Article(id=1224799659290415297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1639929600000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-20, revisedDate=1641830400000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944594451, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944594451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944594451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944594451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799659575627993, articleId=1224799659290415297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on applicability of GOCI inversion and OSU model sea surface currents field data in the Yellow Sea tidal wave system, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Yellow Sea presents unique topographic conditions, and the tidal wave movement in this area has unique characteristics. In this paper, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) inversion and Oregon State University (OSU) tidal current model are used to obtain the sea surface currents field in the Yellow Sea. Based on the unique tidal wave system in the sea area, the tidal wave interference area is proposed and identified, and then the currents field of GOCI inversion is extracted. And partition of two kinds of trend data usability evaluation, through the validation of the drifting buoy data evaluation. The results show that the sea surface currents field obtained by GOCI inversion and OSU tidal current model has a certain degree of reliability. The AME value of sea surface currents field velocity obtained by GOCI inversion is 0.77, and that obtained by OSU tidal model is 0.49. On the whole, the currents field data obtained by GOCI inversion and OSU tide model are reliable to a certain extent. In the central area of the Yellow Sea near the tidal wave interference area, the consistency between GOCI tidal currents data and OSU tidal currents data is better than that of OSU tidal currents data, and their AAE values are 48.45° and 63.10°, respectively. In the coastal area of the Yellow Sea far from the tidal wave interference area, the consistency between the OSU tidal currents data and the measured data is better than that of the GOCI tidal currents data in terms of velocity magnitude and direction.

, correspAuthors=Jianyu Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He Cui, Jianyu Chen, Zhenyi Cao, Weibing Guan, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799665636397562, articleId=1224799659290415297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=黄海潮波系统下的GOCI反演及OSU模式海表流场数据适用性研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄海呈现独有的地形条件,且该海域的潮波运动独具特征。本文利用静止海洋水色成像仪(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager,GOCI)遥感反演和俄勒冈州立大学(Oregon State University,OSU)潮流模式分别获取了黄海海域的海表流场,基于该海域独特的潮波系统提出并识别潮波干涉区,进而对GOCI反演的流场做潮流提取,并对两种潮流数据作分区可用性评价,通过实测的漂流浮标数据验证评估。结果表明:利用GOCI反演和OSU潮流模式获取的海表流场具有一定程度的可靠性,GOCI反演的海表流场的流速平均相对大小误差值为0.77,OSU潮流模式获取的海表流场流速平均相对大小误差值为0.49;在靠近潮波干涉区的黄海中部海域,GOCI潮流数据与实测数据在方向上的一致性要优于OSU潮流数据,两者平均角度误差值分别为48.45°和63.10°;在远离潮波干涉区的黄海近岸海域,OSU潮流数据与实测数据在速度大小和方向上的一致性要优于GOCI潮流数据。

, correspAuthors=陈建裕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈建裕,男,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ab/qHtGgHm71QhnQci3uWg==, magXml=smBBnqe4AW3gAvYpDruzUQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=kl0Q22w+9OSDij+g4yDsSw==, pdfFileSize=4418516, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=o+Ao9o7DTUpP6uMwJi5ErQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=h/K83g9A7KpLSDP36h9wTw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

崔赫(1999-),男,河南省商丘市人,研究方向为海表流场的遥感反演。E-mail:

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Remote Sensing of Environment, 2015, 158: 1−14., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225366145570616312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, awardId=2016YFC1400903, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400903), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225366145633530875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, awardId=U1609202, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金NSFC—浙江两化融合联合基金重点(U1609202), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225366145688056830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, awardId=42076216,41376184,40976109, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42076216,41376184,40976109), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225366145763553280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, awardId=SOEDZZ2203, language=CN, fundingSource=卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225366135764333264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366135772721873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, companyId=1225366135764333264, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Second Institute of Oceanology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366135902745304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, companyId=1225366135890162389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225366140474536793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The study area and its bathymetry topography

From light blue to dark blue, the water depth ranges from 10 m to 160 m; the multi-color line group is the measured tracks of drifting buoys (numbers are codes)

, figureFileSmall=Ed4qvfOLH56D9HBWAssTZQ==, figureFileBig=vuGHs+e1Ydqlwd3XvC0I7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140566811484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域及其水深地形

从浅蓝色到深蓝色,水深范围为10~160 m;多色线组为实测漂流浮标轨迹(数字为编号)

, figureFileSmall=Ed4qvfOLH56D9HBWAssTZQ==, figureFileBig=vuGHs+e1Ydqlwd3XvC0I7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140646503265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Woring diagram of drifting buoy, figureFileSmall=NqT5gp/bS61i9FyBsTGXTg==, figureFileBig=txEE+gZTsJZiKxdjl0QMRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140742972262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图2, caption=漂流浮标工作图, figureFileSmall=NqT5gp/bS61i9FyBsTGXTg==, figureFileBig=txEE+gZTsJZiKxdjl0QMRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140868801386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=A schematic diagram of the maximum correlation coefficient algorithm for estimating the sea surface currents field

Take the first invertible currents field as an example, the images on the left and right represent satellite remote sensing images observed in the same sea area and on the same day at 8:30 and 9:30, respectively; the solid line box in the left figure is the template window; the solid line box in the right figure is the matching window; the dotted line box is the mapping of the template window at the same position in the search area

, figureFileSmall=dI2+Bwa4iBChyYQoaZBnaw==, figureFileBig=XNZWBGSmYaW4sn7VKp1eVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366140956881775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图3, caption=最大相关系数算法估算海表流场的示意图

以首次可反演的流场为例,左侧与右侧的图像分别代表在同一海区、同一天8:30和9:30观测的卫星遥感影像;左图实框为模板窗口;右图实框为匹配窗口;虚框为模板窗口在搜索区域内相同位置的映射

