Article(id=1224799037895889086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799035874230626, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1630080000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-28, revisedDate=1642176000000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944446300, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1659283200000, pubDateStr=2022-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944446300, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944446300, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944446300, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224799035874230626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='65', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944445818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996037086, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015425394688064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799035874230626, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015425394688065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224799035874230626, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224799038164324550, articleId=1224799037895889086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of euphotic depth and primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The temporal and spatial variation characteristics and influencing factors of euphotic depth and primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay were studied by applying voyage data of four seasons from 2016 to 2017.The results showed that the average value of euphotic depth was (6.95±3.17) m, and the spatial variations were more obvious than the seasonal variations. There was a significant positive correlation between Kd (PAR) and turbidity, as the R2 of established linear regression model was 0.73 (p<0.01), indicating that suspended particles on euphotic depth was the dominant attenuation factor in the Zhanjiang Bay. The average value of primary productivity obtained by VGPM model was (639.53±427.95) mg/(m2·d), and its temporal and spatial characteristics were basically consistent with euphotic depth, which mean euphotic depth explained the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of primary productivity better than chlorophyll a concentration.

, correspAuthors=Yafeng Zhong, Huabing Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guo Yu, Yafeng Zhong, Dongyang Fu, Fajin Chen, Dazhao Liu, Huabing Xu, Bei Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224799040370528538, articleId=1224799037895889086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2016−2017年4个季节航次数据,分析了湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,湛江湾真光层深度平均值为(6.95±3.17)m,空间变化比季节变化明显,Kd(PAR)与浊度存在显著的正相关关系,建立的线性回归模型R2为0.73(p<0.01),表明悬浮颗粒物对湛江湾真光层深度的影响占主导地位。利用VGPM模型得到初级生产力(以碳计)的平均值为(639.53±427.95)mg/(m2·d),其时空特征与真光层深度基本保持一致,真光层深度比叶绿素a浓度更能解释初级生产力的时空分布模式。

, correspAuthors=钟雅枫, 徐华兵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
钟雅枫,博士研究生,主要从事海洋生态环境研究。E-mail:
徐华兵,讲师,博士,研究方向为环境科学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bkz6d2TaH/RO3aoxfR8J5A==, magXml=ZWBLQia+I0PpZ8HO2Jc2OQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DgI62hvJDhKqkKPdz9qfdg==, pdfFileSize=2256119, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MczNnfgKPqQQpPuh50W3SQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=N4VbPWCWxzyVblb+aI25jg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

余果(1993-),男,安徽省安庆市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

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余果(1993-),男,安徽省安庆市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

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余果(1993-),男,安徽省安庆市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

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◇(Z1−Z24) denotes the sampling site in spring and summer; ▽(S1−S21) denotes the sampling site in autumn; △(A1−A26) denotes the sampling site in winter

, figureFileSmall=wmpJ/lKtCk2yXC3xS5qUXg==, figureFileBig=3SEPNlkeSXoHxLiAulVdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366324860338465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=图1, caption=湛江湾采样站位

◇(Z1−Z24)为春季和夏季采样站位;▽(S1−S21)为秋季采样站位;△(A1−A26)为冬季采样站位

, figureFileSmall=wmpJ/lKtCk2yXC3xS5qUXg==, figureFileBig=3SEPNlkeSXoHxLiAulVdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325015527715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Seasonal and spatial distributions of euphotic depth in the Zhanjiang Bay, figureFileSmall=TmyX6J6NIwH828D64ilyQg==, figureFileBig=wkFi1XhPIZlMVJuglMdvsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325099413797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=图2, caption=湛江湾真光层深度的季节和空间分布, figureFileSmall=TmyX6J6NIwH828D64ilyQg==, figureFileBig=wkFi1XhPIZlMVJuglMdvsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325166522663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Seasonal and spatial distributions of primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay based on VGPM model, figureFileSmall=sbaZYR861AvZSW2QEsyf9w==, figureFileBig=P60WRExANfkP/jrJWsL5eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325246214441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于VGPM模型的湛江湾初级生产力的季节和空间分布, figureFileSmall=sbaZYR861AvZSW2QEsyf9w==, figureFileBig=P60WRExANfkP/jrJWsL5eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325321711915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Regression models between photosynthetically available radiation attenuation coefficients (Kd (PAR)) and turbidity (a), Chl a concentration (b) and CDOM absorption coefficient (c)

