Article(id=1224799281299739345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799280762868433, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629820800000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-25, revisedDate=1647273600000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944504332, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1661961600000, pubDateStr=2022-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944504332, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944504332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944504332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799280762868433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='54', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944504204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996063216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015534996050855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799280762868433, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015535000245160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799280762868433, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799281563980498, articleId=1224799281299739345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilizes a new functional analysis tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), to decompose the ocean circulation system in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) into three scale windows, namely, the background flow window (>96 days), the mesoscale window (24–96 days) and the high-frequency window (<24 days), and then uses the canonical energy transfer theory to investigate the intrinsic nonlinear multiscale interactions among these windows, on the basis of an eddy-resolving model simulation. It is found that multiscale interactions are strongest along the northwestern boundary and east of Sri Lanka. With intense barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, the canonical transfers of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) are mainly forward in these two regions. Mesoscale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir is mainly filled by the barotropic energy pathway with the kinetic energy of the background flow transferring to EKE, and secondarily from the baroclinic energy pathway with APE of the background flow transferring to the mesoscale APE and further converting to EKE. The gained EKE is found to further cascade to high-frequency motions, acting as an important dissipation mechanism of the mesoscale eddies in these regions. In contrast, the central BOB is mainly characterized by inverse KE cascades, where EKE and high-frequency kinetic energy (HKE) are gained via the baroclinic energy pathway, and then feed the background flow through inverse cascade processes. The northwest of Sumatra is also an area with strong mesoscale and high-frequency variability. Both barotropic and baroclinic energy pathways are the sources for EKE and HKE reservoirs in this region, with the baroclinic energy pathway playing the dominant role.

, correspAuthors=Xiangsan Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ye Ji, Yang Yang, Xiangsan Liang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799283338171111, articleId=1224799281299739345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=孟加拉湾海域背景流–中尺度涡–高频扰动之间的相互作用, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于一套涡分辨模式数据,本文利用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换—将孟加拉湾(BOB)海域的环流系统分解到背景流(>96 d)、中尺度(24~96 d)和高频尺度(<24 d)3个子空间,并用正则传输理论探讨了3个尺度子空间之间内在的非线性相互作用。结果表明,BOB西北部边界和斯里兰卡岛东部是BOB海域多尺度相互作用最显著的区域,中部则较弱。前两个区域的背景流大多正压、斜压不稳定,动能和有效位能正则传输主要表现为正向级串;后者则以逆尺度动能级串为主。具体来说,在BOB西北部与斯里兰卡东部,中尺度涡动能(EKE)主要来源于正压能量路径(即背景流动能向EKE传输),其次来源于斜压能量路径(即背景流有效位能向中尺度有效位能传输,并进一步转换为EKE)。通过这两个能量路径得到的EKE向更高频的扰动传输能量,起到了耗散中尺度涡的作用。不同于此二者,BOB中部海域的EKE和高频尺度动能主要通过斜压路径获得,随后通过逆尺度级串将动能返还给背景流。苏门答腊岛的西北部也是中尺度和高频尺度扰动较强的海域,正压能量路径和斜压能量路径均是该海域扰动能的来源,但以斜压能量路径为主。

, correspAuthors=梁湘三, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
梁湘三(1967-),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9CCW/vxYIBp/3Dwvzr7KRQ==, magXml=2OgxILEgeVBx6ZsxLvoRNA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=p7GgkV8FwwEUjDKNzlG49Q==, pdfFileSize=4156623, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rFoIi2EnrfB0AvYXKZ90/Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=522i3XH0hjxamD4djM+/Zw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

季页(1998-),女,江苏省射阳县人,主要从事海洋多尺度动力学研究。 E-mail:

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季页(1998-),女,江苏省射阳县人,主要从事海洋多尺度动力学研究。 E-mail:

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季页(1998-),女,江苏省射阳县人,主要从事海洋多尺度动力学研究。 E-mail:

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The data from ETOPO1. The numbered boxes from 1 to 4 denote the northwestern boundary of Bay of Bengal (EICC region), the central Bay of Bengal, the east of Sri Lank and northwest of Sumatra, respectively. See Section 2.3 for detailed description of the region selection

, figureFileSmall=H2tBY4Eo25GJ70MwcsFMtA==, figureFileBig=u8eyfWltt8JYKPIFSBEQ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366267700359327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图1, caption=孟加拉湾及其周边海域海底地形

数据来自ETOPO1,区域1~4分别代表孟加拉湾西北部边界(EICC的流经区域)、孟加拉湾中部海域、斯里兰卡岛的东部海域和苏门答腊岛的西北部海域,详细的区域选取说明见2.3节

, figureFileSmall=H2tBY4Eo25GJ70MwcsFMtA==, figureFileBig=u8eyfWltt8JYKPIFSBEQ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366267821994147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The energy cycle for a three-window decomposition

Red arrows denote canonical transfers (${\Gamma _K^\varpi }$ and ${\Gamma _A^\varpi} $) and buoyancy conversions (${{b^\varpi }}$), green arrows denote nonlocal transport processes (${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_K^\varpi }$, ${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_P^\varpi }$ and ${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_A^\varpi }$), and grey arrows stand for forcing/dissipation processes (${F_K^\varpi }$ and ${F_A^\varpi} $)

, figureFileSmall=B5aLCimi3QqGMc4aFUrrnA==, figureFileBig=x3eAY4joZAhK10PTjNKqXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366267893297318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3个尺度子空间框架下的能量循环

红色箭头表示跨尺度能量传输(${\Gamma _K^\varpi} $和${\Gamma _A^\varpi} $)和浮力转换过程(${{b^\varpi }}$),绿色箭头表示同尺度输运(${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_K^\varpi }$、${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_P^\varpi }$和${\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_A^\varpi }$),灰色箭头表示同尺度外强迫、耗散等过程(${F_K^\varpi }$和${F_A^\varpi }$)

, figureFileSmall=B5aLCimi3QqGMc4aFUrrnA==, figureFileBig=x3eAY4joZAhK10PTjNKqXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366267960406185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The area-mean kinetic energy (KE) spectra of the surface currents in various domains in Bay of Bengal (BOB) sea area

The spectra are in variance-preserving form. The blue and red curves are estimated from the velocity fields from OFES and AVISO, respectively. The green dashed vertical lines from left to right denote the periods of 96 d and 24 d, respectively

, figureFileSmall=qIMEvi1OZy/ywldMGSKEtw==, figureFileBig=fPtdvAgUVEPNOgC7vUY08Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366268027515051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图3, caption=孟加拉湾(BOB)海域不同区域平均的表层流场动能(KE)谱

