Article(id=1224799656933216368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1632844800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-29, revisedDate=1640534400000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944593889, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1656604800000, pubDateStr=2022-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944593889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944593889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944593889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799656396345456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944593762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996013782, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015327654821951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799656396345456, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799657222623347, articleId=1224799656933216368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on sea ice thickness identification method based on Hough transform principle, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea ice thickness is one of the main sea ice parameters. Automatic recognition of sea ice thickness in video is a significant component of sea ice parameters extraction. In this paper, the machine vision method based on Hough transform is used to recognize the surface contour of sea ice, so as to obtain the sea ice thickness parameters. According to the characteristics of sea ice image, the overall recognition process is divide into image edge recognition, approximate line segment recognition and sea ice contour segment group recognition. In the process of line segment identification, three parameters of line segment group including angle, length and spacing are established based on the geometric characteristics of sea ice. In order to verify the reliability of the method, this method is applied to analysis the field survey data of Xuelong icebreaker’s eighth Arctic expedition. The results show that the three parameters have the optimal threshold value. When it is lower than this value, increasing the threshold will increase the effective recognition rate; when it is higher than this value, increasing the threshold will increase the false recognition rate. The ice thickness recognition rate can reach more than 90% by using the optimal threshold. Therefore, the ice thickness identification method based on Hough transform can realize the real-time monitoring of sea ice thickness.

, correspAuthors=Xiaodong Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peixuan Zhang, Xiaodong Chen, Shuai Kong, Shaopeng Ji, Shunying Ji), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799659185557690, articleId=1224799656933216368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于Hough变换原理的海冰厚度识别方法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为主要海冰参数之一的海冰厚度对海冰灾害评估和极地船舶与冰区海洋工程结构设计具有重要意义。采用船侧视频图像对海冰厚度进行自动识别是提取海冰参数的重要方式。本文采用基于Hough变换的机器视觉方法对海冰翻转过程中的表面轮廓线进行识别,从而自动获取海冰厚度参数。根据海冰图像特征制定了图像边缘识别−近似线段识别−海冰轮廓线段组识别的计算流程。在线段组识别过程中,根据海冰的几何特征建立了由夹角、长度及间距参数相关联的3个识别参数所组成的判断条件。为验证方法的可靠性,将该方法用于“雪龙”号第八次北极科考的走航实测数据中,结果表明,3个识别参数均具有最优阈值。当低于最优值时提高阈值可增加有效识别率;而高于最优值时提高阈值则会导致误判率增大,采用最优阈值可使冰厚识别率达到90%以上。因此,采用基于Hough变换的冰厚识别方法可实现对海冰厚度的实时监测。

, correspAuthors=陈晓东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈晓东(1987-),男,辽宁省抚顺市人,博士,工程师,主要从事海冰力学及极地海洋工程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jgHQJgo4nTkwZmogIAPkaA==, magXml=4V8yu9AaiAeY3jFANiVjQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QPh/7Z1zp7ps/NQGoWQk9g==, pdfFileSize=2167186, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=M6ZK9GgsSdee54G3oci9iQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WjEx+xrxYMcpZ9lQtMkVjQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张培宣(2000-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事计算机图形学研究。E-mail:

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张培宣(2000-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事计算机图形学研究。E-mail:

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San Jose: IEEE, 2013: 1−6., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225366136062132311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, awardId=42176241,52101300,12102083, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划重点专项(2018YFA0605902);国家自然科学基金(42176241,52101300,12102083), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225366136179572830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, awardId=DUT21LK03, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(DUT21LK03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225366136284430435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, awardId=20211014110061, language=CN, fundingSource=水动力学重点实验室稳定支持基金;国家级大学生创新创业训练计划支持项目(20211014110061), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225366128168452837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366128176841446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, companyId=1225366128168452837, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366128394945271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, companyId=1225366128378168051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225366132476003274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Example of ice thickness measurement during the Arctic voyage of Xuelong scientific research ship[29], figureFileSmall=mKNJy5JMgQFUyet6d+gqXA==, figureFileBig=rtYDjAUjcsgoKGNSVrXuRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366132580860878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“雪龙”号科考船北极航行中的冰厚测量示例[29], figureFileSmall=mKNJy5JMgQFUyet6d+gqXA==, figureFileBig=rtYDjAUjcsgoKGNSVrXuRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366132731855834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Recognition result of edge segment

a. Schematic diagram of coordinate transform; b. Hough transform in polar coordinate space