Kd(PAR) unit: m−1; turbidity unit: NTU; Chl a concentration unit: μg/L; CDOM absorption coefficient unit: m−1

, figureFileSmall=/HfH8TYcN3/SGOQV9qbtUA==, figureFileBig=oWDk8C9n8MJfEEEmWBeJ6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366325397209388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PAR漫衰减系数(Kd)与浊度(a)、叶绿素a浓度(b)和CDOM吸收系数(c)建立的回归模型

Kd(PAR)单位:m−1;浊度单位:NTU;叶绿素a浓度单位:μg/L;CDOM吸收系数单位:m−1

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Seasonal variations of Kd(PAR) and Zeu in the Zhanjiang Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查期间(n=62)Kd(PAR)/m−1Zeu/m
春季(n=19)平均值0.79±0.447.05±3.27
范围0.24~2.182.11~16.00
夏季(n=13)平均值0.91±0.275.23±1.98
范围0.49~1.483~9.32
秋季(n=11)平均值0.91±0.335.50±1.67
范围0.50~1.742.65~9.13
冬季(n=19)平均值0.53±0.228.62±3.74
范围0.29~1.062.8~15.5
总计平均值0.76±0.366.95±3.17
范围0.24~2.182.11~16.00
), ArticleFig(id=1225366326076686649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湛江湾Kd(PAR) 和Zeu的季节性变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
调查期间(n=62)Kd(PAR)/m−1Zeu/m
春季(n=19)平均值0.79±0.447.05±3.27
范围0.24~2.182.11~16.00
夏季(n=13)平均值0.91±0.275.23±1.98
范围0.49~1.483~9.32
秋季(n=11)平均值0.91±0.335.50±1.67
范围0.50~1.742.65~9.13
冬季(n=19)平均值0.53±0.228.62±3.74
范围0.29~1.062.8~15.5
总计平均值0.76±0.366.95±3.17
范围0.24~2.182.11~16.00
), ArticleFig(id=1225366326164767034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Value of correlation coefficient between primary productivity and euphotic depth and Chl a concentration during different seasons (sample number=62)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数春季夏季秋季冬季全年
注:**代表p<0.01。
Zeu0.917**0.726**0.944**0.968**0.903**
Chl a浓度0.854**0.8**0.779**0.150.519**
), ArticleFig(id=1225366326252847419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

初级生产力与不同季节真光层深度、叶绿素a浓度之间的相关系数(样本数=62)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数春季夏季秋季冬季全年
注:**代表p<0.01。
Zeu0.917**0.726**0.944**0.968**0.903**
Chl a浓度0.854**0.8**0.779**0.150.519**
), ArticleFig(id=1225366326349316413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Value of correlation coefficient between primary productivity and DIN, $ {{\bf {PO}}_{\bf{4}}^{{\bf{3-}}}} $ and $ {{\bf {SiO}}_{\bf{3}}^{{\bf{2-}}}} $ concentrations during different seasons (sample number=60)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数春季夏季秋季冬季全年
注:**代表p<0.01。
DIN浓度0.841**0.836**0.905**0.4190.668**
$ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $浓度0.721**0.727**0.515 0.18 0.226
$ {{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $浓度0.847**0.758**0.751**0.2120.553**
), ArticleFig(id=1225366326429008190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224799037895889086, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

初级生产力与不同季节可溶性无机氮(DIN)、$ {{\bf {PO}}_{\bf{4}}^{{\bf{3-}}}} $和$ {{\bf {SiO}}_{\bf{3}}^{{\bf{2-}}}} $浓度之间的相关系数(样本数=60)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数春季夏季秋季冬季全年
注:**代表p<0.01。
DIN浓度0.841**0.836**0.905**0.4190.668**
$ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $浓度0.721**0.727**0.515 0.18 0.226
$ {{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $浓度0.847**0.758**0.751**0.2120.553**
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湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素
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余果 1 , 钟雅枫 2, * , 付东洋 1, 4 , 陈法锦 3 , 刘大召 1, 4 , 徐华兵 1, * , 刘贝 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(8): 31-41
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(8): 31-41
湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素
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余果1 , 钟雅枫2, * , 付东洋1, 4, 陈法锦3, 刘大召1, 4, 徐华兵1, * , 刘贝1
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 2.广东海洋大学 化学与环境学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 3.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 4.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江) 南海资源大数据中心,广东 湛江 524025
  • 余果(1993-),男,安徽省安庆市人,研究方向为海洋水色遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

