Article(id=1224798804101190050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651507200000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-03, revisedDate=1656777600000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944390559, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1669824000000, pubDateStr=2022-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944390559, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944390559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944390559, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798798254326454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944389165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996131500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798804419957168, articleId=1224798804101190050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Application of eSQG method in vertical velocity diagnosis in the South China Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using 0.1°×0.1° high-resolution temperature, salinity, velocity and sea surface height (SSH) data from the ocean general circulation model for the earth simulator (OFES) model, this study analyzes the capability and applicability of the eSQG (effective Surface Quasi-Geostrophy) method in vertical velocity diagnosis in the South China Sea (SCS), as well as the spatiotemporal variation of vertical velocities. The diagnosed vertical velocities ωeSQG from SSH with the eSQG method are of the same order of 10−5 m/s as the “true” vertical velocities ωOFES from the OFES model. ωeSQG shows spatial variations with higher values in northern basin. The correlation coefficients of the horizontal distribution of ωeSQG and ωOFES (rs) are greater in deep basin than that in the whole SCS, suggesting that the eSQG method is more efficient in vertical velocity diagnosis in deep water far from boundaries. Vertically, the correlation coefficient has maximum values occurring in the subsurface layer at about 150 m. ωeSQG is stronger in summer and rs show seasonal variation with higher values in winter, indicating more efficient in eSQG diagnosis in winter. ωeSQG is reliable in the regions southwest of Taiwan and east of Vietnam, where the temporal correlation coefficients of ωeSQG and ωOFES (rt) exceed 0.6, while ωeSQG is poorly correlated to ωOFES in the shelf regions in the southern and northwestern SCS with rt mostly under 0.2. rs in the same region is varying at periods of about 18−55 d. ωeSQG performs better as the distributions of the SSH and the sea surface density are in same phase. ωeSQG varies little as the temporal resolution of SSH varies, while rs increases as spatial resolution reduced to 0.25° in mesoscales.

, correspAuthors=Lingling Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiahui Huang, Lingling Xie, Qiang Li, Min Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798808010281535, articleId=1224798804101190050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的应用研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用OFES模式0.1°×0.1°高分辨率温盐、流速和海面高度(SSH)数据,分析eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的适用性和南海垂向流速的时空变化特征。结果表明,基于SSH和eSQG的诊断垂向流速ωeSQG与OFES模拟“真值”垂向流速ωOFES整体量级基本相当,为O(10−5 m/s),空间上呈现北强南弱。深海盆(水深大于1 000 m)ωeSQGωOFES的水平空间分布的相关系数rs在次表层150 m左右达到最大,高于南海全海域的空间相关系数,表明eSQG在远离边界的深水区更有效。季节上,ωeSQG总体夏强冬弱,与ωOFES的相关系数rs冬季大、夏季小,表明eSQG更适用于冬季南海垂向流速的诊断。eSQG诊断垂向流速在台湾西南部和越南以东适用性更高,与ωOFES的时间相关系数rt超过0.6;海盆南部和西北部陆架区诊断效果较差,时间相关系数rt多小于0.2。同一区域ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数存在18~55 d的周期变化。分析显示,海面高度与海面密度同相位分布时,ωeSQG与“真值”ωOFES更接近。时间分辨率对eSQG诊断效果几乎无影响,空间分辨率降低到0.25°时rs整体增大,说明eSQG在中尺度诊断效果更好。

, correspAuthors=谢玲玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢玲玲(1983-),女,教授,山东省莱芜市人,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力过程。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=21XHnoJVBzjvd5I813468w==, magXml=pu5QESnHd8t/kNTng8SE8Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZJIbcLZkbKfJObMBrZ/Ckw==, pdfFileSize=9217742, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+9KU0WrhGASp1ysa0r3t/w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ssfyULCfABDF36jswnB5FA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄家辉(1997-),男,广东省开平市人,研究方向为海洋中小尺度过程。E-mail:

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黄家辉(1997-),男,广东省开平市人,研究方向为海洋中小尺度过程。E-mail:

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The black line in panel c denotes the area-averaged mixed layer depth,the red line in panel d represents the yearly-mean mixed layer depth, and the cyan shading denotes the standard deviations

, figureFileSmall=33MsDCVmeIiKzX3ebBEwQA==, figureFileBig=EsMB6VAD5Ma7v/rMuboXmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447070875902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2012年3月29日黑潮延伸体400 m深度ωeSQG(a)和ωOFES(b)的水平分布,ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数rs的垂向时间序列(c)以及年平均结果(d)

图c中黑色线表示平均混合层深度,图d中红色线表示年平均混合层深度,阴影表示标准差

, figureFileSmall=33MsDCVmeIiKzX3ebBEwQA==, figureFileBig=EsMB6VAD5Ma7v/rMuboXmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447184122115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Horizontal distribution of ωeSQG, ωOFES and their difference at 100 m in the South China Sea on 16 May 2012 (a−c), in the whole year (d−f), summer (g−i) and winter (j−l)

Black lines denote the 100 m and 1 000 m isobath

, figureFileSmall=Za7+R7rlvugTW+7JCPE3qw==, figureFileBig=HIF4+jAdrIp9uFaxx4jBXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447263813895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图2, caption=单日(2012年5月16日,a−c)、年平均(d−f)、夏季(g−i)、冬季(j−l)南海100 m深度ωeSQGωOFES和二者差值的水平分布