, figureFileSmall=dI2+Bwa4iBChyYQoaZBnaw==, figureFileBig=XNZWBGSmYaW4sn7VKp1eVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141049156468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=GOCI-derived sea surface currents field at seven intervals on August 5, 2012, figureFileSmall=BVo0fbolJGb18XAk1aR+Tg==, figureFileBig=nh5TLTP4CYX/xDN7/cBELw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141200151418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2012年8月5日7个时段的GOCI反演的海表流场分布, figureFileSmall=BVo0fbolJGb18XAk1aR+Tg==, figureFileBig=nh5TLTP4CYX/xDN7/cBELw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141309203328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=OSU-derived sea surface currents field at seven intervals on August 5, 2012, figureFileSmall=bdEedWCKavWhkcPoPSR8gg==, figureFileBig=rtuqCfd3AEPuJ8j5axa7iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141418255238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2012年8月5日7个时段的OSU模式计算的海表流场分布, figureFileSmall=bdEedWCKavWhkcPoPSR8gg==, figureFileBig=rtuqCfd3AEPuJ8j5axa7iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141510529929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Ellipse distribution of the Yellow Sea M2 tidal current simulated by OSU model

Blue (red) means clockwise (counter-clockwise) rotation

, figureFileSmall=p50Kd4BXUV0WdYksQbpd2A==, figureFileBig=CRg7pRGTLeJi8PwrvtOwAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141598610317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图6, caption=OSU模式模拟的黄海M2潮流椭圆分布

蓝色(红色)表示顺(逆)时针旋转

, figureFileSmall=p50Kd4BXUV0WdYksQbpd2A==, figureFileBig=CRg7pRGTLeJi8PwrvtOwAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141690885009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The Yellow Sea M2 with the same tide simulated by OSU model

The solid lines are the delay angle, unit is (°); the dashed lines are the amplitude, unit is cm; the red dots are the distribution of no-tide points

, figureFileSmall=6Mez61u+gtLSp17FmE7gLw==, figureFileBig=XTUdcdE8EuFyysc4b5+DJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141778965397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图7, caption=OSU模式模拟的黄海M2分潮同潮

实线为迟角,单位:(°);虚线为振幅,单位:cm;红点为无潮点位置分布

, figureFileSmall=6Mez61u+gtLSp17FmE7gLw==, figureFileBig=XTUdcdE8EuFyysc4b5+DJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141888017306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison between the following currents of drifting buoys and the extracted tidal currents

The positive and negative of u component represent east and west respectively; the positive and negative of v component represent south and north respectively

, figureFileSmall=lGRT97Q94irzyiSDqGukwg==, figureFileBig=u1W71JzXDtriuMFdhFgW3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366141967709084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图8, caption=漂流浮标海流与提取潮流的比较

u分量正负分别代表东向和西向;v分量正负分别代表南向和北向

, figureFileSmall=lGRT97Q94irzyiSDqGukwg==, figureFileBig=u1W71JzXDtriuMFdhFgW3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142055789473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Zonal comparison of tidal current data in 2012

The red dots represent the buoy points of the selected cases

, figureFileSmall=34tAQHF50LJi+4jSYHuRIQ==, figureFileBig=TzOqZg3AaiZ42v7U004C0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142156452774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2012年潮流数据分区对比

红点表示选取案例的浮标点位

, figureFileSmall=34tAQHF50LJi+4jSYHuRIQ==, figureFileBig=TzOqZg3AaiZ42v7U004C0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142261310380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of tidal currents data in the central Yellow Sea

The red points M1 and M2 are the positions of two moisture-free points; the blue virtual box is the selected data range

, figureFileSmall=KnhtAbUAslqRgJYRY6RSwQ==, figureFileBig=1XBLEKdpfVoCAWT6o9yfZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142374556593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图10, caption=黄海中部海域潮流数据对比

红点M1和M2分别为两个无潮点的位置;蓝色虚框为选取的数据范围

, figureFileSmall=KnhtAbUAslqRgJYRY6RSwQ==, figureFileBig=1XBLEKdpfVoCAWT6o9yfZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142462636983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparison of tidal currents data in the coastal Yellow Sea

The red points M1 and M2 are the positions of two moisture-free points; the blue virtual box is the selected data range

, figureFileSmall=rrk7eSgZUflwTnvFsibItg==, figureFileBig=AdrNHL6EdbBGw7oZiKq29A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142559105980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图11, caption=黄海近岸海域潮流数据对比

红点M1和M2分别为两个无潮点的位置;蓝色虚框为选取的数据范围

, figureFileSmall=rrk7eSgZUflwTnvFsibItg==, figureFileBig=AdrNHL6EdbBGw7oZiKq29A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142642992061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=The average currents velocity (a−c) and currents direction (d−f) of the tidal currents data in the central Yellow Sea

The dotted circles with the radius from small to large in the flow graph represent the seven time periods from 8:30−15:30 (the time to obtain the currents velocity value is taken from the middle of each time period, such as the value of 8:30−9:30 is represented by the value of 9:00)

, figureFileSmall=4sagG0P6/+ZL/1eXX6KUlw==, figureFileBig=fKmIxg/4wmFL33PFyi2IIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142710100930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图12, caption=黄海中部海域潮流数据平均流速(a−c)和流向(d−f)

流向图中半径从小到大的虚线圆代表8:30−15:30 7个时段(获得流速值的时间取自每个时间段的中间,如8:30−9:30的值由9:00的值表示)

, figureFileSmall=4sagG0P6/+ZL/1eXX6KUlw==, figureFileBig=fKmIxg/4wmFL33PFyi2IIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142773015494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The average currents velocity (a−c) and currents direction (d−f) of the tidal currents data in the coastal Yellow Sea

