Article(id=1224798729459356179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648137600000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-25, revisedDate=1653753600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944372763, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1667232000000, pubDateStr=2022-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944372763, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944372763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944372763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798727609663509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944372322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996107149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798731799777838, articleId=1224798729459356179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal variations of heat stress in coral reef regions over the South China Sea islands from 1985 to 2019, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Increasing heat stress due to global warming is the main threat to coral reef regions over the South China Sea islands. Coral reefs bleaching events are most often predicted by heat stress, which will benefit the protection and management coral reefs. Degree heating week (DHW) is used to measure the intensity and duration of heat stress experienced on coral reefs, represents the accumulation of positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly at that location over the past 12 week periods. This study utilizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Coral Reef Watch (NOAA-CRW) SST dataset to investigate spatio-temporal in the heat stress of the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands between 1985 to 2019 and its relevance to El Niño. K-means cluster analysis was performed on the 35-year maximum degree heating week values per pixel, and the coral reefs of the South China Sea islands were divided into 6 regions: Nansha−1, Nansha−2, Nansha−3, Dongsha, Xisha and Zhongsha coral reef region. The main results are as following: (1) The maximum DHW of the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands is 0−12.9°C-week, and it decreases from high to low in latitude. (2) The linear fitting method was used to analyze the annual maximum DHW from 1985 to 2019. The results showed that the thermal pressure intensity in the coral reef area of the South China Sea islands showed an upward trend, ranging from 0.013°C to 0.174°C per week. The maximum DHW in the coral reef area of the South China Sea islands appeared in 1998, 2010, 2014. (3) The maximum annual DHW might have caused 93.9% of coral reefs to have more than one bleaching risk event, and 19.6% of coral reefs to have at least one risk of death. (4) The cross-wavelet analysis of monthly mean DHW in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands and Oceanic Niño index shows that there are time-frequency characteristics and time-lag correlation of multi-period 8−32 months resonance period, which confirms that the thermal pressure of coral reefs in the South China Sea islands increases significantly with the occurrence of El Niño events. The time lag correlation analysis shows that Oceanic Niño index is positively correlated with the thermal pressure in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands, and the latter lags behind the former by 7−9 months.

, correspAuthors=Zhenghua Chen, Kefu Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yongqiang Lu, Zhenghua Chen, Kefu Yu, Xin He, Wei Zhang, Sixiang Lan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798735167804026, articleId=1224798729459356179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力时空变化研究分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全球气候变暖引起的热压力增大是南海诸岛珊瑚礁面临的最主要威胁,基于热压力对珊瑚礁白化的评估有利于对其保护和管理。周热度(Degree Heating Week, DHW)可以衡量热压力的强度和持续时间,代表过去连续12周珊瑚礁区海表温度(SST)正异常的累积。本文基于美国国家海洋和大气管理珊瑚礁监测计划(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Coral Reef Watch, NOAA-CRW)海表温度数据集,逐像元对35个年最大周热度数值进行K-means聚类分析,将南海诸岛珊瑚礁区分为6个区域:南沙–1、南沙–2、南沙–3、东沙、西沙和中沙珊瑚礁区。分析南海诸岛珊瑚礁区1985–2019年热压力时空变化及其与El Niño的相关关系。结果表明:(1)南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW为0~12.9℃−周,纬度上由高到低呈现减小变化规律。(2)线性拟合法分析1985–2019年的年最大DHW,显示南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力强度呈现上升趋势,为0.013~0.174℃−周/a,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW出现在1998年、2010年、2014年。(3)年最大DHW可能造成93.9%的珊瑚礁发生超过一次白化的风险,19.6%的珊瑚礁发生超过一次死亡的风险。(4)南海诸岛珊瑚礁区的月均DHW和ONI交叉小波分析显示两者存在多时段8~32个月共振周期的时频特征和时滞相关性,证实南海诸岛珊瑚礁热压力随着厄尔尼诺事件发生而显著增大;时滞相关分析表明,ONI与南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力呈正相关关系,后者滞后于前者7~9个月的时间。

, correspAuthors=陈正华, 余克服, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈正华(1979-),女,重庆市人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋及海岸带的生态和环境研究。E-mail:
余克服(1969-),湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境的研究。E-mail:
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陆永强(1996-),男,贵州省晴隆县人,主要研究热压力对南海珊瑚礁区的胁迫作用。E-mail:

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2.广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
3.广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004, bio={"content":"

陆永强(1996-),男,贵州省晴隆县人,主要研究热压力对南海珊瑚礁区的胁迫作用。E-mail:

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陆永强(1996-),男,贵州省晴隆县人,主要研究热压力对南海珊瑚礁区的胁迫作用。E-mail:

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Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225369392272290060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, companyId=1225369392255512841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225369396961522130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Location of coral reef regions in the South China Sea islands

Geographical distribution of 20 km buffer (a) and K-means clustering partition (b) in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands

, figureFileSmall=D3o63RHWJS0Iy1fNx/gbXQ==, figureFileBig=FK8Fzrl1Wt/M1oNllgp97g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397083156950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海诸岛珊瑚礁研究区

南海诸岛珊瑚礁区20 km缓冲(a)和K-means聚类分区(b)的地理空间分布(地图底图来自国家基础地理信息中心,网址:http://www.ngcc.cn/ngcc/)

, figureFileSmall=D3o63RHWJS0Iy1fNx/gbXQ==, figureFileBig=FK8Fzrl1Wt/M1oNllgp97g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397213180383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The violin plots of the annual maximum degree heating week in the coral reef regions of ​​the South China Sea islands, figureFileSmall=T9dwc22NnJoVjmq28hgWSA==, figureFileBig=7Px18euH003cahU9esW6Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397318037988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=CN, label=图2, caption=南海诸岛珊瑚礁区年最大周热度小提琴图, figureFileSmall=T9dwc22NnJoVjmq28hgWSA==, figureFileBig=7Px18euH003cahU9esW6Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397414506988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Heat stress heterogeneity changes in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands from 1985 to 2019

Percentage histogram of the distribution of maximum degree heating weeks (DHW) (a), annual trend of maximum DHW (b), maximum DHW value in each year (c), frequency of annual maximum DHW ≥ 4℃-weeks (d), frequency of annual maximum DHW ≥ 8℃-weeks (e)

, figureFileSmall=LW0y3N2fx/IWlNzQXF21CA==, figureFileBig=3JKky6ujidNqqvZm6FCCfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397498393073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力异质性变化

最大周热度(DHW)(a)、年最大DHW趋势(b)、最大DHW年份(c)、年最大DHW ≥ 4℃−周发生的频数(d)、年最大DHW ≥ 8℃−周发生的频数(e)的百分比直方图

, figureFileSmall=LW0y3N2fx/IWlNzQXF21CA==, figureFileBig=3JKky6ujidNqqvZm6FCCfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397590667766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time series of monthly mean degree heating week (DHW) of coral reef area and oceanic Niño index (ONI) from 1985 to 2019, figureFileSmall=If/q2O2+xRebLQT7LHKZrA==, figureFileBig=k7WycxmLDBgPYBnDrcIACg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397657776632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1985–2019年珊瑚礁区月平均周热度(DHW)和ONI时间序列, figureFileSmall=If/q2O2+xRebLQT7LHKZrA==, figureFileBig=k7WycxmLDBgPYBnDrcIACg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397838131708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The cross wavelet transform characteristics of monthly mean degree heating week (DHW) of Dongsha (a), Xisha (b), Zhongsha (c), Nansha–1 (d), Nansha–2 (e), and Nansha–3 (f) coral reef area with oceanic Niño index (ONI)

The black lines surrounding areas indicate that it has passed the standard red noise test at the 5% significance level. ← denotes the negative phase change between El Niño and DHW, → denotes the same phase change between El Niño and DHW, ↓ denotes that El Niño lags behind DHW for 3 months, ↓ denotes that El Niño advances DHW for 3 months

, figureFileSmall=RFWp23HwrkPYakJQLMZdUQ==, figureFileBig=eoxZ88fXD7Qw1/O6KPkjPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397997515268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729459356179, language=CN, label=图5, caption=东沙(a)、西沙(b)、中沙(c)、南沙–1(d)、南沙–2(e)、南沙–3(f)珊瑚礁区月平均周热度(DHW)和ONI的交叉小波能量谱

黑线包围区域内表示其通过5%显著性水平的标准红噪声检验。←表示El Niño与DHW为负位相变化,→表示El Niño与DHW为同位相变化,↓表示El Niño落后DHW变化3个月,↑表示El Niño超前DHW 3个月

