Article(id=1224799658078261381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629129600000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-17, revisedDate=1639065600000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944594163, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944594163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944594163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944594163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799658359279758, articleId=1224799658078261381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Variations of suspended sediment concentration of the Mississippi River delivered from land into sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The change of fluvial suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to the sea directly reflects the effects of riverine anthropogenic activities and natural force. Based on long-term hydrological data at Tarbert Landing Station of the Mississippi River (MR), statistical means, such as percentile method and Mann-Kendall method are used to detect change process of SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico in recent 40 years, and associated possible influencing factors. The results show that: (1) SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico is characterized by a staged decline from 1976 to 2015, in the first stage from 1976 to 1987, the SSC is relatively high with an average value of 0.33 kg/m3; in the second stage from 1988 to 2015, the SSC is much lower with a mean value of 0.25 kg/m3. (2) The relationship between daily SSC and runoff of MR follows Gaussian distribution. Compared with the first stage (1976−1987), the rating curve between SSC and runoff in the second stage (1988−2015) is relatively flat, when the number of high daily SSC event over 0.60 kg/m3 reduces significantly. SSC increases with the runoff in low-action flows and reaches the maximum when the runoff approaches 20 000 m3/s, but decreases with the runoff thereafter. The rating curve between monthly SSC and water discharge of the MR exhibits “double-loop” shape during 1976−1987, but presents clockwise “single loop” with “sediment before water” during 1988−2015. (3) Flood diversion project construction and soil conservation measures dominate the fluvial SSC from the MR into the Gulf of Mexico. The construction of flood diversion engineering reduces the sediment source along the river channel, and the soil conservation measures repress the land erosion, which have combined to keep the SSC at a relatively low level. In addition, SSC in the MR presents minor response to extreme hydrological events.

, correspAuthors=Zhijun Dai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiangjie Yang, Zhijun Dai, Xuefei Mei, Sergio Fagherazzi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799661676974350, articleId=1224799658078261381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度变化过程研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

河流入海水体悬沙浓度的变化直接反映该流域人类活动和自然应力的影响。基于密西西比河塔伯特兰丁站长期水文资料,本文采用百分位法、Mann-Kendall法等统计方法对近40年密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度进行分析,探究密西西比河通过“鸟足状”三角洲进入墨西哥湾的水体悬沙浓度变化过程及其可能影响因素。结果表明:(1)在1976−2015年期间,密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度展现阶段性下降趋势,其中第一时期即1976−1987年期间,入海水体悬沙浓度相对较高,平均值为0.33 kg/m3;第二时期即1988−2015年期间,悬沙浓度较低且平均值为0.25 kg/m3。(2)密西西比河日径流量与悬沙浓度之间的关系符合高斯分布。与1976−1987年相比,1988−2015年期间水沙关系曲线较为扁平,日均超过0.60 kg/m3的高悬沙浓度事件明显减少。在低流量及起动流量阶段,悬沙浓度随着流量的增加而增加,在流量接近20 000 m3/s时,悬沙浓度达到最大值,流量高于20 000 m3/s后,悬沙浓度反而随着流量增加而减小。同时,密西西比河月均水沙关系在1976−1987年期间呈双绳套样,1988−2015年期间则呈现“先沙后水”的顺时针单一型绳套样。(3)分洪工程建设及土壤保持措施是影响密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度的主要原因。其中,工程建设减少了河道沿程沉积物物源,土壤保持措施使土地侵蚀减少,从而使得悬沙浓度保持较低水平。此外,极端水文事件对密西西比河入海悬沙浓度的影响较小。

, correspAuthors=戴志军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
戴志军,教授,博士生导师,主要从事陆海相互作用、河口海岸动力沉积与动力地貌−生物耦合研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=R/0m0qisWr5/kItSg1Z7pg==, magXml=Xh9iVN6tw9PF6pZH/3kLAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dMuGZKudhOJVySf4kVTh4Q==, pdfFileSize=3598191, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=TsZleS1TjFZc2OM2B9lICg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SRhrJFKFV3qlbHoz0gxIFg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨江洁(1998―),女,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事流域−河口水文地貌过程及其水资源利用的研究。E-mail:

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杨江洁(1998―),女,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事流域−河口水文地貌过程及其水资源利用的研究。E-mail:

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杨江洁(1998―),女,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事流域−河口水文地貌过程及其水资源利用的研究。E-mail:

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Geological Survey, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366143058228179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tweel A W, Turner R E. Watershed land use and river engineering drive wetland formation and loss in the Mississippi River birdfoot delta[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2012, 57(1): 18−28., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366143129531351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mossa J. Discharge-sediment dynamics of the lower Mississippi River[J]. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, 1988, 38: 303−314., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366143242777562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mossa J. Sediment dynamics in the lowermost Mississippi River[J]. Engineering Geology, 1996, 45(1/4): 457−479., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366144597537759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢云, 赵莹, 张玉平, 等. 美国土壤侵蚀调查的历史与现状[J]. 中国水土保持, 2013(10): 53−60., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366144689812448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Yun, Zhao Ying, Zhang Yuping, et al. History and current situation of soil erosion survey in the United States[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2013(10): 53−60., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366144786281443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Morang A, Rosati J D, King D B. Regional sediment processes, sediment supply, and their impact on the Louisiana coast[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2013, 63(S1): 141−165., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366144882750437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Misir V, Arya D S, Murumkar A R. Impact of ENSO on river flows in Guyana[J]. Water Resources Management, 2013, 27(13): 4611−4621., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366144995996649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wood P A. 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Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston 02215, USA), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366131825881614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, companyId=1225366131804910093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.波士顿大学 地球与环境学院,马萨诸塞州 波士顿 02215)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225366134040474298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799658078261381, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The study area

a. Mississippi River Basin; b. the location of Mississippi River; c. old river control structure; d. old river control structure in 1984; e. old river control structure in 1988; f. old river control structure in 1990

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a. 密西西比河流域;b. 密西西比河地理位置;c. 旧河控制结构;d. 1984年旧河控制结构;e. 1988年旧河控制结构;f. 1990年旧河控制结构

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NaN indicates that there is no corresponding suspended sediment concentration events is this flow interval

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NaN表示该流量区间内不存在对应悬沙浓度事件

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Hydrological parameters in normal year, flood year and dry year

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水文年类型年份年均流量
/(m3·s−1)
年均悬沙通量/(108 t·a−1)年均悬沙浓度/(kg·m−3)
平水年197814 1371.710.38
198213 7551.840.42
198614 0451.620.37
199915 0831.680.35
洪水年197918 9051.940.33
198319 4771.980.32
199320 4011.870.29
199718 7931.570.26
200519 1941.170.19
201019 0191.830.31
枯水年198810 5950.800.24
20008 9890.730.26
20068 4590.700.26
201211 7800.900.24
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平水年、洪水年、枯水年水文参数

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水文年类型年份年均流量
/(m3·s−1)
年均悬沙通量/(108 t·a−1)年均悬沙浓度/(kg·m−3)
平水年197814 1371.710.38
198213 7551.840.42
198614 0451.620.37
199915 0831.680.35
洪水年197918 9051.940.33
198319 4771.980.32
199320 4011.870.29
199718 7931.570.26
200519 1941.170.19
201019 0191.830.31
枯水年198810 5950.800.24
20008 9890.730.26
20068 4590.700.26
201211 7800.900.24
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密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度变化过程研究
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杨江洁 1 , 戴志军 1, * , 梅雪菲 1 , Sergio Fagherazzi 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 71-81
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 71-81
密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度变化过程研究
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杨江洁1 , 戴志军1, * , 梅雪菲1, Sergio Fagherazzi2
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.波士顿大学 地球与环境学院,马萨诸塞州 波士顿 02215
  • 杨江洁(1998―),女,湖南省邵阳市人,主要从事流域−河口水文地貌过程及其水资源利用的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

