Article(id=1224798730621178392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1643212800000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-27, revisedDate=1651075200000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944373040, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1667232000000, pubDateStr=2022-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944373040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944373040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944373040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798727609663509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944372322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996107149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798731451650593, articleId=1224798730621178392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Variations in winter sea ice extent and its responses to atmospheric forcing in the Bering Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Bering Sea is one of the most obvious areas with reduced winter sea ice in Arctic region. The seasonal and long-term variations of sea ice in this region are closely related to the local climate, hydrological environment and ecosystem, as well as to Chinese weather and climate. In order to identify the long-term variation of winter sea ice in this region, the trend and spatial difference of sea ice extent in Bering Sea from 1960 to 2020 were analyzed by using the sliding t-test and linear regression analysis method based on Hadley Center data, and the effects of atmospheric forcing, such as general circulation, on sea ice change were analyzed. The results showed that the winter sea ice extent of the Bering Sea decreased significantly from 1960 to 2020, and there were significant abrupt changes in the 1970s and around 2000. During these processes, the Aleutian low pressure center and low pressure were strengthened, the core position shifted to the west of Bering Sea and the corresponding wind field distribution changes. Such process has a nearly 20-year cycle of oscillation. At the same time, the phase change of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation can regulate the meridional wind by changing the sea level pressure, and alter the thermal advection into the Bering Sea, thus affecting the winter sea ice extent. Therefore, winter sea ice in the Bering Sea is mainly controlled both by the Aleutian low pressure system and the North Pacific decadal oscillation, as well as the gerneral climate warming.