动能谱采用了方差保持的形式。蓝色实线表示OFES数据,红色实线表示AVISO数据。绿色垂直虚线从左到右表示周期为96 d和24 d

, figureFileSmall=qIMEvi1OZy/ywldMGSKEtw==, figureFileBig=fPtdvAgUVEPNOgC7vUY08Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366268132372654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Temporally averaged surface multiscale kinetic energy components based on AVISO and OFES of 1999–2007, figureFileSmall=GVFw2wGKz8Dkv9NOZo1f7g==, figureFileBig=EJueuH3D+Ps4tALIq6chtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271420706993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于AVISO和OFES数据计算得到的1999–2007年表层海洋多尺度动能的气候态空间分布, figureFileSmall=GVFw2wGKz8Dkv9NOZo1f7g==, figureFileBig=EJueuH3D+Ps4tALIq6chtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271517175987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Horizontal distributions of the temporally averaged (1999–2017) and vertically (upper 300 m) integrated multiscale kinetic energy and available potential energy components, figureFileSmall=rjRjzJIp0DmuOiSEq4DkZQ==, figureFileBig=Si15OsXRXxJCRDzz4l8zBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271588479158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图5, caption=经过时间平均(1997–2017年)和垂向积分(上300 m)的多尺度动能和有效位能水平分布, figureFileSmall=rjRjzJIp0DmuOiSEq4DkZQ==, figureFileBig=Si15OsXRXxJCRDzz4l8zBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271659782329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The vertical distributions of the long-term mean multiscale kinetic energy and available potential energy components in various domains in Bay of Bengal (BOB), figureFileSmall=NEILxPJKKJpiejMVjBIJ/g==, figureFileBig=usDAFgxSVNvqx7IS4DSupA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271722696892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图6, caption=孟加拉湾(BOB)不同区域平均的多尺度动能和有效位能气候态垂直分布, figureFileSmall=NEILxPJKKJpiejMVjBIJ/g==, figureFileBig=usDAFgxSVNvqx7IS4DSupA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271802388671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Horizontal distributions of the temporally averaged (1999–2017) and vertically (upper 300 m) integrated canonical transfers and buoyancy conversions, figureFileSmall=rpxo6sPU8RUWeN9GoEBGvA==, figureFileBig=j0VvVW++SdgbL+bdyqmMCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271882080449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图7, caption=经时间平均(1997–2017年)和垂向积分(上300 m)的正则传输和浮力转换的水平分布, figureFileSmall=rpxo6sPU8RUWeN9GoEBGvA==, figureFileBig=j0VvVW++SdgbL+bdyqmMCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366271974355140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The vertical distributions of the long-term mean multiscale interaction terms in various domains in Bay of Bengal (BOB), figureFileSmall=yosUoVuKwI3yzJonrmpVXA==, figureFileBig=lRCp0vFOmZi1cTYQ/E19/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366272070824134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图8, caption=孟加拉湾(BOB)不同区域平均的多尺度相互作用项的气候态垂直分布, figureFileSmall=yosUoVuKwI3yzJonrmpVXA==, figureFileBig=lRCp0vFOmZi1cTYQ/E19/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366272133738696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Schematics of the Lorenz energy cycle in various domains in Bay of Bengal (BOB)

The numbers above the arrows are obtained from temporally and volume-averaged energy terms of 1999–2017, with the arrow size indicating the strength of the energy terms (unit: 10−6 W/m3)

, figureFileSmall=WiFiapWrV8i0qGeDVUp9Nw==, figureFileBig=4a3L94SfAFj98jX7gvGcoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366272205041865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799281299739345, language=CN, label=图9, caption=孟加拉湾(BOB)不同区域的洛伦兹能量循环

箭头上的数字表示1999–2017年上层海洋(0~300 m)体积平均值,箭头的粗细刻画了能量传输的大小(单位:10−6 W/m3

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孟加拉湾海域背景流–中尺度涡–高频扰动之间的相互作用
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季页 1 , 杨洋 2 , 梁湘三 3, 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(9): 23-37
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(9): 23-37
孟加拉湾海域背景流–中尺度涡–高频扰动之间的相互作用
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季页1 , 杨洋2, 梁湘三3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门 361102
  • 3.复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系,上海 200438
  • 4.复旦大学 IRDR极端天气气候与健康风险互联和治理国际卓越中心,上海 200438
  • 5.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000
  • 季页(1998-),女,江苏省射阳县人,主要从事海洋多尺度动力学研究。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

梁湘三(1967-),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal
Ye Ji1 , Yang Yang2, Xiangsan Liang3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2. College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 3. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 4. IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 5. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
出版时间: 2022-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022109
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基于一套涡分辨模式数据,本文利用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换—将孟加拉湾(BOB)海域的环流系统分解到背景流(>96 d)、中尺度(24~96 d)和高频尺度(<24 d)3个子空间,并用正则传输理论探讨了3个尺度子空间之间内在的非线性相互作用。结果表明,BOB西北部边界和斯里兰卡岛东部是BOB海域多尺度相互作用最显著的区域,中部则较弱。前两个区域的背景流大多正压、斜压不稳定,动能和有效位能正则传输主要表现为正向级串;后者则以逆尺度动能级串为主。具体来说,在BOB西北部与斯里兰卡东部,中尺度涡动能(EKE)主要来源于正压能量路径(即背景流动能向EKE传输),其次来源于斜压能量路径(即背景流有效位能向中尺度有效位能传输,并进一步转换为EKE)。通过这两个能量路径得到的EKE向更高频的扰动传输能量,起到了耗散中尺度涡的作用。不同于此二者,BOB中部海域的EKE和高频尺度动能主要通过斜压路径获得,随后通过逆尺度级串将动能返还给背景流。苏门答腊岛的西北部也是中尺度和高频尺度扰动较强的海域,正压能量路径和斜压能量路径均是该海域扰动能的来源,但以斜压能量路径为主。

孟加拉湾  /  多尺度子空间变换  /  正则传输  /  多尺度相互作用  /  正压不稳定  /  斜压不稳定

This study utilizes a new functional analysis tool, multiscale window transform (MWT), to decompose the ocean circulation system in the Bay of Bengal (BOB) into three scale windows, namely, the background flow window (>96 days), the mesoscale window (24–96 days) and the high-frequency window (<24 days), and then uses the canonical energy transfer theory to investigate the intrinsic nonlinear multiscale interactions among these windows, on the basis of an eddy-resolving model simulation. It is found that multiscale interactions are strongest along the northwestern boundary and east of Sri Lanka. With intense barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, the canonical transfers of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) are mainly forward in these two regions. Mesoscale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) reservoir is mainly filled by the barotropic energy pathway with the kinetic energy of the background flow transferring to EKE, and secondarily from the baroclinic energy pathway with APE of the background flow transferring to the mesoscale APE and further converting to EKE. The gained EKE is found to further cascade to high-frequency motions, acting as an important dissipation mechanism of the mesoscale eddies in these regions. In contrast, the central BOB is mainly characterized by inverse KE cascades, where EKE and high-frequency kinetic energy (HKE) are gained via the baroclinic energy pathway, and then feed the background flow through inverse cascade processes. The northwest of Sumatra is also an area with strong mesoscale and high-frequency variability. Both barotropic and baroclinic energy pathways are the sources for EKE and HKE reservoirs in this region, with the baroclinic energy pathway playing the dominant role.

