Article(id=1224798801089676053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641484800000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-07, revisedDate=1654963200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944389841, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1669824000000, pubDateStr=2022-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944389841, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944389841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944389841, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798798254326454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944389165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996131500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798801458774825, articleId=1224798801089676053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Bohai Sea ice thickness retrieval algorithm based on MODIS data, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea ice thickness is a crucial parameter for monitoring and studying sea ice in the Bohai Sea. Aiming to get more reliable data conveniently, we improved the ice thickness retrieval algorithm based of MODIS data, including the ice separation process and ice thickness calculation method. In terms of ice-water separation process, some steps like binary processing, threshold discrimination were added based on sea ice extracting with Canny edge detector, which successfully realized the automatic high-precision extraction of sea ice range in the Bohai Sea. Meanwhile, through experiments, we optimize the parameters of the exponential model between sea ice thickness and albedo, including sea ice attenuation coefficient and sea water albedo parameters, to make it more consistent with the physical characteristics of the Bohai Sea area. The sea ice thickness retrieval results of the improved algorithm are compared with the measured data of the Bohai offshore oil platform, and the error reasons are analyzed. The results show that the average absolute error decreases from 7.05 cm to 2.74 cm, and the correlation coefficient increases from 0.434 to 0.485.

, correspAuthors=Jie Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xingyuan Zhu, Jie Su, Mei Song, Qian Yang, Yun Liang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798804981990355, articleId=1224798801089676053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于MODIS数据的渤海海冰厚度反演算法优化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海冰厚度是监测与研究渤海海冰的重要参数。为了获取更加可靠的渤海海冰厚度数据,本研究基于MODIS数据对海冰厚度反演中的冰水分离环节和冰厚计算方法都进行了改进。对于冰水分离环节,本文在Canny边缘检测算子提取海冰基础上,加入了二值化处理、阈值判别等步骤,实现了较高精度的渤海海冰范围自动化提取。通过试验确定了海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型中的参数,包括海冰衰减系数和海水反照率参数,使其更加符合渤海海区的物理特征。将改进后算法的海冰厚度反演结果与渤海海上石油平台实测数据进行比较,并分析了误差来源。结果表明,经过对算法的改进,海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型的反演结果与实测数据之间的平均绝对误差由7.05 cm缩小到2.74 cm,相关系数由0.434提高到0.485。

, correspAuthors=苏洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
苏洁(1966-),女,教授, 主要从事北极海冰热力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=x2OMEzfrXIWqPT6Rk1bjNw==, magXml=rGllRnxQGhw05/xAX0S9DQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CA6PqDgIils7t+7EQyEryQ==, pdfFileSize=3794494, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uzLNdVPVE8kJ3CVlfpvu6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NU/dUUYazPTkKpS+usdG9g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱星源(1997-),男,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为卫星海洋学。E-mail:

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朱星源(1997-),男,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为卫星海洋学。E-mail:

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朱星源(1997-),男,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为卫星海洋学。E-mail:

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The red character part in the figure is the new step of the Canny operator to extract sea ice cracks[32], and the blue character part is the improvement of the parameter setting of the sea ice thickness exponential model[17]

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图中红色字部分为本文针对Canny算子提取海冰裂缝[32]新加入的步骤,蓝色字部分为针对海冰厚度指数关系模型[17]参数设置的改进

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The green dotted line is the auxiliary line to help describe the convergence process

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绿色虚线为帮助描述收敛过程的辅助线

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The date with * means the data come from the test dataset, the others come from the trainning dataset

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日期后用*标注的来自测试数据集,其他为训练数据

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Spectral range of MODIS partial bands