黑色线表示100 m和1 000 m等深线

, figureFileSmall=Za7+R7rlvugTW+7JCPE3qw==, figureFileBig=HIF4+jAdrIp9uFaxx4jBXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447372865804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series and yearly average of vertical profiles of correlation coefficient $r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $ and $r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $ between ωeSQG and ωOFES in the whole South China Sea (a−b) and the deep basin (c−d)

Black dashed lines denote the area-averaged mixed layer depth, cyan shadings denote the standard deviations

, figureFileSmall=vG6ALcu1UwwLJiLyD873jg==, figureFileBig=SF19+BckT6kRCtK6dnYUkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447439974671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图3, caption=南海全域和深水区ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $(a−b)和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $(c−d)的垂向时间序列及其年平均

黑色虚线表示平均混合层深度,阴影表示标准差

, figureFileSmall=vG6ALcu1UwwLJiLyD873jg==, figureFileBig=SF19+BckT6kRCtK6dnYUkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447549026580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Horizontal distribution of temporal correlation rt between ωeSQG and ωOFES at 50 m (a) and 100 m (b) in the South China Sea from March 2012 to February 2013

Black lines denote the 100 m and 1000 m isobath

, figureFileSmall=YUd7hidBAZMaSR5JjYBYhg==, figureFileBig=yv9HnYjhr04UXwpOs+pP/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447666467098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南海50 m(a)和100 m(b)层各网格点上2012年3月至2013年2月ωeSQGωOFES的时间相关系数rt的水平分布

黑色线表示100 m和1 000 m等深线

, figureFileSmall=YUd7hidBAZMaSR5JjYBYhg==, figureFileBig=yv9HnYjhr04UXwpOs+pP/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447733575967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time series, yearly average and seasonal average of correlation rs between ωeSQG and ωOFES in regions from R1 to R5

Black lines denote the box-averaged mixed layer depth, horizontal bars and cyan shadings denote the standard deviations

, figureFileSmall=2beFLAPDUOhZDgbgg7XDTg==, figureFileBig=cooijkhhNJ6rEBJPzhI6RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447846822183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图5, caption=R1–R5区ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数rs的垂向时间序列及其年平均和季节平均结果

黑色虚线表示平均混合层深度,横杠和阴影表示标准差

, figureFileSmall=2beFLAPDUOhZDgbgg7XDTg==, figureFileBig=cooijkhhNJ6rEBJPzhI6RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369447943291180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Probability distribution and power spectra of correlation rs between ωeSQG and ωOFES in regions R1 to R5, figureFileSmall=NNpqzlv3gJKguS7KvMrTEw==, figureFileBig=5u+mtvtBf+Zr7li97X4QrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448027177266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图6, caption=R1–R5区ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数rs的概率分布及其功率谱, figureFileSmall=NNpqzlv3gJKguS7KvMrTEw==, figureFileBig=5u+mtvtBf+Zr7li97X4QrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448123646264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time series (a, d), yearly average (b, e) and seasonal average (c, f) of correlation $r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $ and $r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $ between ωeSQG and ωOFES in the South China Sea derived from data with temporal resolution of 9 days

Black dashed lines denote the area-averaged mixed layer depth (a, d), horizontal bars and color shadings denote the standard deviations (b–c, e–f)

, figureFileSmall=yUMy8dB7WI8derQn7PFP7w==, figureFileBig=34QwtmKH/6GD3jqoQ1IREQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448228503867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图7, caption=9 d时间分辨率南海ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的垂向时间序列(a, d)及其年平均(b, e)和季节平均(c, f)

黑色虚线表示平均混合层深度(a, d),横杠和阴影表示标准差(b–c, e–f)

, figureFileSmall=yUMy8dB7WI8derQn7PFP7w==, figureFileBig=34QwtmKH/6GD3jqoQ1IREQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448341750080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time series (a, d), yearly average (b, e) and seasonal average (c, f) of correlation $r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $ and $r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $ between ωeSQG and ωOFES in the South China Sea derived from data with horizontal resolution of 0.25o

Black dashed lines denote the area-averaged mixed layer depth (a, d), horizontal bars and color shadings denote the standard deviations (b–c, e–f)

, figureFileSmall=7qFH8gWCDs5lF7QXGmlh2A==, figureFileBig=92IjHKv4fJo/pDbEMBTKCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448434024770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图8, caption=0.25o空间分辨率南海ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的垂向时间序列(a, d)及其年平均(b, e)和季节平均(c, f)

黑色虚线表示平均混合层深度(a, d),横杠和阴影表示标准差(b–c, e–f)

, figureFileSmall=7qFH8gWCDs5lF7QXGmlh2A==, figureFileBig=92IjHKv4fJo/pDbEMBTKCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448534688075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Horizontal distribution of relative vorticity at 100 m in the South China Sea in the whole year, summer and winter

Black line denotes 100 m isobath

, figureFileSmall=/k2nancJaFaKaRmb/PNYXw==, figureFileBig=O52vuum+xYy5Pp9xwm5xYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448694071632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798804101190050, language=CN, label=图9, caption=年平均、夏季和冬季南海100 m深度相对涡度的水平分布

