594775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799661513392601, articleId=1224799660645171666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distribution and source of particulate organic carbon in the Arctic Laptev Sea during late summer and early fall, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the intensification of global warming, the source sink process of carbon in the Arctic shelf-edge sea is becoming more and more important in the study of global carbon cycle. As a typical continental shelf marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, the source, transportation and burial of sedimentary organic carbon in this area are unique under the influence of rivers, sea ice, marine primary productivity and coastal erosion. Based on the sampling of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and hydrological data obtained from the second Sino-Russian Arctic joint expedition during late summer and early fall in 2018, we foucus on the distribution characteristics, sources and influencing factors of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the Laptev Sea. The results show that POC ranges from 35.27 μg/L to 1 185.58 μg/L, with an average of 172.65 μg/L. Under the effect of river input, coastal erosion and marine primary productivity, the distribution of surface POC shows a decreased trend from near shore towards offshore; the bottom POC is mainly controlled by sediments resuspension, and the high content of POC appears in the east of Lena River Delta. There was a significant positive correlation between SPM concentration and POC concentration, indicating its direct impact on the occurrence of POC; a more positive relation is found among the bottom layer samples, which may indicate the varied origin of POC in different layers. The value of δ13CPOC in study area value is between −31.03‰ and −25.79‰, and the value of δ13C in surface layers is obviously depleted compared with the bottom layer, which is even lower than the end-member of the surrounding terrestrial contributor, suggesting that these POC is not derived from land-based origin. The utilization of the terrestrial POC degraded dissolved inorganic carbon by offshore phytoplankton maybe responsible for this depletion of δ13C offshore, which could also be an important process on the supply and source apportionment of POC in this Arctic coastal area.

, correspAuthors=Limin Hu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi Xia, Limin Hu, Yuanhui Huang, Yazhi Bai, Jun Ye, Di Fan, Xianwei Meng, Xuefa Shi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799663568601642, articleId=1224799660645171666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北极拉普捷夫海夏、秋季颗粒有机碳的分布与来源, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球变暖的加剧,北极陆架边缘海碳的源汇过程对全球碳循环的影响及其气候环境效应日益显著。拉普捷夫海作为北冰洋典型的陆架边缘海,在大河、海冰、海洋初级生产力及海岸侵蚀的影响下,该区沉积有机碳的来源、输运和埋藏等过程独具特色。本文基于2018年中俄第二次北极联合科考获得的悬浮颗粒物样品和水文资料,研究了夏末秋初拉普捷夫海颗粒有机碳的分布特征、来源及其影响因素。结果表明,颗粒有机碳(POC)的浓度位于35.27~1 185.58 μg/L之间,平均为172.65 μg/L。受河流输入、海岸侵蚀和海洋初级生产力的影响,表层POC浓度分布呈现近岸高、远岸低趋势;底层POC浓度分布主要受控于沉积再悬浮作用,高浓度POC出现在勒拿河三角洲的东部区域。总悬浮颗粒物浓度与POC浓度总体呈显著正相关,显示出其对POC空间分布的直接影响,且两者在底层中的相关性要高于表层,表明不同层位的POC可能存在来源差异。研究区POC的δ13C值处于−31.03‰~−25.79‰之间,表层δ13C值较底层明显偏负,且部分站位的δ13C值甚至低于周边陆源有机碳的端元,这反映了可能除陆源输入的贡献外,近海浮游植物直接利用大量陆源有机质降解产生的溶解无机碳的过程也对该区域POC的供应和来源解析具有重要的影响。

, correspAuthors=胡利民, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡利民,男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
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夏逸(1997-),男,湖北省鄂州市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

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夏逸(1997-),男,湖北省鄂州市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

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夏逸(1997-),男,湖北省鄂州市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

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Circulation model modified from references [14, 32]

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环流模式改自文献[14, 32]

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The gray trend line is made by three-point smoothing method

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灰色趋势线利用三点平滑法获得

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The red data points in the figure are the surface data of the study area (this paper); the purple data points are the surface data of Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea [25]