钟雅枫,博士研究生,主要从事海洋生态环境研究。E-mail:
徐华兵,讲师,博士,研究方向为环境科学。E-mail:
Spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of euphotic depth and primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay
Guo Yu1 , Yafeng Zhong2, * , Dongyang Fu1, 4, Fajin Chen3, Dazhao Liu1, 4, Huabing Xu1, * , Bei Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2. College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3. College of Oceanography and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 4. Marine Resources Big Data Center of South China Sea, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524025, China
出版时间: 2022-08-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022136
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基于2016−2017年4个季节航次数据,分析了湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,湛江湾真光层深度平均值为(6.95±3.17)m,空间变化比季节变化明显,Kd(PAR)与浊度存在显著的正相关关系,建立的线性回归模型R2为0.73(p<0.01),表明悬浮颗粒物对湛江湾真光层深度的影响占主导地位。利用VGPM模型得到初级生产力(以碳计)的平均值为(639.53±427.95)mg/(m2·d),其时空特征与真光层深度基本保持一致,真光层深度比叶绿素a浓度更能解释初级生产力的时空分布模式。

真光层深度  /  初级生产力  /  Kd(PAR)  /  浊度  /  VGPM  /  湛江湾

The temporal and spatial variation characteristics and influencing factors of euphotic depth and primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay were studied by applying voyage data of four seasons from 2016 to 2017.The results showed that the average value of euphotic depth was (6.95±3.17) m, and the spatial variations were more obvious than the seasonal variations. There was a significant positive correlation between Kd (PAR) and turbidity, as the R2 of established linear regression model was 0.73 (p<0.01), indicating that suspended particles on euphotic depth was the dominant attenuation factor in the Zhanjiang Bay. The average value of primary productivity obtained by VGPM model was (639.53±427.95) mg/(m2·d), and its temporal and spatial characteristics were basically consistent with euphotic depth, which mean euphotic depth explained the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of primary productivity better than chlorophyll a concentration.