Bay of Bengal  /  multiscale window transform  /  canonical transfer  /  multiscale interaction  /  barotropic instability  /  baroclinic instability
季页, 杨洋, 梁湘三. 孟加拉湾海域背景流–中尺度涡–高频扰动之间的相互作用. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (9) : 23 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022109
Ye Ji, Yang Yang, Xiangsan Liang. Multiscale interactions among the background flow, mesoscale eddy and high-frequency perturbation in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (9) : 23 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022109
孟加拉湾(Bay of Bengal,BOB)是位于印度洋东北部的半封闭海域(图1),也是全球受季风影响最强的海域。该海域具有复杂的多尺度海洋现象,如:西边界流、季风流、中尺度涡旋以及高频扰动等[14]。这些不同尺度的海洋过程对东北印度洋海域的生态系统、渔业[56]甚至当地的气候[7]都有着重要的影响。BOB海域的环流系统呈现出明显的季节变化特征。在夏季,受西南季风影响,向东北流的西边界流将南部海域的暖水向北部输送[810]。同时,在斯里兰卡岛东部,还存在一支西南季风流将阿拉伯海的高盐度水输送进BOB海域[11]。与之相对应的,在冬季整个BOB海域受东北季风控制,西边界流转变为向西南流的东印度洋沿岸流(East Indian Coastal Current,EICC)。此时BOB南部海域由东北季风流主导[1213]
BOB海域大尺度的海洋系统主要表现为西边界流和季风洋流,在季节内尺度则主要由中尺度涡旋表现出来。前人的研究表明BOB海域存在活跃的涡旋活动[1415]。这些中尺度涡旋主要在东边界处生成,随后向西传播,主要活跃在BOB的西部海域[3, 16],其频率特征主要集中在30~60 d上[1617]。涡旋活动对于BOB海域的生态环境有重要影响,其通过抽吸作用等方式改变了BOB海域叶绿素和营养盐的分布[1819]。除了随季节转换的大尺度背景流和活跃的中尺度涡旋外,BOB还存在着生命周期在3~7 d的高频扰动以及准两周周期的季节内信号。Subrahmanyam等[4]发现BOB南部海域上空天气尺度的风应力(尤其在西南季节盛行期间)可以通过海水辐合辐散在海表的温盐场上产生对应频率段的扰动。在本研究中,我们将这些周期在24 d以内的海洋过程统称为高频扰动。
正是由于上述复杂的多尺度海洋系统的存在,BOB海域表现出强烈的多尺度相互作用现象[2022]。研究多尺度相互作用对于了解该海域的能量循环以及环流动力机制有着重要的意义[23]。在BOB海域,前人研究发现BOB的西边界是涡流相互作用的关键区域,且主要通过EICC的斜压不稳定向中尺度涡旋传输能量[16]。Babu等[24]利用水文观测资料在BOB海域的西边界发现了一个直径约为200 km的次表层冷涡,他们认为斜压不稳定导致了该涡旋的产生。Arunraj等[20]通过涡旋追踪发现BOB海域涡旋的数量以及涡动能呈现出显著的季节变化特征,且与EICC流向的变化周期相一致。Chen等[22]将卫星观测数据以及海洋环流模式实验相结合,指出斯里兰卡岛附近以及BOB西部海域中涡动能的主要能量来源为EICC和季风流造成的海洋内部的不稳定过程。
除了涡流之间的相互作用外,高频扰动对于中尺度涡旋和洋流的变化也存在着影响。前人已经在黑潮流域和墨西哥湾海域发现高频扰动与中尺度涡旋和洋流之间存在相互作用,甚至存在显著的逆尺度的能量传输[25-26]。但在BOB海域,这些高频扰动与较低频的中尺度涡旋以及大尺度背景环流存在怎么样的相互作用,这个问题至今还不清楚。
基于上述研究,BOB海域的环流系统至少可以分离为随季节转向的背景流、中尺度涡旋以及高频扰动3个子系统。此三系统之间是如何相互作用的?这些相互作用在BOB海域具有什么样的空间结构?背景流–中尺度涡之间的相互作用,以及高频扰动过程与中尺度涡之间的相互作用对BOB不同区域中尺度涡能量的贡献如何?这些问题迄今还没有详尽的解释。本文将利用一种新的泛函工具,即多尺度子空间变换(Multiscale Window Transform,MWT)[27],以及基于MWT的正则传输理论[2829]对上述问题展开研究。
本文选用由日本海洋地球科技研究所提供的高分辨率OFES(OGCM for the Earth Simulator)数据对BOB海域多尺度过程进行研究。OFES数据的覆盖范围为75°S~75°N,不包括南北极区域,其水平分辨率为0.1°$\times $0.1°,垂直方向上分为54层,垂向分辨率由表层的5 m逐渐扩大到最大深度(约6 065 m)处的330 m[30],时间分辨率为3 d一次。目前OFES有两套数据,其中一套模式采用NCEP/NCAR气候预报中心的再分析风场作为强迫场,另一套由QuikSCAT卫星观测风场强迫[31]。针对BOB海域,Cheng等[15]将分别由QuikSCAT与NCEP风场驱动得到的OFES海表高度数据与观测资料进行了对比,发现前者的模拟结果与卫星观测值更为接近。因此,本文选择用QuikSCAT风场驱动的OFES模拟资料对BOB海域进行研究,所使用数据的空间范围为BOB海域(0°~23°N,77°~100°E)的上层海洋(5~300 m),时间区间为1999年7月至2007年12月。除了OFES模式数据,我们还使用卫星高度计观测数据(Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Data in Oceanography,AVISO)与OFES的模拟结果进行了对比和验证,详见2.3节。总的来说,OFES对BOB海域的动力过程有较好的模拟效果,很多学者基于OFES模式数据对BOB海域能量以及热盐输运等过程进行研究[13, 15, 17, 32]。比如,Masumoto等[30]指出OFES模式数据可以很好地表征出沿岸西边界流以及洋流附近产生的中尺度涡旋,这与BOB海域复杂的海洋系统相吻合。Cheng等[17]比较了用OFES和卫星观测两套数据计算得到的不同时间尺度内海表面高度(SSH)的变化,结果表明OFES具有很好的模拟效果。
本文首先使用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换(MWT)[27]将相关变量分解到3个尺度子空间,即背景流子空间、中尺度子空间和高频尺度子空间,然后利用正则能量传输理论[29]从能量学的角度讨论这3个尺度子空间之间的相互作用。
MWT将一个函数空间分解为一组正交子空间的直和,每个子空间都包含了一个指定的时间尺度,这样的子空间被定义为尺度子空间[27]。对一条时间序列u(t)进行MWT,可以得到其变换系数$ \widehat {\boldsymbol{u}}_n^{\sim\varpi } $和对应的重构场(滤波场)$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}^{\sim\varpi }}(t) $。其中n表示时次,$ \varpi $表示某一具体子空间。针对本研究,我们定义了3个尺度子空间,用$\varpi {\text{ = }}0,1,2$表示,分别代表背景流、中尺度和高频尺度3个尺度子空间(详见2.3节关于尺度分离的讨论)。需要注意的是$ \widehat {\boldsymbol{u}}_n^{\sim\varpi } $和$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}^{\sim\varpi }}(t) $是两个完全不同的概念,前者是相空间(频率空间)的概念,而后者则是物理空间的概念(注意重构场是时间t的函数,而变换系数不是),这个“变换–重构”对类似经典的傅里叶变换和逆变换。Liang和Anderson[27]证明了多尺度能量应表示为$ {(\widehat {\boldsymbol{u}}_n^{\sim\varpi })^2} $(再乘上一个常系数),即u(t)在$\varpi $子空间上的MWT变换系数的平方,注意很多研究把多尺度能量等同于重构场(滤波场)的平方$ {\left[ {{{\boldsymbol{u}}^{\sim\varpi }}(t)} \right]^2} $,这种做法在概念上就是错误的,Liang[29]对此给出了严格的推导和澄清。读者也可参见Yang和Liang[33]关于此问题的一个相对直观、简洁的重述。