戴志军,教授,博士生导师,主要从事陆海相互作用、河口海岸动力沉积与动力地貌−生物耦合研究。E-mail:
Variations of suspended sediment concentration of the Mississippi River delivered from land into sea
Jiangjie Yang1 , Zhijun Dai1, * , Xuefei Mei1, Sergio Fagherazzi2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston 02215, USA
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022098
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河流入海水体悬沙浓度的变化直接反映该流域人类活动和自然应力的影响。基于密西西比河塔伯特兰丁站长期水文资料,本文采用百分位法、Mann-Kendall法等统计方法对近40年密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度进行分析,探究密西西比河通过“鸟足状”三角洲进入墨西哥湾的水体悬沙浓度变化过程及其可能影响因素。结果表明:(1)在1976−2015年期间,密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度展现阶段性下降趋势,其中第一时期即1976−1987年期间,入海水体悬沙浓度相对较高,平均值为0.33 kg/m3;第二时期即1988−2015年期间,悬沙浓度较低且平均值为0.25 kg/m3。(2)密西西比河日径流量与悬沙浓度之间的关系符合高斯分布。与1976−1987年相比,1988−2015年期间水沙关系曲线较为扁平,日均超过0.60 kg/m3的高悬沙浓度事件明显减少。在低流量及起动流量阶段,悬沙浓度随着流量的增加而增加,在流量接近20 000 m3/s时,悬沙浓度达到最大值,流量高于20 000 m3/s后,悬沙浓度反而随着流量增加而减小。同时,密西西比河月均水沙关系在1976−1987年期间呈双绳套样,1988−2015年期间则呈现“先沙后水”的顺时针单一型绳套样。(3)分洪工程建设及土壤保持措施是影响密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度的主要原因。其中,工程建设减少了河道沿程沉积物物源,土壤保持措施使土地侵蚀减少,从而使得悬沙浓度保持较低水平。此外,极端水文事件对密西西比河入海悬沙浓度的影响较小。

悬沙浓度  /  径流量  /  水沙关系  /  密西西比河

The change of fluvial suspended sediment concentration (SSC) to the sea directly reflects the effects of riverine anthropogenic activities and natural force. Based on long-term hydrological data at Tarbert Landing Station of the Mississippi River (MR), statistical means, such as percentile method and Mann-Kendall method are used to detect change process of SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico in recent 40 years, and associated possible influencing factors. The results show that: (1) SSC from the MR entering the Gulf of Mexico is characterized by a staged decline from 1976 to 2015, in the first stage from 1976 to 1987, the SSC is relatively high with an average value of 0.33 kg/m3; in the second stage from 1988 to 2015, the SSC is much lower with a mean value of 0.25 kg/m3. (2) The relationship between daily SSC and runoff of MR follows Gaussian distribution. Compared with the first stage (1976−1987), the rating curve between SSC and runoff in the second stage (1988−2015) is relatively flat, when the number of high daily SSC event over 0.60 kg/m3 reduces significantly. SSC increases with the runoff in low-action flows and reaches the maximum when the runoff approaches 20 000 m3/s, but decreases with the runoff thereafter. The rating curve between monthly SSC and water discharge of the MR exhibits “double-loop” shape during 1976−1987, but presents clockwise “single loop” with “sediment before water” during 1988−2015. (3) Flood diversion project construction and soil conservation measures dominate the fluvial SSC from the MR into the Gulf of Mexico. The construction of flood diversion engineering reduces the sediment source along the river channel, and the soil conservation measures repress the land erosion, which have combined to keep the SSC at a relatively low level. In addition, SSC in the MR presents minor response to extreme hydrological events.