, figureFileSmall=5N6IhQDLU9pQoSsqNgUKEw==, figureFileBig=SSrc7NsGE+7oGeNgZ5lZKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366132845102048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图2, caption=边缘线段识别结果

a. 坐标系变换的演示图;b. 极坐标空间的Hough变换

, figureFileSmall=5N6IhQDLU9pQoSsqNgUKEw==, figureFileBig=SSrc7NsGE+7oGeNgZ5lZKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366132924793829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Recognition result of edge segment

The identified lines segment are marked with different colors

, figureFileSmall=9HxR+w41ltLsAV3D8HKcpw==, figureFileBig=8LaD0PDGcSStZCnz4bOJww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133025457130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图3, caption=边缘线段识别结果

所识别线段用不同颜色标出

, figureFileSmall=9HxR+w41ltLsAV3D8HKcpw==, figureFileBig=8LaD0PDGcSStZCnz4bOJww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133113537520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Error judgment example of edge segment group

a. Excessive angle difference between two lines; b. excessive length difference between two lines; c. insufficient distance between two lines

, figureFileSmall=zXObVUDW7gqt1CNWi9KhQg==, figureFileBig=BbJE+uRg3+Cw7kT568x0sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133235172346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图4, caption=边缘线段组错误判断示例

a. 两线间夹角差值过大;b. 两线间长度差值过大;c. 两线间间距过小

, figureFileSmall=zXObVUDW7gqt1CNWi9KhQg==, figureFileBig=BbJE+uRg3+Cw7kT568x0sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133323252736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Principle analysis of intersection of two straight lines, figureFileSmall=y5ddUcB6C8mpq+1KHkA3eQ==, figureFileBig=PTvWi3pAw8Txx6+yV+gq9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133449080840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两直线相交原理分析, figureFileSmall=y5ddUcB6C8mpq+1KHkA3eQ==, figureFileBig=PTvWi3pAw8Txx6+yV+gq9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133562327054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Identifications of sea ice thickness based on Hough transformation

The identified lines segment are marked with different colors

, figureFileSmall=Rn9y+faTTuhLucWqRv4c3Q==, figureFileBig=MwNR/qQYgeHfE6ITvXY6zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133704933399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于Hough变换的海冰厚度识别

所识别线段用不同颜色标出

, figureFileSmall=Rn9y+faTTuhLucWqRv4c3Q==, figureFileBig=MwNR/qQYgeHfE6ITvXY6zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133801402396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Identifications of sea ice thickness based on Hough transformation

The identified lines segment are marked with different colors

, figureFileSmall=bumkUSh74U1NrEGJpTXNGw==, figureFileBig=av9uBIjjvKpiBMtAYcaxzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366133931425828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799656933216368, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基于Hough变换的海冰厚度识别

所识别线段用不同颜色标出

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基于Hough变换原理的海冰厚度识别方法
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张培宣 1 , 陈晓东 1, 2, * , 孔帅 3 , 季少鹏 3 , 季顺迎 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(7): 161-169
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(7): 161-169
基于Hough变换原理的海冰厚度识别方法
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张培宣1 , 陈晓东1, 2, * , 孔帅3, 季少鹏3, 季顺迎1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2.大连理工大学 白俄罗斯国立大学联合学院,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 3.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 张培宣(2000-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事计算机图形学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈晓东(1987-),男,辽宁省抚顺市人,博士,工程师,主要从事海冰力学及极地海洋工程研究。E-mail:
Research on sea ice thickness identification method based on Hough transform principle
Peixuan Zhang1 , Xiaodong Chen1, 2, * , Shuai Kong3, Shaopeng Ji3, Shunying Ji1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Industrial Equipment Structure Analysis, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2. DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3. China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2022-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022114
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作为主要海冰参数之一的海冰厚度对海冰灾害评估和极地船舶与冰区海洋工程结构设计具有重要意义。采用船侧视频图像对海冰厚度进行自动识别是提取海冰参数的重要方式。本文采用基于Hough变换的机器视觉方法对海冰翻转过程中的表面轮廓线进行识别,从而自动获取海冰厚度参数。根据海冰图像特征制定了图像边缘识别−近似线段识别−海冰轮廓线段组识别的计算流程。在线段组识别过程中,根据海冰的几何特征建立了由夹角、长度及间距参数相关联的3个识别参数所组成的判断条件。为验证方法的可靠性,将该方法用于“雪龙”号第八次北极科考的走航实测数据中,结果表明,3个识别参数均具有最优阈值。当低于最优值时提高阈值可增加有效识别率;而高于最优值时提高阈值则会导致误判率增大,采用最优阈值可使冰厚识别率达到90%以上。因此,采用基于Hough变换的冰厚识别方法可实现对海冰厚度的实时监测。