多尺度能量学中一个关键的物理过程是跨尺度能量传输,该过程的准确表达是研究多尺度相互作用过程的前提。从物理意义上来说,跨尺度能量传输过程只会使能量在不同尺度之间交换,而不会使得能量凭空产生或消失。但遗憾的是,传统的多尺度能量学方程都不满足这个简单的物理性质。比如传统基于雷诺平均–扰动分解的两个尺度的能量方程中,平均能量方程和扰动能量方程中的跨尺度能量传输项无法互相抵消[33]。为了解决这个问题,Liang[29]基于MWT提出了正则传输理论并导出了多尺度动能和有效位能方程:
$ \begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial {K^\varpi }}}{{\partial t}} + \underbrace {\nabla \cdot \left[ {\frac{1}{2}{\rho _0}{{\widehat {\left( {{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}{{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H}} \right)}}^{\sim\varpi }} \cdot {{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H^{\sim\varpi }} \right]}_{\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_K^\varpi } + \underbrace {\nabla \cdot \left( {{{{{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}}^{ \sim \varpi }}{{\hat p}^{ \sim \varpi }}} \right)}_{\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_P^\varpi } = \\ {\text{ }}\underbrace {\frac{1}{2}{\rho _0}\left[ {{{\widehat {\left( {{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}{{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H}} \right)}}^{ \sim \varpi }}:\nabla {{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H^{\sim\varpi } - \nabla \cdot {{\widehat {\left( {{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}{{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H}} \right)}}^{ \sim \varpi }} \cdot {{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H^{ \sim \varpi }} \right]}_{\Gamma _K^\varpi } + \underbrace {\left( { - g{{\hat \rho }^{ \sim \varpi }}{{\hat w}^{ \sim \varpi }}} \right)}_{{b^\varpi }} + F_K^\varpi, \\ \end{gathered} $
$ \begin{gathered} \frac{{\partial {A^\varpi }}}{{\partial t}}{\text{ + }}\underbrace {\nabla \cdot \left[ {\frac{1}{2}c{{\hat \rho }^{\sim\varpi }}{{\widehat {\left( {{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}\rho } \right)}}^{\sim\varpi }}} \right]}_{\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_A^\varpi }{\text{ = }} \\ \underbrace {\frac{1}{2}c\left[ {{{\widehat {\left( {{{{\boldsymbol{u}}}}\rho } \right)}}^{ \sim \varpi }} \cdot \nabla {{\hat \rho }^{\sim\varpi }} - {{\hat \rho }^{\sim\varpi }}\nabla \cdot {{\widehat {\left( {{\boldsymbol{u}}\rho } \right)}}^{ \sim \varpi }}} \right]}_{\Gamma _A^\varpi } + \underbrace {g{{\hat \rho }^{ \sim \varpi }}{{\hat w}^{ \sim \varpi }}}_{ - {b^\varpi }} + F_A^\varpi , \\ \end{gathered} $
式中,${K^\varpi } = \dfrac{1}{2}{\rho _0}{{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H^{\sim\varpi } \cdot {{\hat {\boldsymbol{u}}}}_H^{{{\sim}}\varpi }$是$\varpi $尺度的动能;$ {A^\varpi } = \dfrac{1}{2}c{\left( {{{\hat \rho }^{{{\sim}}\varpi }}} \right)^2} $是$\varpi $尺度的有效位能;系数$c = {{{g^2}}/ {{\rho _0}{N^2}}}$;${{\boldsymbol{u}}} = ({u},v,w)$为三维流速;${{{\boldsymbol{u}}}_H} = ({{u}},v)$为二维流速;$g$为重力常数;$\nabla $为三维散度算子;$\ \rho $为密度异常,即从原始密度场中减掉参考态密度剖线$\bar\rho \left( z \right)$,$p$是与$\ \rho $相关的静力压强;${\ \rho _0}$为密度常数;$N = \sqrt { - \left( {{g/ {{\rho _0}}}} \right)\left( {{{\partial \bar \rho }/ {\partial z}}} \right)}$为浮频率。
