Article(id=1224798799483257534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1634832000000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-22, revisedDate=1654012800000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944389458, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1669824000000, pubDateStr=2022-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944389458, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944389458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944389458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798798254326454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944389165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996131500, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015821399900230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798798254326454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798799718138562, articleId=1224798799483257534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Morphology of coastal salt marsh margins: a study using UAV-based Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coastal salt marsh margin, as the transition zone between salt marsh and tidal flat, presents three types of three-dimensional form: smooth, transition and cliff. And it shows different curvilinear features in the planar shape. As a high dynamic bio-geomorphic system, marsh margin changes rapidly due to the influence of natural processes and human activities. But the lack of high-resolution observational data makes further understanding of this change difficult. Here, we address this challenge using UAV-based Structure-from-Motion (UAV-SfM) photogrammetry which has the advantages of high resolution, non-invasive, repeatability, and low cost. We conducted two aerial surveys of salt marsh on Jiangsu coast, to obtain orthophotographs and Digital Surface Model (DSM) with cm-level pixel resolutions. And it supports us to determine the location of marsh margin, classify the type of the margin, and quantitatively describe the topography changes. We found the smooth and cliff margin are stable and dominant. The smooth margin has complex planar shape and retreats slowly. And the transition and cliff margin have regular shape and retreat fast. The transition margin changes drastically and turns to the cliff margin. This work proves that UAV-SfM photogrammetry is suitable for efficient and accurate quantification of the topography of marsh margin, and provides a new perspective for understanding the evolution process of marsh margin.

, correspAuthors=Qian Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yidong Guo, Hangjie Lin, Qian Yu, Yiyang Fan, Ke Luo, Yunwei Wang, Jinyao Gao, Shu Gao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798801286808351, articleId=1224798799483257534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于无人机SfM摄影测量的海岸盐沼前缘形态变化研究, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海岸盐沼前缘作为盐沼和光滩间的过渡带,在垂向剖面上呈现光滑、过渡、陡坎3种地貌类型,在平面岸线上也展现出不同的曲直特征。受到自然过程和人类活动的影响,盐沼前缘这一高度动态的生物地貌系统变化迅速,而高分辨率观测数据的缺乏使得这种变化难以得到充分认识。无人机SfM(Structure from Motion)摄影测量具有高分辨率、非侵入、可重复和低成本的优点,为解决上述问题提供可能。我们在江苏省盐城市大丰区海岸盐沼开展两次无人机调查,获取厘米级分辨率正射影像和地形数据。在高精度数据支持下,成功确定盐沼前缘位置,划分前缘类型,并定量刻画地形变化。研究发现:光滑和陡坎前缘占优势,形态稳定;光滑前缘平面轮廓复杂,后退速率小,过渡和陡坎前缘轮廓平直,后退明显;过渡前缘地形变化剧烈,向陡坎前缘转变。这项工作证明无人机SfM摄影测量适用于高效精准量化盐沼前缘形态,为认识盐沼前缘形态演化过程提供新视角。

, correspAuthors=于谦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于谦(1982-),副教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
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郭一栋(1997-),男,浙江省台州市人,研究方向为盐沼沉积动力学。E-mail:

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郭一栋(1997-),男,浙江省台州市人,研究方向为盐沼沉积动力学。E-mail:

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郭一栋(1997-),男,浙江省台州市人,研究方向为盐沼沉积动力学。E-mail:

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School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225369442977231760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, companyId=1225369442956260237, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225369447939092619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Location of the study area at Dafeng, Jiangsu, China (satellite imagery from Landsat-8 data, acquired on February 3, 2018) (a), the area of aerial surveys and ground control points (GCPs) and check points (CPs) used for aerial surveys, (background is the orthomosaic from UAV, acquired on March 2021) (b) and examples of ground artificial markers (c, d), figureFileSmall=XMiggpOS8gOAMqPnSGIXNQ==, figureFileBig=F0+EDGoxo4O8jcCoQdfN9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448031367314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图1, caption=江苏省盐城市大丰区研究区位置(背景为2018年2月3日的Landsat-8卫星影像)(a)、航测调查区域和地面控制点及检查点分布情况(底图为2021年3月航测正射影像)(b)以及人工标志物照片(c,d), figureFileSmall=XMiggpOS8gOAMqPnSGIXNQ==, figureFileBig=F0+EDGoxo4O8jcCoQdfN9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448136224921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Allocation of images acquired during September 2020 (a) and March 2021 (b), figureFileSmall=ej24mlrkPiHotdxA8dl3EA==, figureFileBig=WJzykisf2nxluLJNu4KqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448228499616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2020年9月(a)和2021年3月(b)航测获得的照片位置, figureFileSmall=ej24mlrkPiHotdxA8dl3EA==, figureFileBig=WJzykisf2nxluLJNu4KqWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448341745827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of validation points (background is the March 2021 orthomosaic) (a), RTK elevation is compared with digital surface model (b−g) and the detailed distribution of validation points on the S1–S5 short profiles (background is the September 2020 orthomosaic) (h−l)

Due to the dense distribution of validation points in S1−S5 short profiles, the yellow rectangle corresponds the position of the short profile

, figureFileSmall=VCYpyOggrXCNvTotAm4+Mg==, figureFileBig=LhK7vfz+uZHQOelxBJ0gRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448429826216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图3, caption=验证点分布情况(背景为2021年3月正射影像)(a)、RTK地面高程同地表高程模型对比(b−g)和S1–S5短剖面上验证点的详细分布(底图为2020年9月正射影像)(h−l)