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1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力时空变化研究分析
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陆永强 1, 2, 3 , 陈正华 1, 2, 3, * , 余克服 1, 2, 3, * , 何鑫 1, 2, 3 , 张威 1, 2, 3 , 兰思香 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(11): 179-190
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(11): 179-190
1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力时空变化研究分析
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陆永强1, 2, 3 , 陈正华1, 2, 3, * , 余克服1, 2, 3, * , 何鑫1, 2, 3, 张威1, 2, 3, 兰思香1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 2.广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
  • 3.广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
  • 陆永强(1996-),男,贵州省晴隆县人,主要研究热压力对南海珊瑚礁区的胁迫作用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈正华(1979-),女,重庆市人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋及海岸带的生态和环境研究。E-mail:
余克服(1969-),湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境的研究。E-mail:
Spatio-temporal variations of heat stress in coral reef regions over the South China Sea islands from 1985 to 2019
Yongqiang Lu1, 2, 3 , Zhenghua Chen1, 2, 3, * , Kefu Yu1, 2, 3, * , Xin He1, 2, 3, Wei Zhang1, 2, 3, Sixiang Lan1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2. Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 3. Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2022-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022129
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全球气候变暖引起的热压力增大是南海诸岛珊瑚礁面临的最主要威胁,基于热压力对珊瑚礁白化的评估有利于对其保护和管理。周热度(Degree Heating Week, DHW)可以衡量热压力的强度和持续时间,代表过去连续12周珊瑚礁区海表温度(SST)正异常的累积。本文基于美国国家海洋和大气管理珊瑚礁监测计划(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Coral Reef Watch, NOAA-CRW)海表温度数据集,逐像元对35个年最大周热度数值进行K-means聚类分析,将南海诸岛珊瑚礁区分为6个区域:南沙–1、南沙–2、南沙–3、东沙、西沙和中沙珊瑚礁区。分析南海诸岛珊瑚礁区1985–2019年热压力时空变化及其与El Niño的相关关系。结果表明:(1)南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW为0~12.9℃−周,纬度上由高到低呈现减小变化规律。(2)线性拟合法分析1985–2019年的年最大DHW,显示南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力强度呈现上升趋势,为0.013~0.174℃−周/a,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW出现在1998年、2010年、2014年。(3)年最大DHW可能造成93.9%的珊瑚礁发生超过一次白化的风险,19.6%的珊瑚礁发生超过一次死亡的风险。(4)南海诸岛珊瑚礁区的月均DHW和ONI交叉小波分析显示两者存在多时段8~32个月共振周期的时频特征和时滞相关性,证实南海诸岛珊瑚礁热压力随着厄尔尼诺事件发生而显著增大;时滞相关分析表明,ONI与南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力呈正相关关系,后者滞后于前者7~9个月的时间。

珊瑚白化  /  周热度  /  热压力  /  厄尔尼诺  /  南海

Increasing heat stress due to global warming is the main threat to coral reef regions over the South China Sea islands. Coral reefs bleaching events are most often predicted by heat stress, which will benefit the protection and management coral reefs. Degree heating week (DHW) is used to measure the intensity and duration of heat stress experienced on coral reefs, represents the accumulation of positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly at that location over the past 12 week periods. This study utilizes the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Coral Reef Watch (NOAA-CRW) SST dataset to investigate spatio-temporal in the heat stress of the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands between 1985 to 2019 and its relevance to El Niño. K-means cluster analysis was performed on the 35-year maximum degree heating week values per pixel, and the coral reefs of the South China Sea islands were divided into 6 regions: Nansha−1, Nansha−2, Nansha−3, Dongsha, Xisha and Zhongsha coral reef region. The main results are as following: (1) The maximum DHW of the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands is 0−12.9°C-week, and it decreases from high to low in latitude. (2) The linear fitting method was used to analyze the annual maximum DHW from 1985 to 2019. The results showed that the thermal pressure intensity in the coral reef area of the South China Sea islands showed an upward trend, ranging from 0.013°C to 0.174°C per week. The maximum DHW in the coral reef area of the South China Sea islands appeared in 1998, 2010, 2014. (3) The maximum annual DHW might have caused 93.9% of coral reefs to have more than one bleaching risk event, and 19.6% of coral reefs to have at least one risk of death. (4) The cross-wavelet analysis of monthly mean DHW in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands and Oceanic Niño index shows that there are time-frequency characteristics and time-lag correlation of multi-period 8−32 months resonance period, which confirms that the thermal pressure of coral reefs in the South China Sea islands increases significantly with the occurrence of El Niño events. The time lag correlation analysis shows that Oceanic Niño index is positively correlated with the thermal pressure in the coral reef regions of the South China Sea islands, and the latter lags behind the former by 7−9 months.