suspended sediment concentration  /  runoff  /  relationship between suspend sediment concentration and water runoff  /  Mississippi River
杨江洁, 戴志军, 梅雪菲, Sergio Fagherazzi. 密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度变化过程研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 71 -81 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022098
Jiangjie Yang, Zhijun Dai, Xuefei Mei, Sergio Fagherazzi. Variations of suspended sediment concentration of the Mississippi River delivered from land into sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 71 -81 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022098
河流输送泥沙至海洋是地球表面物质转移的重要途径,在地球生物化学循环中发挥关键作用[1-3]。据统计,约95%的泥沙通过河流进入海洋[4]。作为地球表面物质进入海洋的重要载体[5],河流入海泥沙对陆海相互作用、物质循环与迁移具有重要意义。
然而,近几十年来全球气候变化和人类活动导致河流与河口环境发生显著变化,进而急剧改变入海水体悬沙浓度(Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC),这一现象已引起全球关注[6-7]。例如,长江入海水体悬沙浓度由于三峡大坝的建设和运行与20世纪50年代相比呈现分阶段减少的趋势[3]。水土保持、流域降水减少及水利工程调蓄被认为是引起黄河下游含沙量减少的主要原因[8]。大坝建设、土壤保持及人工采砂导致珠江入海水体悬沙浓度显著下降[9-10]。再如,1993年湄公河修建漫湾大坝后,进入河口的悬沙浓度明显降低[11-12]。印度巴里托河上游的农业活动、采矿行为和非法伐木显著改变了进入巴里托三角洲的水体悬沙浓度[13]。当河流水体悬沙浓度降低导致水流挟带的泥沙量小于水流挟沙能力时,河床侵蚀及入海污染物通量发生异变,由此对河口环境产生负面效应,这已引起众多学者的关注[3, 6]
密西西比河作为美国境内第一长河,年均径流量为6 000×108 m3[14],年均输沙量为1.27×108 t[15]。然而,随着流域大坝、整治工程的构建及水土保持措施的实施,入海泥沙由20世纪50年代的4×108 t/a锐减为2013年的1.2×108 t左右[16-18]。1985年以来,入海泥沙量大幅减少导致密西西比河三角洲平原每年约43 km²土地被侵蚀[16],这不但增加了风暴对内陆地区的破坏,而且危及三角洲自然生态和经济活动,因此,密西西比河入海泥沙的变化需引起广泛重视[19-20]
近年来,对密西西比河水沙特征的研究主要基于悬沙通量(Suspended Sediment Discharge, SSD)变化,较少涉及悬沙浓度[18]。河流入海悬沙浓度是决定入海泥沙通量多寡的重要因素,且对自然和人类活动的响应更为敏感,其与流域地形、地质和气候条件、流域径流量及土壤侵蚀和流失等均密切相关[21-23]。此外,关于密西西比河水体悬沙浓度的研究多基于年或月平均数据,无法探究其可变性和动态性。为揭示美国密西西比河入海水沙过程以及在何种程度上响应自然和人为驱动因素的影响,本文基于密西西比河每日水沙数据,分析密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度近几十年来的变化过程,并对其变化原因进行初步探讨。