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波段光谱范围/nm分辨率/m
1620~670250(重采样为1 000)
2841~876250(重采样为1 000)
3459~479500(重采样为1 000)
4545~565500(重采样为1 000)
51 230~1 250500(重采样为1 000)
61 628~1 652500(重采样为1 000)
72 105~2 135500(重采样为1 000)
3111.770~12.2701 000
3213.185~13.4851 000
), ArticleFig(id=1225369448639545677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798801089676053, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MODIS部分波段光谱范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波段光谱范围/nm分辨率/m
1620~670250(重采样为1 000)
2841~876250(重采样为1 000)
3459~479500(重采样为1 000)
4545~565500(重采样为1 000)
51 230~1 250500(重采样为1 000)
61 628~1 652500(重采样为1 000)
72 105~2 135500(重采样为1 000)
3111.770~12.2701 000
3213.185~13.4851 000
), ArticleFig(id=1225369448736014672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798801089676053, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measured data of test data sets and retrieval results of Bohai Sea sea ice thickness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期站位最大实测
厚度/cm
平均实测
厚度/cm
改进前算法厚
度(T0)/cm
改进后算法厚
度(T1)/cm
仅改变海水反照
率厚度(T2)/cm
仅改变衰减系
数厚度(T3)/cm
Yuan等[26]
法厚度/cm
注:T0为算法改进前的冰厚反演结果;T1为算法改进后的冰厚反演结果;T2为仅改进海水反照率的冰厚反演结果;T3为仅改进衰减系数的冰厚反演结果。日期后标注*的数据来源于参考文献[24, 35]。
2009年12月19日*JZ9-353.511.425.68.067.938.95
2010年1月6日*JZ9-38616.69.4913.6611.5412.7
2010年1月11日*JZ20-25314.245.888.479.99.28
2010年1月24日*JZ9-31512.513.66.399.29.457.99
2010年2月5日*JZ9-3201424.7614.1620.3717.215.65
2010年2月16日*JZ20-28611.385.598.057.911.61
2010年2月16日*JZ9-3644.040.520.742.812.49
2010年1月29日*JZ20-2435.922.663.834.113.37
2010年2月12日*JZ9-38610.95.778.37.579.85
2013年1月26日*JZ20-285.512.236.749.718.511.21
2013年2月2日*JX1-1107.510.656.859.857.410.87
2013年2月2日*JZ25-1S3022.517.0911.2916.2511.8714.81
2013年12月28日*JZ20-2421.710.821.181.191.45
2014年1月12日JZ20-243.517.8410.7815.5212.413.8
2014年1月18日JZ9-3104.510.945.578.027.610
2014年2月11日JZ20-28412.376.849.848.5911.61
2016年1月7日JZ9-31269.223.975.726.416.85
2016年1月8日JZ9-313810.444.56.487.257.25
2016年1月9日JZ20-2197.210.146.088.757.0510.45
2016年1月12日JZ20-2135.810.295.217.57.158.64
2016年1月13日JZ20-2135.512.464.66.628.668.01
2016年1月18日JZ20-210520.5612.0917.4114.2814.42
2020年12月31日JZ9-314712.687.9911.498.8113.41
2021年1月1日JZ9-3126.517.298.9512.8912.0114.83
2021年1月7日JZ20-214714.019.113.19.7414.35
2021年1月8日JZ9-314822.0213.6219.615.317.68
2021年1月10日JZ20-212619.599.8214.1313.6114.65
2021年1月13日JZ9-310718.6310.6915.3912.9515.35
2021年1月17日JZ9-314915.597.9911.510.8313.78
平均实测厚度误差平均误差6.660.493.662.574.13
平均绝对误差7.052.744.723.725.17
均方根误差8.253.755.84.735.94
相关系数0.4340.4850.4850.4340.417
最大实测厚度
误差
平均误差2.37−3.810.631.720.16
平均绝对误差4.734.674.043.873.96
均方根误差6.026.095.235.254.99
相关系数0.4350.4800.4800.4350.459
), ArticleFig(id=1225369448891203928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798801089676053, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海冰厚度测试数据集实测数据与反演结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期站位最大实测
厚度/cm
平均实测
厚度/cm
改进前算法厚
度(T0)/cm
改进后算法厚
度(T1)/cm
仅改变海水反照
率厚度(T2)/cm
仅改变衰减系
数厚度(T3)/cm
Yuan等[26]
法厚度/cm
注:T0为算法改进前的冰厚反演结果;T1为算法改进后的冰厚反演结果;T2为仅改进海水反照率的冰厚反演结果;T3为仅改进衰减系数的冰厚反演结果。日期后标注*的数据来源于参考文献[24, 35]。
2009年12月19日*JZ9-353.511.425.68.067.938.95
2010年1月6日*JZ9-38616.69.4913.6611.5412.7
2010年1月11日*JZ20-25314.245.888.479.99.28
2010年1月24日*JZ9-31512.513.66.399.29.457.99
2010年2月5日*JZ9-3201424.7614.1620.3717.215.65
2010年2月16日*JZ20-28611.385.598.057.911.61
2010年2月16日*JZ9-3644.040.520.742.812.49
2010年1月29日*JZ20-2435.922.663.834.113.37
2010年2月12日*JZ9-38610.95.778.37.579.85
2013年1月26日*JZ20-285.512.236.749.718.511.21
2013年2月2日*JX1-1107.510.656.859.857.410.87
2013年2月2日*JZ25-1S3022.517.0911.2916.2511.8714.81
2013年12月28日*JZ20-2421.710.821.181.191.45
2014年1月12日JZ20-243.517.8410.7815.5212.413.8
2014年1月18日JZ9-3104.510.945.578.027.610
2014年2月11日JZ20-28412.376.849.848.5911.61
2016年1月7日JZ9-31269.223.975.726.416.85
2016年1月8日JZ9-313810.444.56.487.257.25
2016年1月9日JZ20-2197.210.146.088.757.0510.45
2016年1月12日JZ20-2135.810.295.217.57.158.64
2016年1月13日JZ20-2135.512.464.66.628.668.01
2016年1月18日JZ20-210520.5612.0917.4114.2814.42
2020年12月31日JZ9-314712.687.9911.498.8113.41
2021年1月1日JZ9-3126.517.298.9512.8912.0114.83
2021年1月7日JZ20-214714.019.113.19.7414.35
2021年1月8日JZ9-314822.0213.6219.615.317.68
2021年1月10日JZ20-212619.599.8214.1313.6114.65
2021年1月13日JZ9-310718.6310.6915.3912.9515.35
2021年1月17日JZ9-314915.597.9911.510.8313.78
平均实测厚度误差平均误差6.660.493.662.574.13
平均绝对误差7.052.744.723.725.17
均方根误差8.253.755.84.735.94
相关系数0.4340.4850.4850.4340.417
最大实测厚度
误差
平均误差2.37−3.810.631.720.16
平均绝对误差4.734.674.043.873.96
均方根误差6.026.095.235.254.99
相关系数0.4350.4800.4800.4350.459
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基于MODIS数据的渤海海冰厚度反演算法优化
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朱星源 1 , 苏洁 1, 2, * , 宋梅 1 , 杨茜 1, 3 , 梁韵 1, 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(12): 70-83
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(12): 70-83
基于MODIS数据的渤海海冰厚度反演算法优化
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朱星源1 , 苏洁1, 2, * , 宋梅1, 杨茜1, 3, 梁韵1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 4.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 热带海洋环境国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 朱星源(1997-),男,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为卫星海洋学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