黑色线表示100 m等深线

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eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的应用研究
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黄家辉 1, 2 , 谢玲玲 1, 2, 3, * , 李强 1, 2, 3 , 李敏 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(12): 55-69
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(12): 55-69
eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的应用研究
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黄家辉1, 2 , 谢玲玲1, 2, 3, * , 李强1, 2, 3, 李敏1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院 近海海洋变化与灾害预警实验室,广东 湛江 524088
  • 2.广东省高等学校陆架及深远海气候资源与环境重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
  • 3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 黄家辉(1997-),男,广东省开平市人,研究方向为海洋中小尺度过程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢玲玲(1983-),女,教授,山东省莱芜市人,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力过程。E-mail:
Application of eSQG method in vertical velocity diagnosis in the South China Sea
Jiahui Huang1, 2 , Lingling Xie1, 2, 3, * , Qiang Li1, 2, 3, Min Li1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Oceanology and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhangjiang 524088, China
  • 2. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Climate, Resource and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2022-12-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022153
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本文利用OFES模式0.1°×0.1°高分辨率温盐、流速和海面高度(SSH)数据,分析eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的适用性和南海垂向流速的时空变化特征。结果表明,基于SSH和eSQG的诊断垂向流速ωeSQG与OFES模拟“真值”垂向流速ωOFES整体量级基本相当,为O(10−5 m/s),空间上呈现北强南弱。深海盆(水深大于1 000 m)ωeSQGωOFES的水平空间分布的相关系数rs在次表层150 m左右达到最大,高于南海全海域的空间相关系数,表明eSQG在远离边界的深水区更有效。季节上,ωeSQG总体夏强冬弱,与ωOFES的相关系数rs冬季大、夏季小,表明eSQG更适用于冬季南海垂向流速的诊断。eSQG诊断垂向流速在台湾西南部和越南以东适用性更高,与ωOFES的时间相关系数rt超过0.6;海盆南部和西北部陆架区诊断效果较差,时间相关系数rt多小于0.2。同一区域ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数存在18~55 d的周期变化。分析显示,海面高度与海面密度同相位分布时,ωeSQG与“真值”ωOFES更接近。时间分辨率对eSQG诊断效果几乎无影响,空间分辨率降低到0.25°时rs整体增大,说明eSQG在中尺度诊断效果更好。

垂向流速  /  eSQG  /  时空变化  /  南海  /  OFES

Using 0.1°×0.1° high-resolution temperature, salinity, velocity and sea surface height (SSH) data from the ocean general circulation model for the earth simulator (OFES) model, this study analyzes the capability and applicability of the eSQG (effective Surface Quasi-Geostrophy) method in vertical velocity diagnosis in the South China Sea (SCS), as well as the spatiotemporal variation of vertical velocities. The diagnosed vertical velocities ωeSQG from SSH with the eSQG method are of the same order of 10−5 m/s as the “true” vertical velocities ωOFES from the OFES model. ωeSQG shows spatial variations with higher values in northern basin. The correlation coefficients of the horizontal distribution of ωeSQG and ωOFES (rs) are greater in deep basin than that in the whole SCS, suggesting that the eSQG method is more efficient in vertical velocity diagnosis in deep water far from boundaries. Vertically, the correlation coefficient has maximum values occurring in the subsurface layer at about 150 m. ωeSQG is stronger in summer and rs show seasonal variation with higher values in winter, indicating more efficient in eSQG diagnosis in winter. ωeSQG is reliable in the regions southwest of Taiwan and east of Vietnam, where the temporal correlation coefficients of ωeSQG and ωOFES (rt) exceed 0.6, while ωeSQG is poorly correlated to ωOFES in the shelf regions in the southern and northwestern SCS with rt mostly under 0.2. rs in the same region is varying at periods of about 18−55 d. ωeSQG performs better as the distributions of the SSH and the sea surface density are in same phase. ωeSQG varies little as the temporal resolution of SSH varies, while rs increases as spatial resolution reduced to 0.25° in mesoscales.

