Article(id=1224798800259203808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647964800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-23, revisedDate=1658592000000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944389643, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1669824000000, pubDateStr=2022-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944389643, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944389643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944389643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798798254326454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944389165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996131500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798800531833581, articleId=1224798800259203808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics of fault-tectonic evolution and its controlling factors in the South Kunsong area, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The South Kunsong area is a negative tectonic unit in the western part of the Wan’an Basin, in which the N−S trending faults run through the north and the south. The unique tectonic characteristics make it a window for studying the tectonic evolution and regional fault strike-slip activities in the western part of the Wan’an Basin. The sedimentary strata in the study area are divided into three sets of structural layers, the structure-sedimentary filling section in the South Kunsong area is drawn by the back stripping method, and the tectonic subsidence and tectonic subsidence rate in the South Kunsong area are calculated. Settlement process and controlling factors. The research results show that the fault combination styles in the lower and middle structural layers are mainly core-type faults, "Y"-type faults, stepped faults and high-angle flower-shaped structures. W−E trending and NE−SW trending; the upper tectonic layer is not developed with faults and is stable deposition; under the control of regional strike-slip faults and the South China Sea spreading movement, the tectonic evolution of the South Kunsong area has experienced four stages since the Eocene: the initial stage. During the rifting period, extensional fault-deflection period, strike-slip reformation period and thermal subsidence period, the stratigraphic structure properties of the Cenozoic also showed a three-stage transformation of extension and strike-slip, control of strike-slip faults, and thermal subsidence.