苏洁(1966-),女,教授, 主要从事北极海冰热力学研究。E-mail:
Optimization of the Bohai Sea ice thickness retrieval algorithm based on MODIS data
Xingyuan Zhu1 , Jie Su1, 2, * , Mei Song1, Qian Yang1, 3, Yun Liang1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Oceanography and Atmosphere, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
出版时间: 2022-12-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022141
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海冰厚度是监测与研究渤海海冰的重要参数。为了获取更加可靠的渤海海冰厚度数据,本研究基于MODIS数据对海冰厚度反演中的冰水分离环节和冰厚计算方法都进行了改进。对于冰水分离环节,本文在Canny边缘检测算子提取海冰基础上,加入了二值化处理、阈值判别等步骤,实现了较高精度的渤海海冰范围自动化提取。通过试验确定了海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型中的参数,包括海冰衰减系数和海水反照率参数,使其更加符合渤海海区的物理特征。将改进后算法的海冰厚度反演结果与渤海海上石油平台实测数据进行比较,并分析了误差来源。结果表明,经过对算法的改进,海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型的反演结果与实测数据之间的平均绝对误差由7.05 cm缩小到2.74 cm,相关系数由0.434提高到0.485。

海冰厚度  /  渤海  /  反演算法  /  MODIS  /  冰水分离

Sea ice thickness is a crucial parameter for monitoring and studying sea ice in the Bohai Sea. Aiming to get more reliable data conveniently, we improved the ice thickness retrieval algorithm based of MODIS data, including the ice separation process and ice thickness calculation method. In terms of ice-water separation process, some steps like binary processing, threshold discrimination were added based on sea ice extracting with Canny edge detector, which successfully realized the automatic high-precision extraction of sea ice range in the Bohai Sea. Meanwhile, through experiments, we optimize the parameters of the exponential model between sea ice thickness and albedo, including sea ice attenuation coefficient and sea water albedo parameters, to make it more consistent with the physical characteristics of the Bohai Sea area. The sea ice thickness retrieval results of the improved algorithm are compared with the measured data of the Bohai offshore oil platform, and the error reasons are analyzed. The results show that the average absolute error decreases from 7.05 cm to 2.74 cm, and the correlation coefficient increases from 0.434 to 0.485.