由于S1−S5短剖面验证点密集,黄色矩形表示短剖面位置

, figureFileSmall=VCYpyOggrXCNvTotAm4+Mg==, figureFileBig=LhK7vfz+uZHQOelxBJ0gRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448522100912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of the marginal classification of the salt marsh area

a. September 2020; b. March 2021, the red rectangular boxes is the area where the transition margin and the cliff margin are concentrated, this area has a dramatic morphological change between the two surveys and is illustrated in detail in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the white cross is the area where the smooth margin transforms into the cliff margin, see Fig. 5 for aerial photos; c. photo of smooth margin; d. photo of the transition margin; e. photo of the cliff margin

, figureFileSmall=fYsaBnNm4P8EfrxZCaUwxA==, figureFileBig=RYpPCAbrOX//2AgP/Ziykw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448639541429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同类型盐沼前缘分布情况

a. 2020年9月;b. 2021年3月,红色矩形为过渡前缘和陡坎前缘集中的区域,在两次观测期间形态变化剧烈,在图6图7中详细说明,白色十字形为光滑前缘转变为陡坎前缘的区域,航拍照片见图5;c. 光滑前缘航拍照片;d. 过渡前缘航拍照片;e. 陡坎前缘航拍照片

, figureFileSmall=fYsaBnNm4P8EfrxZCaUwxA==, figureFileBig=RYpPCAbrOX//2AgP/Ziykw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369448765370550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The salt marsh margins where the type conversion took place

a. September 2020; b. March 2021, with the same shooting position (the position of white cross in Fig. 4), showed the characteristics of smooth margin (a) and cliff margin (b)

, figureFileSmall=j2OYA2KiIFk6P0ckR2kj0g==, figureFileBig=yThjnBE92yr/H1pcJ86R6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450271125694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发生类型转换的盐沼前缘

a. 2020年9月;b. 2021年3月,两图拍摄位置相同(图4白色十字形位置),分别表现出光滑前缘(a)和陡坎前缘(b)的特征

, figureFileSmall=j2OYA2KiIFk6P0ckR2kj0g==, figureFileBig=yThjnBE92yr/H1pcJ86R6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450346623172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Orthomosaic in March 2021 (a), spatial distribution of erosion rates between September 2020 and March 2021 in the red rectangle area (b) and close-up views of the blue rectangular areas of the figure b (c−e)

The red rectangle represents an area where the salt marsh margin is receding, the darker the color of the red circle, the greater the rate of erosion

, figureFileSmall=yHHMdpwPF8D27VaukSCNAQ==, figureFileBig=vh2XToEmfZ2fFT2YhYJiIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450468257993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2021年3月的正射影像(a)、2020年9月和2021年3月间红色矩形区域内前缘侵蚀速率的空间分布(b)和图b蓝色矩形区域的特写(c−e)

红色矩形代表盐沼前缘位置明显后退的区域,红色圆圈颜色越深侵蚀速率越大

, figureFileSmall=yHHMdpwPF8D27VaukSCNAQ==, figureFileBig=vh2XToEmfZ2fFT2YhYJiIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450556338383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The close-up view of an area where the salt marsh margin is receding (a); slope maps for areas 1, 2 and 3 in September 2020 (b, d, f); slope maps for areas 1, 2 and 3 in March 2021 (c, e, g); DSM elevation changes for A–A', B–B' and C–C' profiles between September 2020 and March 2021 (h−j)

The yellow dashed wireframe represents the position of the sub-area, the blue arrow represents the passage between the Spartina alterniflora patches, the green rectangle represents the position of the transition margin and the gray rectangle represents the foot position of the ramp of the transition margin

, figureFileSmall=5nQasBYDZmj2y4X3awFP1w==, figureFileBig=M2Airdulgu0/oWRgqwX/Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450652807380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图7, caption=盐沼前缘位置明显后退的区域特写(a);区域1、区域2及区域3在2020年9月的坡度图(b,d,f);区域1、区域2及区域3在2021年3月的坡度图(c,e,g); A–A'、B–B'和C–C' 剖面在2020年9月到2021年3月的DSM高程变化(h−j)