, correspAuthors=Xiwu Luan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huarui He, Xiwu Luan, Xinyuan Wei, Jianghao Qiao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798803975357318, articleId=1224798800259203808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南昆嵩地区断裂−构造演化特征及其控制因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南昆嵩地区是万安盆地西部负向构造单元,其中部N–S向断裂贯穿南北,独特的构造特征使其成为研究万安盆地西部构造演化与区域断裂走滑活动的窗口。将研究区沉积地层划分为3套构造层,通过回剥法绘制南昆嵩地区构造–沉积充填剖面,并计算南昆嵩地区构造沉降量以及构造沉降速率,论述南昆嵩地区构造演化史与沉降过程以及控制因素。研究结果表明:下部构造层和中部构造层中断裂组合样式主要为卷心型断层、“Y”型断层、阶梯状断层和高角度花状构造等,断裂延伸方向大致可分为:N–S向、W–E向和NE–SW向3种;上部构造层断裂不发育,为稳定沉积;在区域走滑断裂以及南海扩张运动的控制下,南昆嵩地区始新世以来构造演化经历4个阶段:初始裂谷期、伸展断拗期、走滑改造期和热沉降期,新生代地层构造性质也表现为以伸展与走滑作用为主–走滑断裂控制–热沉降的三段式转变。

, correspAuthors=栾锡武, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
栾锡武,男,教授,研究方向为海洋地质学和地球物理学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=na0erqMUS2E8Z/vaeW3/vA==, magXml=mUcop2MGAulUJSyNyhYT1A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Ylgzd3ZpqpGEWzAzMMuANA==, pdfFileSize=3925556, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3SZ337PWovOKoU0ULtEI7g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=pdR4KM7uc3u68CmSgq6PVg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

贺华瑞(1998—),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋深部综合地球物理勘探。E-mail:

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南昆嵩地区断裂−构造演化特征及其控制因素
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贺华瑞 1 , 栾锡武 1, * , 魏新元 2 , 乔江浩 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(12): 95-108
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(12): 95-108
南昆嵩地区断裂−构造演化特征及其控制因素
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贺华瑞1 , 栾锡武1, * , 魏新元2, 乔江浩1
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 2.中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 贺华瑞(1998—),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋深部综合地球物理勘探。E-mail:

通讯作者:

栾锡武,男,教授,研究方向为海洋地质学和地球物理学研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of fault-tectonic evolution and its controlling factors in the South Kunsong area
Huarui He1 , Xiwu Luan1, * , Xinyuan Wei2, Jianghao Qiao1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2. College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2022-12-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022143
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南昆嵩地区是万安盆地西部负向构造单元,其中部N–S向断裂贯穿南北,独特的构造特征使其成为研究万安盆地西部构造演化与区域断裂走滑活动的窗口。将研究区沉积地层划分为3套构造层,通过回剥法绘制南昆嵩地区构造–沉积充填剖面,并计算南昆嵩地区构造沉降量以及构造沉降速率,论述南昆嵩地区构造演化史与沉降过程以及控制因素。研究结果表明:下部构造层和中部构造层中断裂组合样式主要为卷心型断层、“Y”型断层、阶梯状断层和高角度花状构造等,断裂延伸方向大致可分为:N–S向、W–E向和NE–SW向3种;上部构造层断裂不发育,为稳定沉积;在区域走滑断裂以及南海扩张运动的控制下,南昆嵩地区始新世以来构造演化经历4个阶段:初始裂谷期、伸展断拗期、走滑改造期和热沉降期,新生代地层构造性质也表现为以伸展与走滑作用为主–走滑断裂控制–热沉降的三段式转变。

南海万安盆地  /  南昆嵩地区  /  走滑断裂  /  构造演化  /  构造层

The South Kunsong area is a negative tectonic unit in the western part of the Wan’an Basin, in which the N−S trending faults run through the north and the south. The unique tectonic characteristics make it a window for studying the tectonic evolution and regional fault strike-slip activities in the western part of the Wan’an Basin. The sedimentary strata in the study area are divided into three sets of structural layers, the structure-sedimentary filling section in the South Kunsong area is drawn by the back stripping method, and the tectonic subsidence and tectonic subsidence rate in the South Kunsong area are calculated. Settlement process and controlling factors. The research results show that the fault combination styles in the lower and middle structural layers are mainly core-type faults, "Y"-type faults, stepped faults and high-angle flower-shaped structures. W−E trending and NE−SW trending; the upper tectonic layer is not developed with faults and is stable deposition; under the control of regional strike-slip faults and the South China Sea spreading movement, the tectonic evolution of the South Kunsong area has experienced four stages since the Eocene: the initial stage. During the rifting period, extensional fault-deflection period, strike-slip reformation period and thermal subsidence period, the stratigraphic structure properties of the Cenozoic also showed a three-stage transformation of extension and strike-slip, control of strike-slip faults, and thermal subsidence.