The dotted circles with the radius from small to large in the flow graph represent the seven time periods from 8:30−15:30 (the time to obtain the currents velocity value is taken from the middle of each time period, such as the value of 8:30−9:30 is represented by the value of 9:00)

, figureFileSmall=jFsFlG7t+BGfg68K19pVFQ==, figureFileBig=u378a9lYthqC6ncKKP5J6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142852707274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图13, caption=黄海近岸海域潮流数据平均流速(a−c)和流向(d−f)

流向图中半径从小到大的虚线圆代表8:30−15:30 7个时段(获得流速值的时间取自每个时间段的中间,如8:30−9:30的值由9:00的值表示)

, figureFileSmall=jFsFlG7t+BGfg68K19pVFQ==, figureFileBig=u378a9lYthqC6ncKKP5J6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142919816141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Daily average residual currents in seven periods of the day of GOCI inversion current field, figureFileSmall=v5NOFQpjPxjex6lD7zXlnw==, figureFileBig=COAdEJhituYFgvtN0Jj1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366142995313615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图14, caption=GOCI反演流场1 d的 7个时段日平均余流, figureFileSmall=v5NOFQpjPxjex6lD7zXlnw==, figureFileBig=COAdEJhituYFgvtN0Jj1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366143054033874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Average of AAE and AME of three-day data in GOCI inversion current field, figureFileSmall=tVk74TOQAzLhPScYwlYWIw==, figureFileBig=O0qg/LMWCoo+xJ1wKyygZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366143129531350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图15, caption=GOCI反演流场3 d数据AAE和AME的平均值, figureFileSmall=tVk74TOQAzLhPScYwlYWIw==, figureFileBig=O0qg/LMWCoo+xJ1wKyygZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366143242777563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Comparison of GOCI flow field inversion results of three different tracers, figureFileSmall=0C1ZO8NsYGjEWae3QluGCw==, figureFileBig=d+gHC8TKZhNb2yae1wWy5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366144593343452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=图16, caption=3种不同示踪物的GOCI流场反演结果对比, figureFileSmall=0C1ZO8NsYGjEWae3QluGCw==, figureFileBig=d+gHC8TKZhNb2yae1wWy5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366144681423838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of OSU mode calculation results and actual measured values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浮标编号站点数目实测平均流速/
(m·s−1
OSU平均流速/
(m·s−1
平均角度偏差/
(°)
11327111 7590.430.4144.16
11341586630.450.5222.43
11284131 3660.390.4642.85
11351159300.310.3939.19
11319011 7870.280.3449.90
平均1 3010.370.4239.71
), ArticleFig(id=1225366144782087138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

OSU模式计算结果与实测值的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浮标编号站点数目实测平均流速/
(m·s−1
OSU平均流速/
(m·s−1
平均角度偏差/
(°)
11327111 7590.430.4144.16
11341586630.450.5222.43
11284131 3660.390.4642.85
11351159300.310.3939.19
11319011 7870.280.3449.90
平均1 3010.370.4239.71
), ArticleFig(id=1225366144891139047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of vector values between the central region and the nearshore region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所在区域矢量数目实测平均流速/
(m·s−1
OSU平均流速/
(m·s−1
平均角度偏差/
(°)
中部区域3000.210.3159.29
近岸区域3000.690.6525.41
), ArticleFig(id=1225366144995996650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中部区域与近岸区域矢量值的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
所在区域矢量数目实测平均流速/
(m·s−1
OSU平均流速/
(m·s−1
平均角度偏差/
(°)
中部区域3000.210.3159.29
近岸区域3000.690.6525.41
), ArticleFig(id=1225366145096659950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The AME value and AAE value of GOCI and OSU tidal current data in the central and coastal waters of the Yellow Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期GOCIOSU
AME值AAE值/(°)AME值AAE值/(°)
黄海中部海域6月27日0.8549.650.5538.07
7月11日0.9157.200.3495.76
7月16日1.0638.500.4855.48
平均0.9448.450.4663.10
黄海近岸海域8月2日1.8733.380.4231.62
8月4日0.6163.120.3123.02
8月5日0.7276.890.169.40
平均1.0757.790.3021.34
), ArticleFig(id=1225366145209906160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄海中部与近岸海域GOCI与OSU潮流数据的AME值和AAE值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期GOCIOSU
AME值AAE值/(°)AME值AAE值/(°)
黄海中部海域6月27日0.8549.650.5538.07
7月11日0.9157.200.3495.76
7月16日1.0638.500.4855.48
平均0.9448.450.4663.10
黄海近岸海域8月2日1.8733.380.4231.62
8月4日0.6163.120.3123.02
8月5日0.7276.890.169.40
平均1.0757.790.3021.34
), ArticleFig(id=1225366145302180852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of GOCI currents field inversion results of three different tracers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期时段Chl a浓度RrsTSM浓度
流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)
6月27日11:30−12:3010101.1321.839551.2227.0410050.6713.62
12:30−13:309761.9027.159520.5416.179811.5918.31
7月11日11:30−12:304720.3013.994480.6213.514760.5315.34
12:30−13:305800.256.444870.5016.105530.5212.54
7月16日11:30−12:304670.3224.744640.7639.164840.3229.59
12:30−13:305340.7315.955031.4224.145410.9912.34
平均6730.7718.356340.8422.696730.7716.96
), ArticleFig(id=1225366145386066933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799659290415297, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种不同示踪物的GOCI流场反演结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期时段Chl a浓度RrsTSM浓度
流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)流场矢量数目AME值AAE值/(°)
6月27日11:30−12:3010101.1321.839551.2227.0410050.6713.62
12:30−13:309761.9027.159520.5416.179811.5918.31
7月11日11:30−12:304720.3013.994480.6213.514760.5315.34
12:30−13:305800.256.444870.5016.105530.5212.54
7月16日11:30−12:304670.3224.744640.7639.164840.3229.59
12:30−13:305340.7315.955031.4224.145410.9912.34
平均6730.7718.356340.8422.696730.7716.96
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黄海潮波系统下的GOCI反演及OSU模式海表流场数据适用性研究
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崔赫 1, 2 , 陈建裕 1, 2, * , 曹振轶 2 , 管卫兵 2 , 朱乾坤 2 , 龚芳 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 1-16
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 1-16
黄海潮波系统下的GOCI反演及OSU模式海表流场数据适用性研究
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崔赫1, 2 , 陈建裕1, 2, * , 曹振轶2, 管卫兵2, 朱乾坤2, 龚芳2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 崔赫(1999-),男,河南省商丘市人,研究方向为海表流场的遥感反演。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈建裕,男,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
Study on applicability of GOCI inversion and OSU model sea surface currents field data in the Yellow Sea tidal wave system
He Cui1, 2 , Jianyu Chen1, 2, * , Zhenyi Cao2, Weibing Guan2, Qiankun Zhu2, Fang Gong2
Affiliations
  • 1. Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 2. Second Institute of Oceanology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022108
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黄海呈现独有的地形条件,且该海域的潮波运动独具特征。本文利用静止海洋水色成像仪(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager,GOCI)遥感反演和俄勒冈州立大学(Oregon State University,OSU)潮流模式分别获取了黄海海域的海表流场,基于该海域独特的潮波系统提出并识别潮波干涉区,进而对GOCI反演的流场做潮流提取,并对两种潮流数据作分区可用性评价,通过实测的漂流浮标数据验证评估。结果表明:利用GOCI反演和OSU潮流模式获取的海表流场具有一定程度的可靠性,GOCI反演的海表流场的流速平均相对大小误差值为0.77,OSU潮流模式获取的海表流场流速平均相对大小误差值为0.49;在靠近潮波干涉区的黄海中部海域,GOCI潮流数据与实测数据在方向上的一致性要优于OSU潮流数据,两者平均角度误差值分别为48.45°和63.10°;在远离潮波干涉区的黄海近岸海域,OSU潮流数据与实测数据在速度大小和方向上的一致性要优于GOCI潮流数据。