, correspAuthors=Ruibo Lei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan Yuan, Fanyi Zhang, Ruibo Lei, Guosheng Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798736749056744, articleId=1224798730621178392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=冬季白令海海冰范围变化及其对大气响应机制研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白令海是冬季北极海冰变化最明显的区域之一,该区域海冰的季节和长期变化与局地的气候、水文环境和生态系统密切相关,并会影响我国的天气气候过程。为了识别该区冬季海冰的长期变化,基于Hadley中心数据,采用滑动t检验和线性回归分析方法对白令海1960–2020年海冰范围的变化趋势及其空间差异进行分析,并分析了海冰变化对大气环流等大气强迫的影响。结果表明:白令海冬季海冰范围在1960–2020年显著减小,20世纪70年代和2000年前后白令海海冰范围存在显著的均值突变。其过程中伴随着阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置向白令海西部偏移以及对应风场分布的变化,这个过程存在一个近20 a周期的振荡。同时,太平洋年代际震荡的相位变化可以通过改变海平面气压来调节经向风,改变进入白令海的热平流,进而影响白令海冬季海冰范围。因此,阿留申低压系统和北太平洋年代际振荡对冬季白令海海冰的变化起到重要的调节作用。

, correspAuthors=雷瑞波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
雷瑞波,主要从事极地海冰过程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QcIWfFQKUO9nZsWZZjpCYg==, magXml=mH++lxV/NxK48Typb2z+mA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=kUQ6W8gdYvHnZciD5nEySw==, pdfFileSize=2197670, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gD0bV6bX1p9jKwt1s4WJ6A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=u1TtD9KoF7HO4g1mMhMrgQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

袁泉(1997-),男,安徽省萧县人,研究方向为极地海洋学。E-mail:

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冬季白令海海冰范围变化及其对大气响应机制研究
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袁泉 1, 2 , 张凡一 2, 3 , 雷瑞波 2, * , 张国胜 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(11): 31-41
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(11): 31-41
冬季白令海海冰范围变化及其对大气响应机制研究
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袁泉1, 2 , 张凡一2, 3, 雷瑞波2, * , 张国胜1
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.中国极地研究中心 自然资源部极地科学重点实验室,上海 200136
  • 3.武汉大学 中国南极测绘中心,湖北 武汉 430079
  • 袁泉(1997-),男,安徽省萧县人,研究方向为极地海洋学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

雷瑞波,主要从事极地海冰过程研究。E-mail:
Variations in winter sea ice extent and its responses to atmospheric forcing in the Bering Sea
Quan Yuan1, 2 , Fanyi Zhang2, 3, Ruibo Lei2, * , Guosheng Zhang1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200136, China
  • 3. Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2022-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022117