Wan’an Basin, South China Sea  /  South Kunsong area  /  strike-slip fault  /  tectonic evolution  /  tectonic layer
贺华瑞, 栾锡武, 魏新元, 乔江浩. 南昆嵩地区断裂−构造演化特征及其控制因素. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (12) : 95 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022143
Huarui He, Xiwu Luan, Xinyuan Wei, Jianghao Qiao. Characteristics of fault-tectonic evolution and its controlling factors in the South Kunsong area[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (12) : 95 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022143
南昆嵩地区是万安盆地西部负向构造单元,地处印支地块的陆架区,东南亚的北部。研究区受印度–澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块作用,区域上位于印支地块与南海的过渡带,在多重构造力的作用下,断裂错综复杂,经历多期构造演化。东南亚地区应力的分布情况表明该地区新生代以来板块相互作用的复杂性[1-3]。Tapponnier等[2-3]认为印度–澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致印支地块沿红河断裂带向东南方向运动,印支地块发生20°~30°旋转。古南海的消亡以及现今南海扩张中心的迁移导致南海地区表现出“北部拉张、南部挤压、南沙裂离、东部挤压、西部走滑”的构造特征,并且在构造演化方面具有明显的时空差异。Tapponnier等[3]研究的模型认为万安盆地主要是由区域走滑断裂的剪切作用所形成的走滑拉张盆地。
前人通过钻井发现断层边界控制的构造高点内存在大量油气,万安盆地才受到研究人员的广泛关注。针对万安盆地油气储集方面,盆地内钻了多口井,但由于构造活动的复杂、沉积相的变化和油气的运移等多重原因,储层物性变化大,很难准确进行油气资源潜力评价以及合理钻井勘探。研究区断裂发育特征较万安盆地东部地区存在很大差异,储集层主要在渐新世和早中新世发育,且研究区存在构造油气藏和岩性尖灭油气藏[4]。目前,对于南昆嵩地区的断裂发育特征和构造演化的成因机制尚待研究,国内外关于万安盆地西部的层序地层划分和油气成藏等方面尚存争议,且区域构造演化控制盆地的成藏条件,在研究区进行断裂和构造演化的特征分析,定量的研究南昆嵩地区的构造沉降对于解释南海的扩张运动、东南亚的构造演化以及对南海沉积盆地的油气资源潜力评价和合理的钻井勘探具有指导意义。
万安盆地位于南海的西南部,盆地经历伸展断拗期(渐新世–早中新世)、走滑改造期(中中新世)和热沉降期(晚中新世以来)3期构造演化阶段[5]。南昆嵩地区位于越南东南部、南海西南缘大陆边缘,范围在6°30′~8°30′N,106°30′~108°00′E之间(图1)。北部靠昆嵩隆起,南部接纳土纳隆起,其形成演化主要受控于南海与东南亚构造环境的影响[4-6]。中始新世时期,古南海向南俯冲,南海地区在N–S向拉伸作用下形成大量裂谷[7-8],南海众多沉积盆地逐渐形成。渐新世末期,婆罗洲地块发生逆时针旋转[9],古南海俯冲带走向由近E–W向转变为NE向,在NW–SE向拉张作用下南海西南次海盆扩张[10-11],南昆嵩地区形成一系列地堑、半地堑;早中新世末期,南沙地块与婆罗洲地块碰撞,南海西南次海盆基本停止扩张。中中新世,南昆嵩地区进入走滑改造期;中中新世末期,沙巴造山运动结束,距今5 Ma吕宋岛弧与欧亚板块碰撞,南海地区进入稳定的构造环境,南昆嵩地区进入热沉降阶段。