静止海洋水色成像仪  /  OSU潮流模式  /  黄海流场反演  /  旋转潮波系统  /  最大相关系数算法

The Yellow Sea presents unique topographic conditions, and the tidal wave movement in this area has unique characteristics. In this paper, Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) inversion and Oregon State University (OSU) tidal current model are used to obtain the sea surface currents field in the Yellow Sea. Based on the unique tidal wave system in the sea area, the tidal wave interference area is proposed and identified, and then the currents field of GOCI inversion is extracted. And partition of two kinds of trend data usability evaluation, through the validation of the drifting buoy data evaluation. The results show that the sea surface currents field obtained by GOCI inversion and OSU tidal current model has a certain degree of reliability. The AME value of sea surface currents field velocity obtained by GOCI inversion is 0.77, and that obtained by OSU tidal model is 0.49. On the whole, the currents field data obtained by GOCI inversion and OSU tide model are reliable to a certain extent. In the central area of the Yellow Sea near the tidal wave interference area, the consistency between GOCI tidal currents data and OSU tidal currents data is better than that of OSU tidal currents data, and their AAE values are 48.45° and 63.10°, respectively. In the coastal area of the Yellow Sea far from the tidal wave interference area, the consistency between the OSU tidal currents data and the measured data is better than that of the GOCI tidal currents data in terms of velocity magnitude and direction.

Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)  /  Oregon State University tide current model  /  Yellow Sea flow field inversion  /  rotating tidal wave system  /  maximum correlation coefficient method
崔赫, 陈建裕, 曹振轶, 管卫兵, 朱乾坤, 龚芳. 黄海潮波系统下的GOCI反演及OSU模式海表流场数据适用性研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022108
He Cui, Jianyu Chen, Zhenyi Cao, Weibing Guan, Qiankun Zhu, Fang Gong. Study on applicability of GOCI inversion and OSU model sea surface currents field data in the Yellow Sea tidal wave system[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022108
海表流场对于理解海洋的物理和生物地球化学过程至关重要[1]。近海海域高频次、高空间分辨率的海流观测,为航运航行、海上救援行动和环境监测(例如有害藻华、有害物质和沉积物运输)提供了必不可少的数据支撑[2]
近岸海表流场可经由静止水色卫星遥感反演获取。2010年6月27日,韩国发射了世界上第1颗搭载了地球同步静止海洋水色成像仪(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager ,GOCI)的静止海洋水色卫星(Communication Ocean and Meteorological Satellite, COMS)[3],其连续获取的东北亚地区的卫星光学影像已成功地应用于所观测海域的海表流场反演。Choi等[4]使用GOCI数据有效估计了韩国西海岸的悬浮沉积物运动;Yang等[5]利用GOCI数据实现了朝鲜半岛周围高频次海表流场的反演。
海表流场也可通过海洋模式计算得到。俄勒冈州立大学(Oregon State University, OSU)开发了中国部分海域潮流模式TPXO-CSI2016(China Seas & Indonesia 2016)[6-7],其覆盖海域包括南海、东海、黄海和渤海以及西北太平洋海域,且同化了大量卫星遥感数据和验潮站数据,空间分辨率为(1/30)°,主要包含了4个主要全日分潮(K1、O1、P1、Q1)和4个主要半日分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2)。利用该模式可进行特定区域的潮汐预测或潮流计算,Hu等[8]利用OSU区域潮流模式计算获取的M2分潮潮流结果在整体上与GOCI和现场观测结果之间有较好的一致性;与漂流浮标观测数据相比,OSU模式模拟的潮流椭圆在半长轴、半短轴、相位与椭圆倾角上的平均绝对误差分别为0.08 m/s、0.04 m/s、10°和8°;赵强等[9]利用浙江近岸33个潮位站的8个主要分潮的调和常数和潮高对7个全球/区域潮汐模式的准确度进行了评估,认为该模式在浙江近海的运用具有较高的准确度。
来自北太平洋的大洋潮波系统,经过台湾岛−琉球群岛−日本九州岛一线传入东海大陆架,由于水深变浅,传播速度变慢,在地转偏向力、海岸线及海底地形的影响下,入射波与反射波相互干扰叠加下,形成了整个渤海、黄海、东海较为复杂的旋转潮波系统[10-12]。近年来,国内外对于东海潮汐、潮流的数值计算及海表流场的反演有了较深层次的研究,沈育疆[13]于1980年首先提出南黄海中部存在半日分潮的南北向往复流带,并于20世纪90年代分析了黄海半日潮波系统的形成机制,提出南黄海中部存在一大片半日潮弱流区[14];金宇豪[15]根据GOCI数据和现场同步观测的潮汐数据及实测的浮标数据,利用最大相关系数(Maximum Correlation Coefficient, MCC)算法反演江苏沿海辐射沙脊群的海表流场,验证了遥感反演算法的可行性并且可以达到对流场变化的实时监测;Chen等[16]采用MCC算法利用GOCI数据反演了东海海域的海表流场,进而提出了一种基于角度约束的流场矢量数据处理方法,处理后的流场数据平均角度误差(Average Angular Error,AAE)值降低了28%~38%;Hu等[8]利用GOCI反演的海表流场提取了黄、东海海域M2分潮的潮流信息,并利用大量的实测数据分别对OSU潮流模式与GOCI反演的M2潮流进行了对比分析,得出三者之间具有较好的一致性。已发表的相关研究中,缺乏考虑复杂的潮波系统对流场数据可用性及精度影响的深入探讨。
因此,本文针对黄海复杂的旋转潮波系统,将GOCI反演流场的潮流提取结果与OSU模式流场作分区对比,并基于多轨实测的漂流浮标数据验证评估,分析两种流场数据在不同旋转潮波区位的差异。
黄海是太平洋西部的边缘海,位于中国与朝鲜半岛之间,面积约为3.8×105 km2,平均水深为44 m,最大深度为140 m[17]。黄海海流微弱,流速通常只有最大潮流速度的1/10左右,潮流是黄海海域最重要的水动力过程之一[18-20]。黄海海域的潮流主要以半日潮流为主,除烟台近海和渤海海峡等处为不规则半日潮流外,其他区域均为规则半日潮流。黄海东部海域的流速大于西部,强潮流区位于朝鲜半岛西端的一些水道,观测到最大流速为4.8 m/s;其次为西北部的老铁山水道,最大流速达2.5 m/s以上[21-22]
漂流浮标在海面或一定深度随海流漂动,是海洋观测中较为方便、有效的工具之一[23-24]。漂流浮标在工作时受到风场和海流的影响,其测量海流的原理是利用拉格朗日法描述海水的运动,测量的准确性主要与漂流浮标在海面上下的面积之比有关,本文所使用的漂流浮标海面上部分面积为0.031 m2,海面下部分面积为(0.031+0.7)m2,上下面积比低至0.04,其海面以下的帆中心点在水下3 m处,因此该浮标受到海流的影响较大,可获取较高精度的海流数据,所用浮标的工作时间范围从2012年6月3日至8月20日,浮标移动的范围为33°~39°N,121°~125°E。图1中所示为漂流浮标的运动轨迹,轨迹主要集中在南黄海的西部及朝鲜半岛的西海岸,其位置数据测量间隔约为0.5 h,在约77 d的电池生命周期内获得了6 505个站点的信息,图2为漂流浮标工作图。