vertical velocity  /  eSQG  /  spatio-temporal variation  /  South China Sea  /  OFES
黄家辉, 谢玲玲, 李强, 李敏. eSQG方法在南海垂向流速诊断中的应用研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (12) : 55 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022153
Jiahui Huang, Lingling Xie, Qiang Li, Min Li. Application of eSQG method in vertical velocity diagnosis in the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (12) : 55 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022153
垂向流速作为海水运动的一个重要分量,对海洋内部以及海气间的物质和能量交换具有重要作用。垂向运动能将深层富含营养盐的冷水向上层海洋输送[1-2],从而提高海区的初级生产力[3-5]。同时,垂向运动也能将表层海洋溶解的氧气和二氧化碳带至深层[6-7],影响全球的碳氧循环,加速深层海洋对气候的响应[8]。因此,获取垂向流速具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。
海洋垂向流速的量级一般只有10−6~10−3 m/s,在当前技术下难以直接测量。因此,研究者一般通过间接估算、动力诊断或者数值模拟等方法来获取垂向流速[9-12]。其中,基于海面高度场的有效表面准地转(effective Surface Quasi-Geostrophy,eSQG)方法和基于温盐水平流场的Omega方程是获取海洋三维垂向流速的有效途径[13-14]。尤其是eSQG方法,具有计算效率高、对现场观测依赖小等优势[15],近年来在大洋海区的中尺度垂向流速诊断方面开展较多应用[16]
Lapeyre和Klein[17]最早提出了eSQG方法,并指出eSQG能较好诊断500 m深度以浅的垂向流速。后续在黑潮延伸体、北大西洋和北太平洋等大洋海区的研究中,eSQG方法的有效性在混合层以深的上层海洋得到较好印证[18-21]。eSQG在混合层垂向流速诊断的不足,可以通过加入湍流混合引起的垂向流速来解决[22-23]。eSQG对于不同尺度垂向流速的诊断效果不一样,其主要适用于20~400 km的中尺度垂向流速诊断[16]。前人研究多集中于大洋海域,关于eSQG在边缘海的适用性还有待进一步探索。
南海是西太平洋最大的半封闭海盆,其地形多变、动力过程复杂,中尺度和次中尺度过程强盛[24-25],海盆和陆架均存在活跃的垂向环流[26-27]。关于南海的垂向流速,前人多采用简单估算或数值模式给出结果[28-31]。基于海面观测的eSQG方法可否为南海垂向环流三维结构和定量特征探究提供有效方法,该问题有待解答。
因此本文将利用高分辨率的OFES(ocean general circulation model for the earth simulator)数值模拟数据,分析eSQG在南海不同区域垂向流速诊断的适用性,给出南海垂向流速的时空特征,并探究不同时空分辨率对诊断结果的影响。
本研究所用数据为OFES模式提供的高分辨率海洋模式资料,其水平分辨率为0.1°×0.1°,时间分辨率为3 d。数据来自夏威夷大学亚太数据研究中心(Asia Pacific Data Research Center,APDRC)。该模式是由美国国家海洋和大气管理局地球物理流体动力学实验室开发,通过日本海洋与地球科技研究所地球模拟器计算得到的高分辨率海洋模式。空间覆盖范围为75°S~75°N,时间范围为1950年1月至2017年12月,垂向上有54层,相邻两层之间的垂向间隔随着深度的增加而增加,最小约为5 m,最大约为330 m。温盐和水平流速数据表层深度为2.5 m、底层深度为5 900 m,垂向流速数据表层深度为5 m、底层深度为6 065 m。地形资料来源于南安普顿海洋中心的海洋环流和气候进展模式(Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modeling,OCCAM)计划测得的(1/30)°地形数据,并通过平滑处理至与真实地形非常相近。该模式的水平湍流扩散项采用双调和算子,从而减小动量方程中水平网格尺度的误差。垂直混合采用KPP(K–profile parameterization)边界层混合方案。该模式为冷启动,用NCEP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)再分析数据作为大气强迫场,温盐资料则采用WOA(World Ocean Atlas)数据。
本文选取南海(4°~24°N,106°~122°E)2012年3月至2013年2月的OFES模式位势温盐、流速、海面高度和混合层厚度进行分析。其中位势温度和盐度用于计算0~300 m深度的浮力频率,海面高度用于诊断垂向流速,水平流速用于计算相对涡度,模式垂向流速用于与eSQG诊断垂向流速对比。时间选取考虑与Qiu等[18-19]的大洋结果进行对比。
Lapeyre和Klein[17]指出在斜压不稳定的情况下,海洋内部位势涡度异常与表层密度异常存在显著的相关关系。基于这一相关关系和位势涡度的可逆性,可以得到地转流函数$ \psi $在某一深度$ z $与海面高度$ \eta $的表达式为
$ \widehat{\psi }\left(\mathit{k},z\right)=\frac{g}{{f}_{0}}\widehat{\eta }\left(\mathit{k}\right){\rm{exp}}\left(\frac{{N}_{0}}{{f}_{0}}{k}_{{\rm{h}}}z\right) \text{,} $
继而,可以根据地转方程、静力方程和平流的浮力方程推得浮力b和垂向流速w的表达式为
$ \widehat{b}\left(\mathit{k},z\right)=\frac{{N}_{0}{k}_{{\rm{h}}}}{C}\widehat{\psi }\left(\mathit{k},z\right) \text{,} $
$ \widehat{w}\left(\mathit{k},z\right)=-\frac{{C}^{2}}{{N}_{0}^{2}}\left[-J\left({\widehat{\psi }}_{{\rm{s}}},{\widehat{b}}_{{\rm{s}}}\right){\rm{exp}}\left(\frac{{N}_{0}}{{f}_{0}}{k}_{{\rm{h}}}z\right)+J\left(\widehat{\psi },b\right)\right] \text{,} $