euphotic depth  /  primary productivity  /  Kd(PAR)  /  turbidity  /  VGPM  /  Zhanjiang Bay
余果, 钟雅枫, 付东洋, 陈法锦, 刘大召, 徐华兵, 刘贝. 湛江湾真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (8) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022136
Guo Yu, Yafeng Zhong, Dongyang Fu, Fajin Chen, Dazhao Liu, Huabing Xu, Bei Liu. Spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of euphotic depth and primary productivity in the Zhanjiang Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (8) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022136
太阳辐射对水生生态系统的正常运转起着重要的作用,其中光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Available Radiation,PAR,400~700 nm)是太阳辐射的重要组成部分,它影响着水体中生物地球化学与物理过程、浮游植物的光合作用与初级生产力等[1-2]。真光层深度(Zeu)被定义为辐射强度为水表光合有效辐射强度的1%的深度,是反映水下光场变化和水生环境状况的重要参量,对估算初级生产力、海洋碳通量以及热传递等提供了重要的信息[3-6],其与PAR漫衰减系数Kd(PAR)存在一定量关系[3]:$ {Z_{{\text{eu}}}} = \dfrac{{4.605}}{{{K_d}({\rm{PAR}})}} $。受到外部光场环境的变化和水中多种物质对光辐射的吸收和衰减,真光层深度通常显示高度的时空可变性[1, 7],因此,开展光学性质较复杂的近岸水体的真光层研究对了解该水域生态环境状况以及初级生产力的预测等方面具有重要的意义。真光层是浮游植物主要集中的区域,是光合作用的主要场所,故初级生产力的研究也主要围绕这个区域展开[4]。一方面,初级生产力是生态系统食物网结构与功能的基础环节[8],另一方面,浮游植物光合作用将大气和海水中的CO2转化为有机碳,在碳循环和碳固定中扮演着重要的角色,从而对全球气候的变化调节起着重大作用[9]。在近岸海域,浮游植物生产受到较复杂的过程控制,包括光强、温度和营养物质限制等[10-11]
在海洋、湖泊与河流真光层深度和初级生产力已被广泛研究[1, 4, 10-12],然而,对于入口狭窄、受人类活动影响的海湾真光层深度和初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素的研究却较少,这个问题对于该区域的海洋生态系统研究是至关重要的。湛江湾是一个半封闭的海湾,主要通过一条长约2 km的狭窄通道与南海相连,水动力条件较差,湾内水文生态系统受人类活动影响较大[13-14]。在湛江湾,先前的研究主要集中在营养盐、溶解氧、重金属污染、同位素等[13-18],然而,到目前为止,有关该地区水下光场及初级生产力的研究还未见报道。
因此,本研究从光学角度出发,结合水体环境参数,分析湛江湾真光层深度及初级生产力的季节和空间变化及其影响因素,从而为该区域水环境监测评价、生态系统营养状况评估和渔业资源开发利用等方面研究提供重要的科学依据。
湛江湾位于中国雷州半岛东部,濒临南海,是一个被半岛与周边岛屿环绕而形成的半封闭性海湾,水深一般小于50 m,湾口宽度约2 km[13-18]。受工业、海水养殖、航运等影响,湛江湾内生态环境受到人类活动的严重干扰[18],2010−2019年期间湛江湾共发生了9次赤潮,其水体质量呈现富营养化状态[13]。湛江湾处于南海西北部,属于亚热带海洋性季风气候,4−9月为多雨季节,11月至翌年2月降雨量较少[16],水温和光照周期随着季节变化而不同。湛江湾潮汐性质属于不正规半日潮,涨潮流所经历的时间要比落潮流时间长,且落潮流速一般大于涨潮流速,主要潮汐成分M2、S2、O1、K1、M4和MS4几乎都来自外海[19]。2016年1月(冬季)、9月(秋季)和2017年5月(春季)、6月(夏季)在湛江湾进行了4次调查,调查范围为21°~21.4°N,110.3°~110.6°E,1月和9月分别设置了26个和21个采样点(编号A1−A26,S1−S21),5月和6月设置了24个采样点(编号Z1−Z24),具体站位设置如图1所示。