冰厚识别  /  海冰图像  /  Hough变换  /  图像轮廓线识别

Sea ice thickness is one of the main sea ice parameters. Automatic recognition of sea ice thickness in video is a significant component of sea ice parameters extraction. In this paper, the machine vision method based on Hough transform is used to recognize the surface contour of sea ice, so as to obtain the sea ice thickness parameters. According to the characteristics of sea ice image, the overall recognition process is divide into image edge recognition, approximate line segment recognition and sea ice contour segment group recognition. In the process of line segment identification, three parameters of line segment group including angle, length and spacing are established based on the geometric characteristics of sea ice. In order to verify the reliability of the method, this method is applied to analysis the field survey data of Xuelong icebreaker’s eighth Arctic expedition. The results show that the three parameters have the optimal threshold value. When it is lower than this value, increasing the threshold will increase the effective recognition rate; when it is higher than this value, increasing the threshold will increase the false recognition rate. The ice thickness recognition rate can reach more than 90% by using the optimal threshold. Therefore, the ice thickness identification method based on Hough transform can realize the real-time monitoring of sea ice thickness.

ice thickness identification  /  sea ice image  /  Hough transform  /  image contour recognition
张培宣, 陈晓东, 孔帅, 季少鹏, 季顺迎. 基于Hough变换原理的海冰厚度识别方法. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (7) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022114
Peixuan Zhang, Xiaodong Chen, Shuai Kong, Shaopeng Ji, Shunying Ji. Research on sea ice thickness identification method based on Hough transform principle[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (7) : 161 -169 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022114
随着全球气候变暖,北极海冰快速消融,使得北极航道的开发逐渐引起人们关注[1-2]。冰载荷是极地冰区航行船舶的主要设计参数,而海冰厚度是冰载荷确定过程中的主要参数[3-5]。其次,海冰厚度还是海冰灾害风险评估的主要指标之一。渤海辽东湾是我国冰情最严重的地区之一,每年对其冰情进行评估时,都需要大量使用到海冰厚度以及密集度等参数[6]。另外,海冰厚度也是冰区海洋结构设计的关键参数。在计算海洋工程设计的控制载荷—海冰作用力时需要使用到海冰厚度等参数信息[7]。由此可见,海冰厚度参数大量应用于极地船舶冰载荷分析、海冰灾害评估以及海工结构设计等重要领域[8]