$ {N}^{2}=-\frac{g}{\rho }\frac{{\rm{d}}\rho }{{\rm{d}}z} \text{,}$
$ b=-\frac{\rho }{{\rho }_{0}}g \text{,}$
式中,$ \mathit{k}=\left({k}_{x},{k}_{y}\right) $为水平波数矢量;${k}_{{\rm{h}}}=\left|\mathit{k}\right|$;$ {f}_{0} $为平均纬度(14°N)的科氏参数;$ g $为重力加速度;$ \rho $为海水密度;$ N $为浮力频率;$ b $为浮力;符号^表示水平傅里叶变换;$ J\left(a,b\right) = \left( \partial a/\partial x \right)\left( \partial b/\partial y \right) - \left( \partial a/\partial y \right)\left( \partial b/\partial x \right) $为雅可比运算符;下标s表示表层值;本文$ {N}_{0}=0.01 $ Hz和$ C=2.1 $是常数,$ {N}_{0} $为研究区域0~300 m深度浮力频率的平均值[18-19],$C=\left(g{N}_{0}{k}_{{\rm{h}}}/{f}_{0}\right)\widehat{\eta }\left(\mathit{k}\right)/\widehat{b}\left(\mathit{k},0\right)$可由式(1)、式(2)和式(5)计算[19]
利用模式提供的SSH数据$ \eta \left(x,y\right) $,由式(3)计算不同深度不同波长的垂向流速,继而通过傅里叶反变换,可得到不同深度的垂向流速分布。eSQG诊断垂向流速记为ωeSQG,模式垂向流速记为ωOFES。以Qiu等[18-19]研究的黑潮延伸体(31°~39°N,145°~153°E)为例,验证本研究eSQG方法。可见,单日(2012年3月29日)400 m深度ωeSQGωOFES的水平分布特征基本一致,尤其是二者的中尺度特征吻合较好(图1a图1b)。ωeSQG相比ωOFES较弱,这可能是因为ωOFES包含部分非地转过程。混合层以深两种垂向流速的相关系数rs基本在0.5以上(图1c),表明eSQG较好地再现了ωOFES图1d进一步给出了年平均rs剖面。年平均rs随深度的增加而增加并在混合层以深达到0.4以上(图1d),说明eSQG诊断结果在黑潮延伸体具有较好的稳定性。以上结果与Qiu等[18-19]研究结果相似,证明了本研究eSQG方法的可行性。
在南海垂向流速诊断中,由于陆地上不存在SSH,无法进行傅里叶变换。对靠近陆地边界时这一普遍问题,Isern-Fontanet等[32]曾利用随距离衰减的权重函数对湾流海域的陆地进行赋值,以解决陆地上不存在SSH的问题。本研究采用类似的二维线性插值对陆地区域赋值,进而傅里叶变换得到垂向流速,然后将陆地区域结果排除。同时,为了避免边界效应,将研究区域四周外扩2°后进行变换。
图2示出4种情况下南海100 m深度ωeSQGωOFES和二者差值的水平分布。可见,相比年平均和季节平均,单日ωeSQG最强,其中台湾附近及其西南部ωeSQG的量值基本达到2×10−5 m/s以上(图2a)。年平均ωeSQG最弱,量值基本在1×10−5 m/s以下,尤其是东南部海域几乎全部小于0.5×10−5 m/s(图2d)。夏季ωeSQG在台湾西南部较强,南海平均量值为1.6×10−5 m/s(图2g)。冬季ωeSQG呈陆架边缘强,海盆内部较弱的特征,南海平均量值为9.5×10−6 m/s(图2j)。综上,ωeSQG呈现北强南弱(以14°N为界)、夏强冬弱的时空特征。
对比“真值”ωOFES图2b图2e图2h图2k),ωOFES北强南弱的空间特征不明显,季节变化则为冬强夏弱。ωeSQGωOFES季节变化差异,可能与eSQG主要适用于中尺度的垂向流速诊断有关[16, 21]。前人分析显示南海中尺度过程具有ωeSQG类似的时空特征[33-34],而南海次中尺度过程则冬强夏弱[26-27]ωOFES包含部分次中尺度过程,次中尺度过程引起的垂向流速通常高于中尺度过程,因此呈现次中尺度过程的冬强夏弱特征。
图2c图2f图2i图2l进一步给出了4种情况下ωeSQGωOFES之差(记为ωminus)的水平分布。可见,单日ωminus的主要特征表现为涡丝结构,表明两种流速在次中尺度上的差异。南海南部的单日ωminus几乎全部为负值,反映了南海南部ωeSQG普遍弱于ωOFES的空间特征。年平均、夏季和冬季ωminus均以负值为主且在南海南部较大,反映了eSQG在中尺度过程较弱海域诊断结果普遍偏低。值得注意的是,年平均、夏季和冬季ωminus在台湾西南部和越南以东普遍较小,这可能是因为南海中尺度过程在这两个区域最为强盛[33-34]。4种情况下ωminus绝对值小于1的占比分别为77%(单日)、95%(年平均)、87%(夏季)和94%(冬季),表明ωeSQGωOFES的量级基本相当。ωminus的高值主要集中在南海南部和陆架附近,表明eSQG在这些区域的适用性较差。
计算南海全范围和深水区(水深大于1 000 m)ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数,分别记为$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $。单日(2012年5月16日)和年平均的$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $分别为0.14(p<0.01)和0.01(p=0.18),$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $则分别达到0.34(p<0.01)和0.06(p<0.01)。夏季和冬季$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $分别为–0.03(p<0.01)和0.02(p<0.01),而$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $则分别为0.02(p<0.01)和0.17(p<0.01)。rs表现为单日rs最大,冬季rs大于年平均rs,夏季rs最小。$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $普遍大于$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $,表明eSQG在南海深水区诊断效果优于浅水区。该结果低于在黑潮延伸体强涡旋区的单日对比相关系数(0.6~0.7)[18],但与北太平洋区域研究结果相近(单日对比相关系数为0.4~0.5)[20]。这可能是3个区域动力过程的差异引起的,进一步说明ωeSQG诊断方法在远离地形的深水区更有效。