coral bleaching  /  degree heating weeks  /  heat stress  /  El Niño  /  South China Sea
陆永强, 陈正华, 余克服, 何鑫, 张威, 兰思香. 1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力时空变化研究分析. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (11) : 179 -190 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022129
Yongqiang Lu, Zhenghua Chen, Kefu Yu, Xin He, Wei Zhang, Sixiang Lan. Spatio-temporal variations of heat stress in coral reef regions over the South China Sea islands from 1985 to 2019[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (11) : 179 -190 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022129
珊瑚礁是世界上生物多样性最丰富的生态系统,被称为海洋里的“热带雨林”,对人类和海洋生物有着重要的意义[1-2]。近几十年来全球气候变暖造成海表温度(SST)上升[3],导致大规模珊瑚礁白化和死亡[4]。SST超过夏季最高温度1℃,珊瑚便会受到热压力影响排出体内共生的藻类(或共生虫黄藻失去体内色素),珊瑚露出白色的碳酸钙骨架,这种现象称为白化[5-6]。若热压力增强或持续时间过长,珊瑚就会死亡[7]。珊瑚白化对珊瑚礁的生物多样性和生态系统服务功能产生了严重的影响,预计21世纪末全球暖化将导致珊瑚礁减少75%[8]
我国珊瑚礁主要分布在南海诸岛,面积约为30 000 km2,占世界珊瑚礁面积的5%[9-10]。研究发现南海诸岛珊瑚礁正处于快速退化状态[11-12],如西沙群岛2005–2006年活珊瑚平均覆盖度为65%~70%[13],到2015年西沙群岛活珊瑚平均覆盖度为16.3%[11]。南海诸岛珊瑚礁是易受热压力影响的地区之一[14]。有研究表明南海诸岛珊瑚礁的热压力、白化和死亡与厄尔尼诺(El Niño)存在紧密的联系[15],El Niño一方面通过大气桥理论与南海进行大气环流[16],另一方面吕宋海峡海流将El Niño与南海相连[17]。珊瑚白化与热压力有直接关系[18],在南海诸岛珊瑚礁退化的背景下,亟需对南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力及El Niño对其影响展开研究。对于珊瑚礁热压力和白化的研究,传统研究手段大多集中在部分岛礁,南海诸岛珊瑚礁分布零散,研究人员无法定期访问所有珊瑚礁区域[19]。遥感具有覆盖范围广、时间空间分辨率高、成本低、可实现连续观测等特点,随着遥感技术的迭代升级,大范围的珊瑚礁区监测可以通过遥感卫星实现[20-21]
本文将使用美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)珊瑚礁监测中心(CRW)的1985–2019年每日5 km分辨率SST数据集[22-23],对南海诸岛珊瑚礁区的热压力进行时空变化分析,基于热压力评估珊瑚礁白化和死亡的风险。一方面可以探究珊瑚礁对大规模热压力的抵抗能力[24],另一方面可以找出珊瑚礁热胁迫最小的地点,以便找出合适珊瑚礁区避难所[25-26]。珊瑚白化与El Niño显著相关[27],本文将对珊瑚礁区热压力和El Niño进行相关性分析,量化El Niño对南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力变化的影响。对南海诸岛珊瑚礁热压力的研究,有利于科学管理南海珊瑚礁,推进珊瑚礁生态系统的可持续发展[28]