我国系统性的海冰信息监测始于20世纪60年代初期,相继发展了沿岸站台测量、沿岸冰调查、破冰船海冰调查、卫星遥感、航空遥感和平台定点观测等观测手段[9-11]。现有条件下极地船舶获取海冰信息的主要方式为卫星遥感[12-13]。高分辨率的卫星图像和数据产品可以提供船只航行路线上大范围的海冰信息,从而帮助其选择最佳航道[14-15]。但卫星遥感监测的采样频率较低,一般存在1 d以上预报延迟,因此不适用于船舶的短期航线规划[16-17]。据此,本文提出利用船侧视频图像数据,通过机器视觉相关算法完成海冰厚度参数的实时提取。现行机器视觉技术系统主要由光学照明系统、成像系统和视觉信息处理系统等部分组成,能够完成包括特征提取、模式识别、语义理解等功能并大范围应用于产品瑕疵检测、视频监控分析以及自动和辅助驾驶等领域[18]
“雪龙”号在极地航行过程中需要实时监测航行区域的冰面类型以及海冰厚度等数据[19-20]。现有图像分析软件无法做到对于海冰参数准确、有效地识别,所以只能采用人工识别的方法[21-23]。但人工识别不仅耗费人力,而且在一些数据的得出上耗时过长,因此,开发新型图像分析软件来完成海冰参数的实时监测,对于极地船舶的航行具有极高的重要性[24-26]
Hough变换是一种从图像空间到参数空间的映射关系,其将图像空间中复杂的边缘特征映射为参数空间中的聚类检测问题,使得Hough变换方法成为提取边缘线条特征的强有力工具[27]。基于上述优点和特性,Hough变换算法被广泛应用于运动目标的识别与轨迹监测等领域[28]
根据上述介绍以及海冰翻转时截面边缘线的几何特征,本文提出基于Hough变换的机器视觉方法,以此实现海冰厚度参数的自动识别,并利用“雪龙”号北极实地走航数据对上述方法进行适用性与可靠性的分析。
采用船侧视频图像提取海冰厚度参数时,海冰翻转时的截面几何形状是测量冰厚的主要依据。如图1所示,因为海冰断裂后截面较为平整,所以海冰翻转时截面两侧边缘线近似平行。
参考现行人工测量方法中以海冰两侧边缘平行线之间距离作为海冰厚度的基本思想,设计开发海冰厚度的自动识别程序。程序总体流程分为3部分:图像边缘线检测、线段检测与平行线检测。在图像边缘线检测中根据灰度梯度变化情况,利用sobel算子完成边缘线检测;线段检测中利用Hough变换,识别边缘线中的线段,并输出线段的角度和极径参数;在平行线检测中,根据海冰翻转时的几何特征制定线段组夹角、距离以及间距3种判定条件。最后,当有边缘线段组满足平行线判断条件时输出海冰厚度参数[30-31]
线段识别是检测图像中平行线的基础。但一张图像中所包含的线段几乎是无限的,所以无法在图像中直接判断,因此引入Hough变换[32]。Hough变换的基础是建立极坐标空间,用(ρ, θ)表示空间各点,并根据极坐标变换将图像中所有直线用空间各点(ρ, θ)表示。根据直线在极坐标系与直角坐标系间转换关系得式(1),公式为
$ \rho =x\mathrm{cos}\theta +y\mathrm{sin}\theta \text{,} $
式中,$\ \rho $为原点到该直线的垂直距离;xy为图像中任意点的坐标;$ \theta $为垂线与$ x $轴的夹角。
Hough变换后得出极坐标空间与图像空间满足下述关系:极坐标空间中任意点$ (\rho,\theta ) $都代表图像空间中的一条直线,并将此直线记作l(ρ, θ);图像空间中任意点$ (x,y) $对应于极坐标空间中一条三角函数线。
由此可知,当图像中有一定数量的边缘点(即经过边缘检测后被检测出来的边缘像素点)位于l(ρ, θ)上时,极坐标空间中会有相同数量的三角函数线经过$ (\rho,\theta ) $点,如图2a所示。利用上述特性可以实现边缘线中的线段识别。实现方法为建立累计数组,并定义$ {l}_{(\rho,\;\theta )} $中包含的边缘点数量为累加量N(ρ, θ)。因为真实线段中包含超过一定数量的边缘点,所以需要设立相应的阈值Nw进行判断。若N(ρ, θ)大于设定阈值Nw,则认为图像空间中的$ {l}_{(\rho,\;\theta )} $真实存在[33-34]。将上述变换过程应用于真实图像,并在极坐标空间中框选出所有累加量满足阈值Nw的$ (\rho,\theta ) $点得到图2b图2b中框选的5个$ (\rho,\theta ) $点代表图像中真实存在的5条边缘线段。
应用Hough变换方法处理“雪龙”号走航实测图像的过程中发现,当阈值Nw取为累加量中最大值$ {N}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $的1/20时,程序能较好地识别出图像中的线段并输出近似线段参数。程序实际应用后识别得到图3b所示的边缘线段。
虽然通过Hough变换能够识别海冰翻转过程中的边缘线段,但计算机仍无法识别出属于同一块海冰的线段组。为此需要根据线段参数完成线段组的平行判断。在完成海冰两侧边缘平行线的识别过程中,必须综合考虑海冰几何特征与边缘线段参数[35-36]。本文采用夹角、长度以及间距3类不同判据完成对平行线的判别,并据此提取海冰厚度参数。