密西西比河以发源于落基山脉东部的最大支流密苏里河源头起算,长6 262 km,为世界第4长河[24]。密西西比河流域灌溉面积为323×104 km2,约占美国总面积的41%[25]。因三角洲淡水资源及港航等需求,美国陆军工程兵团(United States Army Corps of Engineers, USACE)自1963年在距入海口507 km的位置分阶段建造了旧河控制结构(Old River Control Structure, ORCS)[26]。该结构控制约25%的密西西比河水分流至阿查法拉亚河,以确保75%的流量通过干流排放至墨西哥湾[16, 27]。塔伯特兰丁(Tarbert Landing)监测站位于旧河流控制结构下方14 km处(图1a),其监测数据表征了密西西比河流域输入三角洲河口的径流及悬沙变化。
本文收集了塔伯特兰丁站1975年10月1日至2015年9月30日共40个水文年的逐日流量数据,数据来自美国陆军工程兵团(https://www.army.mil/usace)。该站同期日悬沙通量数据从美国地质勘探局(http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis)收集。其中,1979年8月18日至1980年12月31日的流量缺失数据通过指数拟合补充获取。根据日均流量及日悬沙通量数据,塔伯特兰丁站日均悬沙浓度($ {\rm{SSC1}} $,单位:kg/m3)计算公式为
$ {\rm{SSC}}1=\frac{{\rm{SSD}}1\times 1 \;000}{Q1\times (24\times 3\;600)} \text{,} $
式中,SSD1是日悬沙通量(单位:t/d);Q1是日均流量(单位:m3/s)。
Rosen和Xu[27]根据密西西比河悬沙输移能力,将塔伯特兰丁站径流量(Q)进行分级:(1)低流量(Q<13 000 m3/s,低于频率累积曲线50%);(2)起动流量(13 000 m3/s<Q<18 000 m3/s,介于频率累积曲线50%~68%);(3)中流量(18 000 m3/s<Q<25 000 m3/s,介于频率累积曲线68%~89%);(4)高流量(25 000 m3/s<Q<32 000 m3/s,介于频率累积曲线89%~98%);(5)峰值流量(Q>32 000 m3/s,超过频率累积曲线98%)。
根据IPCC第4次评估报告可知,极端气候通常被定义为天气或气候变量的值高于(或低于)某固定阈值[28]。其中,衡量极端水文事件的阈值计算以高于第75百分位(P75)或低于第25百分位(P25)作为标准。对于具有n个样本的随机时间序列X,将所有数据按升序排列为X1X2,…,Xn,一个随机值Xm的累积百分位(P)根据Bonsal等[29]提出的公式估计:
$ P=\frac{m-0.31}{n-0.38}. $
本文中,当某年实测径流量高于P75,则定义为洪涝事件,低于P25则定义为枯水事件,当某年实测悬沙浓度高于P75,则定义为高悬沙浓度事件。此外,当年实测径流等于P50,则定义为平水事件。
Mann-Kendall法是一种非参数的统计分析方法,简称M-K法。该法不仅计算简便,不要求样本遵从一定的分布,而且检验结果不受少数异常值干扰,因此,国内外学者常用其评估气温、降水、水质等序列的统计单调趋势和突变规律[30]。M-K法根据统计量UF、UB进行趋势性检验,其中UFUB表征了时间序列的变化趋势,具体而言,UF为正值表明原统计序列呈上升趋势,负值则表示原序列为下降趋势;当UF的绝对值大于或等于1.96时,表示原统计序列上升或下降趋势通过了α=0.05的显著性水平检验。进行突变分析时,计算两个统计量序列:一个顺序的统计变量UFk和一个反向的统计变量UBk。如果UFkUBk曲线相交,且交点在临界线之间(±1.96之间),则可以推断交点对应时刻是发生突变的时间[31]
考虑到塔伯特兰丁站在流量低于27 000 m3/s时悬沙浓度随流量增加而增加,而在高于27 000 m3/s流量条件下悬沙浓度反而随流量增加而降低[32]。因此,在本研究中使用高斯曲线将日径流量与日悬沙浓度进行回归,从而获得以下水沙关系:
$ {\rm{SSC}}1=a \times {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{(Q1-b)}^{2}}{2{c}^{2}}}\text{,} $
式中,abc为常数。