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图中红色数据点为研究区表层数据(本文);紫色数据点为拉普捷夫海和部分东西伯利亚海表层数据[25]

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The concentrations of POC in different oceanic areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区采样时间POC浓度/(μg·L−1资料来源
勒拿河口2018年9−10月141.06~1 185.58本文
拉普捷夫海陆架2018年9−10月35.27~104.07本文
东西伯利亚海陆架2018年9−10月57.80~243.90本文
东西伯利亚海2016年8−9月13.15~453.27文献[32]
拉普捷夫海陆架2014年7−8月38.00~138.00文献[33]
布奥尔哈亚湾及
拉普捷夫海陆架
2008年8−9月18.00~1 850.40文献[25]
楚科奇海2012年7−9月60.93~466.60文献[34]
喀拉海2007年9月6.30~2 404.70文献[35]
东西伯利亚海陆架2018年9−10月57.80~243.90本文
长江口及其东海陆架2015年11月650.00~8 250.00文献[36]
黄河口及莱州湾2012年9月42.25~1 018.87文献[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1225366140445176664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799660645171666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同海域海水中POC的浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区采样时间POC浓度/(μg·L−1资料来源
勒拿河口2018年9−10月141.06~1 185.58本文
拉普捷夫海陆架2018年9−10月35.27~104.07本文
东西伯利亚海陆架2018年9−10月57.80~243.90本文
东西伯利亚海2016年8−9月13.15~453.27文献[32]
拉普捷夫海陆架2014年7−8月38.00~138.00文献[33]
布奥尔哈亚湾及
拉普捷夫海陆架
2008年8−9月18.00~1 850.40文献[25]
楚科奇海2012年7−9月60.93~466.60文献[34]
喀拉海2007年9月6.30~2 404.70文献[35]
东西伯利亚海陆架2018年9−10月57.80~243.90本文
长江口及其东海陆架2015年11月650.00~8 250.00文献[36]
黄河口及莱州湾2012年9月42.25~1 018.87文献[37]
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The characteristic δ13C and C/N ratio of different POC end members

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端元POCδ13C值/‰C/N参考文献
陆源POC(河流、冻土)−29.50~−25.6314~16文献[2526, 5558]
海洋POC−24.00~−17.006~8文献[26, 32, 59]
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不同POC端元的δ13C和C/N值

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端元POCδ13C值/‰C/N参考文献
陆源POC(河流、冻土)−29.50~−25.6314~16文献[2526, 5558]
海洋POC−24.00~−17.006~8文献[26, 32, 59]
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北极拉普捷夫海夏、秋季颗粒有机碳的分布与来源
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夏逸 1 , 胡利民 2, 3, * , 黄元辉 1, 3 , 白亚之 1, 3 , 叶君 2, 3 , 范迪 4 , 孟宪伟 1, 3 , 石学法 1, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 58-70
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 58-70
北极拉普捷夫海夏、秋季颗粒有机碳的分布与来源
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夏逸1 , 胡利民2, 3, * , 黄元辉1, 3, 白亚之1, 3, 叶君2, 3, 范迪4, 孟宪伟1, 3, 石学法1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院 海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 4.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋同位素与地质年代测定平台,山东 青岛 266237
  • 夏逸(1997-),男,湖北省鄂州市人,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡利民,男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
Distribution and source of particulate organic carbon in the Arctic Laptev Sea during late summer and early fall
Yi Xia1 , Limin Hu2, 3, * , Yuanhui Huang1, 3, Yazhi Bai1, 3, Jun Ye2, 3, Di Fan4, Xianwei Meng1, 3, Xuefa Shi1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Mineralization, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Seabed Science and Exploration Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. Marine Geological Process and Environmental Function Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4. Marine Isotope and Geological Dating Platform, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022102
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随着全球变暖的加剧,北极陆架边缘海碳的源汇过程对全球碳循环的影响及其气候环境效应日益显著。拉普捷夫海作为北冰洋典型的陆架边缘海,在大河、海冰、海洋初级生产力及海岸侵蚀的影响下,该区沉积有机碳的来源、输运和埋藏等过程独具特色。本文基于2018年中俄第二次北极联合科考获得的悬浮颗粒物样品和水文资料,研究了夏末秋初拉普捷夫海颗粒有机碳的分布特征、来源及其影响因素。结果表明,颗粒有机碳(POC)的浓度位于35.27~1 185.58 μg/L之间,平均为172.65 μg/L。受河流输入、海岸侵蚀和海洋初级生产力的影响,表层POC浓度分布呈现近岸高、远岸低趋势;底层POC浓度分布主要受控于沉积再悬浮作用,高浓度POC出现在勒拿河三角洲的东部区域。总悬浮颗粒物浓度与POC浓度总体呈显著正相关,显示出其对POC空间分布的直接影响,且两者在底层中的相关性要高于表层,表明不同层位的POC可能存在来源差异。研究区POC的δ13C值处于−31.03‰~−25.79‰之间,表层δ13C值较底层明显偏负,且部分站位的δ13C值甚至低于周边陆源有机碳的端元,这反映了可能除陆源输入的贡献外,近海浮游植物直接利用大量陆源有机质降解产生的溶解无机碳的过程也对该区域POC的供应和来源解析具有重要的影响。