式(1)中,$\varpi $子空间的动能${K^\varpi }$的变率受动能空间输运($\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_K^\varpi $)、压强做功($\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_P^\varpi $)、跨尺度动能传输($\Gamma _K^\varpi $)、浮力转换(${b^\varpi }$)和其他过程(包含外强迫、耗散等,这里不加区分地记为$F_K^\varpi $)控制。式(2)中,$ \varpi $子空间的有效位能${A^\varpi }$的变率受有效位能空间输运($\nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{Q}}_A^\varpi $)、跨尺度有效位能传输($\Gamma _A^\varpi $)、浮力转换($ - {b^\varpi }$)和其他过程(包含外强迫、耗散等,这里不加区分地记为$F_A^\varpi $)控制。关于式(1)和式(2)方程的详细推导请参见文献[29]。
$\Gamma _K^\varpi $和$\Gamma _A^\varpi $为动能和有效位能方程中的正则传输项。Liang[29]证明了这两项均满足以下性质:
$ \sum_\varpi {\sum_n {\Gamma _n^\varpi } = 0} , $
式中,$\displaystyle \sum _{n} $和$\displaystyle \sum _{\varpi } $分别表示跨尺度传输项对时间和子空间上的求和,该式表明这种传输过程只会使能量在不同尺度之间传输,能量在子空间之间的传输保持守恒(传统方法不满足此性质甚至没有考虑)。为了跟传统能量方程中的传输项区分,Liang[29]把这种传输过程称为“正则传输”。关于正则传输的详细推导请参见文献[29]。需要注意的是,在3个尺度框架下,式(1)和式(2)中的正则传输项$\Gamma _K^\varpi $和$\Gamma _A^\varpi $还需要进一步分解从而得到两两尺度之间的能量交换,下面我们用上标$\varpi \to \varpi $来表示两个尺度间的相互作用。例如,$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$表示背景流子空间($\varpi {\text{ = 0}}$)向中尺度涡子空间($\varpi {\text{ = }}1$)的动能正则传输,Liang和Robinson[28]证明了$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$与正压不稳定有关,当该项为正时,表明背景流发生正压不稳定,动能从背景流子空间向涡旋子空间传输使涡旋得以生成和发展。类似地,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$与斜压不稳定相关。此外,基于3个尺度的能量方程使得我们还能研究背景流和高频扰动过程之间的相互作用($\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$)以及中尺度涡与高频尺度过程之间的相互作用($\Gamma _K^{1 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{1 \to 2}$),若这些项的值为正,表示能量正向(从低频向高频)级串。
式(1)和式(2)这两个方程构成了3个尺度下的洛伦兹能量循环,如图2所示。前人关于此类研究大多是基于平均流和扰动两个尺度,而本文基于BOB环流特征采用了3个尺度的洛伦兹能量循环,这是本研究的一个创新点。在本文中,我们仅关注跨尺度能量传输($\Gamma _K^\varpi $和$\Gamma _A^\varpi $)和浮力转换(${b^\varpi }$)过程,即图2中红色箭头所表示的过程,这些过程涉及3个尺度的动能和有效位能之间的能量交换,能用来定量表征BOB区域背景流、中尺度涡、高频扰动之间内在的非线性相互作用。
为了检验OFES模式数据对于BOB海域中多尺度海洋系统的模拟效果,我们对比了基于AVISO观测数据和OFES模式数据计算得到的表层动能谱,结果如图3所示。总的来说,两者的动能谱结构相似,峰值频率基本重合(包括年周期、半年周期、季节内周期的信号),这表明OFES模式数据可以很好地模拟出BOB海域复杂的多尺度海洋系统。由于AVISO数据的空间分辨率较低以及对于非地转信号的缺失,其计算结果的量级相对OFES较小。另外一个导致OFES动能偏大的原因可能是OFES不包含海气耦合过程。很多模式研究表明海气耦合过程会削弱海洋EKE(如 Renault等[34])。另外,从周期小于24 d的动能谱可见OFES在这个高频段的振幅要远大于AVISO,这是因为AVISO数据在时空上进行了插值导致高频扰动无法很好地分辨出来[35]。如图3a所示,BOB海域具有显著的多尺度海洋信号,如年循环信号、24~96 d的中尺度信号和更高频的信号(30 d以下)等,其中周期为6个月左右的半年信号最为显著。为了探讨BOB海域多尺度过程的区域差异性,本文参考Cheng等[17]的研究,选取了BOB海域4个典型的子区域进行比较与分析:自北向南依次为BOB的西北部边界海域(区域1)、BOB中部海域(区域2)、斯里兰卡岛的东部海域(区域3)以及苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4),具体分区情况参见图1。BOB的西北部边界海域(区域1)因有很强的背景急流(EICC),EICC通过不稳定过程使得该区域为整个BOB海域涡流相互作用最为强烈的区域[15-16]。BOB中部海域(区域2)内涡旋的生成较其他区域有所不同,Cheng等[36]针对该区域涡旋独特的生成机制进行了讨论,故此我们将其作为一个子区域来研究。选取斯里兰卡岛的东部海域(区域3)和苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4)的依据是EKE的空间分布特征(图4),这两个区域存在活跃的涡旋活动。从图3中可见,4个区域内都存在着显著的年循环和半年循环信号,这主要是由于这些区域随季节转向的EICC和季风流的影响。此外,不同区域的中尺度信号呈现出显著的差异。区域1的中尺度信号周期主要集中在3~4个月;区域2动能谱强度相对较弱,中尺度信号集中在3个月左右;而区域3和4两个区域的动能在1~3个月内很强。对于1个月以下的高频信号,区域4处该周期内的信号最为显著。
基于上述对BOB海域表层流场动能谱的分析,我们利用MWT对式(1)和式(2)中涉及到的物理量进行多尺度子空间变换和重构,得到96 d以上、24~96 d以及24 d以下3个尺度子空间的信号,分别用$ \varpi {\text{ = }}0,1,2 $表示。注意选择24(=3×23)d和96(=3×25)d作为截断周期的原因是OFES数据的时间步长为3 d,且MWT对子空间的时间尺度分离必须是2的指数幂,具体可参见文献[29]。这种尺度分离方案既保证了以年周期和半年周期主导的季节循环信号保留在背景流子空间里,同时中尺度子空间包含了该海域活跃的中尺度涡旋信号,剩余的高频信号归为高频扰动(包含了10 d以下的天气尺度扰动和准两周的季节内尺度扰动等过程),与前人的研究相符[15]。我们还对24(=3×23) d和192(=3×26)d作为截断周期的分离方案做了敏感性实验,两种方案下的多尺度能量以及多尺度相互作用空间分布基本一致(图略)。考虑到用192 d作为中尺度子空间的上界会将半年周期的季节信号归入中尺度,缺乏合理性,因此本文的中尺度子空间包含了周期在24~96 d的过程。此外需要注意的是,前人的一些研究表明在BOB海域西部90~120 d周期的季节内信号很强[17],本文的中尺度子空间不包含这些信号。