黄色虚线框代表子区域位置,蓝色箭头代表互花米草斑块间通道,绿色矩形代表过渡前缘的位置,灰色矩形代表过渡前缘斜坡的坡脚位置

, figureFileSmall=5nQasBYDZmj2y4X3awFP1w==, figureFileBig=M2Airdulgu0/oWRgqwX/Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450724110552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The aerial photographs at the starred locations in Fig. 7, the transition margin appears to have the beginnings of the cliff margin, figureFileSmall=AWp/1E4f7TdAv9V4UqEkUQ==, figureFileBig=YRGBj/Hk85rH+LKdG7gchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450812190937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=图8, caption=图7中星标位置的航拍照片,过渡前缘出现了陡坎前缘的雏形, figureFileSmall=AWp/1E4f7TdAv9V4UqEkUQ==, figureFileBig=YRGBj/Hk85rH+LKdG7gchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369450891882717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quality assessment and geometric accuracy of SfM photogrammetry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间地面控制点数点云密度/(pts·m–2正射影像分辨率/(cm·pix–1DSM 分辨率/(cm·pix–1水平精度/cm垂向精度/cm总体精度/cm
2020年9月33362.735.457.581.477.72
2021年3月43302.755.57.682.578.10
), ArticleFig(id=1225369450988351716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SfM摄影测量建模质量及精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间地面控制点数点云密度/(pts·m–2正射影像分辨率/(cm·pix–1DSM 分辨率/(cm·pix–1水平精度/cm垂向精度/cm总体精度/cm
2020年9月33362.735.457.581.477.72
2021年3月43302.755.57.682.578.10
), ArticleFig(id=1225369451076432104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Length of different types of salt marsh margins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间光滑前缘
/m
过渡前缘
/m
陡坎前缘
/m
2020年9月2 227.86291.73419.81
2021年3月1 997.10289.00647.67
), ArticleFig(id=1225369451172901101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型盐沼前缘的长度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间光滑前缘
/m
过渡前缘
/m
陡坎前缘
/m
2020年9月2 227.86291.73419.81
2021年3月1 997.10289.00647.67
), ArticleFig(id=1225369451286147316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fractal dimension of different types of salt marsh margins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间光滑前缘过渡前缘陡坎前缘
2020年9月1.211.141.14
2021年3月1.191.141.15
), ArticleFig(id=1225369451391004918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798799483257534, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同类型盐沼前缘的分形维数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航测时间光滑前缘过渡前缘陡坎前缘
2020年9月1.211.141.14
2021年3月1.191.141.15
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基于无人机SfM摄影测量的海岸盐沼前缘形态变化研究
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郭一栋 1, 2 , 林杭杰 1 , 于谦 1, * , 樊一阳 1 , 罗科 3 , 王韫玮 4 , 高金耀 2 , 高抒 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022,44(12): 148-160
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022, 44(12): 148-160
基于无人机SfM摄影测量的海岸盐沼前缘形态变化研究
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郭一栋1, 2 , 林杭杰1, 于谦1, * , 樊一阳1, 罗科3, 王韫玮4, 高金耀2, 高抒1
作者信息
  • 1.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院 海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3.河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210024
  • 4.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 郭一栋(1997-),男,浙江省台州市人,研究方向为盐沼沉积动力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

于谦(1982-),副教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
Morphology of coastal salt marsh margins: a study using UAV-based Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry
Yidong Guo1, 2 , Hangjie Lin1, Qian Yu1, * , Yiyang Fan1, Ke Luo3, Yunwei Wang4, Jinyao Gao2, Shu Gao1
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3. College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
  • 4. School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2022-12-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022147
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海岸盐沼前缘作为盐沼和光滩间的过渡带,在垂向剖面上呈现光滑、过渡、陡坎3种地貌类型,在平面岸线上也展现出不同的曲直特征。受到自然过程和人类活动的影响,盐沼前缘这一高度动态的生物地貌系统变化迅速,而高分辨率观测数据的缺乏使得这种变化难以得到充分认识。无人机SfM(Structure from Motion)摄影测量具有高分辨率、非侵入、可重复和低成本的优点,为解决上述问题提供可能。我们在江苏省盐城市大丰区海岸盐沼开展两次无人机调查,获取厘米级分辨率正射影像和地形数据。在高精度数据支持下,成功确定盐沼前缘位置,划分前缘类型,并定量刻画地形变化。研究发现:光滑和陡坎前缘占优势,形态稳定;光滑前缘平面轮廓复杂,后退速率小,过渡和陡坎前缘轮廓平直,后退明显;过渡前缘地形变化剧烈,向陡坎前缘转变。这项工作证明无人机SfM摄影测量适用于高效精准量化盐沼前缘形态,为认识盐沼前缘形态演化过程提供新视角。

无人机SfM摄影测量  /  盐沼前缘  /  地貌监测  /  地貌变化

Coastal salt marsh margin, as the transition zone between salt marsh and tidal flat, presents three types of three-dimensional form: smooth, transition and cliff. And it shows different curvilinear features in the planar shape. As a high dynamic bio-geomorphic system, marsh margin changes rapidly due to the influence of natural processes and human activities. But the lack of high-resolution observational data makes further understanding of this change difficult. Here, we address this challenge using UAV-based Structure-from-Motion (UAV-SfM) photogrammetry which has the advantages of high resolution, non-invasive, repeatability, and low cost. We conducted two aerial surveys of salt marsh on Jiangsu coast, to obtain orthophotographs and Digital Surface Model (DSM) with cm-level pixel resolutions. And it supports us to determine the location of marsh margin, classify the type of the margin, and quantitatively describe the topography changes. We found the smooth and cliff margin are stable and dominant. The smooth margin has complex planar shape and retreats slowly. And the transition and cliff margin have regular shape and retreat fast. The transition margin changes drastically and turns to the cliff margin. This work proves that UAV-SfM photogrammetry is suitable for efficient and accurate quantification of the topography of marsh margin, and provides a new perspective for understanding the evolution process of marsh margin.