图3示出南海ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数的垂向时间序列。可见,$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $在冬季整体相对最大,春、秋季次之,夏季最小(图3a)。这是因为南海混合层深度在冬季最大、夏季最小,前人研究表明混合层深度增加能提高eSQG诊断效果[32]。$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $在混合层上下存在明显分层,混合层以浅$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $相对混合层以深小。这一结果与Qiu等[19]给出混合层以浅空间相关系数小于0.6,混合层以深空间相关系数为0.6~0.79的研究结果相似。年平均结果显示(图3b),$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $随深度的增加先增大后减小,在290 m附近达到最大值0.11。对比深水区(图3c),$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $随时间和深度的变化趋势与$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $相似,但是量值有所增大。$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $最大值为0.29,而$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $最大达到0.38。这表明eSQG更适用于南海深水区。年平均$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $显示(图3d),随着深度的增加$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $先增大后减小,在120 m附近达到最大值0.18。年平均$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $达到最大值的深度要浅于年平均$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $,这可能是受到样本数量变化的影响。
图4进一步给出了2012年3月至2013年2月南海50 m和100 m层各网格点上ωeSQGωOFES的时间相关系数rt的水平分布。从空间特征来看,rt在海盆西北部较高、东南部较低。台湾西南部、海南东南部和越南以东的rt普遍较高,这与南海海盆尺度的气旋式环流有较好的对应。对比图4a图4b可知,两层时间相关系数rt的高值区的水平位置基本不变,100 m层rt普遍高于50 m层。这说明rt在垂向上具有较好的连续性,eSQG在同一区域不同深度的诊断效果具有一定的稳定性。台湾西南部和越南以东50 m层rt普遍在0.4以上,100 m层更高达到0.5以上。该结果进一步表明eSQG在中尺度过程强盛的区域存在较好的适用性。rt在陆架浅海区普遍低于0.2,这可能与底边界对垂向流速的影响有关。
根据南海中尺度动力过程[31]和时间相关系数rt的分布特征,选择R1–R5 5个典型区域对比分析,5个区域的范围如图4所示。其中,R1区位于台湾西南部(19°~21.5°N,115°~119.5°E),该区域的动力过程主要受到黑潮入侵南海的影响。R2区位于越南以东(9°~15°N,110.5°~113°E),其中尺度过程主要与越南季风急流有关。R3区位于菲律宾西部(12°~14°N,115°~119°E),该区域中尺度过程较弱。R4区位于南海南部(7°~ 9°N,112°~116°E),R5区位于海南岛东北部(19.5°~21°N,111.5°~114.5°E),这两个区域的动力过程受岛屿地形影响较大。R1和R2区rt普遍达到0.5以上,定义为高值区。R3区rt整体较小,定义为低值区。R4和R5区属于陆架海域,其垂向流速变化复杂,定义为陆架区。
图5给出了R1–R5区ωeSQGωOFES空间相关系数rs的垂向时间序列及其年平均和季节平均结果。如图5a所示,R1区rs除8月100 m层以深存在明显负值外,其余时间段均为正值,其中5月和冬季量值较大。R1区的年平均rs为0.20~0.44,随着深度的增加而先增大后减小(图5b)。冬季和夏季rs随深度的变化与年平均结果相似,但夏季rs整体量值较小为0.05~0.45,冬季较大达到0.21~0.54(图5c)。值得注意的是,上层80 m夏季rs较冬季大,这可能是因为夏季整体混合层深度较浅。R2区rs在2月、5月和10月量值较大(图5d)。R2区rs负值分布相比于R1区更为分散,在许多月份上层500 m均存在负值。R2区的年平均rs随深度的变化与R1区相似,但R2区整体量值较小,为0.13~0.39(图5e)。R2区的冬季和夏季rs随深度的增加均先增大后减小,冬季R2区rs在上层500 m均大于夏季,最大值所在深度比R1区较浅(图5f)。整体来看,冬季高值区rs及其最大值所在深度均较夏季大,表明eSQG更适用于诊断冬季高值区的垂向流速。年平均和季节平均rs随深度增加都呈现先增大后减小的趋势,这一结果与前人在大洋区域研究结果相似。某些时间高值区的rs为负值,这是eSQG应用于大洋区域所没有的现象。
图5g可知,R3区rs随时间变化呈现正负交替的特征,无明显的季节变化。rs在混合层以浅比混合层以深大,这与前人在大洋区域的研究结果相反。年平均rs随深度的增大而减小,最大值为0.17,相比高值区的结果小(图5h)。冬季和夏季rs也随深度的增加而减小,200 m层以浅冬季rs大于夏季,而后相反(图5i)。对比高、低值区rs结果可知,低值区rs整体量值比高值区小,混合层以浅rs垂向变化呈现相反的趋势。
由于陆架区大部分区域水深较浅,200 m以深的ωeSQGωOFES样本数量较少,比较二者差异的误差较大,因此陆架区只考虑200 m以浅的结果。R4区rs类似于R3区呈现正负交替态势,混合层上下差异不明显(图5j)。R4区的年平均rs随深度增加先增大至约60 m深度达到最大值0.19,而后随深度快速减小,到200 m深度接近于0(图5k)。冬季rs相比夏季大,60 m处高值达到0.26,是夏季的两倍左右。由图5m可知,200 m以浅R5区rs基本为正值。R5区的年平均rs随深度变化以振荡的形式整体减小,其量值为0.08~0.25(图5n)。冬季和夏季在100 m上下相对大小相反,不同于其他区域,R5区上100 m层rs夏季更大(图5o)。