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白令海是冬季北极海冰变化最明显的区域之一,该区域海冰的季节和长期变化与局地的气候、水文环境和生态系统密切相关,并会影响我国的天气气候过程。为了识别该区冬季海冰的长期变化,基于Hadley中心数据,采用滑动t检验和线性回归分析方法对白令海1960–2020年海冰范围的变化趋势及其空间差异进行分析,并分析了海冰变化对大气环流等大气强迫的影响。结果表明:白令海冬季海冰范围在1960–2020年显著减小,20世纪70年代和2000年前后白令海海冰范围存在显著的均值突变。其过程中伴随着阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置向白令海西部偏移以及对应风场分布的变化,这个过程存在一个近20 a周期的振荡。同时,太平洋年代际震荡的相位变化可以通过改变海平面气压来调节经向风,改变进入白令海的热平流,进而影响白令海冬季海冰范围。因此,阿留申低压系统和北太平洋年代际振荡对冬季白令海海冰的变化起到重要的调节作用。

海冰范围  /  白令海  /  变化趋势  /  太平洋年代际震荡  /  阿留申低压

The Bering Sea is one of the most obvious areas with reduced winter sea ice in Arctic region. The seasonal and long-term variations of sea ice in this region are closely related to the local climate, hydrological environment and ecosystem, as well as to Chinese weather and climate. In order to identify the long-term variation of winter sea ice in this region, the trend and spatial difference of sea ice extent in Bering Sea from 1960 to 2020 were analyzed by using the sliding t-test and linear regression analysis method based on Hadley Center data, and the effects of atmospheric forcing, such as general circulation, on sea ice change were analyzed. The results showed that the winter sea ice extent of the Bering Sea decreased significantly from 1960 to 2020, and there were significant abrupt changes in the 1970s and around 2000. During these processes, the Aleutian low pressure center and low pressure were strengthened, the core position shifted to the west of Bering Sea and the corresponding wind field distribution changes. Such process has a nearly 20-year cycle of oscillation. At the same time, the phase change of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation can regulate the meridional wind by changing the sea level pressure, and alter the thermal advection into the Bering Sea, thus affecting the winter sea ice extent. Therefore, winter sea ice in the Bering Sea is mainly controlled both by the Aleutian low pressure system and the North Pacific decadal oscillation, as well as the gerneral climate warming.

sea ice extent  /  Bering Sea  /  variation trend  /  Pacific decadal oscillation  /  Aleutian low pressure
袁泉, 张凡一, 雷瑞波, 张国胜. 冬季白令海海冰范围变化及其对大气响应机制研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (11) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022117
Quan Yuan, Fanyi Zhang, Ruibo Lei, Guosheng Zhang. Variations in winter sea ice extent and its responses to atmospheric forcing in the Bering Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (11) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022117