UAV-based SfM photogrammetry  /  salt marsh margin  /  geomorphology monitoring  /  morphodynamics
郭一栋, 林杭杰, 于谦, 樊一阳, 罗科, 王韫玮, 高金耀, 高抒. 基于无人机SfM摄影测量的海岸盐沼前缘形态变化研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (12) : 148 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022147
Yidong Guo, Hangjie Lin, Qian Yu, Yiyang Fan, Ke Luo, Yunwei Wang, Jinyao Gao, Shu Gao. Morphology of coastal salt marsh margins: a study using UAV-based Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (12) : 148 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022147
海岸盐沼广泛发育于潮间带中上部[1],具有多重生态和经济价值。盐沼的植被和地形能够有效地防浪消波[2-3]。高生产力使盐沼成为重要的碳储库[4]。并且盐沼还发挥着捕获污染物,为动物提供栖息地等作用[5-6]。作为一个动态系统,盐沼前缘会随着时间发生显著扩张和收缩[1]。这些变化受到了内源和外源作用的共同影响,如海平面上升、波浪、沉积物供给、岩性、生态地貌反馈等[7-11]
盐沼前缘作为盐沼同光滩的耦合地带,对于研究盐沼变化具有重要意义。盐沼前缘具有三维形态,可以从垂直海岸地形剖面和前缘平面轮廓两个维度来认识。通过大量现场观测,从垂直于海岸的地形高程剖面上看,盐沼前缘被证实普遍存在有限数量的特征形态,主要为3类:光滑前缘、过渡前缘、陡坎前缘,且不同类型之间存在着循环转换过程[1]。盐沼前缘的地形演化是自组织过程与外界背景条件平衡的结果。在盐沼发育过程中,植物生长和沉积物积累之间存在正反馈效应,导致盐沼和光滩上沉积物堆积速率的差异,盐沼前缘逐渐变陡,加剧了波浪和潮流侵蚀,造成前缘趋向不稳定状态,容易出现崩塌后退,这个过程通常被认为是一个自组织过程[12-13]。而当外界背景条件发生变化时,其与盐沼自身自组织过程的平衡就会被打破。从盐沼前缘的平面位置上看,暴露在不同能级的波浪之下,不同区域盐沼前缘的抵抗侵蚀能力并不相同,受到侵蚀的盐沼前缘会表现出各自的自组织的临界状态,呈现出不同的形态特征。在波浪较强的情况下,盐沼前缘会形成较为平滑的平面轮廓,而在较小的波浪环境中,会形成锯齿状的平面轮廓,前缘平面轮廓特征与侵蚀速率表现出显著相关性[14-15]。此外,不同类型的盐沼前缘会呈现出不同地貌形态,而地貌形态会调节波浪和潮流对于盐沼前缘的侵蚀作用,从而影响前缘地貌形态演变的过程[16]
尽管有众多研究者对盐沼进行了大量调查研究,但在短时间尺度(如月际、季节性)上,盐沼变化幅度通常只有厘米或分米量级[17],由于盐沼前缘高分辨率地形数据的缺乏,对于盐沼前缘形态变化进行整体评估仍然有限[8, 15, 18]。盐沼上茂密的植物和泥泞的沉积物基底限制了现场调查工作的开展,使用全站仪、GNSS-RTK等基于点的传统调查方法获取数据效率低下,调查点之间的过大间距(几米甚至几十米)导致难以准确描述地貌形态的细节变化[19]。而基于卫星和载人飞机的光学影像、激光雷达等遥感方法是研究盐沼前缘形态变化的理想工具[15-16]。这些方法的优势在于能够获得千米量级的大面积数据,数据涵盖了各种时空尺度,具有很高的灵活性。但上述方法在成本、观测间隔、覆盖范围、点密度和精度方面都存在诸多限制,使得这些方法都侧重于盐沼前缘的规模和位置,其数据的分辨率和精度都超过前缘在短时间尺度上的变化幅度,对于获得盐沼前缘微地形尺度的特征通常无法提供足够的信息。随着无人机平台和摄影测量软件的进步完善,通过无人机平台搭载高像素数码相机快速获得照片,使用摄影测量软件重建高分辨率模型,获得正射影像和地表高程模型(Digital Surface Model,DSM)这一标准流程不断成熟,基于无人机的SfM(Structure from Motion)摄影测量正在成为快速监测盐沼前缘形态变化的理想方法,为激光测量或传统地形测量提供了一个低成本、可重复和高分辨率的替代方案[17, 20-22]。尽管目前这种方法被广泛应用于各类海岸地貌的研究,但用于盐沼前缘地形变化的研究还较为有限[23-24]
由于海平面上升、沉积物供给减少以及人类发展,近几十年来,在世界范围内已经有大量盐沼发生侵蚀后退的记录[25-27]。盐沼的快速后退伴随着前缘形态的快速变化,由于缺乏有效手段获取短时间尺度的数据,前缘类型、侵蚀速率和地形变化之间的联系没有得到充分理解。基于无人机的SfM摄影测量为快速监测盐沼前缘形态变化提供了解决方案。