海冰截面翻转后上下表面投影线段角度较为接近,因此,当两条线段的夹角($ \mathrm{\Delta }\theta $)较大时,认为这两条线段不属于同一块海冰的翻转截面。在程序实现过程中,需要利用Hough变换识别得到的线段角度参数来计算线段组夹角($ \mathrm{\Delta }\theta $)。如图4a所示,夹角较大的线段组明显不属于同一块海冰的截面边缘线。
在判断过程中需设定角度阈值$ {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $,当线段组满足$ \mathrm{\Delta }\theta < {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $时,认为两线段满足角度近似条件。
当图像中出现两块及以上海冰同时处于翻转过程中且多块海冰位置近似平行时,识别结果会发生误判。如图4b所示,图中两块海冰的4条边缘线段角度近似但$ {L}_{1}{\text{、}}{L}_{3} $不属于同一块海冰,而代表同一块海冰的两线段组$ {L}_{1}{\text{、}}{L}_{2} $和$ {L}_{3}{\text{、}}{L}_{4} $各自满足长度近似。据此设立线段组长度比值判据$ {R}_{L} $。程序执行过程中设定判断阈值$ {R}_{c} $,当${R}_{L} < {R}_{c}$时,认为两条平行线满足长度近似条件。
在识别过程中可能有满足上述夹角和长度判断条件但线段组仍无法代表海冰边缘线的情况,如图4c所示。为此引入间距判断条件。
图5所示,假设直角坐标系下存在两条直线$ {l}_{1} $和$ {l}_{2} $,在$ {l}_{1} $和$ {l}_{2} $上各取线段组AB、EF和CD、GH。此时线段组AB、CD以及EF、GH均满足夹角和长度判断条件。但如图6所示,图6c中所识别线段组为有效识别的冰块翻转截面,而图6f中所识别线段组则为误识别结果。分析上述假设发现,判断条件$ \mathrm{\Delta }\theta \leqslant {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $只代表直线$ {l}_{1} $和$ {l}_{2} $的整体性质,因此存在线段组满足夹角判断条件但仍相交的情况。所以无法用夹角和长度判据识别出所有线段组相交情况。为此引入间距判据,其中,间距$ \mathrm{\Delta }D $定义为两线段在极坐标下线间距离与在直角坐标下线间距离的差值。当$ \mathrm{\Delta }D $小于阈值$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $时,线段组满足近似平行[37]
利用“雪龙”号第八次北极科考走航视频数据,对程序进行适用性分析,在图6图7中列举出多种实地航行情况下海冰厚度检测图。分析有效判断中多张原始图像可知,当海冰图像满足两侧边缘轮廓清晰且无其他线段干扰时程序适用性良好。对有效识别中冰厚识别结果分析可知,自动识别程序适用于任意长度的海冰冰块且识别线段覆盖海冰冰块两侧边缘线的主要部分。
对于失效判断中原始图像以及Hough变换结果分析可知,当海冰边缘线与周围环境对比度较低时,Hough变换无法有效检测图像中冰块的边缘线段。另外,当冰块本身边缘线与其他环境线段混杂时,程序会误判海冰冰块边缘线,导致最终检测结果失效。
为实现海冰厚度参数的自动识别,在程序执行过程中引入线段组夹角阈值、长度阈值以及间距阈值。而上述判断阈值变化直接影响海冰图像的识别率以及误判率,其中,识别率为满足程序中各类判断阈值的图片总数与输入图片总数之比,误判率为满足程序中各类判断阈值但不符合实际海冰边缘线情况的图片总数与输入图片总数之比。因此,需要利用实地走航数据分析3类不同判断阈值对于图片识别率及误判率的影响,选取最优阈值使得识别结果具有较高的识别率与准确率。
在原始数据的选择过程中,本文从近1周实际航行视频中等时间间隔的截取了2 000余张海冰图像进行分析,并人工分辨出1 078张含海冰翻转截面的可识别图像,另外按照海冰所处位置、图片中所含海冰翻转截面个数以及边缘轮廓线是否清晰等不同情况,将所有可识别图像人工分为109种不同类别。根据上述可识别原始图像,本文对于夹角、长度以及间距3类判断阈值开展了数据试验。
在其余判断阈值固定不变的情况下,将夹角判断阈值$ {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $选取为0°~4°来开展数据试验。试验结果如图8所示。从试验结果可知,图像识别率与误判率均随夹角阈值的增大而升高,说明当阈值放宽后,图像识别率逐步提升,但相应阈值宽松会导致程序误判率升高。因此,选取最佳判断阈值时需要综合考虑。
分析可知,识别率和误判率随$ {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $变化时的增长速率具有较大差异。据此提出最优阈值的选取标准:小于误判率曲线的上升拐点且识别率曲线基本达到峰值。由图8可知,当$ {\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }_{c} $取值为2°时,满足上述两类条件。