珊瑚礁数据从全球珊瑚礁分布(Global Distribution of Coral Reefs)网站获取,网址https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/1。南海诸岛珊瑚礁远离陆地受到人类活动影响较小,本文将南海诸岛珊瑚礁作为研究区。为了准确评估珊瑚礁区的热压力时空变化,本文将南海珊瑚礁进行20 km缓冲扩展来表示南海珊瑚礁研究区[29]。缓冲后的珊瑚礁区主要分布在东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛(黄岩岛)和南沙群岛(图1a)共4 851个像元,因此本文便将南海珊瑚礁研究区分为东沙珊瑚礁区(20°20′~21°10′N,116°26′~117°10′E)、西沙珊瑚礁区(15°32′~17°18′N,110°59′~112°58′E)、中沙珊瑚礁区(14°53′~15°25′N,117°29′~118°03′E)和南沙珊瑚礁区(7°03′~12°13′N,109°23′~118°02′E)。
海表温度数据选取自美国国家大气与海洋中心管理局珊瑚礁观测计划中心( https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/index.php)的两组数据集:(1)1985年1月1日至2019年12月31日的每日更新5 km SST数据集,该数据集是CRW在2014年发布的每日5 km分辨率的海表温度产品,时间跨度是1985年至今[23];(2)3.1 version 5 km分辨率的最热月平均数据(The Maximum Monthly Mean, MMM),MMM代表1985–2012年每个像元最热月平均气候SST值[30]
本文选取热带太平洋(5°N~5°S, 120°~170°W)海域(即Niño 3.4 区)的海表温度异常(Oceanic Niño Index, ONI)来表征El Niño。ONI来源于NOAA气候预测中心(Climate Prediction Center, CPC)发布的第五版数据集 (https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ENSOstuff/ONI_v5.php),时间选择1985年3月至2019年12月。当Niño 3.4区的海表温度距平值连续5个月超过0.5℃就可以被判定为一次El Niño事件。
周热度(Degree Heating Week, DHW)是表示热压力大小的一个指标[31],表示珊瑚礁区域连续3个月(12周)海表温度超过最热月平均温度(MMM)1℃及以上的累积值。本文用来描述1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力的时空变化。本文逐像元提取南海诸岛珊瑚礁区的SST数据集和MMM数据,基于CRW开发的热压力计算方法算出白化热点(HotSpot, HS)和DHW。其中,HS是海表温度超过最大月平均SST时,表示某个时间点的珊瑚礁受到热胁迫程度[32]。DHW表示最近84 d HS的累计值,在此期间只有HS超过1℃,珊瑚礁区才会受到热胁迫累积[33]。DHW可根据Liu等[34]提出的计算公式求得:
$ \begin{array}{c}{\rm{HS}}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{\rm SST}_{\rm daily}-{\rm MMM},\;\;{\rm SST}_{\rm daily} > {\rm MMM},\\0,\;\;{\rm SST}_{\rm daily}\leqslant {\rm MMM},\end{array}\right.\end{array} $
${\rm DHW}=\frac{1}{7}\sum _{i=1}^{84}\left({\rm HS}_{i},\;{\rm HS}_{i}\geqslant 1^{\circ}{{\rm{C}}}\right), $
式中,$\rm {SST}_{daily}$为每天5 km分辨率的海表温度;当 HS为负值时,珊瑚礁不受热胁迫作用,HS记为0,单位:℃;一个DHW代表一星期的HS大于1℃,单位为℃−周。参照CRW珊瑚白化预警判断标准[23, 35]:当DHW≥4℃−周时,珊瑚礁受到的热胁迫使得珊瑚有白化风险;随着珊瑚礁受到热胁迫的强度提升,当DHW≥8℃−周时,珊瑚礁区的珊瑚存在死亡风险。