各站位表层水样(水下1 m以内)均用有机玻璃采水器采集,并用聚乙烯瓶收集,样品均放置在4℃冰箱中进行储存,当天带回实验室测量有色溶解有机物(Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter,CDOM)的光学密度及无机营养盐(${\rm{NO}}_3^- $、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $、${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $和${\rm{SiO}}_3^{2-} $)的浓度。利用 RBR maestro多参数水质仪对温度、盐度、深度、pH、叶绿素a浓度、CDOM浓度、溶解氧浓度、浊度、PAR进行同步剖面测量。注意夏季和秋季采样期间有降雨产生,天气状况不佳。此外在冬季没有采集CDOM水样,利用水质仪的CDOM数据进行了分析。同时A21站位和A23站位营养盐在测试过程中出现问题,数据无效,不参与后续分析。
无机营养盐(${\rm{NO}}_3^-$、${\rm{NO}}_2^- $、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $和${\rm{SiO}}_3^{2-} $)浓度由San++连续流分析仪(Skalar,荷兰)测定,${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $浓度通过分光光度法测定[15, 18]。CDOM光学密度由紫外分光光度计UV-2550(岛津,日本)测定,过滤和测量流程均按照《海洋光学调查技术规程》相关规范来进行[20]
CDOM吸收系数是在每个波长处(250~800 nm,1 nm间隔)测得的样品吸光度和参比(Milli-Q水)吸光度之间的差异,其计算公式[21]
$ a_{\rm g}(\lambda)'=2.303\times D(\lambda)/r, $
$ a_{\rm g}( \lambda)=a_{\rm g}( \lambda)'-a_{\rm g}(700)'\times \lambda/700, $
式中,λ为波长(单位:nm);ag(λ)'为未校正的吸收系数(单位:m−1);D(λ)为吸光度;r为光程路径(单位:m),本研究为0.1 m;ag(λ)为校正后吸收系数,本研究利用280 nm处的吸收系数ag(280)来表征CDOM浓度。
通过测量不同深度处的PAR,根据比尔定律(Lambert-Beer’s law)采用指数形式拟合计算PAR的漫衰减系数Kd[22],然后再根据真光层深度与漫衰减系数之间的关系推算真光层深度值[22],公式为
$ {\rm{PAR}}(Z)={\rm{PAR}}(0^-)\cdot {\rm{exp}}[-K_d ({\rm{PAR}})\times Z], $
$ Z_{\rm{eu}}=4.605/K_d ({\rm{PAR}}), $
式中,Z为深度;PAR(Z)为深度Z处的PAR强度(单位:μmol/(m2·s));PAR(0)为水表面处PAR强度(单位:μmol/(m2·s)),其数据为RBR maestro多参数水质仪PAR传感器测定。将0~1 m、1~2 m、2~3 m等(一直到PAR为0)每层内测得的PAR计算出一个平均值分别作为0 m、1 m、2 m等的PAR强度,进行指数回归拟合,注意回归效果只有当R2≥0.95、深度数N≥3时,其Kd(PAR)值才被接受,否则视为无效值[23]。经过回归拟合计算后,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季Kd(PAR)有效站位数分别为19、13、11和19。
初级生产力的计算采用Behrenfeld和Falkowski[24]所开发的VGPM模型。计算公式为
$ P{P_{{\text{eu}}}} = 0.661\;25P_{{\rm{opt}}}^{\rm{B}} \times \frac{{{E_0}}}{{{E_0} + 4.1}} \times {Z_{{\rm{eu}}}} \times {C_{{\rm{opt}}}} \times {D_{{\rm{irr}}}}, $
式中,$ P{P_{{\text{eu}}}} $是真光层的初级生产力(以碳计,单位:mg/(m2·d ));$P_{{\text{opt}}}^{\rm{B}}$是每毫克叶绿素在单位时间内的最大光合速率(以碳计,单位:mg/h);$ {E_{\text{0}}} $是海表面光合有效辐射强度(单位:μmol/(m2·s));$ {C_{{\text{opt}}}} $是海表面的叶绿素a浓度(单位:mg/m3);$ {D_{{\text{irr}}}} $是光照周期(单位:h),本文参考郝锵等[25]在南海北部对初级生产力的研究。
关于$ P_{{\text{opt}}}^{\rm{B}} $,本文参考Behrenfeld和Falkowski[26]提出的计算方法,视$ P_{{\text{opt}}}^{\rm{B}} $为水表面温度(T)的一个函数,其表达式[4, 25-27]