自20世纪以来,全球地面气温(Surface Air Temperature,SAT)普遍上升,在北极秋冬季尤其显著[1],在边缘海春、夏季节增暖同样明显。然而,北极变暖也并不是一个绝对的线性趋势,数据显示,2008年冬季白令海区域经历异常低温的天气[2]。气候变暖是驱动海洋增暖的主要因素,白令海东部海架的长期系泊潜标的观测数据表明,2001–2003年春季和夏季的海洋温度比1995–1997年的平均温度高2℃[1, 3],这种变暖至少持续到21世纪中叶[4]。气候变暖的北极放大效应已经使得北极海冰减少成为现实,夏季主要表现为北冰洋陆架区域的海冰退缩,以楚科奇海和波弗特海最为显著,冬季海冰的变化主要出现在外围的海区,其中巴伦支海和白令海区域最为显著[5]
白令海处于独特的位置,针对白令海的研究可以帮助理解北极太平洋一侧的气–冰–海相互作用,及其对生态系统的影响。白令海北部的海冰最晚在11月开始形成,海冰可能会持续到翌年6月[6]。大部分海冰形成于北部沿岸陆架,然后在盛行的东北偏北风作用下向南扩散。白令海大陆架边缘海冰的形成、运动和融化对控制海洋和大气之间的热交换以及海洋的层化起着重要作用[7]。海冰生长释放大量盐分,而海冰的融化会产生淡水。这些过程对影响白令海生态系统的物理条件至关重要。白令海是世界上主要的海洋生态系统之一,这里的海冰为微生物、鸟类和海洋哺乳动物提供栖息地,并影响鲸鱼和海鸟等海洋动物的迁徙路线[8]。在白令海北部,海冰和海水通过白令海峡进入北冰洋,使白令海成为连接北冰洋和太平洋的唯一通道。
东亚冬季风是北半球冬季最活跃的大气环流系统之一,它可以对东亚和西北太平洋的局地天气和气候产生强烈影响[9-14] 。Li等[15]利用Hadley中心的海冰数据,分析了1969–2001年期间白令海海冰和东亚冬季风的年际变化之间的关系。结果表明,白令海海冰与亚洲–北太平洋地区的局地和大尺度大气环流密切相关。有研究指出[15],白令海海冰是影响东亚冬季风变化的因素之一,即当海冰较多时,东亚冬季风环流减弱;当海冰较少时,东亚冬季风环流增强。
过去几十年,白令海气候的变化是北太平洋气候变化中较大的一部分,这一变化与冬季阿留申地区海水温度升高和海平面压力降低有关。各种气候指数已被用来描述白令海气候的变化,如太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)[16]、北太平洋指数(North Pacific Index,NPI或NP)[17]和北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)[18-19]。NP表征了冬季平均阿留申低压的强度,而AO是北极海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)变率的主要模态,也与阿留申低压有关[20]。20世纪70、80年代,北太平洋海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)变化的主导模态PDO处于正位相,北美西海岸海温升高。最近,PDO在正、负相位之间频繁转换,没有一个持续的模式。ENSO事件也可能通过遥相关影响东白令海[21-22]
目前,国内外学者对白令海海冰变化的研究主要从两个方面展开:一方面,通过研究局地气象和海洋因素对海冰变化的影响来展开分析。结果表明,白令海海冰异常总是伴随着局地风场北向分量的异常[23],同时白令海东部(西部)风暴的增加对应着海冰范围的减少(扩大)[24];Sasaki和Minobe[25]利用奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)方法研究了白令海海冰与风场的关系,发现提前1个月的1 000 hPa局地风强迫异常对冬春季海冰(异常)的变化有很大影响,北风和西北风异常导致海冰范围增加。另一方面,以大尺度大气和海洋物理过程为背景,研究了太平洋海气系统对该地区海冰变化的影响。对于白令海来说,阿留申低压位置的变化将导致白令海海冰范围的显著变化[26],而阿留申低压位置的变化比白令海中心压力的变化更重要[27]。胡宪敏等[28]采用滑动 t检验和小波分析方法对白令海和楚科奇海1953–2004年海冰范围的年际变化、年代际变化和总体趋势变化进行分析。结果表明,阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置偏移以及对应风场分布的变化是导致白令海海冰范围明显缩小的主要动力原因。Frey等[29]利用卫星数据研究了2003–2010年白令海海冰区域的大气辐散及其与对流层低层和海面热交换的关系,他们发现白令海的海冰是由风和热力因素共同驱动的。然而,目前针对白令海海冰变化及其大气响应开展系统分析的研究较少,这限制了对白令海海冰长期变化及其空间差异的系统性认识。
本文将以白令海海冰长期变化为研究重点,从白令海冬季海冰范围入手,分析研究1960–2020年冬季海冰范围的年际变化、年代际变化、突变及其机制和空间差异特征,并试图分析局地气象场和大尺度大气环流影响此区域海冰变化的机制,为研究和评价该区域气候和生态系统的变化,以及白令海气候变化对我国天气气候的潜在影响奠定基础。
本文研究的白令海区域选取为50°~65°N,160°E~155°W,白令海与阿拉斯加湾被阿拉斯加半岛隔开,超过200×104 km2,东部和东北部与阿拉斯加接壤,西部与俄罗斯远东和堪察加半岛相邻,南部与阿拉斯加半岛和阿留申群岛相邻,北靠白令海峡,后者连接白令海和北冰洋的楚科奇海。最低纬度限制在50°N的主要原因是研究时段内白令海海冰最大范围仅覆盖至51°N附近。