根据上文对尺度分离的介绍,下面我们对3个子空间上的动能(背景流尺度动能(MKE)、中尺度涡动能(EKE)、高频扰动动能(HKE))和有效位能(背景流尺度有效位能(MAPE)、中尺度涡有效位能(EAPE)和高频扰动有效位能(HAPE))的三维空间分布特征进行分析。图4展示了基于AVISO卫星观测数据和OFES模式模拟数据计算得到的BOB海域表层动能的水平分布。总的来说,两者在背景流子空间和中尺度子空间上的动能分布大体一致,但量值上AVISO小于OFES结果。在背景流尺度(图4a图4d),由于受到EICC和季风流的影响,MKE的大值区主要位于BOB西边界,尤其是在区域1和区域3处,与之前表层流场动能谱的周期分布特征相对应。EKE大值区(图4b图4e)主要集中在BOB的西部海域,表明BOB海域中尺度涡旋主要活跃在这些区域,这与前人的结果相一致[16, 22]。由于AVISO数据中非地转信号的缺失及其时空平滑处理,在高频尺度,基于两套数据计算的HKE的分布呈现出很大差异:基于OFES模式数据的HKE的极大值位于BOB南部海域和赤道区域,而AVISO数据的计算结果没有明显的大值区域(图4c图4f)。
图5展示了基于OFES模式数据得到的3个不同尺度子空间内0~300 m的上层海洋垂直积分的动能和有效位能的气候态分布。从图中可见,3个尺度的动能大值区均集中在BOB的西部海域和赤道区域,但也呈现出显著的区域差异(图5a图5c)。相比其他两个尺度的动能,MKE量级最大;受EICC和季风流的影响,其极值主要位于区域1和区域3处,其他区域相对较弱。EKE的空间分布特征反映了中尺度涡旋在BOB不同海域的活动频率,其大值区位于BOB的西部和南部海域,在区域3和区域4处均呈现出明显的大值。在区域1和区域2处的EKE相对较弱,且这两个区域的南部EKE明显强于北部区域。HKE量级明显小于MKE与EKE,其大值区域集中在BOB的南部海域。在本文所关注的4个子区域中,苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4)的HKE最强。
3个尺度有效位能的水平分布与动能有所不同(图5d图5f)。MAPE的大值区位于BOB北部海域,这种结构与该海域因淡水输入而形成的较大的密度异常有关。EAPE的大值区主要分布在BOB西部海域,其部分海区(如区域1)的量值要大于EKE。在其他海区如斯里兰卡岛的东部海域(区域3)以及苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4),EAPE的量值较EKE较小,说明中尺度涡旋的能量在这些区域主要以动能的形式存储。HAPE的空间分布也与HKE有明显差别,具体表现在BOB南部(如赤道区域、区域3和区域4等),高频扰动的能量主要以动能形式存储;而在BOB西部(如区域1),HAPE的量值大于HKE。
图6展示了不同海域区域平均的多尺度能量垂直分布特征。就整个BOB海域而言,3个尺度的动能均随深度迅速减小,其中MKE的量级最大,不同尺度之间动能由大到小依次为MKE、EKE、HKE(图6a)。区域1和区域2中3个尺度的动能之间的大小关系与整个BOB海域的情形一致(图6b图6c)。在区域3水深150 m以上的表层MKE量级最大,而在150 m以下的次表层EKE与MKE相当,这表明该区域次表层中尺度信号非常显著(图6d)。不同于其他几个区域,区域4的3个不同尺度之间动能由大到小依次为EKE、MKE、HKE(图6e),说明在该海域中尺度的变率占主导地位。不同于动能随深度迅速衰减的垂向结构,有效位能除了在表层有极大值外,在次表层(100~200 m深度)也有大值中心。3个尺度的有效位能量级在各区域由大到小依次为MAPE、EAPE、HAPE。此外,有效位能与动能之间的大小关系在垂直方向上也表现出不均一性,比如对于中尺度子空间,70 m以浅的水柱EKE要大于EAPE,70~170 m间的水柱EKE小于EAPE,170 m以深EKE又大于EAPE。上述结果表明BOB不同尺度子空间的动能和有效位能不仅在水平方向上表现出区域差异,它们在垂向上也截然不同。下面,我们将利用正则传输理论探讨这些不同子空间的动能和有效位能之间的能量交换,揭示它们之间相互作用的三维空间结构。
如2.2节所述,本文使用的正则传输理论[29]能信实地表征不同尺度子空间之间的能量交换,因而可以用来诊断流体不稳定、涡流、涡涡等相互作用过程。图7为3个不同尺度子空间内0~300 m上层海洋垂直积分的能量传输和转换项的气候态空间分布。就整个BOB海域来看,能量传输总体表现为正向能量级串,即动能和有效位能从低频尺度向高频尺度级串。能量传输的大值区主要集中在BOB海域的西边界(EICC的流经海域)、斯里兰卡岛的东部海域以及赤道地区。在一些局部海域,这些能量传输项呈现出了正负相间的复杂分布特征,这表明BOB海域不同尺度之间的能量传输区域存在差异性,需要分区域对多尺度之间相互作用进行讨论。
图7a展示了背景流与中尺度涡旋之间动能传输($\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项)的水平分布特征。$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项在BOB海域整体为正值,表明背景流的正压失稳是中尺度涡旋发生发展的重要能量来源。$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项在西边界(区域1)和斯里兰卡岛的东部海域(区域3)处存在正的极大值,表明在这两个区域,EICC和季风流通过强烈的正压失稳向该区域的中尺度涡旋提供动能。不同于西边界,BOB中部海域(区域2)的$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项表现出显著的负值,即背景流从中尺度涡中汲取动能,这表明该海域中尺度涡动能不是通过正压不稳定而来。$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$的水平分布特征(图7d)与$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项相类似,BOB海域总体呈现正值,且极大值位于区域1和区域3处,说明这些区域发生很强的斜压不稳定。综合$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$的分布特征,我们可以看出BOB海域背景流和中尺度涡相互作用的关键区域为BOB的西边界,包括EICC的流经海域和斯里兰卡岛的东部海域。在这些强相互作用区,背景流通过混合失稳(即正压失稳和斜压失稳)为中尺度涡旋的发生发展提供能量,这与前人的结论相一致[16, 36]
图8显示了各能量传输项在不同区域内的垂直结构特征。从整个BOB区域积分来看(图8a),$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$在各层次都为正值,说明正压和斜压不稳定是这个区域涡旋能量的两大来源,且在30 m以浅(深),斜压(正压)不稳定占主。针对各个子区域来看,区域1和区域3的情形与BOB全区域积分情形一致。对于区域2,$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$整层为负值且随深度衰减,说明中尺度涡旋在这个区域把动能还给了背景流。有意思的是,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$在50 m以浅的水柱上为正,再往深处为负,且在约80 m深度处达到负的极大值。这说明该区域表层发生斜压失稳,但次表层(50 m以下)是斜压稳定的。结合$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项的分布,我们的结果表明在区域2的次表层,背景流与中尺度涡旋之间的能量传输为逆尺度能量级串,中尺度涡旋向背景流传输动能和有效位能。区域4的正压和斜压正则传输都表现为整层正值,但两者之间的关系呈现出复杂的垂向结构。从图8e可见,20 m以浅斜压不稳定为主,20~100 m处正压不稳定的贡献稍大于斜压不稳定,而100 m以深又以斜压不稳定为主。