江苏省盐城市大丰区海岸的盐沼前缘形态表现出典型性和多样性[28],为利用基于无人机的SfM摄影测量研究盐沼前缘形态变化提供了理想的试验场所。因此,本研究的目的是:(1)利用无人机的SfM摄影测量和野外观测获得盐沼前缘高分辨率的正射影像和DSM;(2)量化盐沼前缘位置、类型分布和地貌形态;(3)探究盐沼前缘侵蚀速率、形态变化与类型转换的关系。
本文研究区域位于江苏省盐城市大丰区(图1a),地处江苏省中部海岸,南黄海辐射沙脊群北翼,大丰港以北约10 km,潮滩发育典型。潮滩上部发育盐沼(图1a),盐沼上界为海堤,以外为光滩,盐沼宽约1 km,潮滩宽约2 km。研究区盐沼前缘大致呈南北走向,长度约为2.2 km(图1b)。研究区受季风驱动,夏季多为东南风,冬季多为北风。近岸波浪以风浪为主,主要为偏南向和偏北向浪,浪向呈现显著的季节变化,平均波高为0.5 m,为不规则半日潮,平均潮差为2.56 m [29-30]
受沉积物供给和潮流的共同影响,江苏省海岸发育了我国范围最大的泥质潮滩。江苏沿海于1982年引种互花米草,相较于潮滩上原生的茅草和盐蒿,拥有强大生命力的互花米草有着更低的生态位,能够占据平均高潮位和平均海面之间海上浸淹时间比例小于40%的潮滩[31-32]。经过40 a的扩张,互花米草已经占据潮间带上部,面积趋于稳定[31]。互花米草盐沼发挥促淤作用,改变了江苏潮滩沉积物分配,更多的沉积物堆积于潮滩上部的盐沼区域,加剧了盐沼前缘的形态变化。距研究区域以北约30 km的盐城自然保护区,有研究者观测到盐沼前缘在5 a内就完成了由光滑前缘向陡坎前缘的转变[13]
为获取短时间尺度下盐沼前缘的地貌形态,本文采取了无人机航空摄影测量和地面GNSS RTK测量相结合的方法[20, 22, 33]。于2020年9月9−10日和2021年3月24日低潮位期间,在研究区域内使用DJI Phantom 4 RTK进行航拍作业。DJI Phantom 4 RTK作为一款螺旋翼无人机,装配有D-RTK模块,能够实现飞行器厘米级精度的定位,控制器内置GS RTK应用,能够快速进行航线规划和飞行参数设置[34]。考虑到飞行时间的限制,同时保证航测结果的高分辨率,飞行高度设置为100 m,航向重叠和旁向重叠分别设置为80%和70%,地面采样分辨率为2.74 cm。由于潮时限制和野外现场工作情况复杂,两次飞行区域略有不同(图1b),分别获得598张和1 003张照片,照片位置如图2
由于研究区域较为偏远,不稳定的信号导致无人机使用的网络RTK定位易出现中断,无人机记录的照片拍摄位置可能存在偏差,因此设置地面控制点和检查点是必不可少的[35-36]。在地面上放置了人工标志物(图1c图1d)作为地面控制点或检查点,其分布情况如图1b[37]。使用中海达V60 GNSS RTK测量标志点的坐标,水平精度为1 cm,高程精度为2 cm。同时,还测量了一定数量的地面验证点(未布置标志物),对DSM精度进行补充评估,其分布情况如图3a:2020年9月,垂直于盐沼前缘,测量了5条短剖面(S1–S5),每条剖面包含了9~12个验证点;2021年3月,自北向南沿着盐沼前缘,测量了12个验证点(P1_1–P1_12)。
采用Agisoft Metashape Professional软件对无人机航拍影像进行SfM摄影测量处理。该软件是一款专业的摄影测量软件,通过SfM和MVS(Multi-View Stereo)算法,使用无人机采集的图像重建研究区域的三维形态。摄影测量模型重建过程的相关细节见文献[20, 22, 38-39]。在地面控制点的控制优化下,将无人机拍摄的照片重建为三维摄影测量模型,并生成正射影像和DSM[20]。通过比较三维模型的检查点坐标和实际测量坐标评估建模精度,如表1
此外还通过验证点对得到的DSM进行精度验证。逐点比较RTK高程和DSM高程,图3展示了验证点分布和高程对比。剖面S1–S5中位于盐沼的验证点,DSM高程明显超过RTK高程,RMSE为18.35 cm。枯草期观测的验证点P1_1–P1_12也位于盐沼,上覆植被矮且稀疏,RMSE为4.10 cm。摄影测量结果受植被影响,导致高程偏高[40]。S1、S3、S5剖面中位于光滩的验证点DSM高程明显大于RTK高程,RMSE为8.92 cm,而S2和S4剖面位于光滩的验证点以及S3剖面盐沼内但地面裸露的1~3号验证点DSM和RTK高程一致,RMSE仅为1.16 cm。对比正射影像(图3h图3l),发现S1、S3、S5剖面的光滩存在积水,而S2、S4剖面的光滩和S3的1~3号验证点无明显积水,底床裸露。此外S1、S3、S5剖面光滩的情况也存在差异,S5剖面相较其他两个剖面积水较浅,高程差异较小,RMSE为2.81 cm。潮滩积水的深度、浑浊程度以及光在水气界面的折射对摄影测量的精度会造成很大的影响[39]
由于植被和积水的影响,无人机航测得到的DSM和实际地表高程之间的误差难以准确估计,因此盐沼区域的DSM无法用来分析地貌变化。而在地面裸露且积水较少的区域(通过检查正射影像,主要为过渡前缘处的光滩和盐沼内无植被覆盖且积水较少的区域),能够获得厘米级的高程精度。
综合以上精度验证,获得的高分辨率正射影像和DSM能够确定详细盐沼前缘位置,不同时期DSM之间的差异能够表现盐沼过渡前缘的地形变化。