$ P_{\rm{opt}}^{\rm{B}} =\left\{ \begin{array}{*{20}{l}} 1.13,& T \leqslant - 1.0 ,\\ 4.00,& T \geqslant 28.5, \\ P_{\rm{opt}}^{\rm{B}}{'},& - 1 < T < 28.5 ,\end{array} \right. $
$ \begin{split} P_{{\text{opt}}}^{\rm{B}}{'} =& 1.295\;6 + 2.749 \times {10^{ - 1}}T + 6.17 \times {10^{ - 2}}{T^2} \\ &-2.05 \times {10^{ - 2}}{T^3} + 2.462 \times {10^{ - 3}}{T^4} -1.348 \times {10^{ - 4}}{T^5} \\ & +3.413\;2 \times {10^{ - {\text{6}}}}{T^6} - 3.27 \times {10^{ - 8}}{T^7} . \end{split} $
在调查期间,如表1所示,湛江湾PAR漫衰减系数平均值为(0.76±0.36)m−1,真光层深度平均值为(6.95±3.17)m。将所测得的值按照季节的角度划分(3−5月为春季、6−8月为夏季、9−11月为秋季、12月至翌年2月为冬季),春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的PAR漫衰减系数平均值分别为(0.79±0.44)m−1、(0.91±0.27)m−1、(0.91±0.33)m−1、(0.53±0.22)m−1,真光层深度平均值分别为(7.05±3.27)m、(5.23±1.98)m、(5.50±1.67)m、(8.62±3.74)m,可以看出湛江湾真光层深度季节分布由深入浅依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。春季真光层深度的空间分布整体呈现出北部大于南部、西部大于东部的特征,夏季和秋季空间分布差异则明显减弱,而冬季则表现出东部湾口整体大于湾内的特征。就变化程度而言,春季变化幅度最大(相对标准偏差为0.46),其次为冬季(相对标准偏差为0.43),夏季(相对标准偏差为0.38)和秋季(相对标准偏差为0.3)相对较稳定,这可能与调查期间各季节有效站位的分布和个数有关。各有效站位真光层深度分布如图2所示。
将真光层深度、表层叶绿素a浓度、表层水温、光照周期以及海表光合有效辐射强度输入到VGPM模型中,得到湛江湾初级生产力的平均值为(639.53±427.95)mg/(m2·d),其中春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的初级生产力均值分别为(559.08±501.57)mg/(m2·d)、(449.27±284.34)mg/(m2·d)、(537.97±231.55)mg/(m2·d)、(908.96±381.62)mg/(m2·d)。图3显示了利用VGPM模型计算得出的春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的初级生产力空间分布,其时空特征与真光层深度的时空特征总体保持一致。
真光层深度很大程度上取决于水中各类物质对光的衰减程度,其中包括悬浮颗粒物、浮游植物和有色溶解有机物[7, 28-29]。在我们的水质测量参数中,用浊度代表悬浮颗粒物,用叶绿素a浓度代表浮游植物生物量[7]。由于Kd(PAR)更能直观地反映水下光的衰减程度[29],因此将Kd(PAR)和浊度、叶绿素a浓度、CDOM吸收系数均进行对数(lg(x+1))转换后进行线性回归分析,可以得到湛江湾真光层深度变化的主要影响因子,其结果如图4所示,可以看出,Kd(PAR)与浊度存在显著的正相关关系,R2为0.73,对这3个要素进行方差分析,验证这3个变量对Kd(PAR)变化的影响显著性的检验。根据方差分析结果,浊度、叶绿素a浓度和CDOM吸收系数的F值分别为166.07、3.02、4.73,p值分别为6.2×10−19、0.088、0.033,F值越大表明方程越显著,拟合程度也越好,p值越小表明差异越显著,结果也印证了不同浊度大小影响Kd(PAR)的显著差异。这说明湛江湾内悬浮颗粒物对真光层深度的影响占主导地位。