北极;拉普捷夫海  /  颗粒有机碳  /  总悬浮颗粒物  /  来源  /  陆源输入

With the intensification of global warming, the source sink process of carbon in the Arctic shelf-edge sea is becoming more and more important in the study of global carbon cycle. As a typical continental shelf marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, the source, transportation and burial of sedimentary organic carbon in this area are unique under the influence of rivers, sea ice, marine primary productivity and coastal erosion. Based on the sampling of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and hydrological data obtained from the second Sino-Russian Arctic joint expedition during late summer and early fall in 2018, we foucus on the distribution characteristics, sources and influencing factors of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the Laptev Sea. The results show that POC ranges from 35.27 μg/L to 1 185.58 μg/L, with an average of 172.65 μg/L. Under the effect of river input, coastal erosion and marine primary productivity, the distribution of surface POC shows a decreased trend from near shore towards offshore; the bottom POC is mainly controlled by sediments resuspension, and the high content of POC appears in the east of Lena River Delta. There was a significant positive correlation between SPM concentration and POC concentration, indicating its direct impact on the occurrence of POC; a more positive relation is found among the bottom layer samples, which may indicate the varied origin of POC in different layers. The value of δ13CPOC in study area value is between −31.03‰ and −25.79‰, and the value of δ13C in surface layers is obviously depleted compared with the bottom layer, which is even lower than the end-member of the surrounding terrestrial contributor, suggesting that these POC is not derived from land-based origin. The utilization of the terrestrial POC degraded dissolved inorganic carbon by offshore phytoplankton maybe responsible for this depletion of δ13C offshore, which could also be an important process on the supply and source apportionment of POC in this Arctic coastal area.