盐沼前缘形态变化会导致前缘位置出现前进和后退。本文中盐沼前缘位置定义为从有植被覆盖过渡到无植被覆盖的分界点。近年,基于亚米级高分辨率正射影像和数字高程模型的盐沼前缘自动识别方法快速发展,误差控制在60~70 cm[41-42]。但是本文采集的数据分辨率高,时间间隔短,现有的自动识别方法难以为获取前缘形态精细变化提供支持,因此采取手动矢量化提取前缘位置[43]。为了兼顾减少手动操作误差和获取足够的周围环境信息,将正射影像调整为1∶25的比例,进行手动矢量化。由于正射影像和手动操作存在误差,忽略小于25 cm的位置变化[16]
使用数字海岸线分析系统(DSAS)计算前缘的位置变化[44]。DSAS是用于估计海岸线变化的ArcGIS扩展包。使用DSAS沿着基线(2020年9月前缘位置)以1 m等间隔投射出横断面,并手动去除一些由于基线曲折复杂出现的错误横断面,计算横断面在两个不同时期位置之间长度以估计盐沼前缘的位置变化。
野外实地观测和分析无人机航拍结果显示盐沼前缘呈现出有限数量的特征形态,这同在其他区域观测情况类似[1, 28]。依据正射影像,本研究将前缘类型划分为3类:光滑前缘(Smooth)、过渡前缘(Transition)、陡坎前缘(Cliff)(图4c图4e[1, 16, 45]。光滑前缘表现为从盐沼过渡到光滩高程连续无明显突变,前缘坡度平缓,无次一级的地形变化。陡坎前缘为从盐沼到光滩出现高程突变,表现出近乎垂直的悬崖地貌,高度普遍超过40 cm。过渡前缘是介于陡坎前缘和光滑前缘之间的形态,整体坡度介于前两型边缘之间,前缘出现复杂的次一级地形变化,存在沉积物堆积,出现明显的斜坡或阶地,斜坡和前方可能存在米草斑块。
分形维数常用于量化海岸形态曲折程度[15, 46]。本文采取计盒维数法计算分形维数,通过计算测量长度随测量尺度变化的速度来评估盐沼前缘平面轮廓的复杂程度,分形维数越大代表平面轮廓越复杂,分形维数越小则代表平面轮廓越平直[47]。分形维数$ {D}_{{\rm{B}}} $的计算方法为
$ {D}_{{\rm{B}}}\left(s\right)=\underset{r\to 0}{\mathrm{lim}}\left[\frac{\ln N\left(r\right)}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(1/r)}\right] \text{,} $
式中,$ s $为前缘边界的长度;$ N\left(r\right) $为能够完全覆盖边界的边长为$ r $的立方体的最少数目;$ 1/r $是比例系数。使用最小二乘法去拟合不同边长$ r $下$\ln N\left(r\right)$和$\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(1/r)$,得到的斜率近似为分形维数$ {D}_{{\rm{B}}} $。本文通过MATLAB中的FracLab工具箱计算盐沼前缘平面轮廓的分形维数($ {D}_{{\rm{B}}} $)。
盐沼前缘各类型分布情况(图4a图4b)和各类型前缘长度(表2)显示,光滑前缘占比最高,分别为75.79%(2020年9月)和68.07%(2021年3月);其次为陡坎前缘,分别为14.28%(2020年9月)和22.08%(2021年3月);占比最低的是过渡前缘,分别为9.93%(2020年9月)和9.85%(2021年3月)。类型转变主要发生在研究区域的南部,有超过220 m光滑前缘转变成了陡坎前缘。如图5a,2020年9月盐沼前缘同前部光滩过渡连续,符合光滑前缘特征,而图5b显示2021年3月该处前缘出现了明显的陡坎。过渡前缘占比较低,可能因为这种前缘是介于陡坎前缘和光滑前缘的一种中间形态,并不是前缘形态动态变化中的稳定状态。相比之下,陡坎前缘和光滑前缘较大的占比表明了这两种前缘是相对稳定的类型。
比较两次观测的盐沼前缘位置,发现研究区内的盐沼前缘总体呈现侵蚀后退,其中光滑前缘位置变化不明显(小于25 cm)。后退超过25 cm集中在图6a的红框区域,此区域以陡坎前缘和过渡前缘为主(图4a图4b),过渡前缘位置的后退幅度超过陡坎前缘,极大值达到2.93 m。不同盐沼类型的分形维数(表3)显示,两期观测之间变化不大,陡坎前缘和过渡前缘的分形维数约为1.14,光滑前缘的分形维数约为1.2,陡坎前缘和过渡前缘的分形维数要小于光滑前缘的分形维数。盐沼前缘边界形状同侵蚀速率存在相关关系,侵蚀速率高的盐沼前缘形状往往比较平直,分形维数低于侵蚀速率低的前缘[15]
过渡前缘作为光滑前缘和陡坎前缘之间的中间形态,其地形演化对于盐沼前缘类型转换非常重要。通过3.2节的精度验证,过渡前缘处的DSM具有厘米级的高程精度,能有效反映微地形尺度上的地形变化。两次观测期间,过渡前缘发生沉积物亏损,盐沼前缘和向海侧斜坡都出现不同程度的侵蚀后退。为便于说明,根据过渡前缘的分布,在图4图6中红框区域内进一步划分了3个子区域,分别命名为区域1、区域2和区域3,在每个区域内各提取了一条剖面(A–A'、B–B'、C–C')的DSM高程来对比不同子区域地貌变化(图7)。
过渡前缘向光滩一侧存在沉积物堆积,形成了坡度介于另外两种前缘之间的斜坡。斜坡坡脚可能存在陡坎,加上植被的影响,导致过渡前缘在跨岸方向上的地形剖面往往出现多次高程突变。因此坡度图(图7b图7g)能清楚显示过渡前缘的位置以及斜坡坡底的位置。