背景流发生不稳定既可以生成中尺度涡旋,也可以直接产生频率较高、空间尺度相对较小的高频扰动,后者可以用$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$这两个正则传输来刻画。从图7b可见,除了苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4),$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$项的水平分布特征与$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$项相类似,即区域1、区域3以正向动能级串为主,区域2以逆向级串为主,但量级上相对$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 1}$较小。在区域4处$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$项为负,说明该海域高频扰动对季风流的维持起着一定的作用。不同于$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 1}$,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$在BOB的西北部海域(尤其是区域1)以负值为主(图7e),表明高频扰动通过逆尺度能量传输为EICC提供有效位能。在BOB南部海域$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项均为正值,大值区位于区域3,表明在BOB南部海域背景流的斜压失稳是高频扰动发生发展的重要能量来源。需要注意的是,海洋内部不稳定过程只是BOB海域高频扰动的其中一个因素,前人的研究发现该海域上空天气尺度的风应力(尤其在西南季节盛行期间)可以通过海水辐合辐散在海表产生对应频率段的扰动,并进一步向北传播[4]。我们的研究表明,这些通过不同机制产生的高频扰动会在BOB中部(区域2)、苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4)等海域以逆向能量串级的形式向背景流提供动能,在BOB北部及西边界的部分区域以逆向能量串级的形式向背景流提供有效位能。
图8中的蓝色虚线和红色虚线分别给出了$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$这两个过程的垂直结构,就整个BOB海域而言,$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$项量值较小,其信号主要集中在上层100 m的水柱;$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项的量值相对大于$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$项,但主要集中在50 m以上的表层海域,并随着深度的变化迅速衰减。这两个项的区域平均为正值,说明背景流与高频扰动之间的相互作用总体表现为正向能量级串,且主要通过斜压不稳定过程实现。$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$表现出了区域差异性,比如$\Gamma _K^{0 \to 2}$项在区域2和区域4处均为负值,说明在两个海域高频扰动向背景流逆尺度传输动能。在区域1处,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项的大值集中在约10 m以上的表层海域,且为负值,表明有效位能从高频扰动向背景流传输仅发生在该区域很浅的水柱内。在区域3和区域4约20 m以上的表层,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项均为正值,背景流发生斜压不稳定向高频扰动传输有效位能。但在20 m以下的次表层,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项在两个区域的垂直分布特征出现明显差异。在区域3的次表层,$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$项为负值,高频扰动为背景流的维持提供有效位能;在区域4的次表层则相反。
基于3个尺度子空间的能量方程使得我们还可以进一步定量诊断中尺度子空间和高频尺度子空间之间的能量传输。从图7c图7f可见,中尺度涡旋和高频扰动之间的$\Gamma _K^{1 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{1 \to 2}$大体以正值为主,这说明高频子空间是中尺度涡机械能的一个重要的汇。$\Gamma _K^{1 \to 2}$项在区域1、区域3和区域4呈现较强的正向动能级串,动能从中尺度涡旋向高频扰动传输。在区域2,$\Gamma _K^{1 \to 2}$项正负相间且强度较弱。$\Gamma _A^{1 \to 2}$项在整个BOB海域均表现为正值,最强的信号位于区域1,与图5f中HAPE的大值区相对应,表明在西边界流域中尺度涡旋通过正向级串为高频扰动提供有效位能。通过对比$\Gamma _A^{0 \to 2}$和$\Gamma _A^{1 \to 2}$的水平分布,我们可以看到对于BOB东边界以及中部广大海域,高频尺度子空间的有效位能主要来源于中尺度子空间,这说明在这些区域较低频的中尺度涡通过正向串级把有效位能耗散到高频扰动中去。在4.4节中我们将看到高频尺度子空间的有效位能进一步转换为扰动能,为这个尺度的扰动提供动能来源。
图8可见,$\Gamma _K^{1 \to 2}$项(蓝色点线)和$\Gamma _A^{1 \to 2}$项(红色点线)在垂直方向上的分布特征较为统一,均表现为整层正值,且主要集中在50 m以上的表层海域。总的来看,中尺度涡旋与高频扰动之间的能量传输量级相对较小,这可能与3 d平均的模式资料无法分辨周期在3 d以下的高频海洋过程有关,也可能跟模式的水平分辨率不足有关。众所周知,0.1的海洋模式无法分辨亚中尺度过程。亚中尺度过程在高频尺度子空间中的缺失很可能使得中尺度子空间和高频尺度子空间之间的相互作用较真实的情况弱很多。
最后,我们分析3个尺度子空间内动能和有效位能之间的相互转换(浮力转换),即${b^\varpi }$项,当${b^\varpi }$为正则表示子空间$ \mathrm{\varpi } $内有效位能向动能转换。从水平结构来看(图7g图7i),$ {b^0} $(${\rm{MAPE}} \to {\rm{MKE}}$)呈现出正负相间的分布特征,而$ {b^1} $(${\rm{EAPE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$)和$ {b^2} $(${\rm{HAPE}} \to {\rm{HKE}}$)则主要以正值为主。在背景流子空间,$ {b^0} $在4个区域均以负值为主,且负的最大值出现在次表层(50~100 m)。根据von Storch等[37]对世界大洋洛伦兹循环的估算结果,他们发现风应力将大部分能量输入到MKE,通过埃克曼抽吸过程将MKE转换为MAPE,随后MAPE进一步通过斜压不稳定继续传输到EAPE并最终转换为EKE。我们的结果证实类似的能量路径在BOB海域也同样存在。比如4个子区域均有负的$ {b^0} $,即${\rm{MKE}} \to {\rm{MAPE}}$(图7g图7i),说明局地风场对建立背景流有效位能的重要性。在中尺度子空间,除了区域1处有一些负的$ {b^1} $信号外,其他海域均以正值为主,即${\rm{EAPE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$。这种转换的大值区位于区域3和区域4处,与EKE和EAPE的水平空间分布特征相一致(图5b图5e)。在高频尺度子空间,$ {b^2} $在整个BOB海域基本为正值,即$ {\rm{HAPE}} \to {\rm{HKE}} $,其大值区位于区域1和区域3(图7i)。