Arctic; Laptev Sea  /  particulate organic carbon  /  total suspended solids  /  source  /  terrigenous input
夏逸, 胡利民, 黄元辉, 白亚之, 叶君, 范迪, 孟宪伟, 石学法. 北极拉普捷夫海夏、秋季颗粒有机碳的分布与来源. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 58 -70 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022102
Yi Xia, Limin Hu, Yuanhui Huang, Yazhi Bai, Jun Ye, Di Fan, Xianwei Meng, Xuefa Shi. Distribution and source of particulate organic carbon in the Arctic Laptev Sea during late summer and early fall[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 58 -70 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022102
海洋作为地球表层系统中最为活跃的碳库,其碳储量约为大气的50倍,在全球碳循环中起着重要作用[1-3]。全球各大河流每年向海输送的有机碳总量约为4.0×108 t,其中颗粒有机碳(Particulate Organic Carbon,POC)约占50%[4-5]。河口−陆架边缘海区域是POC迁移、埋藏、再矿化等一系列生物地球化学过程的重要场所[6-7],对该区有机碳源汇过程的系统研究有助于加深对全球碳循环以及气候变化等问题的认知和理解[8-9]
随着全球变暖加剧,北极海冰快速退缩,北冰洋尤其是其巨大的北极陆架已逐渐成为全球碳循环过程中的重要“汇”[10-13]。北极陆架作为全球最大的陆架,有机碳的埋藏量约为全球海洋总量的11%[14]。其中,北极东西伯利亚陆架(包括拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海和楚科奇海)约占北极大陆架面积的40%;与一般中低纬度的陆架边缘海不同,该区域季节性海冰过程和富冰冻土沉积的广泛发育显著影响着海洋“生物泵”过程以及陆源POC对海洋的输入及埋藏保存[15],使得北极东西伯利亚陆架POC的源汇特征独具特色[16-18]
拉普捷夫海位于北极东西伯利亚陆架西部,东经新西伯利亚群岛间的海峡(德米特里−拉普捷夫海峡等)与东西伯利亚海相连,西经北地群岛间的维利基茨基海峡等与喀拉海相通,北临北冰洋深水盆地(图1),超2/3的区域水深小于20 m[19]。受北大西洋、太平洋和北冰洋洋流和水团的影响[20],水动力条件复杂。作为北冰洋的“冰工厂”[19],拉普捷夫海冬季发育有陆架冰间湖[21],海洋初级生产力较周边海域显著提高[22-23]。夏季接收北极大河勒拿河巨量的淡水和物质输入[19](勒拿河POC入海通量达1.2×106 t/a),并在东西伯利亚沿岸流的影响下大部分向东输送,少数可通过德米特里−拉普捷夫海峡影响东西伯利亚海[24-25]。除径流输入外,海岸富冰冻土侵蚀也为其提供了大量的陆源POC[26-27],每年向海贡献约1.88×106 t陆源有机碳(含溶解态)[28]。此外,海洋浮游植物的初级生产也是该区POC的重要来源[29]。在全球变暖的背景下,受陆源输入和海冰退化等因素综合影响,拉普捷夫海POC的生产、输运和沉积模式都发生着相应的变化,使其成为北极陆架有机碳源汇过程研究最具代表性的海区之一。
前人对拉普捷夫海有机碳来源和沉积埋藏等方面做了较多的研究,发现夏季冰融期陆源POC占主导地位[15];大量陆源POC向海洋输送途中发生了显著降解[30];水体中的POC多数与来自流域表层土壤的碳的输入有关,而沉积物中有机碳更多来自于沿岸侵蚀冻土老碳的输入[31];由此可见,该区域不同环境介质中颗粒有机质的来源及其地球化学行为特征具有显著的时空差异。为进一步了解和评估POC的分布特征及其生物地球化学过程,本文依据2018年第二次中−俄北极联合科考在拉普捷夫海河口、陆架及陆坡等不同地区获得的悬浮颗粒物样品,重点探讨POC的空间分布特征,阐明POC来源及其控制影响因素,为进一步评估极地高纬度海域沉积有机碳的源汇过程及其气候环境效应提供科学依据。