GOCI数据空间分辨率为500 m,共8个波段,光谱范围为402~885 nm,可从韩国海洋卫星中心下载(http://kosc.kiost.ac.kr/)GOCI level-1B(L1B)数据。GOCI数据的成像时间是格林尼治标准时间的00:00−07:00(即北京时间上午8:30−15:30),时间间隔为1 h,每天可获得8组数据。研究表明,多个GOCI遥感产品可用于流场反演,如总悬浮物(Total Suspended Matter, TSM)浓度、叶绿素a(Chlorophyll a, Chl a)浓度和归一化离水辐亮度(Normalized Water-leaving Radiance, LWN),其中以TSM浓度为示踪剂反演的海流能够捕获潮汐相位的变化,且在中低浊度的水域均有较好的反演效果[25-26]。本文使用TSM浓度作为GOCI反演的示踪剂。
运用潮汐模型驱动程序(Tidal Model Driver, TMD)运行OSU潮流模式,可获取特定经纬度、特定时间的潮流uv分量,进而获取对应的潮流数据[27]。通过与大量近岸观测潮位和潮流数据(http://volkov.oce.orst.edu/tides/YS.html)进行比较,发现该潮流模式模拟的M2半日潮与K1全日潮的均方根误差分别约为4.5 cm和1.3 cm。利用该潮流模式,本研究提取了与GOCI同观测时间的潮流数据(8个主要分潮叠加的复合分潮数据),并将其匹配到与GOCI反演结果相同的0.15°×0.15°的网格上以便进行比较。
在GOCI数据处理系统软件GDPS(GOCI Data Processing System)的支持下,对GOCI-L1B原始数据进行大气校正、掩膜等方面的数据预处理。然后,使用GDPS提供的内置TSM浓度算法,将数据处理成L2级别的 TSM产品[28]
最大相关系数算法是从卫星图像中反演海面流场的典型算法[25, 29-30]。基于图像匹配方法的MCC算法如图3所示,执行该操作可以从同日两个连续GOCI影像中获取该时段的海表流场矢量。前一幅用于估算当前位置的影像称为“模板窗口”,后一幅影像称为“搜索窗口”。MCC算法在模板匹配技术的基础上使用相关关系来跟踪示踪物结构的变化。利用式(1)计算“模板窗口”与“匹配窗口”之间的相关系数(ρ)。
$ \rho ({\boldsymbol{S}}_{{\text{window}}}^i,{\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\text{window}}}^{i + {\text{1}}}{\text{)}} = \frac{{{{\rm{cov}}} ({\boldsymbol{S}}_{{\text{window}}}^i - {\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\text{window}}}^{i + {\text{1}}})}}{{\sqrt {{{\rm{var}}} ({\boldsymbol{S}}_{{\text{window}}}^i) \times {\text{var}}({\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\text{window}}}^{i + {\text{1}}}{\text{)}}} }}\text{,} $
式中,$ i $为设置的一个时间标号,从0~7代表着北京时间8:30−15:30(时间间隔为1 h);$ {\boldsymbol{T}}_{\rm {window }}^{i+ 1} $和$ {\boldsymbol{S}}_{\rm {window }}^{i} $分别为“模板窗口”和“搜索窗口”中的二维矩阵数据。使用式(2)和式(3),可以计算当前流场矢量的大小(Velocity)和方向(Direction)。
$ {{{\rm{Velocity}}}} = \frac{{\sqrt {{{{\text{(}}{x_{i + {\text{1}}}} - {x_i}{\text{)}}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{ + (}}{y_{i + {\text{1}}}} - {y_i}{{\text{)}}^{\text{2}}}} }}{h}\text{,} $
$ {{{\rm{Direction}}}} = \arctan \left(\frac{{{y_{i + {\text{1}}}} - {y_i}}}{{{x_{i + {\text{1}}}} - {x_i}}}\right) \text{,} $
式中,$ {x_i} $和$ {y_i} $为“模板窗口”的中心坐标;$ {x_{i + {\text{1}}}} $和$ {y_{i + {\text{1}}}} $为“匹配窗口”的中心坐标;h为${\boldsymbol{S}}_{{\text{window}}}^i$和 ${\boldsymbol{T}}_{{\text{window}}}^{i + {\text{1}}}$之间的观察时间,间隔为1 h。
为获得更准确的流场矢量,本研究计算所选取的“模板窗口”大小为20×20,“搜索窗口”大小为36×36,拟合阈值设置为0.9[4, 25]。通过计算模板窗口与搜索窗口之间的最大相关系数来确定合适的匹配窗口,如果计算值大于阈值,则将匹配窗口视为模板窗口移动1 h后到达的正确位置。然后,重复上述操作步骤,获得相对完整的海表流场。
漂流浮标数据中包含的信息为每个站点的具体时间、纬度和经度。首先,计算漂流浮标时间序列数据中两个连续站点之间的距离;然后结合两站点之间的时差计算出两站点之间的速度;最后,两个连续站点之间的角度(C)通过勾股定理计算。具体公式为
$ \begin{split}C=& {\text{ arccos[cos(90} - }B_{\text{lat}}) \times {\text{cos(90} - }A_\text{lat}) \\&+\sin(90 - B_{\text{lat}}) \times {\text{sin(90}} - A_{\text{lat}})\\& \times{\text{cos(}}B_{\text{lon}} - A_{\text{lon}})]\text{,}\end{split} $
$ L{\text{ = }}R \times C \times {\text π} {\text{/180°}}\text{,} $
式中,$R$是地球半径,计算时将平均半径6 371 km作为$ R $的值;$ A_{\text {lat }} $和$ A_{\rm{lon}} $表示A点的纬度和经度;$ B_{\text {lat }} $和$ B_{\rm{lon}}$表示B点的纬度和经度;L为AB两点之间的距离。
为了定量地评估卫星反演和模式计算的流场与实测流场在流速大小和方向上的差异性,本文采用了Chen[31]提到的角度误差与相对大小误差的定义方法对反演结果进行验证。此处,海表流场的方向和速度默认为二维$ s=(u, v) $,不考虑垂直方向地的流动。因此,实测速度$v_{\text {buoy }}$与卫星反演(模式计算)流速$v_{\mathrm{inv}}$之间的角度误差和相对幅度误差可以写成:
$ \left( {\overline {\Delta \theta },\overline {\Delta V/V} } \right) = \frac{1}{N}{\sum} _{i,j} \left[ {\arccos \left( {\frac{{{v_{{\rm{inv}}}}\cdot{v_{{\rm{buoy}}}}}}{{| {{v_{{\rm{inv}}}}} || {{v_{{\rm{buoy}}}}} |}}} \right),\frac{{| {{v_{{\rm{inv}}}} - {v_{{\rm{buoy}}}}}|}}{{| {{v_{{\rm{buoy}}}}} |}}} \right] \text{,} $
式中,相对幅度误差是无量纲量。利用AAE(AAE=$\overline{\Delta \theta}$)和平均相对大小误差(Average Relative Magnitude Error,AME)(AME=$ \overline{\Delta V /V} $)来定量评估卫星反演和模式计算的结果。如果$ v_{\text {buoy}}=0 $,$ \overline{\Delta V /V} $则为1;如果$ v_{{\rm{inv}}}=v_{{\rm{buoy}}}=0 $,$ \overline{\Delta V / V} $则为0。
利用MCC反演算法或GOCI反演算法和OSU潮流模式,1 d内各可获取7幅海表流场图。图4图5是2012年8月5日GOCI反演和OSU模式获取的黄海海表流场,从图中可以看出OSU模式获取的流场矢量比较规则,GOCI反演的流场存在杂散矢量,流场中的空白区域是受到了云量或示踪物浓度变化的影响。对比两种方法获取的流场图发现,以36°N纬线为界线,在其附近海域,OSU模式获取的流场矢量流速变小,界线南北两侧流场矢量的流向有较大的差异,呈现出往复流的特征。在选取的107个漂流浮标站点内,GOCI反演的海表流场的平均流速为0.53 m/s,漂流浮标测量的海表流场平均流速为0.45 m/s,OSU模式的海表流场平均流速为0.42 m/s;GOCI流场数据AME值为0.77,AAE值为75.56°,OSU流场数据的AME值为0.49,AAE值为50.94°。
为进一步验证分析OSU潮流模式的计算结果及黄海中部的流场矢量变化情况,选用实测的漂流浮标数据,将计算得到的潮流值和据实测资料求得的潮流值相比较,同时,在中部区域和近岸区域选取相同数量的流场矢量,比较两区域的矢量值差异,结果见表1表2。由表1可以得出,实测数据求得的平均流速为0.37 m/s,OSU模式计算的平均流速为0.42 m/s,两者平均角度偏差值为39.71°;由表2可以得出,中部区域的实测数据流速和OSU模式计算的流速均远小于近岸区域,其角度偏差值远大于近岸区域,再对比表1两者的流速平均值,其结果证实了黄海中部弱流区的存在。
图6为OSU潮流模式模拟的M2潮流椭圆变化分布情况。在黄海中部海域、黄海北部大部分海域,潮流椭圆的旋转方向为逆时针,在莱州湾、山东半岛的成山头附近及南黄海呈顺时针方向转动,其分布情况与丁文兰[32]和Hu等[8]所得到结论一致。在黄海中部海域,潮流的流速明显变小,部分潮流矢量的旋转方向也发生了变化,与图5中流场矢量的变化情况相似。
东海的潮波系统以半日潮波为主,其中M2分潮占优[12, 33],在黄海海区,复合分潮无潮点的位置分布与M2分潮较为相似。图7是OSU模式模拟的M2分潮的同潮图,红色标记点为黄海海区的两个无潮点,周围是以无潮点为中心的逆时针向的半日旋转潮波系统,结合图5的OSU流场矢量分布情况和图6的M2潮流椭圆分布情况,研究表明,在黄海海区以两个无潮点为中心的逆时针旋转潮波系统相互作用,在中部弱流区存在1个潮波干涉区(图7中蓝色框线部分),对该位置海域的潮流矢量产生影响。
卫星反演的海流主要包含了潮流(周期性)和余流(非周期性),将OSU模式结果与GOCI反演的流场直接比较可能会产生较大的误差。因此,本文提取了GOCI反演流场中的潮流部分与OSU模式结果进行比较,并对漂流浮标获取的海流做潮流提取,消除了余流带来的误差。
由4.2节可知,OSU潮流模式能对潮流进行比较准确地估算。对于GOCI反演流场的潮流提取,利用卫星反演的海表流场,扣除OSU模式结果中包含所有潮流分量的潮流数据得到余流,再将每天7个时次的小时级余流场进行平均,获取日平均余流场。为了去除一些异常值,本文采用最优插值方法对平均余流场进行平滑去噪,最终将GOCI反演流场数据减去相应的余流数据即得所需的潮流数据。Hu等[8]也利用此方法对长江口毗邻海域和黄、东海海域的GOCI反演流场做了相应的余流计算,其结果与空间加权最小二乘法获取的余流数据具有较好的一致性,能够很好地反映研究海域季节性流场特征。
对于漂流浮标的潮流提取,利用浮标计算的海流,扣除OSU 模式结果中包含所有潮流分量的潮流数据得到余流,再将漂流浮标所在1个潮周期内的小时级余流进行平均,获取平均余流,最终将浮标计算的海流数据减去相应的余流数据即得所需的潮流数据。图8显示的是漂流浮标的海流(蓝色点)和提取的潮流(红色点),两者的uv分量具有相同的变化趋势,在同一时刻的差值即为余流的uv分量。
由于旋转潮波系统的存在,使得黄海海区的潮流场特征变得复杂,对流场数据进行整体评估可能会产生较大的误差。本文针对OSU潮流模式的评价结果对GOCI反演后提取的和OSU模式获取的潮流数据进行分区对比,即靠近潮波干涉区的黄海中部海域(图9b区域)和远离潮波干涉区的黄海近岸海域(图9a区域)对比。图9b对应的案例日期为2012年6月27日、2012年7月11日和2012年7月16日,图9a对应的案例日期为2012年8月2日、2012年8月4日和2012年8月5日,所选案例在GOCI反演流场1 d 的7个时段内均可获取流场数据。其中,GOCI和OSU潮流数据的选取原则都是以对应时段的漂流浮标数据为中心,选取其0.5°×0.5°范围内的潮流数据,图10图11分别为黄海中部海域和黄海近岸海域的潮流数据对比图。
图12是黄海中部海域潮流数据平均流速和流向图,从图中可以看出,流速方面,在1 d的7个时段内,3种潮流数据(GOCI潮流数据、OSU潮流数据和漂流浮标实测数据)的流速变化曲线较为接近,OSU潮流数据和实测数据在流速上更接近一些,GOCI流速值偏大;流向方面,GOCI潮流数据的旋转方向及各个时段的流向更接近实测数据。图13是黄海近岸海域潮流数据平均流速和流向图,从图中可以看出,流速方面,OSU潮流数据流速与实测的流速曲线较为接近,且都稍大于GOCI流速值;流向方面,OSU潮流数据的旋转方向及各个时段的流向更接近实测数据。