万安盆地地层自下而上依次经历陆相、海陆过渡相以及海相沉积环境(图2),前人通过钻井资料[12]研究认为南昆嵩地区主要是沉积渐新世以来的地层。渐新世时期,南昆嵩地区为陆相沉积环境[12-13],海岸线位于万安盆地中东部地区(图2);早中新世,昆嵩隆起与纳土纳隆起均位于海平面以上,研究区主要发育陆相–滨海相沉积环境,西部地区在海平面下降时发育河口沉积,此时研究区物源供给充足,沉积速率高,受潮汐影响较小;中中新世早期南昆嵩地区发育滨海相三角洲沉积,中中新世晚期研究区为陆架沉积环境,万安盆地中南部地区构造高点上发育碳酸盐岩台地[14],南昆嵩地区沉积地层主要是由分选性较差的砂岩组成,此时万安盆地的沉降速率大于南昆嵩地区,海平面逐渐上升,古环境变化大[15];中中新世以来,昆嵩隆起与纳土纳隆起逐渐开始淹没于水下[16]。南昆嵩地区渐新世至中中新世发育以周缘隆起供源的近源三角洲为主[17-18],晚中新世以后湄公河水系大规模进积,远源大型河流体系供源开始占据主导地位[19-20]
研究区位于两大构造带共同作用的地区,即与印支地块和华南地块挤压作用有关的湄平断裂带和与南海形成有关的南海西缘−万安断裂带。依据Hall[21-22]的理论模型,南昆嵩地区还应受到三塔断裂的作用。中始新世时期,万安断裂在印支地块挤出时表现为左旋走滑运动[23],渐新世−早中新世时期万安断裂为右旋走滑运动[24-25],中中新世–晚中新世转变为左旋走滑运动[26]。湄平断裂是在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时导致印支地块向东南方向挤出而形成的NW向走滑断裂[21-22]。前人研究[14, 27]认为NNE向的主断裂控制万安盆地的形成演化,主断裂与次级断裂共同组合成“马尾状”断裂组合样式。
本研究基于越南南部近海采集的4 593.3 km的二维地震资料(图3)开展地震解释工作,主要参考钻井(20-PH-1X、12-C-1X、12-B-1X等)[12, 28]资料确定沉积物在垂向上岩性的变化。对研究区二维地震剖面进行层位追踪以及标定,依据万安盆地的主要构造演化阶段,共识别出6个层序界面,自下而上分别为:T100、T60、T50、T40、T30、T20,界面之间分别对应渐新统(Sq1)、下中新统(Sq2)、中中新统(Sq3)、上中新统 (Sq4)、上新统(Sq5)、第四系(Sq6)共 6 个3级层序。将研究区划分为3套构造层,通过回剥法绘制南昆嵩地区构造–沉积充填剖面,计算构造沉降量以及构造沉降速率,分析南昆嵩地区渐新世以来断裂发育特征与构造演化史和沉积过程,探讨万安断裂、三塔断裂和湄平断裂3条主要的走滑断裂以及南海的海底扩张对南昆嵩地区构造演化的控制作用。
新生代以来,在南海海底扩张的背景下,万安盆地经历了多期构造运动,盆地东部的大型走滑断裂控制盆地内部的构造单元划分以及沉积地层的发育特征。在地震剖面上识别地震反射界面主要是依据构造特征和沉积充填演化的差异,结合地震反射的终止关系,如:上超、下超和是否出现侵蚀削截以及地震同相轴的振幅和连续性是否发生突变等,本研究共划分出6个层序界面,自下而上依次为T100、T60、T50、T40、T30、T20。晚渐新世–早中新世,南海的海底扩张与破裂导致万安盆地发生大规模沉降;中中新世末期,万安运动致使研究区中中新统地层遭受强烈剥蚀;这两次构造运动对万安盆地构造演化以及沉积地层性质影响很大,形成了万安盆地中两个重要的不整合界面T50和T40。依据主要的构造事件和不同地层发育性质,在南昆嵩地区地震剖面上分别识别出T100、T50、T40 这3个构造层序界面。
T100是南昆嵩地区基底与上部沉积地层的分界线,是地震剖面上可获得的最深的区域不整合面,Matthews等[12]研究认为万安盆地发育始新世/早渐新世至今的地层,下伏基底主要由距今60~150 Ma晚中生代中酸性火山岩–岩浆岩组成,T100在万安盆地中东部双程时间深度可超过5 s[28],在南昆嵩地区最深则不足4 s;南昆嵩地区受始新世裂谷作用及之后的剥蚀作用,始新世地层后期被完全剥蚀,我们认为南昆嵩地区主要沉积渐新世以来的地层。距今30~40 Ma南海地区发生西卫运动,以南沙海域为主的盆地进入断陷阶段,研究区发生大规模沉降,南昆嵩地区雏形就此形成。T100在南昆嵩地区北部的地层中表现为强振幅、连续性较好的反射特征,在研究区南部斜坡区由于断层以及侵入体的影响,表现出连续性较差、杂乱空白的反射特征(图4)。
T50是早中新统与中中新统的分界线,也是南昆嵩地区伸展断拗期与走滑改造期的分界线。早中新世时期,婆罗洲与古南海发生碰撞,西南次海盆逐渐停止扩张[22],南沙海区沉积盆地地层在碰撞挤压的作用下抬升并遭受剥蚀形成一个区域不整合面,即T50界面,研究区发生构造正反转现象[29]。李春峰和宋陶然[30]认为T50界面是古南海消亡等一系列事件所形成的不整合面。T50在研究区北部表现为中–强振幅、连续性较好的反射特征,研究区南部表现为中等振幅、连续性较差,多被断层切断(图4)。
T40是中中新世与晚中新世沉积地层的分界线,标志着南昆嵩地区由走滑改造阶段进入热沉降阶段,主要对应万安运动。中中新世晚期,太平洋板块持续向欧亚板块俯冲;菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块在民都洛岛处碰撞,婆罗洲逆时针旋转结束,南海进入相对稳定的构造环境。晚中新世以来南昆嵩地区逐渐进入热沉降阶段,发育陆架三角洲沉积体系,万安盆地构造高点上发育碳酸盐岩台地。研究区中部和北部的地震剖面上断裂数量在T40上部的地层中骤减(图4)。