2018年9−10月在拉普捷夫海及其毗邻海域采样,此时拉普捷夫海海冰覆盖面积处于年际最小时期(https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/charctic-interactive-sea-ice-graph/)。利用海鸟SBE 19plus V2 CTD采水器分层取样,共取得37站悬浮体样品,取样站位(LV83)如图1所示。除北部靠近北冰洋的站位较深外,其余站位水深基本小于100 m。采样层位分为表层、中间层以及底层(底层仅限于水深小于200 m的站位)。同时获得水体的温度、盐度等环境参数。采集到的海水样品用预先称量好的Whatman GF/F玻璃纤维滤膜(孔径为0.7 μm,直径为47 mm,预先在450℃下灼烧4 h)进行抽滤,1 000 mL水样经过滤后,以少量的去离子水洗去盐分,然后将滤膜置于−20℃环境中冷冻保存至上机测试。
悬浮体和颗粒有机碳氮分析在自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室完成。将滤膜冷冻干燥后用10‒5 g/g的电子分析天平称量,得到带有悬浮体的滤膜总质量,减去原空白膜的质量,可得到总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Solids, TSS)的质量,除以过滤体积即为总悬浮颗粒物浓度。然后将滤膜置于密闭干燥器内经浓度为12 mol/L的浓盐酸熏蒸48 h以除去无机碳,滴加1滴浓度为120 mol/L的浓盐酸于滤膜上以检验无机碳是否完全去除,之后使用超纯水冲洗滤膜背面至淋洗液为中性,之后将滤膜置于60℃下低温烘干12 h以去除水分。将处理好的膜样分为两份,一份用锡纸包裹好用Vario EL Ⅲ型元素分析仪(德国, Elementar)测定颗粒有机碳和颗粒氮(Particulate Nitrogen, PN)的含量。每20个样品运行1个标准样品(GSD-9)以检测仪器的稳定性,标准样品的标准偏差均小于8%。标准偏差(Standard Deviation, STD)的计算公式为
$ {\rm{STD}}=\sqrt{\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits _{i=0}^{n}{({x}_i-\bar{{x}})}^{2}}{N-1}} \text{,} $
式中,$\bar{x}$代表样品x1, x2, ···, xn的均值;N代表样品总数。有机碳稳定同位素(δ13C)分析在青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室完成,稳定同位素分析测试采用高温氧化法。另一份膜样使用锡纸包好(约含30 μg有机碳)上机测试,测试质谱仪型号为MAT 253 plus,进样设备为EA-Isolink,选择IAEA-600和USGS-40标准作为质量监控,碳稳定同位素比值采用国际标准V-PDB,用δ13C表示,计算公式为
$ \delta ^{13}{\rm{C}}(\text{‰})=(R_{样品}/R_{标准物}-1)\times 10^{3}\text{,} $
式中,R代表13C/12C,标准偏差小于0.1‰。
研究区TSS浓度范围为0.36~66 mg/L,平均浓度为(4.56±8.84)mg/L;POC浓度介于35.27~1 185.58 μg/L之间,平均浓度为(172.65±175.25 )μg/L(表1)。勒拿河河口附近29站位的底层TSS浓度最大,其对应的POC浓度也达到最大值(图2)。拉普捷夫海POC在近岸区域分层明显,受沉积物再悬浮作用影响表现为底层浓度普遍高于表层;靠近陆坡由于水深增大和光合作用的减弱,POC浓度垂向上呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。与前人在陆架区的研究结果比较发现,POC浓度范围基本一致(表1)。与其他毗邻海区相比较,拉普捷夫海的POC浓度高于东西伯利亚海和楚科奇海,低于喀拉海,反映出河流输入的直接影响[28]。与中纬度河口−陆架区域进行比较,发现本区POC浓度远低于长江口区域,与黄河口及其附近海区的POC浓度相当(表1)。