统计R1–R5区rs的概率分布并对其进行功率谱密度分析,结果如图6所示。R1区rs最大概率区间为0.3~0.4,占比达到26%(图6a)。R2区rs的概率分布与R1区相似,最大概率区间略小(0.2~0.3),占比为19%(图6c)。R1和R2区rs均以正值为主且35%以上大于0.4,表明eSQG能较好诊断高值区的垂向流速。功率谱图显示,R1区各深度rs存在能量密度较强的约30 d和50 d变化周期,而高频信号(周期为20 d以内)的能量密度普遍较弱(图6b)。由图6d可知,R2区rs在30 d以上周期能量密度普遍较强且随深度的变化不明显。R2区rs 的20 d以下的高频信号较R1区强,表明R2区可能存在更多高频过程。两个区域均存在30~50 d的周期,表明两个区域rs的变化可能受同一种动力过程影响。
R3区rs最大概率区间为0.1~0.2,占比为19%。虽然正相关系数占比为59%,但其0.3以上高相关系数的负值概率更大(图6e)。R3区rs的正负值占比差异不大,体现了rs随时间变化正负交替的特征。此外,R3区rs主要为–0.2~0.2(占比59%),表明R3区rs主要为低值。R3区功率谱图显示,rs时间变化存在约45 d和75 d的明显变化周期(图6f)。30 d以下的高频信号能量密度相对较小,这种对比特征与高值区类似,但R3区rs高频能量高于R1区和R2区。并且500 m深度能量密度普遍大于表层能量密度,这可能是因为导致rs变化的动力过程主要发生在深层。
R4区最大概率区间为0 ~ 0.1,占比为14%(图6g),R5区最大概率区间为0.2~0.3,占比为23%(图6i)。R4区rs正、负值占比分别为64%和36%,rs正、负值占比差异不大,体现了正负交替的时间变化特征。R5区rs正、负值占比分别为84%和16%,占比差较R4区大,主要是因为R5区上层200 m的rs基本为正值。由图6h可知,R4区rs在30~50 d周期的能量密度最强,能量密度随深度的变化不明显。高频信号的能量密度在底层较强,主要呈现约20 d的周期。R5区rs主要表现为20~30 d的周期,能量密度在底层较大(图6j)。陆架区的高频信号能量普遍较强,这与高、低值区存在较大差异,可能是受底边界的影响。
为了探究不同时间分辨率对eSQG在南海垂向流速诊断结果的影响,将原3 d时间分辨率SSH数据平均为9 d时间分辨率,进而计算ωeSQG,并与9 d平均的ωOFES进行对比分析。图7示出9 d时间分辨率南海ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数的垂向时间序列。可见,9 d分辨率$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的整体趋势和量值都与3 d分辨率结果相似。对比年平均和季节平均结果可知,两种时间分辨率的结果差异很小。年平均和冬季$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $在150 m深度以深相对3 d分辨率结果稍有增大,夏季表现为无明显差异。年平均$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $相对3 d分辨率结果在120 m以深增大,夏季基本不变,冬季表现为80 m以深增大。不同时间分辨率$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $在量值上的差异可能是时间分辨率降低导致样本数减少引起的。整体来看,$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的变化不大,可以认为改变时间分辨率不会影响eSQG在南海的适用性。
为了探究不同空间分辨率对eSQG的影响,将原0.1°×0.1°空间分辨率的SSH数据线性插值为0.25°×0.25°分辨率,进而计算ωeSQG,并与0.25°分辨率的ωOFES进行对比分析。图8示出0.25°×0.25°空间分辨率南海各深度ωeSQGωOFES的空间相关系数的垂向时间序列。0.25°分辨率的$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $表现出与0.1°分辨率相似的时空变化趋势,但整体量值明显增大。年平均和季节平均结果显示,$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $在3种情况下相对0.1°分辨率结果均增大。其中,$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $的增幅基本达到0.1,$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的增幅基本达到0.08,二者增幅的差异可能是因为$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $计算的范围更大,受空间分辨率的影响更明显。另一方面,$r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $和$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $的增幅在时间变化上大致表现为冬季最大,年平均次之,夏季最小,这可能是因为0.25°分辨率过滤了某些非地转过程。整体来看,可以认为0.25°分辨率有利于eSQG诊断南海垂向流速。前人研究显示,当相对涡度较大、非地转增强时,eSQG诊断效果会有所下降[32]。因此,0.25°分辨率数据时eSQG的适用性强于0.1°分辨率。
前文分析显示ωeSQG的时空特征表现为夏强冬弱、北强南弱,rs在台湾西南部和越南以东较高。为了探究上述研究结果的成因,图9给出了3种情况南海100 m深度的相对涡度ζ/ff = 5.6×10−6 Hz是14°N的科氏参数)的水平分布。可见南海整体相对涡度在陆架边缘较大,海盆内部较小。相对涡度基本在0.1的量级,表明南海的运动尺度以中尺度为主,符合eSQG诊断垂向流速的适用尺度。南海相对涡度呈现夏强冬弱、北强南弱的时空特征,说明ωeSQG的时空特征可能受到相对涡度的影响。另一方面,台湾西南部和越南以东的相对涡度普遍较其余区域大,这是eSQG在这两个区域的诊断效果较好的原因。