南昆嵩地区渐新世以来经历了伸展断拗期(渐新世–早中新世)、走滑改造期(中中新世)和区域沉降期(晚中新世至今)3个构造演化阶段。以T100为盆地新生代充填地层的底界面,依据T100、T50、T40 3个界面,将研究区沉积地层划分为3套构造层,分别为下部构造层(Ts1)、中部构造层(Ts2)和上部构造层(Ts3)。
下部构造层主要是指渐新世–早中新世发育的地层,此时研究区为伸展断拗阶段,研究区受裂谷伸展作用形成大规模地堑、半地堑构造。中部构造层是指中中新统地层,研究区进入走滑改造阶段,南海扩张基本结束,万安断裂由右旋走滑运动转变为左旋走滑运动,研究区整体由拉张转变为弱挤压的构造环境,致使沉积地层出现构造正反转现象(图5)。上部构造层为晚中新世以来沉积的地层,断裂不发育,以稳定沉积为主,没有明显的断裂组合样式,仅少数几条断裂切穿上部地层。南昆嵩地区下部构造层(Ts1)与中部构造层(Ts2)断层十分发育,断裂多以花状构造、阶梯状断层、“Y”型断层和卷心型断层的组合样式出现。
(1)剖面L2-3上存在高角度花状构造,在中中新统的地层中存在由负花状构造转变为正花状构造现象,研究区中中新世出现构造反转现象,南昆嵩地区南部断裂区域变形带窄,但地层产状近乎水平,表明此时研究区并不是在水平挤压作用下形成的反转,而是在基底断裂诱发的水平扭动下形成的,且反转强度不大,与王燮培等[31]研究观点一致,此时研究区中中新世应力场发生转变,研究区南部由先前的拉张状态转变为挤压状态。图5b断层F1早期为正断层,后期成为迭加逆断层,也是由于研究区南部地层经历正构造反转后张性断层遭受挤压上盘抬升而形成的。
(2)“Y”型断层组合中,主干断层切穿下部地层,规模较大,发育时间长(图6)。“Y”型断层在研究区南部斜坡区发育较为普遍,主要与小型地堑、半地堑伴生,主干断裂出现切穿基底的特征。
(3)阶梯状断层在研究区较为普遍,主要发育于研究区西南部。地震剖面L2-1揭示,阶梯状断层一侧的地层呈阶梯状向同一个方向陷落,两侧断层在平面上呈雁行式排列。
(4)卷心型断层是以断裂带中心为界,两侧断层数量大致相同,且两侧断层倾向相反(图6),断层在剖面上通常呈平滑的铲状。这种断层组合样式通常位于研究区的东南部,此处为南昆嵩地区与纳土纳隆起的交界处,由于强烈的构造运动,断层较为发育,错断层位较多。
南昆嵩地区发育大量正断层,大型正断层大多分布在地堑、半地堑边界,控制着地堑的延伸和沉降。结合地震剖面断裂发育特征,分别绘制T100、T60、T50和T40面断裂分布图(图7)。依据断裂分布图结合地震剖面数据可知南昆嵩地区断裂延伸方向大致可分为3种:N–S向、W–E向和NE–SW向。
N–S向断裂在研究区最为发育,整个万安盆地中N–S向断裂也主要集中在南昆嵩地区。研究区中部的一条大型N–S向断裂贯穿南北,受岩石圈拉张作用,始新世–渐新世时期主要呈现为正断层性质,中新世以来此断裂北部为正断层性质,南部逐渐表现为走滑断裂性质,表征出压扭作用的增强,此断裂切穿研究区大部分沉积地层。N–S向断裂主要形成于研究区早期裂谷作用,受区域基底构造与万安断裂走滑控制[32],N–S向断裂中有些断层至今还处于活跃状态。
W–E向断裂主要分布于研究区的东部,断层活动的时间主要为始新世和早渐新世,T100断裂分布图上W–E向断裂分布最为广泛,表征出此时研究区受到N–S向的张性力。始新世–早渐新世时期,古南海向南俯冲于婆罗洲地块之下,古南海开始消亡,研究区在N–S向拉伸的作用下形成W–E向断裂。
NE–SW向的断裂在研究区西南部、西北部均有发育,但主要发育于整个万安盆地的东北部。渐新世末期,南海S–N向扩张转变为西南次海盆的SE–NW向扩张,导致南昆嵩地区内发育NE–SW向断裂。
T100、T60、T50和T40面提供了研究区沉积厚度差异,可以确定断层大致的活跃时间,比如T100与T60、T60与T50之间时间变化大且地堑沉积厚度与范围大幅变化,表明此时段断层活动性增加;T50和T40之间的时间间隔变化很小,说明在T40之后,断层数量大大减少。A地堑边界断层形成较早,在整个地堑沉降的过程中保持活跃。
选取L1-2、L2-6、L2-3和L2-2 4条测线绘制南昆嵩地区构造沉降量折线图(图8),在这4条剖面上,每条测线选取3口模拟井,绘制南昆嵩地区构造沉降速率柱状图(图9)。选取的模拟井均位于南昆嵩地区内部,远离断层并贯穿整个南昆嵩地区,可作为研究南昆嵩地区构造沉降变化的典型剖面。
构造沉降曲线表明,南昆嵩地区不同部位的沉降存在明显差异(图8),中北部沉降较南部和西部强,凹陷区较隆起区强,沉降较强的区域边界往往受大型断裂控制。尤其是上述N–S向断裂,控制着沉积中的迁移以及沉降速率,反映出构造运动控制凹陷沉降速率以及构造沉降量。北部测线L1-2中部地区总沉降量最大,构造沉降量占总沉降60%~80%[8],总沉降量可达6 000 m以上,中部L2-6、南部L2-3各时期沉降速率较L1-2均匀,L1-2中部为南昆嵩地区的沉积中心,中西部和南部沉降较为均匀,构造沉降曲线上表现出的南北差异,反映了区域伸展断拗期分块明显,构造分割强烈。