表层POC浓度介于60.79~261.84 μg/L之间,平均浓度为(123.74±47.43)μg/L(图2)。水平分布呈现出近岸高远岸低的趋势,最大值在勒拿河口附近(26站位)。研究区内出现两个高值区,一个位于勒拿河口附近布奥尔哈亚湾(Buor-Haya Bay)以北的区域,可能反映勒拿河的径流输入的直接影响[19];另一个位于德米特里−拉普捷夫海峡的南侧,此处的海岸类型以富冰冻土为显著特征,易受到近岸侵蚀作用影响[26],体现了海岸侵蚀对陆源物质输入的影响;TSS、PN在水平分布上与POC一致(图2),同样呈现近岸高、远岸低的分布特征,TSS极大值出现在德米特里−拉普捷夫海峡附近,显示出海岸侵蚀的直接影响。
底层POC浓度在40.25~1 185.58 μg/L之间,平均浓度为(285.47±246.87)μg/L(图2),整体浓度大于表层。受沉积物再悬浮作用的影响[19, 33, 38],底层POC的水平分布与表层不同,POC浓度高值出现在勒拿河三角洲东部区域;底层TSS、PN的浓度整体也大于表层,与POC具有较好的一致性,TSS、PN的极大值均出现在勒拿河三角洲附近(图2)。
结合盐度的空间分布发现,当盐度为27~30时,底层POC的浓度出现显著高值,对应勒拿河和因迪吉尔卡河的河口附近站位(图3b)。这可能与河口区的絮凝沉降作用有关[39-40];底层TSS浓度与盐度的相关性也有同样的现象(图3a)。这可能是由勒拿河所携带的大量物质在絮凝沉降作用下快速沉积所导致[41]
研究区POC浓度与TSS浓度整体呈正相关(R2=0.87,p<0.01)(图4a),表明TSS的组成和分布直接影响POC浓度的多少[42];同时两者在底层水体的相关性更高(R2=0.88,p<0.01)(图4c),这主要是由于不同层位TSS的来源不同。研究指出, TSS中POC的质量分数—POC%($ \text{POC}\text{%=}\dfrac{{{m}}_{\text{POC}}}{{{m}}_{\text{TSS}}}\text{×}\text{100\%}$,其中m为质量)能大体指示不同层位TSS的来源;若POC%趋于稳定则来源一致,POC%波动大则说明不同层位的TSS来源不同[42-43]。由图5可知,研究区POC%随着TSS浓度的降低而快速升高,当TSS浓度大于10 mg/L时,POC%开始趋于稳定,保持在3%附近;当TSS浓度小于10 mg/L时,POC%快速增大,而且这一趋势在底层更为显著(图5),这可能是由于随着TSS浓度的增大,水体透光性减弱,海洋自生生产力下降,河流和海岸侵蚀带来的POC含量较海洋浮游生物产生的POC含量低,海洋自生POC被陆源物质稀释[43]。底层受沉积物影响较大,也进一步推测出沉积物多来自于陆源。通过TSS浓度与不同层位POC浓度及POC%相关性可以看出,不同层位颗粒物质的来源组成存在差异,受到沉积物再悬浮的影响[44],底层TSS和POC来源可能更为一致,而表层TSS和POC受陆源输入和生物活动等多重因素的影响,两者相关性较弱。
为进一步了解颗粒物由陆向海的输运及分布特征,本文选取了一条从河口向外至陆架边缘的典型剖面(垂直于岸线,图6),探讨水体不同层位POC的分布及其影响因素。结果显示,表层POC浓度随离岸距离的增加先逐渐减小而后保持不变(图6),结合盐度变化(图2),表明勒拿河径流的影响向北逐渐减弱;底层POC浓度沿陆架向外表现出增大−减小−增大的趋势,除勒拿河口处28站位的一个极大值外,整体变化不大而且表层在28站位处于低值(图6),表明勒拿河输入的POC可能在河口区大量沉降。底层POC浓度整体大于表层,可能与沉积再悬浮作用有关。TSS的剖面分布整体与POC、PN相一致。已有研究表明,拉普捷夫海POC由陆架向外海输运主要通过勒拿河径流输入的扩散和沉积物再悬浮形成底部雾状层等方式[33, 45-46]。另一方面,除了水动力条件的影响,作为北冰洋重要的冰工厂,海冰也是POC跨陆架输运的重要载体[15, 47]。据估算,拉普捷夫海通过海冰输出的POC占河流输入的1/5~1/2[48-49]。冬季有大量沉积物通过一系列物理过程进入到海冰中(如冰盖对海水中悬浮体的捕获、锚冰对沉积物的刮蚀、河流对沿岸海冰的作用以及风尘输入等)[50-53],并在洋流和风的驱动下进行跨越北冰洋的输运。