sea ice thickness  /  Bohai Sea  /  retrieval algorithm  /  MODIS  /  ice-water separation
朱星源, 苏洁, 宋梅, 杨茜, 梁韵. 基于MODIS数据的渤海海冰厚度反演算法优化. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (12) : 70 -83 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022141
Xingyuan Zhu, Jie Su, Mei Song, Qian Yang, Yun Liang. Optimization of the Bohai Sea ice thickness retrieval algorithm based on MODIS data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (12) : 70 -83 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022141
渤海位于37°~41°N之间,由辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾和中央浅海盆地组成。三面被陆地包围,属于半封闭海区,与外界海水的热量交换较少,在冬季西伯利亚高压、太平洋副热带高压等因子的影响下,结冰现象显著[1-4]。入冬之后,随着负积温的累积和冷空气的侵袭,特别是强寒潮的暴发和延续,海冰面积会不断扩大,厚度也会随之增加[5-8]。海冰会对海上的交通运输和生产活动产生影响,甚至会引发自然灾害,如1969年渤海大冰封,持续的冰封不仅导致海上航行受阻,“海二井”石油平台还直接被海冰推倒[9];2009–2010年1月中下旬的渤海冰情为近40年同期最重,冰情等级为4级,对环渤海地区产生了严重影响,直接经济损失达到了63.18亿元[10];近10年渤海最重冰情在2012–2013年冬季,冰情等级为3.5级,水产养殖受灾面积超过2.292×104 hm2,直接经济损失达3.22亿元[11]。为了了解渤海海冰的变化趋势,研究海冰灾害的成因并进行预测,对渤海海冰的准实时监测是非常必要的。
渤海海区范围较小,微波数据的分辨率较低,不足以进行有效的监测,采用更高分辨率的可见光数据进行海冰反演不失为一种合理有效的方法。渤海海冰密集度可见光数据反演的研究已有不少[12-16],但作为海上冰情重要指标的海冰厚度,由于反演参数的获取较为困难,进展相对缓慢。Grenfell[17] 提出的海冰厚度与反照率呈现指数关系的计算公式是目前较常用的可见光冰厚反演算法;谢锋等[18] 将此算法应用于AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)数据,对辽东湾海域冰厚进行反演;Yuan等[19] 根据不同区域海冰光谱特性将渤海划分为5个区域,也采用此算法基于AVHRR数据分区域进行了渤海海冰厚度的计算;Su和Wang[20] 基于Grenfell[17] 和谢锋等[18] 的结论,使用MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)数据得出渤海冰厚计算值,但并未进行与实测数据的定性分析验证;Liu等[21] 则将该算法应用于GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager)卫星数据,反演渤海海冰厚度。在这类反照率与海冰厚度指数关系模型的应用中发现,反照率不仅与海冰厚度有关,也受到海水中泥沙悬浮物的影响[22],然而渤海海区受黄河泥沙输入影响,再加上渤海海区内水动力环境相当复杂,导致泥沙悬浮物浓度在时间和空间尺度上变化剧烈[23],这也影响到了反照率与海冰厚度指数关系算法的准确性[18-19, 24]。除海冰厚度与反照率指数关系的算法外,吴龙涛等[14] 简单地使用MODIS不同波段的分段线性法计算冰厚,其结果与石油平台获得的冰厚相比偏厚;Ning等[25] 通过海冰在MODIS和TM (Thematic Mapper)卫星不同波段的光谱特性对海冰进行分类,进而大致估算海冰厚度;Yuan等[26-27] 从海冰的光辐射传输过程出发,提出了一种光学遥感海冰厚度半经验模型,该模型考虑到了其中各参数的时空异质性,并利用MODIS数据多通道的反射率反演海冰厚度,但是存在一定局限性,容易低估高反射率区域的海冰厚度。
冰水分离是反演海冰厚度的重要步骤,近年来人们做了大量的研究。吴奎桥等[28] 结合了MODIS通道1反射率和通道32亮温进行冰水识别;Su和Wang[20]使用双通道比值阈值判别法识别海冰;Su等[29] 利用灰度共生矩阵纹理分析方法进行渤海海冰探测;Zhang等[30] 介绍了一种分类与回归树的方法检测海冰;Su等[31] 提取了海冰的温度特征和纹理特征,然后使用支持向量机进行海冰范围估计;由于渤海是我国的内海,黄河口附近海区注入大量泥沙、水体较为浑浊,这导致目前常用的方法大多存在悬浮泥沙误判的问题;通过海冰纹理识别冰区的方法虽然能排除高浓度泥沙海区,但是对于平整薄冰的检测能力不足。Li和Yang[32] 提出了一种基于多种海冰特征的线性分解法用于冰水分离,在提取海冰形状特征时,创造性地使用了Canny算子对海冰的边缘和裂缝进行识别来区分泥沙与海冰[33],为提取海冰范围提供了一种新思路,遗憾的是该方法没有充分完善Canny算子的提取结果,不同水色海区交界区域会被误判。另外,通过线性分解模型提取海冰范围也存在不易提取平整薄冰等问题。
综上所述,这些研究为获得渤海海冰厚度可见光遥感数据奠定了一定的基础,但仍存在一些问题:在冰水分离方面,Canny算子识别海冰边缘和裂缝作为一种提取海冰范围新思路,使用时仍需解决不同水色海区交界区域被误判和不易提取裂缝较少的平整薄冰区等问题;在冰厚计算方面,泥沙悬浮物提高了海水反照率,影响了反照率与海冰厚度指数关系算法的准确性。为此,本文将针对Canny算子提取海冰时存在的问题进行改进和完善,构造出一套基于Canny算子的完整的自动化海冰范围提取方法;而对于海冰厚度计算,为了降低泥沙影响和提高计算结果准确性,本文将基于渤海海区的物理特征,通过试验确定海冰厚度与反照率指数关系算法中的相关参数,实现对算法的改进,并且将最终的反演结果与平台实测数据进行对比和分析。
海冰厚度反演使用的数据为1 000 m分辨率的MODIS L1B数据和MODIS 03地理信息数据,由美国宇航局提供并且已经过几何校正。中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS搭载在TERRA和AQUA卫星上,可以覆盖从可见光到近红外(0.405~14.385 μm)的36个通道,最高空间分辨率可达250 m[34],可以在每日上午、下午各获得一次渤海海区观测数据,具有免费获取、时空分辨率和光谱分辨率高等特点,使其可以有效地进行渤海海冰的监测。
本文主要使用的MODIS通道和相对应的光谱范围如表1所示,其中波段1、3和4的辐射率用于获取真彩图和灰度图,波段1、6的反射率用于云剔除,波段31、32的亮温用于冰水判别,波段1、2、3、4、5和7的反射率用于计算海冰厚度。数据预处理包括辐射定标和太阳高度角订正。为了避免天气原因造成的影响,本文选取的MODIS数据均在晴空条件下。