南昆嵩地区构造最深处为北部A地堑和东部B地堑(图7),A地堑呈南北向延伸,B地堑范围较大,是沉积物主要的汇聚区。A、B两地堑早中新世–中中新世沉积厚度大于1 200 m,基底最深处位于A地堑,最深超过4 848 m。渐新世–早中新世时期(Ts1),受南海西南次海盆扩张的影响,对南昆嵩地区影响最大的万安断裂北段右旋走滑活动放缓,南昆嵩地区的伸展作用逐渐减弱,构造沉降速率减小(图9),但减小的幅度并不大;中中新世(Ts2)较早中新世的构造沉降速率明显增强,反映出南海扩张结束后,万安断裂由右旋走滑转变为左旋走滑,对研究区产生弱挤压作用,致使研究区构造体制发生了转化,周缘产生构造正反转现象,断层性质与活动变化致使研究区快速沉降;晚中新世以来(Ts3),万安断裂与湄平断裂走滑活动基本停止,构造沉降速率减小,剖面L1-2、L2-6和L2-3都显示出晚中新世时期的研究区构造沉降速率明显减小的趋势;南昆嵩地区4条测线模拟井的构造沉降速率均表现出上新世以来大幅增大的趋势,可能与南昆嵩地区湄公河物源大规模进积和万安断裂再次发生走滑运动有关,尤其是测线L2-2的模拟井,构造沉降速率达到了201 m/Ma。
利用回剥法绘制南昆嵩地区北(L1-2)、中部(L2-6)两条典型的地震剖面发育演化图(图10),从图10可以明显看出,南昆嵩地区地层厚度分布不均匀,隆起区地层明显减薄,研究区北部呈现典型的箕状断陷沉积,断裂早期主要集中分布在地堑、半地堑边界部位,研究区南部沉积较薄,断裂发育错综复杂,断裂在研究区北部多为正断层,而研究区南部则出现走滑断层与反转构造(图5);断裂在早中新世以来变得更加活跃,断层数量相较晚渐新世增加,从空间分布和数量上来看,正断层占据明显优势;南昆嵩地区构造呈现典型的“下断上坳”的特征,下部构造层断裂大规模发育,大型断裂与研究区的沉降中心密切相关;中部构造层断裂数量明显较少,但仍有断层发育;上部构造层断裂不发育,仅有几条大型断裂切穿上部地层。
印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞对东南亚地区的构造演化起控制作用[33-38],导致印支地块沿着红河断裂向东南方向挤压[3, 39-41]。挤出逃逸模式表明,三塔断裂与湄平断裂是早期印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞所形成的走滑断裂[42]。南海西缘–万安断裂是红河断裂的延伸,红河断裂左旋走滑的时间与南海扩张的时间相吻合,制约南海的扩张运动[43-44]
湄平断裂与三塔断裂入海的延伸部分被近海的盆地伸展作用取代,Rangin 等[36],Morley[45-46] ,Achache和Courtillot[47]依据磁异常特征认为三塔断裂延伸至马来半岛北部、泰国湾东部[41, 48],三塔断裂与湄平断裂主要为NW–SE向[40]。始新世–中中新世时期,湄平断裂在印支地块顺时针旋转挤出的过程中由左旋走滑转变为右旋走滑运动[28, 45]。万安断裂带渐新世–早中新世时期为左旋走滑,上新世至今为弱右旋走滑运动[49-50]。万安盆地位于南海西南次海盆的尖端,总体走向为N–S向,主要受万安断裂的控制,而位于万安盆地西部南昆嵩地区构造演化是在万安断裂的控制下,受三塔断裂、湄平断裂和南海的扩张运动制约下的区域构造运动所形成[32-33, 46]
新生代以来东南亚地区的构造变形是在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时产生的一系列连锁反应[51-53]。始新世时期,印度板块与欧亚板块之间的相对运动方向为NE–SW向[42, 44, 49];距今大约45 Ma,印度板块持续向北俯冲(图11a),伴随西南太平洋板块NWW向俯冲作用,菲律宾海板块逐渐向NNW运动,俯冲板块发生极性倒转,古南海开始向南俯冲,逐渐消亡,南海地区开始遭受N–S向拉伸[52];中始新世时期,古南海向南俯冲至婆罗洲下方(图11a[22, 46-47],此时南海地区遭受的N–S向拉张作用延伸至南昆嵩地区西部,研究区W–E向断裂开始形成。
中始新世–早渐新世时期,位于研究区东部的南海西缘–万安断裂带由早期左旋走滑转变为右旋走滑运动,挤压应力方向在这一时间段发生大幅变化,前期沉积的地层抬升致使研究区渐新世以前的地层几乎全部被剥蚀,这与Matthews等[12]研究认为万安盆地主要沉积渐新世以来的地层一致,后期万安断裂右旋走滑,研究区在区域伸展的作用下导致南昆嵩地区所处位置的地壳减薄,加之印支地块顺时针旋转与万安断裂、三塔断裂走滑耦合,切割基底,南昆嵩地区一系列地堑、半地堑由此形成[12, 32]