此外,为分析给定年份内悬沙浓度的变化,通过矩法计算水文变异系数(Cv值)[3, 32]Cv值越大,表明年内悬沙浓度相差越悬殊,即年内分配越不均匀。Cv值越小,表明年内悬沙浓度分配越均匀。本文中年均流量与年均悬沙通量均以水文年为单位计算。一个水文年为前一年10月1日至当年9月30日。年均悬沙浓度(${\rm{SSC2}},\mathrm{单}\mathrm{位}:\mathrm{k}\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}^3$)通过下式计算得到:
$ {{\rm{SSC2}}}=\frac{{{\rm{SSD2}}}\times 1\;000}{n\times 24\times 3\;\mathrm{ }600\times {Q2}}\text{,} $
式中,n为水文年天数;SSD2为年均悬沙通量(单位:108 t/a);${Q2}$为年均流量(单位:m3/s)。
1976−2015年间,塔伯特兰丁站年均流量变化不大(图2a),但年悬沙通量呈现减小趋势(图2b),年均悬沙浓度表现出明显下降趋势(图2c)。通过百分位法得到年均流量的第75百分位(P75)、第50百分位(P50)和第25百分位(P25),据此划分洪水年、平水年和枯水年。图2a显示,年均流量高于P75的代表性洪水年份为1979年、1983年、1993年、1997年、2005年和2010年,年均流量在P50左右的代表性平水年份为1978年、1982年、1986年和1999年,低于P25的1988年、2000年、2006年及2012年为枯水年。平水年、洪水年及枯水年的年均流量、年均悬沙通量和年均悬沙浓度列在表1中。对比发现,密西西比河洪水年的悬沙通量高于其他年份,枯水年悬沙通量则明显低于其他年份(图2b)。年均悬沙浓度的呈现模式与悬沙通量不尽相同,洪水年悬沙浓度不一定高于其他年份(图2c)。
年悬沙浓度的第75百分位和最大值均呈显著下降趋势(图2d图2e),说明年内高悬沙浓度事件和高值悬沙浓度明显减少。同时,悬沙浓度变异系数明显下降,表明年内日悬沙浓度离散程度减小,悬沙的变化逐渐趋于均一化(图2f)。
塔伯特兰丁站悬沙浓度年际变化趋势和突变规律通过M-K法检验分析得到。由图3b可知,密西西西比河入海年均悬沙浓度整体呈现减小趋势,其中第一时期1976−1987年UFk基本大于0,而在第二时期UFk值显著小于0。1990−2015年UFk曲线超出显著线,说明年悬沙浓度在该时期显著减小并对年均悬沙浓度的整体变化趋势起决定作用。UFkUBk在0.05显著水平置信区间内于1987年与1988年之间相交,表明密西西比河年悬沙浓度在1987年前后发生突变。
进一步通过百分位法计算得到塔伯特兰丁站在1976−2015年年均悬沙浓度的第75百分位阈值为0.32 kg/m3。据此,其年均悬沙浓度时间序列可分为两个时期。年均悬沙浓度高于第75百分位的主要发生在1987年以前;而1987年之后,密西西比河悬沙浓度急剧减小,从1987年的0.31 kg/m3锐减到1988年的0.19 kg/m3,并在之后一直保持较低的悬沙浓度,仅在1998−2001年高于第75百分位(图3a)。因此,第一时期,即1976−1987年被认为是高悬沙浓度时期;第二时期,即1988−2015年被视作低悬沙浓度时期,两个时期的悬沙浓度平均值分别为0.35 kg/m3和0.27 kg/m3
塔伯特兰丁站日径流量与日悬沙浓度关系的拟合曲线呈高斯分布,表现为中间高两端低,相关性通过99%置信度检验(图4)。据此判断,密西西比河低流量、起动流量阶段悬沙浓度随流量增大而增大,当达到中流量阶段时,悬沙浓度随流量继续增加直至最大,但当流量进一步增大至高流量、峰值流量阶段时,悬沙浓度随流量增加而减小。
对比两个时期的水沙关系曲线,发现1976−1987年水沙关系曲线的斜率更陡,并在流量为20 360 m3/s时悬沙浓度达到峰值,为0.43 kg/m3;而1988−2015年水沙关系曲线斜率相对平缓,悬沙浓度在流量为19 560 m3/s时达到峰值,为0.31 kg/m3。这意味着第二时期悬沙浓度变化较小,且悬沙浓度最大值比第一时期要低。
进一步分析两个时期月均流量与月均悬沙浓度的关系曲线,可知密西西比河月径流量自10月逐渐增大,在4月达到峰值,之后逐渐减小。与下降阶段(4−6月)相比,流量上升阶段(2−4月)在相同流量下对应悬沙浓度更高(图5)。此外,在相同流量水平下,第二时期月均悬沙浓度明显低于第一时期,第二时期的水沙滞后弱于第一时期。