本文采用的实测数据为渤海海上石油平台的观测数据,包括2013–2014年冬季和2015–2016年冬季的JZ20-2平台(40.500°N, 121.352°E),2020–2021年冬季的JZ20-2和JZ9-3平台(40.664°N, 121.462°E)冰厚观测数据,观测时间为当地时间早上8点至下午7点,每小时进行一次海冰最大厚度和平均厚度观测;2009–2010年冬季和2012–2013年冬季数据引自Zeng等[24] 和Karvonen等[35] 的文章,来源于渤海海上石油平台JX1-1(39.9775°N, 121.058°E)、JZ25-1S(40.243°N, 121.025°E)、JZ20-2和JZ9-3平台的海冰厚度现场观测数据,测量方法为目视观测,测量时间为当地时间下午6点。平台具体位置如图1所示。本文在使用实测数据时,将全部实测数据随机分为训练数据集和测试数据集,分别占总数据量的63%和37%,训练数据集用于海冰厚度算法的改进,测试数据集用于验证和分析算法改进效果。
本文首先基于MODIS数据中云的光谱特征进行云剔除;继而使用Canny算子提取海冰裂缝和边缘,再通过进一步处理实现冰水分离;在计算海冰厚度时对海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型中参数设置进行了分析和优化,使其更加符合渤海海区的水文特征,其中,将海水反照率参数由固定值变为随海域实际情况而改变的动态数值,利用渤海海上石油平台实测数据获取了更为准确的海冰衰减系数估计值。具体反演流程及改进情况如图2所示。
本文选取渤海冰区晴空下的MODIS数据进行反演,而水区上空的云在冰水分离阶段容易被误判为冰,还会影响算法中需要的海水反照率的计算,因此,首先要对渤海海区进行云剔除。云和海冰在可见光波段都有较高的反射率,而海冰在近红外波段反射率显著下降,因此本文采用的云剔除方法是:构建$ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\;1 $和$ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\;6 $反射率$ r $的归一化指数$ R1\_6 $ [36]
$ R{1}\_{6}=\frac{{r}_{1}-{r}_{6}}{{r}_{1}+{r}_{6}}. $
对于式(1)结果的频数分布曲线,Bayes分类准则认为将云峰和水冰峰之间的谷值作为阈值[37] ,误判概率最小,剔除低于阈值的像元。
冰区有不规则裂缝和边缘,而水区表面平滑,这是冰区和水区之间表面特征的重要差异,Canny边缘检测算法可以提取冰区的边缘以及内部裂缝[32],其重要优势是双阈值检测,可以有效地减少渤海清、浊水的边缘误判。本文利用Canny算子的优势,针对引言中分析的算法缺陷,加入一系列处理步骤,包括真彩图灰度化、高斯模糊、空洞填充、灰度图二值化和表面温度(ST)自动化阈值判别法,提出一个可以自动化进行冰水判别并提取渤海海冰范围的新方案。
以2010年1月22日的MODIS L1B渤海海区数据为例(图3),具体分析冰水分离过程。
首先将真彩图进行灰度化(图4a),使其可以进行基于单色图像的Canny算子裂缝和边缘提取,提取效果如图4b所示。由图可见,绝大多数的海冰被密集的裂缝覆盖,但是仍有部分平整薄冰裂缝较为稀疏,如果只是提取裂缝密集的区域,则会遗漏部分平整薄冰,因此需要分别采用不同方式提取裂缝密集冰和平整薄冰;同时,部分裂缝较为密集的区域位于清水浊水交界处或者海冰边缘外侧,不属于冰区;更重要的一点是图4b由线状的裂缝组成,无法对裂缝密集的区域直接提取,综上所述,进行海冰提取还需要解决3个问题:(1)通过线变面将密集的裂缝形成面状区域,使裂缝密集区作为区域得以直接提取;(2)通过缺失冰区填充得以提取裂缝较为稀疏的薄冰区;(3)去除非冰区的裂缝密集区。
第一步,将裂缝密集区作为区域进行整体提取。Li和Yang[32] 通过计算以每个像元为中心的圆形区域内裂缝的密度来给每个像元赋值,从而将线图变为面图,但是这种方法最终给出的图像较为模糊,不易区分裂缝密集区的边界。本文采用的方法是对图像进行高斯模糊,高斯模糊的优势在于增大了距离中心像元较近像元的权重,中心像元的权重最高,因此裂缝密集区边界更为清晰。对图4b进行高斯模糊处理后,得到图4c,可以看到裂缝密集的区域亮度较高,再对图4c进行二值化处理即可提取裂缝密集区域(图4d)。
第二步,提取裂缝较为稀疏的薄冰区。由于Canny算子对海冰边缘更为敏感,导致容易忽视海冰内部半封闭或封闭的平整薄冰,如图4d的红圈区域。为了避免出现这种情况,我们具体做法为进行一次膨胀算法,将半封闭缺失薄冰变为封闭缺失薄冰,二值图空洞填充后进行一次腐蚀算法,即可完成对内部缺失薄冰的再提取,结果如图4e所示。
第三步,去除误判为冰的水像元。由图4e可见提取到的区域存在水像元并且边缘过于光滑,不利于3.3节改进冰厚计算方法时所需的海冰外缘线的判断,所以要对误提取的部分进行修正。图4f为基于图4e的裂缝区灰度图,由图可见水像元的灰度值明显较低,可以使用最大类间法进行低灰度像元去除,而最大类间法在对像元进行分类时,倾向于在类内方差较大的那一类像元(海冰像元)中选择阈值,为了避免造成海冰范围损失,采用约束灰度范围的改进型最大类间方法[38]。结果如图4g所示,消除了部分水像元而且冰区的边缘更加符合对海冰外缘线的人工视觉判断。
解决了以上3个问题后,冰区(图4g白色区域)仍包括了一些泥沙浓度较高的浊水或清–浊水交界处的像元,将其去除才能完成海冰范围提取。海冰和海水在温度上的差异可以作为一个重要的判据[32, 39],可以有效地修正冰水分离时泥沙悬浮物造成的海冰误判,使用MODIS数据31、32波段亮温计算出图4g中白色区域的表面温度(ST)如图4h[40],由于海冰ST往往低于海水ST,因此可以通过设置合适的阈值,剔除ST高于阈值的部分。
关于阈值的取值,本文参考强度比算法的思路,提出了基于ST频数比例的提取方法。强度比算法最早用来处理可见光航拍图像,以每个像元与相邻像元灰度值的差值大于临界值作为频数统计的判断依据[41],但是此法难以适用于渤海这种情况较为复杂的大范围区域。为了实现对阈值进行较为准确自动化选取,本文的算法如下:
以2010年1月22日的数据为例,(1)对整个渤海海区的ST值域进行频数统计,记为$ \epsilon \left(k\right) $,$ k $为份数,间隔为0.02 K。(2)对图4h的识别为冰区像元的ST进行频数统计(图5a),记为$ \delta \left(k\right) $。(3)最后计算二者的比值$ \chi \left(k\right)=\delta \left(k\right)/\epsilon \left(k\right) $,将$ \chi \left(k\right) $称为粗糙度,画出粗糙度曲线如图5b所示。由于海冰在之前的一系列提取流程中被保留下来,表现为低温区的粗糙度较高而接近1,而随着ST升高达到某个值时粗糙度迅速下降,粗糙度迅速下降的区间就是阈值所在的区间,这里,我们取粗糙度为0.4时对应的ST作为阈值,所对应的阈值为272.2 K,该阈值随渤海ST分布的变化而变化。将ST小于阈值的像元剔除,最终的冰水分离结果如图4i所示,白色部分即为最终提取到的海冰范围。