表3是黄海中部海域与近岸海域GOCI与OSU潮流数据的AME值和AAE值。从表中可以得知,对于OSU潮流数据的计算结果,整体上与实测数据具有较好的一致性,在速度的大小和方向上,近岸海域的结果都优于中部海域,两者AME值分别为0.30和0.46,AAE值分别为21.34°和63.10°。其原因之一可能是受到了黄海中部海域潮波干涉区的影响,由图5可知,OSU潮流矢量在以36°N为界线的黄海中部海域流速变小,流向在界线南北两侧产生较大差异,且该位置海域存在半日潮弱流区和南北往复带;另外,还可能受到模式本身同化数据站点数量的影响,边缘海域相比于中部海域设有更多的验潮站等数据站点,输出结果的准确性也相对较高。
对于GOCI反演后提取的潮流结果,在方向上与实测数据具有较好的一致性,其AME值和AAE值在中部海域略小于边缘海域,其原因可能是受到了悬浮物浓度的影响。Hu等[25]提出,MCC算法在高浑浊水体的适用性以及反演流场的准确性整体上没有在中、低浑浊海域表现那么好,主要原因可能是高浑浊水域悬浮物的快速沉降与再悬浮导致了MCC图像的错误匹配。边缘海域的水体浊度相较于中部水域更高,导致了MCC图像的错误匹配,产生了反演误差。相较于OSU模式,GOCI的AME值偏大,原因可能是GOCI反演的流速值偏大,导致提取的潮流值偏大。
针对黄海复杂的潮波系统,利用实测数据对GOCI的反演结果和OSU模式的计算结果进行了分区评估,得出不同潮流数据之间流速和流向存在差异的结果。GOCI反演的流场包含了潮流和余流信息,潮流有较强的周期性,余流有明显的季节性特征。图14是2012年8月5日GOCI流场1 d的7个时段的日平均余流图,平均流速约为0.5 m/s。从图中可以看出,该天的平均余流方向总体为北向(流向A),符合漂流浮标的运动轨迹方向。在朝鲜半岛的西海岸存在较强的沿岸流(流向D和流向E),山东半岛南部存在一支西向流(流向B),可能会导致南向的沿岸流产生(流向C),该天的日平均余流分布情况与苏纪兰[34]和Yuan等[35]得出的结论一致,符合黄海夏季的流场分布特征。
GOCI反演流场的效果会受到云量、示踪物等条件的影响。图15是GOCI反演效果较好的黄海中部海域3 d各个时段的AAE值和AME的值,从统计结果中发现,中间3个时段的数据整体评估值小于前后两个时段,存在这种情况的原因可能是中午的太阳天顶角小、云量较少,可获得的水色信息较多[36],数据质量更好,因而反演的效果更好。
另外,对于海流有效探测的条件分析[37],本文尝试改变示踪物的种类,对比不同示踪物反演GOCI流场的差异。表4图16是选取反演效果较好的黄海中部海域正午2个时段,以TSM浓度、Chl a浓度和555 nm波段的遥感反射率(Remote Sensing Reflectance,Rrs)作为浓度物的GOCI流场反演结果统计和对比图。从图中可以看出,不同示踪物反演的海流相互之间存在差异,从表中可以得出,在选取的案例中,TSM浓度反演的效果最好,且获取的流场矢量数目也相对最多。
本研究针对MCC算法,以GOCI遥感反演的TSM浓度数据为示踪物,获取了黄海海域的海表流场。通过与实测漂流浮标数据的对比,得到GOCI反演的海表流场的平均流速为0.53 m/s,漂流浮标测量的海表流场的平均流速为0.45 m/s,考虑到反演误差,得出MCC算法适用于黄海海域的GOCI流场反演。
根据OSU模式流场矢量和M2潮流椭圆的分布情况,得出OSU潮流模式获取的流场数据符合真实的黄海潮流特征;并针对黄海海域无潮点的分布情况,提出并识别潮波干涉区,即以两个无潮点为中心的逆时针旋转潮波系统相互作用,在黄海中部弱流区产生1个潮波干涉区,对该位置海域的潮流矢量产生影响。
在此基础上,对GOCI反演的流场做潮流提取,对比其与OSU模式流场在不同海域的差异。对于本研究中选取的潮流数据,在靠近潮波干涉区的黄海中部海域,GOCI潮流数据与实测数据在方向上的一致性要优于OSU潮流数据,两者AAE值分别为48.45°和63.10°;在远离潮波干涉区的黄海近岸海域,OSU潮流数据要优于GOCI潮流数据,在速度大小和方向上,OSU潮流数据与实测数据的一致性都要优于GOCI;由于GOCI反演的流速值偏大,近岸海域和中部海域的GOCI潮流AME值都偏大。
采用了OSU潮流模式输出的潮流结果,去除了GOCI反演的小时级海表流场中的潮流部分而获得平均海表流场(余流),结果表明,其流场分布情况符合黄海夏季流场的分布特征;对于GOCI海流反演的有效条件分析可知,在研究区域内,中午时段的反演效果较好,对于示踪物的选取,TSM浓度相较于Chl a浓度和Rrs(555 nm)的流场反演精度更高且流场矢量数目更多。
由于受到观测资料有限性和有效性的影响,本文没有尽可能多的对黄海其他海域进行案例选取分析,未来可针对更多区域、不同季节进行流场评估分析,并进一步开展有关反演流场精度提升的相关工作。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400903)
  • 国家自然科学基金NSFC—浙江两化融合联合基金重点(U1609202)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076216,41376184,40976109)
  • 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2203)
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022108
  • 接收时间:2021-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-20
  • 修回日期:2022-01-11
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400903)
国家自然科学基金NSFC—浙江两化融合联合基金重点(U1609202)
国家自然科学基金(42076216,41376184,40976109)
卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2203)
作者信息
    1.浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    2.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012

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陈建裕,男,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
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Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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