实际情况下海冰两侧边缘线段应满足长度近似的原则,据此引入长度判断阈值Rc。当Rc取值为1~2.2时进行数据试验。试验结果如图9所示,由图9可知,当Rc接近1时,图片识别率小于60%,而当设定Rc为2时识别率大于95%。所以在实际情况下大部分图像的海冰两侧边缘线段长度比值位于区间1~2内。从图9中的识别率变化曲线能够看出,当Rc为1.55时识别结果满足识别率高于90%、误判率小于1%且误判率曲线仍未发生上升突变。由此可知,长度判断阈值Rc的最优取值为1.55。
为解决两边缘线段间距过近问题,引入间距阈值$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $。选取$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $为2~12 pt进行数据试验。试验结果如图10所示,当$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $小于3 pt时,图像识别率小于75%,而$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $大于6 pt时,图像识别率均位于90%以上。产生上述情况是因为海冰两侧边缘线段间不满足角度的精确相等所以直角坐标下的线间距离与极坐标下的线间距离也不满足精确相等。从图10中能够看出,当$ \mathrm{\Delta }{D}_{c} $取值为9 pt时,识别结果满足识别率基本达到峰值、误判率小于1%且误判率曲线未发生上升突变的要求。
根据试验统计采用基于Hough变换的自动识别方法时,单张海冰图像识别时间小于0.5 s,而人工测量方法因需对边缘线段进行人工标记与测算所需时长约为30 s。通过对比处理时长可知,本文中方法降低了海冰厚度测量过程中的人工参与度,缩短了海冰厚度测量耗时并提升了识别效率。
本文中所提出的识别方法与现行人工测量方法在识别准确率上仍然存在差距。因为无法彻底消除误判情况,所以本方法存在个别输出结果不可信的情况。
作为海冰主要参数之一,海冰厚度在极地船舶冰载荷分析、海冰灾害评估以及海工结构设计等方面具有关键作用。但因为极地特殊地理位置和恶劣环境条件的限制,现场数据获取较为困难。据此,本文采用基于Hough变换的机器视觉方法,通过对海冰翻转过程中的表面轮廓线中平行线进行识别,完成海冰图像中海冰厚度参数提取。
另外,本文利用“雪龙”号极地科考船实测数据进行试验,整理试验结果可得结论:(1)自动识别程序对于任意长度的海冰冰块均适用且所识别边缘线段能够覆盖海冰冰块两侧边缘线的主要部分;(2)夹角、长度以及间距3类阈值判断参数对于识别率以及误判率的影响均满足统一规律,综合考虑识别率和准确率均可以得出最佳判断阈值;(3)在误判率小于1%的情况下,程序对于海冰图像的识别率可以达到90%以上;(4)程序运行时间支持对海冰厚度参数的实时监测。上述试验结论证明,程序满足自动化识别及实时检测的设计要求,并且具有较好的适用性、稳定性及准确性。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2018YFA0605902);国家自然科学基金(42176241,52101300,12102083)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(DUT21LK03)
  • 水动力学重点实验室稳定支持基金;国家级大学生创新创业训练计划支持项目(20211014110061)
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2022年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022114
  • 接收时间:2021-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-29
  • 修回日期:2021-12-27
基金
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2018YFA0605902);国家自然科学基金(42176241,52101300,12102083)
中央高校基本科研业务费(DUT21LK03)
水动力学重点实验室稳定支持基金;国家级大学生创新创业训练计划支持项目(20211014110061)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学 工业装备结构分析国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
    2.大连理工大学 白俄罗斯国立大学联合学院,辽宁 大连 116023
    3.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

通讯作者:

陈晓东(1987-),男,辽宁省抚顺市人,博士,工程师,主要从事海冰力学及极地海洋工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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