第一时期,即1976−1987年间,塔伯特兰丁站多年月均流量与月均悬沙浓度的关系曲线呈双绳套样(图5)。其中,前一年10月至当年2月与当年6−9月的水沙关系曲线呈逆时针变化,相同流量下,6−9月的平均悬沙浓度高于前一年10月至当年2月。而当年3−5月的水沙关系呈顺时针型绳套关系。第二时期,即1988−2015年,月均流量与月均悬沙浓度的关系曲线表现为“先沙后水”的顺时针单一型绳套样。在同流量条件下,流量上升阶段(前一年10月至当年4月)的平均悬沙浓度较流量减小阶段(5−9月)大。
在多年平均条件下,塔伯特兰丁站两个时期的月均流量峰值均出现在4月,但月均悬沙浓度最大值的出现时间并不一致,第一时期出现在3月,在第二时期提前至1月发生。与第一时期相比,第二时期6−9月悬沙浓度逐月的分配比例有较大改变。第二时期7月平均悬沙浓度较邻近月份变化幅度明显降低,从而减少了原有水沙关系的一个绳套,导致顺时针单一型绳套的呈现。
河流入海悬沙浓度的长期变化与流域地质地貌、水文条件变化以及各种人类活动密切相关[33-34]。以下进一步对可能引起悬沙浓度变化的驱动因素进行探讨。
水流作为泥沙的载体,对悬沙浓度具有显著影响[3]图6为两个时期日均悬沙浓度与流量的相关关系。发现低流量条件下,两个时期流量均与低悬沙浓度事件表现出明显的相关性。起动流量条件下,两个时期的流量与高悬沙浓度事件相关性更好。中流量和高流量条件下,第一时期流量继续与高悬沙浓度事件表现出较好的相关性,但第二时期流量与悬沙浓度相关性不再显著。峰值流量条件下,两个时期流量与悬沙浓度事件相关性均未通过显著性检验。总体而言,第一时期,流量除了峰值流量区间均对悬沙浓度有控制作用;第二时期,流量仅在低流量和起动流量情境下明显控制悬沙浓度。
具体而言,第一时期,在低流量条件下的悬沙浓度与流量的最大相关系数为正,说明悬沙浓度在此区间随着流量增加而增大。这一显著增长趋势在起动流量和中流量区间继续保持。在高流量区间,悬沙浓度与流量相关系数转变为负值,说明此区间内悬沙浓度随流量增大而显著减小。第二时期,低流量条件下的悬沙浓度与流量相关性与第一时期保持一致,随着流量增大而增大。然而,步入起动流量区间后,悬沙浓度与流量相关系数迅速转变为负值,即随着流量增加而减小。这可能是由于水流在流量增加的过程中会冲刷前期淤积的泥沙,先前沉降于河床的泥沙再悬浮进入水体,致使悬沙浓度增大。然而,前期河床淤积的泥沙量有限,随着流量继续增大,冲刷量会不断减小,导致水体悬沙浓度呈现降低态势。比较两个时期的相关系数特征,发现第二时期相对第一时期早了两个流量区间出现负值,说明除流量外,应有其他因素对密西西比河入海水体悬沙浓度造成影响。
目前,密西西比河的沉积物物源约25%来自河道退化,75%来自高地侵蚀[35]。水利工程建设(包括大坝调控、护岸工程及河道改善措施等)可拦截和消除河道沿程的沉积物物源[16, 36]。土壤保持措施和农业方式改变可减少密西西比河流域东部高地土壤侵蚀[37-38]。这些人类干扰都可能造成密西西比河入海悬沙浓度大幅减少[36]
1976−1987年间,在高流量冲刷影响下,河道沉积物进入水体,密西西比河下游平均悬沙浓度保持在0.35 kg/m3。1987年旧河辅助控制结构(图1e)运行,导致一部分水体和泥沙分流进入阿查法拉亚河[39-40],进而导致密西西比河年均入海悬沙浓度从1986年的0.37 kg/m3减小到1989年的0.19 kg/m3。同时,1990年旧河控制结构处修建的低水头水电站(图1f)拦截了部分流域来沙[26]。1986年美国开始实施“土地休耕计划(Conservation Reserve Program, CRP)”,旨在通过休耕还林、还草等长期性植被恢复措施,达到修复生态和土壤保护的目标。CRP实施20年来,美国土壤侵蚀速率下降超过40%[41-42]。1987年美国政府进一步推出森林保护政策。进入20世纪90年代,美国国有森林已全面禁伐。上述措施使得1988−2015年的第二时期密西西比河入海悬沙浓度保持在相对较低水平, 水体平均悬沙浓度约为0.27 kg/m3
厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)对全球极端气候、降水及径流量有显著影响[43]。密西西比河流量与ENSO指数亦有较好的相关性。如图7a所示,1983年、1993年、1997年、2005年及2010年的ENSO指数高于时间序列月平均ENSO指数的P75,据此判定这些年份发生了厄尔尼诺事件。1988年、2000年、2006年及2011年的ENSO指数低于时间序列月平均ENSO指数的P25,认定这些年份发生拉尼娜事件。将ENSO指数时间序列与密西西比河月流量序列比较分析,发现1983年、1993年、1997年、2005年及2010年发生在塔伯特兰丁站的高流量事件与厄尔尼诺事件相关,反之,拉尼娜事件则导致1988年、2000年、2006年及2011年的枯水事件。需要强调的是,ENSO并不一定会导致极端事件的发生,比如1987年的ENSO事件对密西西比河流量几乎没有产生影响。
与年际径流量变化不同,年均悬沙浓度与ENSO指数并未表现出明显的相关性。受厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件控制的洪水年和枯水年并未发生相应的悬沙浓度高值和低值事件。进一步比较分析,发现悬沙浓度往往在洪水年或枯水年前后1~2年达到极高值或极低值,这同流量与悬沙浓度的关系曲线表现一致(图4):低流量下悬沙浓度随流量增加而增加,高悬沙浓度基本发生在中流量阶段;当河流处于中流量以上时,由于前期河道淤积的泥沙量有限,悬浮泥沙被持续增长的水流稀释[44],流量与悬沙浓度呈反比关系。极端水文事件对悬沙浓度的影响也可能掺杂了人类活动干扰在内,具体需要进一步深入分析。
河流入海水体悬沙浓度不仅是决定河流入海泥沙通量的基本因素,也是反映流域侵蚀或淤积动态的关键因子,对许多生源要素的全球循环有重要影响。基于密西西比河入海流量和悬沙浓度数据,本文主要结论包括:
(1)近40年来,密西西比河年均径流量几乎没有变化,而年均悬沙浓度呈现显著减小趋势。根据M-K突变检验分析结果,将整个研究时期分为两个阶段:1976−1987年第一时期悬沙浓度平均值为0.35 kg/m3,1988−2015年第二时期平均悬沙浓度为0.27 kg/m3。密西西比河入海悬沙浓度突变与1987年旧河辅助控制结构的运行有关。
(2)密西西比河日径流量与悬沙浓度之间的关系符合高斯分布。在低流量与起动流量阶段,悬沙浓度随着流量的增加而增加,并在流量接近20 000 m3/s时悬沙浓度达到最大值,流量高于20 000 m3/s后悬沙浓度反而随流量增加而减小。密西西比河月水沙关系在第一时期呈双绳套样,第二时期则表现出“先沙后水”顺时针单一型绳套。
(3)密西西比河入海悬沙浓度不仅受河流流量控制,还受到水利工程运行和土壤侵蚀的影响:护岸工程及河道改善措施通过拦截河道沿程进入密西西比河的沉积物降低入海悬沙浓度;美国政府“土地休耕计划”和森林保护政策的实施通过减少土壤侵蚀来降低入海悬沙浓度。此外,ENSO造成的极端事件对密西西比河入海悬沙浓度的影响较小。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2018YFE0109900);国家自然科学基金委−中华人民共和国水利部−中国长江三峡集团有限公司长江水科学研究联合基金(U2040202);上海市“一带一路国际联合实验室”基金(21230750600)
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022098
  • 接收时间:2021-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-17
  • 修回日期:2021-12-10
基金
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2018YFE0109900);国家自然科学基金委−中华人民共和国水利部−中国长江三峡集团有限公司长江水科学研究联合基金(U2040202);上海市“一带一路国际联合实验室”基金(21230750600)
作者信息
    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.波士顿大学 地球与环境学院,马萨诸塞州 波士顿 02215

通讯作者:

戴志军,教授,博士生导师,主要从事陆海相互作用、河口海岸动力沉积与动力地貌−生物耦合研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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