为了评估北极拉普捷夫海不同来源颗粒有机碳的贡献,本文利用POC的δ13C(δ13CPOC)值和POC/PN(即二者浓度的比值)这两个典型指标,通过区域对比研究,对拉普捷夫海不同区域POC组成和来源进行进一步解析。结果显示,拉普捷夫海POC的δ13C值范围在−31.03‰~−25.79‰之间,与前人在拉普捷夫海获取的POC的δ13C值范围(−30.90‰~−25.90‰)基本一致[33];表层POC的δ13C值范围为−30.99‰~−26.85‰,平均值为−28.71‰,水平呈现出近岸低远岸高的分布趋势(图7);底层POC的δ13C值范围为−31.03‰~−25.79‰(图7),平均值为−27.26‰,最低值出现在勒拿河的河口附近(图7)。
结合前人在北极地区报道的颗粒有机碳同位素的陆、海端元值(表2),指示底层POC主要受陆源输入的影响。尽管瑞利分馏作用会造成极地整体δ13CPOC值较中低纬度更加偏负[54],但部分表层δ13CPOC值出现异常偏负的信号,甚至较一般陆源有机碳更加偏负(−30.99‰~−29.81‰)(图8),这可能说明不同海区POC的输入和产生过程中还受其他因素的影响,为进一步探究该区POC的来源和生物地球化学过程,本文将从以下几个方面进行阐述。
研究显示,拉普捷夫海大约每年接收745 km3的淡水径流,其中勒拿河的贡献就超过了2/3(566 km3[19]。河流在向拉普捷夫海输送淡水的同时,也带来了大量的有机碳供应(6.8×106 t/a),勒拿河输送的溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳年供应量分别为3.6×106 t和1.2×106 t[19]。冬季由于海冰的限制,导致河流输入的物质只占年际的4%,而每年夏季冰融期,河流的供应量随着海冰的融化显著增长[60]。前人研究表明,勒拿河流域POC的δ13C值的范围较大,介于−36.1‰~−24.3‰之间[56],表明POC的来源较为多样;考虑到径流量的季节性差异以及河流中POC的降解变化,认为勒拿河δ13CPOC的端元值约为−29.5‰~−28.0‰[57, 61]。另一方面,勒拿河所输送的POC多来自于表层土壤和植物碎屑[62],这类POC抗降解能力差[63],除少数粗粒悬浮颗粒物(泥沙等)携带的有机碳因粒度和水动力条件的改变易在河口三角洲处沉降[19](从近岸底层水体中δ13CPOC值可以看出底层POC有来自河流的贡献)(图8)外,大多都在陆架区降解成溶解态跟随洋流向陆架外输运[25, 63]
此外,陆源输入除河流供给外,海岸侵蚀所带来的POC的输入也是不可忽略的。研究显示,全球约50%的土壤有机碳埋藏在北极冻土中[64],除流域外,还有一部分以沿岸冻土与海冰混合物的形式存在。这类沿岸富冰的冻土沉积有机碳的含量比普通土壤高10~30倍,是北极陆架地区一类非常特殊且重要的陆源有机碳(δ13CPOC值介于−26.97‰~−25.63‰)[26, 65]。拉普捷夫海近岸发育的这类冻土沉积导致海岸侵蚀作用非常强烈,造成大量的陆源有机碳输入到拉普捷夫海中,该区海岸侵蚀输入的陆源有机碳几乎是河流输入的2倍[19, 26]。而且,来自富冰冻土的陆源POC的抗降解能力强,可选择性地沉降到陆架区,并在水动力作用下通过再悬浮向远洋输运[33, 63, 66]。因此,从海岸侵蚀程度高的区域内底层可以看到来自富冰冻土的供给(图8)。
另一方面,随着全球变暖的加剧,北冰洋夏季海冰逐年退减[67-68]。拉普捷夫海作为北极最高产冰量的海区,海冰在有机碳的组成、分布以及与海冰相关的“生物泵”过程中发挥重要作用[69]。冬季拉普捷夫海由于大部分被海冰所覆盖,影响了海洋生物的光合作用,同时河道结冰也使得大量的陆源营养物质无法通过河流向拉普捷夫海输送,导致海洋初级生产力较低[19]。夏季,海冰融化以及勒拿河的径流输入,将大量的营养盐输入到拉普捷夫海。海洋浮游植物由于吸收了大量的营养盐在短时间内大量繁殖(浮游植物勃发),其中微型和小型浮游植物会优先大量繁殖[70-71]。已有研究表明,微型和小型浮游植物所产生的δ13CPOC值会较一般浮游植物偏低,δ13CPOC值一般在−31‰~−29‰之间[32, 72],较一般陆源端元更为偏负。浮游植物一般生活在表层水体,从而使得近岸表层水体中δ13CPOC值较底层相对更偏负(图8)。