湛江湾悬浮颗粒物的动力变化过程对于了解真光层深度的变化具有较重要的作用,一般来说,悬浮颗粒物变化主要受沉积物再悬浮和运移的影响[1]。在季节变化方面,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季有效站位的浊度平均值分别为10.3 NTU、11.8 NTU、12.9 NTU和9.4 NTU,冬季浊度最小,表明冬季沉积物再悬浮或运移活动最弱,夏季和秋季采样期间有降雨产生,这可能会引起沉积物再悬浮[30-31],导致浊度增加。此外,统计了各季节月首至采样期间的降雨量,春季(2017年5月1−29日)为200.91 mm、夏季(2017年6月1−26日)为166.13 mm、秋季(2016年9月1−27日)为321.05 mm、冬季(2016年1月1−18日)为69.86 mm。春季、夏季和秋季雨量充足,陆源径流强度较大,极大地促进了水中沉积物的运移,导致真光层深度的降低,而冬季雨量较少,河流携带泥沙入海的能力减弱,使得冬季真光层深度较大。在空间分布方面,4个季节真光层深度最大的位置实际水深均超过15 m,而真光层深度最小的位置实际水深均小于7 m,季风引起的水柱垂直混合往往会使大量沉积物再悬浮,水深较浅的区域沉积物再悬浮较容易,而水深较深的区域则不易受风浪扰动,底层沉积物再悬浮较困难。此外,湾内许多大型采沙仪器在工作, 会造成泥沙的扰动和冲积[32],且潮汐、潮流混合也可导致泥沙再悬浮或运移[33-34],这些因素都可能会影响湛江湾水体的真光层深度。
在本研究中,湛江湾水体真光层深度受悬浮颗粒物的影响最大,且空间异质性要大于季节异质性。真光层深度会不时地受到表层流动事件的影响,比如潮汐的变化以及水团的相互作用等因素均会引起水体水质的根本变化[1, 7],由于数据集有限,对于真光层深度控制机制的研究还只是初步,我们需要扩大取样的范围和加强测量的频率,然而现场取样不仅耗时耗力,也满足不了我们对该区域进行长时间和高频次的监测,因此我们后期计划利用卫星观测的手段来对真光层深度的时空变化展开进一步研究。
VGPM模型自创建以来,应用较广泛,该模型经历了长时期、大范围、不同水域上千个站点的上万个实测数据的验证,具有较好的可靠性[24, 2627]。由于湛江湾水体光学性质较复杂,通过遥感反演获取叶绿素a浓度,可能会有较大偏差;再经原位测定发现,湛江湾水表温度也具有一定时空异质性,进而不同站位间最佳光合速率也存在一定差异;同时根据4.1节的讨论,真光层深度也具有一定的时空变化。因此利用实测的叶绿素a浓度、真光层深度以及水温等参数作为模型参数输入无疑可以在很大程度上降低估算误差。
控制初级生产力的主要生态环境因子有营养盐、光照强度和温度等,虽然浮游动物的牧食也会影响初级生产力[35],但本研究未包括该因素。根据上述研究结果可知,初级生产力不仅在4个季节之间存在差异,而且在同一季节不同位置也出现了差异,最高初级生产力出现在春季的Z22站位,最小初级生产力出现在春季的Z8站位,最大值是最小值的20多倍,因此,分析湛江湾部分生态环境因子,从而了解湛江湾初级生产力时空分布的影响因子。
VGPM模型估算的初级生产力很大程度上依赖表层叶绿素a浓度和真光层深度,然而对于不同水体,主要的影响因子亦有不同,对VGPM模型估算的初级生产力与这两者做Person相关性分析,找到主导因素,如表2所示,其结果显示4个季节初级生产力与真光层深度均呈很强的极显著正相关,在春季、夏季和秋季,虽然叶绿素a浓度与初级生产力相关性较高,但在冬季叶绿素a浓度与初级生产力无相关性。由图5中表层叶绿素a浓度的时空分布模式也可以看出,春季和夏季叶绿素a浓度由湾内向湾口逐渐降低,秋季和冬季叶绿素a浓度的空间差异性不明显。因此春季初级生产力呈现出湾内向湾外快速降低的空间分布特征受叶绿素a浓度和真光层深度的共同影响,而冬季初级生产力呈现湾口高湾内低是真光层深度主导的结果,与叶绿素a浓度关系不明显。此外冬季有更多站位的真光层深度大于实际水深,水柱光利用效率较高。郝锵等[25]利用修正后的VGPM模型得到南海北部的初级生产力反演结果显示,冬季水平最高,夏季最低,但时空变化规律与叶绿素并不保持一致,同时本研究也显示初级生产力与真光层深度关系更密切,这表明在湛江湾乃至南海北部,真光层深度对初级生产力的解释率更高。
太阳辐射是海洋生态系统主要的能量来源,真光层中的浮游植物通过光合作用固定了太阳能,因此日照时间和光照强度对初级生产力有影响。日照时间从多到少分别为夏季(14 h)、春季(13.8 h)、秋季(13 h)和冬季(11.8 h)[25]。在各航次调查期间,各有效站位平均海表PAR强度从高到低分别为冬季(466.3 μmol/(m2·s))、春季(203.1 μmol/(m2·s))、夏季(142.1 μmol/(m2·s))、秋季(123.9 μmol/(m2·s)),虽然冬季日照时间短于其他季节,但是平均光强要比其他季节高出2~4倍。一般来说,随着光照的增强,光合作用速率会迅速增大,到达某个峰值,光合作用速率会随着光照的增强而降低,两者关系基本呈现抛物线状[25]。有研究表明,湛江湾主要以硅藻为优势类群[36],硅藻的饱和光强值为200~400 μmol/(m2·s)[25],冬季大部分站位光强为硅藻的光合作用速率提供了较适宜的条件,从而促进了初级生产力的水平,春季次之,夏季和秋季的光强较低,光合作用速率较低,导致初级生产力较低。