Grenfell[17] 和 Allison等[42] 在极地调查中发现,当海冰厚度从2 cm增加到9 cm时,海冰反照率由0.11增加到0.24。Grenfell[17] 提出反照率与海冰厚度呈指数关系模型为
$ \begin{array}{c}\alpha \left(h\right)={\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\left[1-k\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(-{\mu }_{\alpha }h\right)\right]\text{,}\end{array} $
$ \mathrm{式}\mathrm{中},h $为海冰厚度,单位为m;$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $为无限厚冰反照率,一般取0.7;系数$ k=1-\dfrac{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}}}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}},{\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $为海水反照率;$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $为海冰的反照率衰减系数,谢锋等[18] 的估计值为1.209。
Su和Wang[20] 使用上述模型基于MODIS数据在渤海海区进行海冰厚度计算。将式(2)中的海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $设为0.06。计算反照率$ \alpha \left(h\right) $时使用Liang[43] 提出的反照率$ \alpha $经验公式,在MODIS的6个波段之间建立了函数关系为
$ \begin{split}\alpha =&0.160{r}_{1}+0.291{r}_{2}+0.243{r}_{3}+0.116{r}_{4}+\\&0.112{r}_{5}+0.008{r}_{7}-0.001\;5\text{,}\end{split} $
式中$ \alpha $由各波段反射率$ r $加权计算,下标表示MODIS波段。
计算海冰厚度时一般将海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $设为常数[18, 20-21] ,但渤海的泥沙悬浮物浓度在时间和空间尺度上变化剧烈[23] ,将海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $设为固定数值的做法与实际情况明显不符,也会影响冰厚计算结果的准确性,因此有必要在不同的时间、地点根据实际情况设置不同海水反照率。而冰下的海水由于被海冰覆盖,无法进行直接观测。为了解决这个问题,比较可行的办法是将与海冰相邻的无冰海区的海水反照率外推到有冰区。下面仍以2010年1月22日渤海数据为例具体分析外推过程。
图6a为当日的渤海海区反照率分布,红线为基于形态学提取的海冰外缘线[44] 。为了排除外缘线以外可能存在的冰水混合像元误判,经试验,本文将海冰外缘线进一步外推4个像元得到图6a中的蓝线,将蓝线所在的宽度为3个像元的狭长条带区域定义为最邻近海冰海水区,根据空间相关性理论,距离近的事物关联更紧密[45],理论上这个区域内的海水反照率比较接近海冰区内的海水反照率。将最邻近海冰海水区像元作为插值节点,冰区像元作为被插值点,使用反距离加权插值法对反照率进行插值,结果如图6b所示,由图可见插值后的海水反照率分布基本符合渤海泥沙分布特点。 在本研究中使用上述算法将海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $由固定值0.06变为随海域实际情况而改变的范围在0.05~0.13之间的动态数值。
谢锋等[18]在使用AVHRR数据反演海冰厚度时,对衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的估算方法为:将式(2)变形为式(4),海冰厚度$ h $使用结(融)冰度日法通过实测气象数据估算[46],$ \alpha \left(h\right) $由卫星观测给出,$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $和$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $分别取0.1和0.7,然后反推出$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的值,因此这个方法并没有采用冰厚实测数据参与计算,并且结(融)冰度日法本身存在误差,同时他们也指出卫星数据来源不同,定标方式不同,$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的取值也不同,再加上本文已经对算法中的$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $做了优化,不再为常数,所以对$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $进行重新计算是十分有必要的。
$ \begin{array}{c}{\mu }_{\alpha }=-{\rm{ln}}\left\{\left[1-\alpha \left(h\right)/{\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\right]/(1-{\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}}/{\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}})\right\}/h.\end{array} $
为了得到相对准确的衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的估计值,本文随机抽取部分冰厚实测数据$ h $作为训练数据集(具体占比见2.2节),将对应日期的MODIS相关波段数据代入式(3)得到整个海区的反照率。再通过最邻近海冰海水区反照率插值算法,获得实测数据所在位置冰下海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $。然后将冰厚实测数据$ h $,海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $以及海冰反照率$ \alpha \left(h\right) $代入式(4),最终反推出$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $。