各子区域表现出不同的地貌特点。区域1过渡前缘的斜坡自陆向海宽度最大,坡度较小,坡底存在陡坎。两次观测期间,前缘位置未发生明显变化,坡脚出现显著后退(图7b图7c)。以A–A'剖面为例(图7h),两次观测期间,前缘处的斜坡平均宽度约为13.5 m,斜坡平均高度降低约0.11 m,坡脚后退约2.3 m,沉积物亏损主要发生在坡底。
区域2前缘的斜坡上部陡峭,向海坡度逐渐变小,坡底无陡坎,无法确定坡脚位置,前缘位置大幅度后退(图7d图7e)。以B–B' 剖面为例(图7i),两次观测期间,斜坡平均宽度约为10.1 m,前缘位置后退约1.7 m,斜坡平均高度降低约0.14 m,坡脚无明显后退,坡顶处坡度增大,近乎垂直。沉积物亏损主要发生在坡顶,表现出陡坎前缘的雏形(图8)。
区域3前缘处的地形斜坡自陆向海表现为先陡后变缓,再变陡,坡底出现陡坎,但高度较区域1更小。前缘位置和斜坡坡脚均出现后退(图7f图7g)。以C–C' 剖面为例(图7j),两次观测期间,斜坡的平均宽度约为4.7 m,前缘位置后退约1 m,斜坡平均高度降低约0.15 m,坡底后退约1.1 m,坡顶和坡底均发生明显沉积物亏损。
由于各区域间距离近,其前缘形态演化过程存在着相似性。区域1前缘的斜坡进一步侵蚀,地形会逐渐接近区域2和区域3。区域3的斜坡继续侵蚀,可能会类似区域2。航拍相片(图8)和DSM均显示区域2已经表现出陡坎前缘的雏形。
此外向海方向上米草斑块可能影响过渡前缘的侵蚀后退。如图7a,蓝色箭头指示了互花米草斑块之间的通道,盐沼或堆积体侵蚀较为剧烈的区域与互花米草斑块间的通道存在一致性。互花米草斑块会阻碍水流,导致水流集中在斑块之间的通道处,加剧了对前缘的冲刷[48]
基于无人机SfM摄影测量方法极大促进了海岸地貌研究,尤其是盐沼–潮滩研究[22, 49]。随着无人机技术不断完善,无人机具有低成本、调查的普适性和可重复性的特点逐渐得到研究者的认可。通过3.1节介绍的方法,我们能够以厘米级的分辨率重建盐沼前缘的三维地貌形态,结合不同时期的重复观测,能够获取大量前缘地貌数据,促进短时间尺度下前缘地貌研究。通过检查点对摄影测量模型进行精度评估,证实了正射影像具有厘米级精度,水平误差小于8 cm。随后引入无地面标志物的验证点有助于评估DSM的精度,在裸露潮滩上精度小于2 cm。这些结果与先前研究的结果类似[20, 22]。我们的分析表明,这种方法能够准确地获得盐沼前缘的地貌形态。相较于卫星遥感、机载激光雷达和传统航空摄影测量,该方法在观测的可重复性、分辨率和精度上具有很大的优势,并且成本更加经济,能够满足监测月际尺度盐沼前缘地形变化的需要。相较于基于点的传统调查方法,通过本次研究的方法能够在保证盐沼前缘最大限度出露的情况下,在一个低潮期内,完成监测直线距离约2 km的盐沼前缘所需的地面控制点布置测量工作和无人机飞行作业,观测效率大幅提升[19]
需要指出的是,在盐沼–潮滩区域内布置和测量标志点是一件具有挑战的工作。不同于对整片盐沼或潮滩进行监测需要将地面控制点均匀布置在整块区域,本次研究中所需控制点的分布集中于盐沼前缘这块狭长的区域内。由于盐沼前缘是盐沼同光滩过渡地带,上面覆盖有植被使得基底更为坚硬,且上覆植被相较于整片盐沼区域中更为矮小稀疏,便于通行,减少了时间和精力的消耗。本次研究中采取的DJI Phantom 4 RTK无人机集成了RTK和PPK两种定位模式,受限于不稳定的网络RTK信号,RTK定位无法稳定工作。不少研究者对PPK方案的无人机摄影测量在各类型地貌研究上的应用进行探究,证实能够减少地面控制点的数量,但并无法免去对于地面控制点的需求[50-51]
对于摄影测量而言,植被的覆盖和潮滩的积水是一个严重的问题。茂密的植被会阻碍光线导致高程数据偏高。潮滩上的浑浊积水以及水–气界面对于折射率的影响都会降低高程数据的准确性[52]。激光雷达和地面激光扫描技术可能是解决植被对于监测盐沼地形影响的解决方案,但这些方法在植被密度较低的情况表现更为优秀,对于茂密植被覆盖的盐沼仍无法提供可靠结果[17, 53]
此外,通过手动提取盐沼前缘位置和区分前缘类型是本次研究中一项极为耗时的工作。为了使整个监测流程更为自动化,这项工作未来可以通过自动化的方法开展。由于植被和各类边缘形态的存在,盐沼前缘往往存在着高程的突然变化,有研究者提出可以通过高程数据自动提取盐沼前缘位置[41-42]。此外,还可以通过图像分类技术对正射影像和高程数据进行边缘检测来确定盐沼前缘位置[42, 54]。通过遥感高程数据,还可以通过定量方法实现盐沼前缘类型的分离[16]。基于无人机SfM摄影测量技术为自动提取前缘位置和前缘类型分类提供高分辨率、大面积、可重复的数据支持,融合以上技术,能够实现快速监测盐沼前缘位置和类型变化。
研究区域内的盐沼前缘类型分布并不均匀,陡坎前缘和光滑前缘是最常见的类型,过渡前缘相对较少。由于过渡前缘存在沉积物堆积体和盐沼斑块的遮蔽,导致其地形较为复杂,此类型往往不会在盐沼持续存在[48]。观测结果也证明了这一点,过渡前缘在6个月内发生了大幅度侵蚀,地形变化剧烈,并出现了向陡坎前缘转变的趋势。因此,过渡前缘可能并不是一种稳定的前缘类型。相比之下,光滑前缘和陡坎前缘的优势表明,这是两种相对稳定的前缘类型。尽管陡坎前缘也出现侵蚀后退,但在过程中保持了类型的稳定,这可能与陡坎前缘侵蚀机制有关。