渐新世早期,印度板块与欧亚板块之间的相对运动方向转变为偏北方向(图11b)。太平洋板块持续向NWW向俯冲(图11b),西北次海盆与东部次海盆沿NNE–SSW向开启,现今南海开始扩张;渐新世末期,古南海俯冲带走向由E–W向变为NE向,南海地区产生NW–SE向伸展作用,南海西南次海盆开启(图11c),此时形成的断层多为NW–SE向。渐新世至早中新世万安断裂转变为右旋走滑运动[29]图11c),湄平断裂在早中新世为右旋走滑运动,研究区位于两大断裂带之间,受到断裂带两侧拉张作用,此时研究区N–S向断裂系统形成,研究区南部产生大量花状构造,致使研究区N–S向断裂与万安盆地中东部断裂性质不同,N–S向断裂仅在万安盆地西部南昆嵩地区出现。作为南海西南次海盆扩张的延伸区,虽然西南次海盆扩张对研究区的影响逐渐缩小,但南昆嵩地区伸展作用主导万安盆地加速扩张,周缘孤立的凹陷逐渐形成统一的湖盆,南昆嵩地区进入伸展断拗期主要阶段,发育一系列生长断层和箕状构造,研究区断裂数量增多,断层伸展作用强,沉降加大。
距今17 Ma北巴拉望地块与加里曼丹的碰撞阻碍了南海新生代海底扩张,距今16 Ma左右,南海西南次海盆停止扩张(图11d),南海的构造格局初步形成,研究区不再受NW–SE向拉张作用,三塔断裂在中中新世以来几乎没有滑动,对研究区的影响很小[33],此时主要受万安断裂活动的影响。万安断裂由右旋运动转变为左旋走滑运动对研究区产生NE–SW向的压扭构造(图11d),位于研究区南部的纳土纳盆地受到挤压作用延伸至万安盆地与此时万安断裂产生的压扭作用耦合,致使研究区与纳土纳盆地在原有的拉伸状态下转变为挤压状态,研究区发生正构造反转现象与东南部正断层后期转变为迭加逆断层的现象,此时南昆嵩地区周围的断裂运动变缓,凹陷伸展速率变低,研究区沉积厚度加深,先前形成的地堑、半地堑隆起抬升。
晚中新世时期,澳大利亚板块持续向北俯冲,菲律宾岛弧与北巴拉望地块碰撞[22-23],南海大部分区域进入热沉降期。晚中新世以来,三塔断裂与湄平断裂走滑速率降低,万安断裂逐渐演变为弱右旋走滑运动,活动速率大大降低。上新世以来,万安断裂的再次弱右旋活动致使研究区构造活动速率加强,上新世以来湄公河物源越过昆嵩隆起,大规模进积,致使南昆嵩地区沉降速率有所加强。距今5 Ma左右,马尼拉海沟北部的俯冲作用使吕宋岛弧与台湾岛的东亚大陆边缘发生碰撞,此后南海地区逐渐处于相对稳定的构造环境中,南昆嵩地区经历了晚中新世的缓慢沉降和上新世以来的快速沉降,但整个凹陷的构造较稳定,以陆架沉积为主。
渐新世以来在东南亚与南海的构造环境影响下,南昆嵩地区在经历初始裂谷期、伸展断拗期、走滑改造期以及热沉降期一系列的构造演化阶段后,区域构造性质也表现为以伸展与走滑作用为主走滑断裂控制热沉降的三段式转变。
(1)依据构造演化阶段,将南昆嵩地区沉积地层划分为3套构造层,下部构造层(渐新世–早中新世)和中部构造层(中中新世)中断裂组合样式主要为:卷心型断层、“Y”型断层、阶梯状断层和高角度花状断层等,断裂延伸方向大致可分为3种:N–S向、W–E向和NE–SW向;上部构造层(晚中新世至今)断裂不发育,为稳定沉积作用。
(2)南昆嵩地区渐新世至早中新世为断层较为活跃的时段,中中新世在南海构造格局初步形成的背景下,伴随万安断裂由右旋运动转变为左旋运动,凹陷内出现构造正反转现象;晚中新世以来,三大走滑断裂活动性弱,研究区进入稳定沉积环境;直至上新世以来,湄公河物源体系大规模进积以及万安断裂的再次活动致使研究区构造沉降速率有所加强。
(3)南昆嵩地区断裂活动与沉降受万安断裂控制,在三塔断裂和湄平断裂以及南海的扩张运动共同影响下,主要经历了4个构造演化阶段:始新世时期的初始裂谷期、渐新世早中新世的伸展断拗期、中中新世的走滑改造期和晚中新世至今的热沉降期,渐新世以来区域构造性质表现为以伸展与走滑作用为主走滑断裂控制热沉降的三段式转变。
  • 国家自然科学基金(92055211)
  • 中国−东盟海洋地震数据平台与研究中心建设项目(12120100500017001)
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2022年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022143
  • 接收时间:2022-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-23
  • 修回日期:2022-07-24
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国家自然科学基金(92055211)
中国−东盟海洋地震数据平台与研究中心建设项目(12120100500017001)
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    1.山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
    2.中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100

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栾锡武,男,教授,研究方向为海洋地质学和地球物理学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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