由式(4)可知,衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $由比值运算推出,当海冰实测厚度$ h $较小时,分子分母数值均较小,即使是微小的偏差都会导致最终结果产生较大误差,最终反推出的衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $也更容易发散。如图7所示,实测厚度较小的薄冰衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $较为分散,随冰厚增大$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $分布越来越集中。实际上,海冰的衰减系数主要由海冰类型,海冰内部卤水泡、叶绿素等物质的吸收系数及其体积分数决定[17, 22],但是通过卫星无法获取具体的相关参数,所以在实际应用中一般将衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $设为固定值。为了得到衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $相对准确的确定值,需要对反推出的$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $进行进一步处理。目前图7中所有数据点衰减系数平均值为2.19,为了减小薄冰(实测冰厚小于6 cm)带来的较大偏差,仅让厚冰的衰减系数(图7中黑点)参与计算,算得其平均值为1.85(图7中蓝色实线),标准差为0.58,然后进行质量控制,仅对处于平均值±标准差以内的数值进行平均(图7中两条红线之间),最终算得$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $的估计值为1.74(图7中蓝色虚线)。
本文通过敏感性试验研究指数关系模型中各参数对反演结果产生的影响。图8反映了海冰厚度反演结果对海冰反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $、海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $和衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的敏感性。如图所示,当海冰反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $与海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $相等时,海冰厚度反演结果为0,随着海冰反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $的增加,冰厚反演结果呈现指数上升趋势。在海冰反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}} $不变的情况下,越低的海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $对应越大的冰厚反演结果。那么在泥沙浓度较高的水区(如莱州湾,渤海湾),其实际的海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $较高(0.09~0.13),如将其设为以往的固定值0.06,反演的海冰厚度往往偏大,甚至无冰海区,其反演结果也可以达到5 cm左右。而本文使用的根据实际情况设置海水反照率的做法,会显著减小高浓度泥沙区海冰厚度的反演结果,对于反照率为0.15的海冰,计算冰厚时将海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $由0.06增大到0.1,会使反演结果由8.7 cm减小到5 cm($ {\mu }_{\alpha } $设为1.74)。另外,本文利用实测数据和MODIS数据重新估算了渤海海区海冰的反照率衰减系数,取常数为1.74,与之前使用的1.209相比[18],冰厚反演结果整体缩小30.5%。
仍以2010年1月22日为例,图3为当日渤海海区MODIS真彩图。使用本文提出的冰水分离算法提取海冰范围,然后使用指数关系模型改进前与改进后算法,以及Yuan等[26] 的半经验模型法进行海冰厚度计算,最终结果如图9所示。从冰水分离效果来看,本文所提取海冰范围与当日真彩图(图3)的海冰范围一致,外缘线也与真彩图的目测外缘线基本吻合。从海冰厚度反演结果来看,改进后的反演结果(图9b)与之前相比有所减小,在泥沙悬浮物浓度高的区域尤为明显,比如渤海湾和莱州湾大面积几乎透明的薄冰(图3),改进前算法(图9a)对这些薄冰的反演结果多处于0.1~0.15 m之间,而改进后算法结果大多在0~0.05 m的区间内。再将算法改进前后结果与Yuan等[26] 算法结果(图9c)进行对比分析,空间平均绝对偏差分别为0.045 m和 0.027 m。
由于与Yuan等[26] 半经验模型法的相似性高只代表与同类型反演算法的比较情况,无法作为误差的检验标准。因此本文利用渤海海上石油平台实测数据来检验算法改进前后的结果;同时为了检验本文对反演算法中海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $与衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $的改进效果,分别改变其中一个参数而另一个参数保持不变,将所得结果与实测数据进行比较,4个试验的结果见表2。需要指出的是在进行误差分析时使用的数据集为测试数据集,与3.3节反推衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $时使用的训练数据集不同。
表2所示,T0(改进前算法厚度)与平均实测厚度之间的平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为6.66 cm、7.05 cm和8.25 cm;T1(改进后算法厚度)各项误差分别为0.49 cm、2.74 cm和3.75 cm,与T0相比分别降低了93%、61%和67%;其中仅改变海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $的T2平均误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别降低45%、33%和30%;仅改变衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $时的T3误差降低的幅度比T2更大,各项误差分别降低61%、47%和43%。4个试验结果与平均实测厚度的相关系数分别为0.434、0.485、0.485和0.434,其中T0与T3,T1与T2相关系数相同,这是由于衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $与海冰厚度反演结果之间呈反比例关系,因此仅衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $不同不会影响相关性。我们同时也将算法结果与最大实测海冰厚度进行了比较,结果显示T0高于最大厚度,T1低于最大厚度,且相关性更强(0.480),值得注意的是T2各项误差均低于T0和T1,相关系数与T1一致。考虑到过境时间,上午星TERRA过境时间为当地时间10:30前后,下午星AQUA过境时间为当地时间13:30前后,此时海冰厚度比较接近一天之中的平均厚度,因此在与实测数据进行比较时,仍以平均实测冰厚为准。为了进行对比,本文还计算了Yuan等[26] 半经验模型法与实测数据的误差,结果显示与平均实测厚度的各项误差低于T0高于T1,但与最大实测厚度最为接近。