温度是影响初级生产力的一个重要因素,有关研究表明[37],温度可以直接影响浮游植物的最佳光合作用速率,温度对光合作用的影响机制主要是由于温度影响酶催化过程进而制约光合作用[38]。世界上大部分海域浮游植物光合作用的最适温度一般在20℃左右[25-26],过高和过低的水温都会抑制浮游植物的光合作用速率。在航次调查期间,海表平均水温从高到低依次为夏季(30.2℃)、秋季(29.9℃)、春季(28.3℃)、冬季(19.8℃),冬季水温是浮游植物光合作用速率的最佳温度,而夏季水温过高,导致光合作用速率较低,这可能是初级生产力产生季节差异性的原因之一。
营养盐对于藻类的生长起着至关重要的作用,因此是控制初级生产力的一个主要因子,各季节有效站位的表层营养盐浓度如图6所示,春季和夏季湾口营养盐浓度低于湾内,夏季尤为突出,而冬季这种差异性不明显,这与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布特征吻合较好。除了冬季,初级生产力与营养盐呈现较好的相关关系,如表3所示。N、P、Si之间比例含量不同,可能会对该地区浮游植物群落的竞争和演替产生影响。根据营养盐限制标准方法[39],计算了湛江湾调查期间各站位的营养盐限制情况,结果如图7所示,湛江湾春季、夏季大部分站位都受到硅酸盐的限制,秋季全部站位受到硅酸盐限制,而冬季只有A6、A7、A8 3个站位受到硅酸盐的限制。有研究表明[40-41],当存在硅酸盐限制时,硅藻可能会向甲藻演替,这表明湛江湾春季、夏季和秋季浮游植物主要优势类群可能转变为以甲藻为主,而冬季仍然以硅藻为主,甲藻的饱和光强值为500~1 000 μmol/(m2·s) [25],春季、夏季和秋季的光强较低,对甲藻的生长不利,而冬季光强正适合硅藻的生长,也印证了上述光强对初级生产力的影响。
湛江湾海域真光层深度及初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因素对沿海生态系统的运转起着至关重要的作用。在季节变化方面,真光层深度由深入浅依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。在空间分布方面,春季真光层深度的空间分布整体呈现出北部大于南部、西部大于东部的特征,夏季和秋季空间分布差异则明显减弱,而冬季则表现出东部湾口整体大于湾内的特征。利用VGPM模型得到的初级生产力时空特征与真光层深度的时空特征总体保持一致。回归分析表明,真光层深度变化的主要影响因子是悬浮颗粒物,而悬浮颗粒物变化主要受沉积物再悬浮和运移的影响。利用VGPM模型估算的初级生产力变化主导因素是真光层深度。
总的来说,本研究首次报道了湛江湾海域真光层深度与初级生产力的时空变化及其控制因子,该结果为后续碳通量、热传递和卫星遥感环境监测等研究提供了基础。未来我们计划利用卫星遥感手段对真光层深度及初级生产力展开研究,而这需要对湛江湾水体表观光学和固有光学性质有更进一步的了解。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42106148)
  • 广东省教育厅重点研究项目(2019KZDXM019)
  • 广东省教育厅青年创新人才项目(2021KQNCX028)
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)资助项目(ZJW-2019-08)
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2022年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022136
  • 接收时间:2021-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-28
  • 修回日期:2022-01-15
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42106148)
广东省教育厅重点研究项目(2019KZDXM019)
广东省教育厅青年创新人才项目(2021KQNCX028)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)资助项目(ZJW-2019-08)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
    2.广东海洋大学 化学与环境学院,广东 湛江 524088
    3.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院,广东 湛江 524088
    4.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江) 南海资源大数据中心,广东 湛江 524025

通讯作者:

钟雅枫,博士研究生,主要从事海洋生态环境研究。E-mail:
徐华兵,讲师,博士,研究方向为环境科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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