所使用的海冰范围资料来自英国Hadley气候预报中心(Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research)HadISST1数据集的长期全球月平均海冰密集度(Sea Ice Concentration, SIC)网格数据,水平分辨率为1°×1°,数据是从1870年起至今持续在更新的月数据。HadISST1数据集中包括海表面气温和SIC。发展HadISST1数据的主要目的之一是用于全球大气环流模式(AGCMs)的海冰强迫以更好地评估大气–海洋的耦合模式。该数据集利用了:Walsh的北半球海冰浓度图表、五大湖区海冰数据(来自加拿大环境部的五大湖环境研究实验室和美国海岸警卫队)、NCDC数据、GSFC(Goddard Space Flight Center)的SMM/I数据和NCEP极地再分析数据。在1978年以前主要利用多源观测数据来进行反演,1978年以后则利用卫星遥感数据进行反演[30]
本文选取了从1960年1月至2020年12月共计61 a的冬季(1–3月,JFM)作为研究的时间范围,该季节是白令海海冰变化最明显的季节[26]。选取该数据的主要原因是其时间跨度达到了61 a,有利于分析海冰范围的年代际变化。Cai等[31]利用该数据详细分析了北冰洋不同区域夏季海冰的时空变化特征,但并没有讨论白令海海冰的变化,因此,本研究是首次利用该数据集(也是目前国际上时间序列最长的海冰密集度数据集)进行白令海冬季海冰变化特征分析。
使用美国冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Center, NSIDC)提供的月平均海冰密集度数据作为验证数据[32],该数据来源于被动微波传感器,包括搭载在Nimbus-7卫星上的扫描多通道微波辐射计(SMMR)、国防气象卫星计划(DMSP)-F8、F11和F13卫星上的专用微波成像仪(SSM/I)和F17上的专用微波成像仪/测深仪(SSMIS),其密集度估计融合了两个较为完善的算法,包括NASA Team(NT)算法[33]和 NASA Bootstrap(BT)算法[34]。验证数据使用时间段为1979年至2020年的冬季,空间分辨率为25 km×25 km。
气象资料是美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和大气研究中心(NCAR)的再分析月平均数据[35],主要变量包括表面气压、纬向风、经向风、海表面温度和地面气温,水平分辨率为2.5°×2.5°,选用的大气数据与海冰数据的时间范围一致,均为1960年初至2020年底。
针对Hadley气候预报中心提供的海冰密集度数据,我们采用了Parkinson等[36]的计算方法来计算海冰范围,即把海冰密集度≥15%的单元格面积进行累加,进而得到了整个研究区域的月平均海冰范围时间序列。在此基础上,使用最小二乘法对其进行趋势分析,然后采用步长为10 a的滑动t检验分析其突变情况;进而通过不同时段的气象场数据异常的相关性分析来解释突变前后的大气强迫对白令海海冰的影响。
空间上,气候平均的白令海冬季海冰总体表现为东多西少、北多南少的空间分布特点(图1)。其中在175°E附近的海冰相对于同一纬度下的其他海冰偏少,平均海冰密集度大于15%的区域在东西伯利亚地区主要是沿着陆架坡折分布,而在阿拉斯加地区的海冰则是沿经向由南向北递增分布。白令海冬季平均海冰密集度在空间上沿海冰密集度15%线附近变化最大(图2),其中除了堪察加半岛东部沿海表现为增大趋势之外,其余海域都呈现出减小的趋势(p<0.01),在布里斯托湾附近减小的速度最快,平均每年减小0.7%。
图3给出了研究区域两套数据计算出的冬季海冰范围变化趋势。Hadley气候预报中心数据相比于NSIDC观测数据,其计算得到的海冰范围在1996−2011年偏小。且除了1988年的NSIDC数据由于1月海冰数据缺测导致的数据差异较大之外,整体变化趋势匹配度较好。在重叠的观测期(1979–2020年),两套数据给出的海冰范围的平均偏差是1.9×104 km2(也就是2.52%),均能反映冬季海冰范围的快速减小趋势。因此,可以认为Hadley气候预报中心提供的数据尽管分辨率比较低,但对于应用于海冰范围变化趋势的研究是可行且合理的,相对NSIDC数据具有更长的时间序列,有利于识别海冰范围年代际的变化及其突变点。
图3可以清晰的看出在1960–2020年冬季时段内的白令海海冰范围整体表现出显著的减小趋势(3 337 km2/a;p<0.01)。白令海冬季海冰每2~3 a都会发生一次较大的波动,特别是在1976–1979年、1995–2001年、2012–2018年前后出现了较大幅度的波动。同时我们注意到,1995–2001年间白令海冬季海冰范围发生了频繁的波动,而在1976–1979年、2012–2018年出现了分别高达45×104 km2和52×104 km2的明显减小。图3中“○”标记的年份为标准化距平大于1的年份,且这些年份都分布在海冰大幅度减小事件发生的前后。海冰范围的最大值出现在1976年,为109×104 km2;最小值出现在2018年,仅为37×104 km2
图3可以看出白令海冬季的海冰范围尽管呈显著减小的趋势,然而也存在一定的波动,且存在一定的海冰异常年份,因此对白令海海冰范围做窗口长度为10 a的滑动t检验来检验其异常年的海冰突变是否显著(图4)。可以看到在1977年前后、1996–2001年之间的白令海冬季海冰范围分别存在一次较强的突变和两次相对较弱的突变(p<0.01),这与上面我们提到的海冰范围的大幅度波动事件可以很好地匹配。经过步长为10 a的滑动t检验,白令海冬季海冰范围变化表现出更明显的周期性。对于2012–2018年的海冰减少事件,则由于滑动步长的关系,突变性无法通过t临界值来参考,需要利用其他方法来验证其突变性,将在下文中展示。