最后,选取2020–2021年冬季渤海石油平台的观测数据,与反演结果进行比较。由图10可见,总体来看JZ20-2平台实测冰厚和反演结果相较于JZ9-3平台波动起伏较大,这是由于JZ20-2平台位置更加靠近海冰边缘(图11),极易受到海冰范围增加和缩小的影响;改进前的算法结果与平均实测数据相比偏大,有时甚至高于最大实测厚度(如2021年1月8日JZ20-2平台),而改进后算法的整体厚度为3种方法中最小,除1月5日、13日低于JZ20-2平台平均实测厚度,1月8日高于最大实测厚度以外,多介于平均厚度和最大厚度之间。接下来,通过真彩图和海冰厚度反演结果(图11)对以上提到的3个特殊时间节点进行具体分析:由图11a可见,1月5日JZ20-2平台周边的海冰比较松散,海冰的漂移会相对更加明显,平台观测时间与卫星观测时间的不一致可能是导致反演有偏差的原因;另外,密集度较小的海区海冰可能偏薄,而本反演算法对厚度小于6 cm海冰的反演结果尚不是十分准确。1月13日真彩图显示JZ20-2平台周边基本没有海冰(图11d),海冰边缘在平台以北,这与冰厚反演结果一致但与平台实测不同(图11h),其原因也与平台观测与卫星观测不同步有关。1月8日的JZ20-2平台3种算法反演结果一致大于最大实测冰厚,由图11c可见海冰表面明显偏白,可能有积雪覆盖,同样情况的还有1月7日真彩图(图11b),积雪会明显提高海冰反照率进而影响反演结果,导致JZ9-3平台1月7日和8日冰厚反演结果均显著高于降雪之前的1月5日反演结果。但由于缺少石油平台降雪量数据支持,通过真彩图对降雪的判断是一种猜测。
本文利用MODIS遥感数据实现了渤海海冰范围的自动化提取,并由渤海的实际情况出发,针对海冰厚度指数关系模型中海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $与衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $参数的设置进行了反演算法的改进,并将改进前后算法结果及前人算法结果与实测数据进行检验和比对,主要结论如下:
(1)基于Canny边缘检测算子,加入真彩图灰度化、高斯模糊、空洞填充、灰度图二值化和ST自动化阈值判别法等步骤,提出了一种渤海海冰的自动化提取算法。该算法在一定程度上克服了Canny边缘检测算子对平整薄冰区检测能力不足的弊端,可以有效提取高浓度泥沙海区的薄冰,并且通过应用最大类间法和粗糙度法实现了冰水分离过程中的阈值自动化提取。
(2)基于渤海的水文特征,对反照率与海冰厚度指数关系模型中的参数重新设置,实现对算法的改进。选取了海冰外缘线外侧的狭长条带内海水像元作为插值节点,向海冰像元点所在位置进行插值,获得冰覆盖区海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $,进而将海冰厚度指数关系模型中的海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $由固定值变为随海域实际情况而改变的动态数值。使用海上石油平台的冰厚实测数据和MODIS数据重新反推衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $,为了减小偏差,反推过程中排除了实测厚度6 cm以下的薄冰,确定其估计值为1.74。
(3)利用海上石油平台实测数据中的测试数据集进行验证,结果显示:改进后的海冰厚度指数关系模型的反演结果与实测数据间误差明显缩小,平均绝对误差由7.05 cm缩小到2.74 cm,相关系数由0.434提高到0.485;但反演结果较最大实测厚度偏薄,多介于平均厚度与最大厚度之间。
需要说明的是,计算冰下海水反照率$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $时,由于本文使用的插值算法为反距离加权插值法,理论上最近的插值节点与被插值点之间距离太远会增大插值结果与真实值之间的差异,最终冰厚反演结果也会受到影响,尤其是重冰期远离海水的海冰,插值误差造成的影响更加明显,因此还需要进一步考虑如何提高$ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}} $取值的合理性。本文利用海冰平均厚度实测数据对衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $进行了重新反推计算,所得衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $为1.74,本文也尝试采用了最大实测厚度进行反推,所得衰减系数$ {\ \mu }_{\alpha } $为1.18,代入算法中使得反演结果高于前者47.5%,但由于篇幅所限,未在正文中展开讨论;计算时排除了6 cm以下的薄冰,因此薄冰反演结果的准确性有所下降,并且最终结果不是通过理论推导所得,而是经验性的估计值,实际上海冰的衰减系数并不是固定不变的,而是上下波动的,如何通过卫星判断不同的海冰类型,进而获得更加准确的衰减系数$ {\mu }_{\alpha } $值,是未来继续优化反演算法的关键之一。
海冰表面覆盖积雪会显著提高海冰反照率,导致冰厚反演结果偏大,而且积雪厚度越大,对结果造成的影响越大。在未来的研究中,需要先区分冰上积雪和厚冰,再进一步对冰厚反演算法进行修正。同时也建议平台及岸站观测部门在监测海冰实况时,增加对降雪情况的记录。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176208)
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2022年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022141
  • 接收时间:2022-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-07
  • 修回日期:2022-06-12
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176208)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2.中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000
    4.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 热带海洋环境国家重点实验室,广东 广州 510301

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苏洁(1966-),女,教授, 主要从事北极海冰热力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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