除了季节变化,同一区域eSQG诊断流速与OFES模拟“真值”的差异,在时间上存在很大变化。以诊断结果相对较好的R1区为例,ωeSQGωOFES的相关系数也存在明显周期变化。为探究eSQG诊断效果随时间变化的原因,对比R1区海面高度SSH、诊断流速ωeSQG以及ωOFES谱分析结果。如图10a所示,研究区SSH存在约18 d、26 d、46 d和73 d的周期变化,这与研究区中尺度涡旋、地形罗斯贝波和固有模态等因素有关[24, 35-36]。对应SSH变化,R1区ωeSQG的能量密度随深度的增大而增大,也存在约18 d、24 d、30~40 d、45~55 d和90~100 d的周期,表明ωeSQG与中尺度过程变化密切相关(图10b)。对比rs的功率谱图(图6b),其变化主周期20~30 d和45~60 d可与SSH和ωeSQG变化周期相对应。ωOFES谱分析结果显示,其存在对应SSH和ωeSQG约18 d和46 d的周期。ωeSQGωOFES相关性在时间上的变化可能受中尺度过程影响较大。
进一步根据100~500 m深度平均的rs将研究时间段分为3种情况:rs< 0,定义为负相关期;0~0.5定义为低相关期;0.5~1定义为高相关期。3种情况下,R1区合成平均的SSH和海面密度(Surface Sea Density,SSD)的水平分布如图11所示。可见,负相关期,SSH呈现空间对称分布,东北角存在明显的气旋涡(图11a)。此时,SSD在东北角也存在明显的高值区,南部SSD普遍较大(图11d)。SSH和SSD的相关系数为–0.27(p<0.01),二者呈现反相关关系。低相关期,SSH整体差异较小(图11b),中南部SSH较小,西北部较大。同时期SSD在北部较大,东南部较小。SSD与SSH的相关系数较小,为0.15(p<0.01)。高相关期,SSH沿纬度方向存在弯曲的特征,北部较大,南部较小。SSD北部整体较大,东南部较小,其分布特征与同时期SSH相似。SSH和SSD的相关系数高达0.56(p<0.01)。可见,eSQG诊断南海垂向流速与SSH和SSD的相关性有关。结合前人研究结果[18-19]:当SSH与SSD存在相同的相位时,eSQG诊断结果更接近真值。eSQG诊断结果在时间上的差异可能是由SSH与SSD相位差异造成的。
最近,Zhu等[37]利用分辨率为(1/12)°的HYCOM(Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model)水平流速数据,根据质量守恒估算了2012年8月至2013年9月时间平均的南海50 m和250 m深度的垂向流速。研究结果显示,南海垂向流速整体北强南弱。在季节变化上,Zhu等[37]结果显示是夏强冬弱,跨岸线方向呈正负交替的带状分布;冬季和夏季垂向流速在时间变化上存在季节性的正负颠倒,这一现象在近岸海域最为明显。与之相比,本文eSQG诊断南海垂向流速ωeSQG同样表现为北强南弱,夏强冬弱,冬季台湾西南部少数海域存在跨岸线方向的正负交替带状结构,季节性颠倒的特征不明显。ωOFES则表现为北强南弱,冬强夏弱的时空特征,无明显的带状结构和季节性颠倒。Zhu等[37]在计算垂向流速之前对水平流速数据进行了九点平滑处理,因此其研究结果主要显示南海垂向流速的中尺度时空特征。OFES模式的数据分辨率为0.1°,其模拟结果可能包含部分次中尺度过程,因此ωOFES呈现冬强夏弱的时空特征。另一方面,eSQG能较好诊断垂向流速的中尺度时空特征,因而ωeSQG呈现与Zhu等[37]估算垂向流速相似的时空特征。
本文利用OFES模式0.1°高分辨率的温盐、流速和海面高度数据,运用eSQG方法诊断估算了南海垂向流速的时空分布,并与OFES模式垂向流速对比分析。主要结论如下:
(1)在南海海域,ωeSQG空间分布均以14°N为界,呈现北强南弱的特征,ωeSQG强度从南海东北部O(10−5 m/s)减弱到西南部O(10−6 m/s)。在时间变化上,ωeSQG呈现夏强冬弱的时间特征。其时间特征与ωOFES相反。ωeSQGωOFES水平空间相关系数rs在冬季最高、夏季最小。二者吻合程度在深水区明显高于全海域,说明eSQG诊断效果在远离地形的深水区更有效。eSQG方法在混合层以下诊断效果较好,$r^s_{{\rm{deep}}} $($r^s_{{\rm{total}}} $)在次表层150 m(320 m)上下达到最大,之后随深度的增加而减小。
(2)eSQG方法在台湾西南部和越南以东等中尺度涡活跃区的适用性较好,ωeSQGωOFES时间变化相关系数rt普遍高于0.5,35%以上空间变化系数高于0.4;菲律宾西部深水区以及南海南部和海南岛东北部的陆架区rt小于0.2,60%以上空间相关系数rs小于0.2。各区域rs存在明显时间变化,变化周期基本在18~55 d之间,反映了中尺度过程对eSQG的影响。对比SSH与SSD空间分布显示,当SSH与SSD的相位相同时,eSQG诊断结果较好。
(3)海面高度数据的时间分辨率对eSQG诊断结果的影响不明显;空间分辨率降低为0.25°时,ωeSQGωOFES空间系数增大,说明eSQG诊断在中尺度上更适用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42276019,41776034)
  • 广东省普通高校创新团队项目(2019KCXTF021)
  • 广东省高冲一流专项(080503032101,231420003)
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2022年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022153
  • 接收时间:2022-05-03
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-03
  • 修回日期:2022-07-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(42276019,41776034)
广东省普通高校创新团队项目(2019KCXTF021)
广东省高冲一流专项(080503032101,231420003)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学 海洋与气象学院 近海海洋变化与灾害预警实验室,广东 湛江 524088
    2.广东省高等学校陆架及深远海气候资源与环境重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
    3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081

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谢玲玲(1983-),女,教授,山东省莱芜市人,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力过程。E-mail:
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