本文的POC/PN值介于0.54~11.44之间,与前人在拉普捷夫海测得的POC/PN结果(黄色数据点)相比偏小(图8)。由于海洋中的PN分为颗粒有机氮(Particulate Organic Nitrogen, PON)和颗粒无机氮(PIN)两部分,PON的来源和POC基本一致,而PIN则主要是来自于海水中的一些含氮化合物(例如硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等)和细颗粒物质(例如黏土矿物)对水体中${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $的吸附[73],夏季勒拿河大量营养盐的输入使得水体中无机氮大量增加[60],这些无机氮的存在会使得POC/PN中的PN值偏大,导致该区POC/PN相对偏低。此外,由于北极地区冰盖的限制,使得水体中的浮游生物(浮游植物和细菌)受到的光照减少,部分浮游生物会产生少碳的化合物,从而使得POC/PN值偏小[74-75]
与前人在东西伯利亚海和楚科奇海的POC数据对比(图8),发现本研究POC的δ13C值较陆源输入贡献端元的δ13C值更加偏负,尤其是表层POC的δ13C值(如前所述)。较早的研究认为,此种现象是陆源植物碎屑输入导致的[19];也有人表示可能是由于河流中的一种特殊淡水硅藻(丝状绿藻,δ13C值约为−37‰)的供给[76];但近年来的研究发现,这种现象的出现与海洋中的浮游植物密切相关,即海洋端元的贡献。已有研究表明[25, 33],北极区域大量的陆源有机碳在广阔的陆架上发生降解,伴随二氧化碳脱气作用,产生较多溶解无机碳(DIC)。这种由陆源有机碳降解形成的DIC的δ13C值较一般海洋捕获大气中CO2所产生的DIC偏负,并且容易在近海区域被海洋浮游植物所利用,从而导致海洋浮游植物产生的POC的δ13C值显著偏负[25]。结合以上前人的说法,如图9所示,表层δ13CPOC值偏负的点所处的盐度范围大多在15~20之间,这也进一步证实了表层δ13CPOC值偏负与海洋浮游植物利用陆源有机碳降解形成的DIC有关。
拉普捷夫海夏季POC浓度的空间分布整体受陆源输入、海洋浮游植物和沉积再悬浮作用的影响,表层POC浓度呈现近岸高远岸低的分布趋势;底层POC浓度分布主要受控于沉积物再悬浮等因素。POC浓度与TSS浓度总体上呈正相关关系,底层相关性更高, 这说明不同来源的TSS也是控制POC浓度分布特征的重要因素,表层相对接受了更多新鲜有机质的输入,而底层POC主要受沉积物再悬浮作用,更多体现陆源输入的影响。除了受河流和海岸侵蚀等外部供应,部分站位表层POC偏负的δ13C值反映了海洋浮游植物可直接利用陆源有机碳降解形成的DIC,这对于应用端元混合模型评估北极陆架边缘海POC来源或具有重要影响,对精确阐明北极陆架碳的源汇过程及其对碳循环和气候变化的反馈作用具有重要指示意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42130412, 42076074)
  • 山东省“透明海洋”科技创新工程专项(2018SDK0104-3)
  • 山东省“泰山学者”建设工程专项(TSQN20182117)
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022102
  • 接收时间:2021-09-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-14
  • 修回日期:2021-12-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(42130412, 42076074)
山东省“透明海洋”科技创新工程专项(2018SDK0104-3)
山东省“泰山学者”建设工程专项(TSQN20182117)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2.中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院 海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    4.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋同位素与地质年代测定平台,山东 青岛 266237

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胡利民,男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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