白令海冬季海冰范围在1960–2020年发生过多次显著突变(图4),根据突变性可以将白令海冬季海冰变化分为4个时间段,分别为1960–1976年、1977–2001年、2002–2012年、2013–2020年,这里各个阶段命名为Q1–Q4。Q1的冬季平均海冰范围为89×104 km2,Q2的冬季平均海冰范围为80×104 km2,Q3的冬季平均海冰范围为76×104 km2,Q4的冬季平均海冰范围为68×104 km2。其中Q1–Q2和Q3–Q4的海冰范围变化较大,分别减小了10.6%和10.2%。
Q1时期白令海冬季海冰范围整体上表现为缓慢的增加趋势,平均年增长率为1.0×104 km2/a,但是年际波动较大,其线性相关性不显著。Q2时期白令海冬季海冰范围表现为缓慢的减小趋势,在此期间平均每年海冰范围减小0.27×104 km2;Q3阶段海冰范围表现为快速的增加趋势,平均年增长率为3.7×104 km2/a;Q4时间段内的海冰快速减小,达到每年4.8×104 km2;Q2–Q4的3个阶段的线性回归都通过了95%显著性检验。通过观察图3的时间序列,我们发现每当白令海冬季海冰范围接近100×104 km2时,从翌年开始的3~5 a内都会发生冬季海冰范围的骤减,在每个突变事件中都有体现,比如1976–1979年和2012–2018年,在两个时间段内,海冰范围分别减小了45×104 km2和72×104 km2;前者海冰密集度减小区域主要分布在诺顿湾的阿拉斯加半岛西侧沿岸海域,后者则主要位于圣劳伦斯岛附近的海域,且在东西伯利亚部分沿海地区和布里斯托湾附近存在较小范围的海冰密集度增加区域(图5)。
为了进一步分析白令海海域冬季海冰发生突变的气候背景,我们将分析突变发生时段更大尺度的气象场变化,进而分析比较两个时间段的白令海海冰异常减少的原因。图6给出了Q1−Q4的4个时期在45°~75°N,150°E~110°W的北太平洋部分区域的冬季平均SLP、平均风矢量及其差值场的空间分布。可以看出,Q1和Q3时期的冬季SLP场在空间上表现为一强一弱的双核结构,两个中心分别位于50°N,170°E的堪察加半岛东南部附近和阿拉斯加湾内,与之对应风场中也存在着强、弱两个气旋中心,白令海峡被偏北风所控制,有利于海冰向南漂移和扩散;而Q2和Q4时期的SLP场中,阿留申低压都较强,且位置发生偏移,表现为位于白令海西部堪察加半岛沿岸地区的单核心结构,白令海峡附近为偏东风,不利于海冰向南漂移和扩散。Q1−Q4的4个时期,阿留申低压强度伴随着海冰范围的波动也存在年代际变化,在这个变化过程中,阿留申低压的中心位置不断发生偏移,且存在着单核–双核转换的过程。Q1、Q2时期风场的差异场表现为在白令海南部边缘的阿留申群岛附近海域存在一个气旋型风场距平。Q3、Q4时期风场的差异场则表现为在阿拉斯加湾附近海域的反气旋型风场距平,即东部核心气旋型减弱。
由于3.3节中滑动窗口的问题,2012–2018年的海冰减少事件显著性无法得到验证,因此为了验证其突变性是否显著,我们选择了和图6相同的区域,针对1976–1979年和2012–2018年的冬季平均SLP、平均风矢量及其差值场的空间分布展开讨论。从图7可以看出,1976和2012年冬季SLP为一强一弱双核结构,两个中心分别位于50°N,170°E的堪察加半岛东南部附近和阿拉斯加湾内,与之对应风场中也存在着强、弱两个气旋中心,白令海峡被偏北风所控制,有利于海冰向南漂移和扩散;而1979和2018年的SLP场中,阿留申低压都较强,且位置发生偏移,表现为位于白令海西部堪察加半岛沿岸地区的单核心结构,白令海峡附近为偏东风,不利于海冰向南漂移和扩散。两个时段风场的差异都表现为堪察加半岛以东的白令海海域产生一个气旋型风场距平,且在阿拉斯加湾附近海域产生反气旋型风场距平,且从差异场来看,2012–2018年的海冰减少事件较1976–1979年的那次更为显著。
上述的风场距平会影响阿留申低压中心的强度和位置,当阿留申低压环流的西中心加强且东中心减弱的时候,会在阿拉斯加湾出现反气旋运动。因此,从北太平洋经过阿拉斯加湾一侧向白令海东北部的经向热通量增加,使得白令海东北部、阿拉斯加半岛沿岸温度升高(图8),和Rodionov等[27]关于阿留申地区气温变化的结果较为一致。阿拉斯加湾的反气旋运动有利于南部的暖湿气流在白令海区域向北输送,从热力学影响海冰生消,扩散或退缩。风场分布的变化加强了海水和海冰的平流输运,在一定程度上也影响了海冰的形成和扩展,导致白令海海冰范围减小(图6图7)。
为了识别海冰变化对局地气候变化的响应规律,图9给出了白令海冬季地面气温(SAT)和海冰范围的时间序列,两者表现出了极强的相关性,相关系数达到了–0.77(p<0.01)。SAT年际变化也比较大,在前文我们提到Q1−Q4的4个时期,都表现了强负相关性,且在图6提到的两个海冰异常减少事件年份中,SAT也表现出了大幅度的异常增温,2012–2018年增温幅度最高可达13°C(图9),可以反映SAT对白令海海冰的影响。因此,白令海海冰范围的减小是热力(SAT和海洋热量控制)和动力(风强迫影响海冰漂移扩散或汇聚)因素共同作用的结果。
白令海的特殊位置,使得其气候和海洋系统对北太平洋气候的变化较为敏感,使得白令海的SAT在阿留申低压强(弱)时期处于暖(冷)状态,进而可能影响到白令海冬季的海冰分布。因此,我们分别计算了NP指数与白令海的SAT、海冰范围的相关性来验证阿留申低压强度是否是白令海海冰范围变化的主导因素。结果表明1960–2020年期间白令海的SAT或海冰范围与NP指数之间直接的相关性或去趋势的相关性都均不显著,除了Q2阶段的海冰范围和NP指数表现出较弱的负相关性,整体相关性。这也就表明,虽然白令海海冰对阿留申低压的变化作出了响应,但是阿留申低压的强度不是白令海冬季SAT和海冰范围变化主导的因素。
Mantua等[16]通过研究阿拉斯加和北美太平洋西北部地区的气候变化与鲑鱼产量之间的关系,表明PDO的相位对阿拉斯加气候有强烈的影响。Papineau[37]、Hartmann和Wendler[38],Wendler和Shulski[39]都对PDO进行了相关的研究,重点是分析其对阿拉斯加气候和海洋环境的影响。后者的研究表明,当PDO值由主要为负相位变为主要为正相位时,整个阿拉斯加的气温会明显升高。白令海的海冰变化伴随着SAT和SST的显著变化,而这些变化又与PDO有关,而与其他气候指数无显著相关(例如AO、NP和ENSO等)[2]。这表明PDO指数可以最有效地解释白令海的气候和海冰变化[39]