图8展示了3个尺度内浮力转换的垂直分布。就整个BOB海域来看,$ {b^0} $(绿色实线)量级最大,在30 m以上表层为正,即MAPE转换为MKE,而在30 m以下的次表层MKE向MAPE转化(图8a)。$ {b^1} $和$ {b^2} $均为正值,表明在中尺度子空间和高频尺度子空间均为有效位能向动能转换。通过比较$ {b^1} $和$ \Gamma _A^{0 \to 1} $,可以看到背景流有效位能通过斜压失稳传输到中尺度有效位能,这部分有效位能只有很少一部分转换成中尺度涡动能,这说明BOB海域的中尺度涡动能(EKE)来源主要来自正压能量传输路径(${\rm{MKE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$),这与全球大洋EKE来源以斜压能量路径(${\rm{MAPE}} \to {\rm{EAPE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$)为主的情形有所不同[37]。由于$ {b^0} $在区域1正负相间的特点,其区域平均值很小,不同深度处量级没有明显变化(图8b)。在区域2处,$ {b^0} $项始终为负值,MKE向MAPE转换,且极大值出现在深度约为100 m处的次表层。$ {b^1} $和$ {b^2} $在60 m以上的表层海域为正值,将来源于背景流子空间的有效位能转换为动能(图8c)。在区域3处,$ {b^0} $在0~100 m处为负值,MKE向MAPE转化,0~50 m的表层海域$ {b^0} $不断增大,随后逐渐减小,在约100 m深度处转变为正值。$ {b^1} $和$ {b^2} $项量级相对较小,主要集中在100 m以上,且均为正值,EAPE(HAPE)向EKE(HKE)转化(图8d)。在区域4处(图8e),3个尺度的浮力转换与对应的跨尺度能量传输项相比量级相近。$ {b^0} $在0~30 m的表层海域为正值,在30 m以下转变为负值,并随着深度的加深增大后减小。$ {b^1} $始终为正值,EAPE向EKE转换,且随着深度的加深,在0~30 m的表层先增大,随后在30~60 m的水柱减小。$ {b^2} $在50 m以上为正值,HAPE向HKE转换;50 m以下显示出弱的负值,HKE向HAPE转换。
基于水平分辨率为0.1°的OFES海洋模式数据,本文利用多尺度子空间变换[27](MWT)和基于MWT的正则传输理论[29],对BOB海域背景流、中尺度涡旋和高频扰动之间内在的相互作用进行了定量分析。本文首先利用MWT将原始场分解到背景流(>96 d)、中尺度涡旋(24~96 d)和高频尺度(<24 d)3个子空间内,分析了3个尺度子空间的动能和有效位能的三维空间分布特征。结果表明背景流子空间的有效位能(MAPE)和动能(MKE)量级最大。中尺度子空间的有效位能(EAPE)和动能(EKE)量级相当,两者均在BOB西边界和南部海域较强。高频尺度子空间的有效位能(HAPE)和动能(HKE)是总能量中不可忽略的部分,尤其是在BOB西边界以及南部海域。结合Cheng等[17]对BOB海域的分区,本文选取了4个子区域,即BOB的西北部边界(区域1)、BOB的中部海域(区域2)、斯里兰卡岛的东部海域(区域3)以及苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(区域4),并利用正则传输理论重点对这4个子区域的多尺度相互作用做了探讨。下面我们用比较直观的洛伦兹能量循环图(图9)对本文得到的结果做一个总结:
就整个BOB海域而言(图9a),跨尺度能量传输均表现为正向能量级串,即动能和有效位能均从低频尺度向高频尺度传输。中尺度子空间相关的正压能量路径(${\rm{MKE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$)和斜压能量路径(${\rm{MAPE}} \to {\rm{EAPE}} \to {\rm{EKE}}$)在BOB海域均有体现,但与全球平均的大洋能量循环不同的是BOB海域EKE来源以正压能量路径为主。基于3个尺度的能量方程进一步揭示了高频尺度子空间与背景流以及中尺度子空间之间的能量交换,结果表明斜压能量路径(${\rm{MAPE}} \to {\rm{HAPE}} \to {\rm{HKE}}$和${\rm{EAPE}} \to {\rm{HAPE}} \to {\rm{HKE}}$)对HKE的贡献要大于正压能量路径(${\rm{MKE}} \to {\rm{HKE}}$和${\rm{EKE}} \to {\rm{HKE}}$)。我们的结果表明中尺度与高频尺度子空间之间正向能量级串是耗散中尺度机械能的一个重要机制。
BOB西北部边界(图9b)和斯里兰卡岛东部(图9d)是整个BOB海域多尺度相互作用最显著的区域,这两个区域的能量路径与整个BOB区域平均情形基本一致。这两个区域的背景流发生强烈的正压不稳定和斜压不稳定,动能和有效位能从背景流子空间向中尺度级串,且两个区域的EKE来源均以正压能量路径为主。不同于上述两个强相互作用区,BOB中部(图9c)多尺度相互作用相对较弱,且以逆尺度动能级串为主。该海域EKE和HKE通过斜压能量路径获得,随后通过逆尺度动能传输(${\rm{EKE}} \to {\rm{MKE}}$和${\rm{HKE}} \to {\rm{MKE}}$)把动能还给背景流。苏门答腊岛的西北部海域(图9e)也是中尺度和高频尺度动能较强的海域,正压能量路径和斜压能量路径均是该海域EKE和HKE的来源,但不同于区域1和区域3,该区域以斜压能量路径为主。
本研究对BOB海域的多尺度能量学进行了初步的诊断和分析。需要注意的是,本文仅对3个尺度之间的正则传输和浮力转换过程做了分析,由于这些过程跟不稳定紧密相关,因此是洛伦兹循环中最核心的部分。本文使用的正则传输理论还克服了传统方法中的跨尺度传输不满足子尺度间能量交换守恒的缺点,得到了更为信实的多尺度能量串级空间分布特征。但要注意多尺度能量方程中还有其他的一些过程,比如空间输运和压强做功项,这些过程反映了各尺度能量在物理空间中的再分配,我们将在今后的研究中加以讨论。此外,上述结论是基于对各个能量过程做了多年平均的结果,本文没有讨论这些过程的时间演变(如季节变化)特征。最后,因为模式分辨率的限制,本文中的高频尺度子空间不包含亚中尺度过程。BOB海域亚中尺度过程与中尺度涡及背景流之间的相互作用也值得今后进一步探讨。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41975064,41806023)
  • 2015江苏双创团队项目;上海市“科技创新行动计划”国际科技合作伙伴项目(21230780200)
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2022年第44卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022109
  • 接收时间:2021-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-25
  • 修回日期:2022-03-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(41975064,41806023)
2015江苏双创团队项目;上海市“科技创新行动计划”国际科技合作伙伴项目(21230780200)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门 361102
    3.复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系,上海 200438
    4.复旦大学 IRDR极端天气气候与健康风险互联和治理国际卓越中心,上海 200438
    5.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000

通讯作者:

梁湘三(1967-),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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