几乎所有的光滑前缘都没有盐沼斑块遮蔽,处于暴露环境中,其位置并未发生明显变化。而过渡前缘都处于遮蔽环境中,其位置变化剧烈。两种环境之间的地形差异很可能是由于背景地形(暴露环境中前缘处是宽而平的潮滩而遮蔽环境下前缘处存在盐沼斑块和复杂的潮沟)导致的水动力差异。盐沼前缘的形态变化受到了地形演化自组织过程和外界的共同影响[14]
这项研究证实了盐沼前缘类型同平面轮廓复杂程度以及前缘侵蚀速率存在关系。平面轮廓较为曲折的陡坎边缘和过渡边缘侵蚀速率远超过平面轮廓较为平顺的光滑边缘。我们的结果在更小的时空尺度上支持了Leonardi等[15]提出的观点,这为快速评估盐沼前缘的脆弱程度提供了支持。
过渡前缘作为前缘的中间形态,其剧烈变化引起了我们的关注。通过观测短时间尺度上过渡前缘的三维形态变化,我们发现过渡前缘表现出不同的地形变化特征。由于发生不同变化的几处过渡前缘位置接近,外界条件类似,其地貌演化过程应当存在关联性。这里我们提出一种过渡前缘形态变化过程:当过渡前缘地形表现为上部斜坡下部陡坎(区域1),水位在下部陡坎顶部和光滩之间,波浪能量对于前缘的作用集中于下部的陡坎,而一旦水面超过下部陡坎位置,波浪对于冲击会迅速减少,潮流能量会大量耗散在较长的斜坡上,植被边界受到的冲击较弱[55-56],因此出现下部陡坎快速侵蚀后退,上部斜坡蚀低,植被边界无明显后退;当下部陡坎持续后退,沉积物支撑能力有限,过高的陡坎高度和波浪冲击共同影响下,下部陡坎会出现崩塌,产生的块体会堆积在前缘处[57],斜坡长度缩短,较短的斜坡只能耗散小部分波浪,盐沼植被受到持续冲击,因此在斜坡出现下蚀后退的同时,植被边界也出现了后退(区域3);由于盐沼植物的根系能增加沉积物抵抗冲击的能力,当斜坡接近植被边界,易受侵蚀能力的差异导致斜坡侵蚀速度大于盐沼,前缘地貌出现陡坎前缘的雏形(区域2)。盐沼边缘形态转换是复杂过程,但在较小的时间或者空间尺度下,可能受到单一过程的控制。本文提出的模型可能代表了过渡前缘向陡坎前缘转换的一种潜在过程。
(1)通过精度验证,证实了无人机SfM摄影测量重建的盐沼前缘高分辨率的正射影像和DSM具有厘米级的水平和垂向精度。这一方法兼具了使用全站仪和GNSS-RTK的基于点的传统地形调查的可重复性和激光雷达的高分辨率,同时效率高于前者,成本远低于后者,适用于难以通行的区域,能够监测盐沼前缘在不同时间尺度(如大小潮、月季、季节性、年际等)下的形态变化,显示了以厘米级的精度快速获取区域地貌的巨大潜力。
(2)在江苏省盐城市大丰区海岸盐沼开展两次无人机调查数据,用于确定盐沼前缘位置、划分前缘类型、定量刻画地形变化。研究发现:光滑和陡坎前缘占优势,形态稳定;光滑前缘平面轮廓复杂,后退速率小,过渡和陡坎前缘轮廓平直,后退明显;过渡前缘地形变化剧烈,向陡坎前缘转变。
(3)该方法还有助于精确表征盐沼–潮滩系统小尺度的表面特征(如潮沟、盐沼斑块、盐沼轮廓、植被疏密、积水塘、动物扰动等)的时空分布,对于潮滩–盐沼系统发育演化过程研究具有重要意义。这些小尺度的数据可以融合到更大尺度的数据(如卫星遥感、传统航空摄影测量等)中以解决盐沼–潮滩系统形态特征空间分布的精细表征和可靠放大,有助于在多尺度上认识盐沼演化过程。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41676077, 42076172)
  • 2021江苏省自然资源发展专项资金(海洋科技创新)项目(JSZRHYKJ202115)
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2022年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022147
  • 接收时间:2021-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-22
  • 修回日期:2022-06-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(41676077, 42076172)
2021江苏省自然资源发展专项资金(海洋科技创新)项目(JSZRHYKJ202115)
作者信息
    1.南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院 海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
    2.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3.河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210024
    4.南京师范大学 海洋科学与工程学院,江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

于谦(1982-),副教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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