图10中,我们绘制了冬季平均PDO指数的时间序列和白令海海平面气压,PDO指数平均以0.146 a−1的速率上升(p<0.01)。当PDO指数处于正相位,表明北太平洋海域正在增温,这种加热作用将增强半永久性阿留申低压。反之,负相位则表示气温较低,SST 较冷,会削弱半长久的阿留申低压[19, 40-42]。PDO对白令海冬季海冰范围有显著的负相关(R=–0.32,p<0.01),其中在Q1、Q2时期的相关性相对较弱。Q1−Q4期间发生了两次PDO的相位转换,Q1、Q3时期的PDO主要位于负相位,表明在这一时期,北太平洋水域正在冷却。Q2、Q4时期的PDO主要位于正相位,表明在这一时期,北太平洋水域正在增温。白令海冬季SLP呈现明显的年际变化,并且总体呈现显著的下降趋势(p<0.01),这表明阿留申低压正在增强。白令海冬季SLP出现了持续20 a的缓慢上升过程,然后在5~10 a内迅速下降至约1 000 hPa。且这种现象出现的时候对应着PDO相位的转变(图10)。
为了验证SLP变化趋势的空间一致性,在图6中定义的北太平洋海域内,175°W南北方向长约2 700 km截面的东西两侧(东部减去西部)的冬季平均海平面气压差。同样,观察到气压差较强的年际变化(图11),同时,该横断面两侧的大气压力总梯度呈现显著增大的趋势(p<0.01),说明白令海西部的气压相比于东部减小的更快,白令海西部的气旋型风场和阿拉斯加湾附近的反气旋性风场增强,因此大气压力差的增大会导致从阿留申群岛到白令海北部的相对温暖的空气平流增多,而从北极到白令海的相对寒冷的空气平流减弱。同时,气压差和白令海海冰范围呈现强负相关性(R=–0.53,p<0.01),这种变化可以解释白令海冬季海冰范围的减小。
基于Hadley中心的北极海冰密集度数据,对白令海冬季海冰的年际变化和总体趋势变化进行分析,并通过局地和大尺度海平面气压场、风场、地面气温场和PDO的变化,探讨了白令海海域海冰范围发生均值突变的可能原因,具体结论如下:
(1)白令海的冬季海冰范围在过去几十年中显著减小,达到3 377 km2/a,这个过程并不是线性的,而是存在一个近20 a周期的振荡。1976–1979年和2012–2018年发生了海冰范围的显著减小。海冰范围的最大值出现在1976年,为109×104 km2;最小值出现在2018年初的冬季,仅为37×104 km2,与Stabeno和Bell[43]的结论相一致。
(2)海冰范围的振荡是伴随着阿留申低压环流强度变化的,当阿留申低压较强的时候,通常表现为一个中心位于白令海西部东西伯利亚地区的单核结构;当阿留申低压较弱的时候,通常表现为一个较强一个较弱的双核结构,较强的核心中心位于白令海东部的阿拉斯加湾。
(3)PDO指数的变化会影响白令海冬季海冰范围,PDO指数在61 a里显著上升,这种上升趋势说明北太平洋海温正在增暖,使得白令海大气压力差增大,进而增强北向经向风,最终导致从阿留申群岛到白令海北部的相对温暖的空气平流增多。而北太平洋的热量可以通过这种暖风平流输送到白令海,使得白令海气温上升,导致白令海海冰的减少。
白令海海冰的突变总是伴随着局地和大尺度的海气系统的突变,比如1976–1979年和2012–2018年的海冰显著减少事件。在这两起事件中,PDO的相位改变影响了阿留申低压和热平流,进而影响白令海区域的风场和热通量,最终影响海冰[20, 40, 44]。另外,海冰范围的年代际振荡和PDO的平均相位也有显著的相关性[16],PDO的相位转换过程会导致海冰的异常突变。因此,海冰时空变化和PDO相位改变之间的关系是下一个研究重点之一。
白令海海冰的突变性减少事件也会对生态和人类活动产生影响,这些影响包括春季藻华的时间[45]、浮游生物的丰度和幼年鳕鱼的存活量;还会影响到白令海的沿海地区居民生活,那里的居民在冬季依靠海冰作为捕鲸和狩猎的平台,并利用海冰保护沿海基础设施免受冬季风暴潮的影响[46]
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41976219)
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2022年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022117
  • 接收时间:2022-01-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-27
  • 修回日期:2022-04-28
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(41976219)
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    1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.中国极地研究中心 自然资源部极地科学重点实验室,上海 200136
    3.武汉大学 中国南极测绘中心,湖北 武汉 430079

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雷瑞波,主要从事极地海冰过程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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