热压力胁迫作用可能致使珊瑚礁白化,可用最大周热度(Maximum DHW)来量化[36]。本文计算35 a南海诸岛珊瑚礁区时间序列(每天)逐像元(共4 851个像元)DHW值,逐像元提取每年最大周热度(Annual Maximum DHW)的值。年最大DHW可以表征当年度最大的热压力强度,可用来评估南海诸岛珊瑚礁受到热压力胁迫的程度及其可能的白化和死亡风险[37]。基于NOAA CRW的SST数据集和MMM数据集,计算得到35 a 4 851个像元的年最大DHW值。珊瑚礁区所受的热压力时空变化可以通过以下指标来量化:(1)珊瑚礁区逐像元的最大DHW;(2)基于最小二乘法原理的线性趋势拟合方法[38]来评估1985–2019年珊瑚礁区年最大DHW的变化趋势;(3)珊瑚礁区最大DHW发生的时间;(4)35 a珊瑚礁区热压力造成珊瑚礁白化风险(年最大DHW ≥ 4℃−周)和死亡风险(年最大DHW ≥ 8℃−周)的频数。
南海诸岛珊瑚礁分布在不同纬度上。南沙珊瑚礁面积过大、经纬度跨越范围大,不利于南海诸岛珊瑚礁空间异质性体现。因此本文对南沙珊瑚礁区进行分区,参照Muñiz-Castillo等[39]在加勒比海珊瑚礁的分区方法,将南沙珊瑚礁区35 a的年最大DHW进行K-means聚类分析。为了评估K-means聚类模型的聚类能力与数据的分类效果,引入CH(Calinski–Harabaz)指数(K[40],指数值越高表明该聚类模型对数据的聚类效果越好。当K=3时CH系数最大,聚类效果最好,南沙群岛珊瑚礁可分为3个研究区:南沙–1珊瑚礁区、南沙–2珊瑚礁区和南沙–3珊瑚礁区。因此南海珊瑚礁区(图1b)为:东沙珊瑚礁区、西沙珊瑚礁区、中沙珊瑚礁区、南沙–1珊瑚礁区、南沙–2珊瑚礁区和南沙–3珊瑚礁区。
El Niño事件造成的热通量变化是南海海域SST上升的主要原因[41],本文将对珊瑚礁区的热压力与ONI进行相关性分析。首先对珊瑚礁区每日周热度(Daily DHW)的值进行月平均获得6个珊瑚礁区月均时间序列,提取每个珊瑚礁区DHW的中位数代表其热压力,同时进行pettie非参数检验[42],以确定6个珊瑚礁区月均热压力显著变化时间点。其次,本文对热压力和El Niño进行交叉小波分析(XWT),分析后者对前者的影响。交叉小波分析可以揭示南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力与El Niño在时频中高能量区的能量共振和协方差分布规律,呈现两者的周期相似性和相位关系[43],计算过程参考文献[44];El Niño事件对南海的影响具有滞后性,为了量化南海诸岛珊瑚礁区对El Niño响应的时滞效应,最后本文对月均热压力和El Niño时间序列进行时滞相关分析[45]
本文逐像元提取1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW的值。南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW空间变化如图2所示,最大DHW的大小范围为0~12.9℃–周,最大DHW在空间上呈现西北往东南逐渐减少的变化:东沙珊瑚礁区受到热胁迫最严重,热胁迫最小的是在南沙–1珊瑚礁区。约93.9%的珊瑚礁区DHW≥4℃–周,即热压力可能造成珊瑚礁白化的风险,约19.6%的珊瑚礁区(东沙和部分西沙珊瑚礁区)DHW≥8℃–周,此时存在热压力造成珊瑚礁死亡的风险。由图3a可以看出,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW取值在5~6℃–周的像元数量最多(31.5%),主要分布在南沙和中沙珊瑚礁区。东沙珊瑚礁区最易受到热压力及其造成白化和死亡风险的影响,因为最大热压力都大于11℃–周;西沙珊瑚礁区热压力都大于5℃–周;中沙珊瑚礁区热压力强度为4~7℃–周;南沙–1珊瑚礁区热压力强度为2~7℃–周;南沙–2珊瑚礁区热压力强度在4~8℃–周;南沙–3珊瑚礁区热压力在4~11℃–周。
本文结果显示最大DHW在纬度上呈现由北向南减小的变化规律(图2图3a)。南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力和同纬度的印度洋珊瑚礁区热压力几乎相同,印度洋珊瑚礁区最大DHW为0~13℃−周[46],明显低于同纬度加勒比珊瑚礁区最大DHW的0~25.6℃−周[29]。南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力最强区域在高纬度地区,加勒比珊瑚礁区最强区域在低纬度地区。出现纬度变化原因:一方面是南海SST较低[47],1988–2015年南海珊瑚礁区年平均SST未超过30℃,最高值在南沙珊瑚礁区,最低位于东沙珊瑚礁区;另一方面是该区域最热月平均的值(MMM)较小,其在东沙珊瑚礁区最小,南沙珊瑚礁区最大,造成了热压力在东沙珊瑚礁区最大,南沙珊瑚礁区最小。
南海诸岛珊瑚礁区的热压力在1985–2019年呈上升趋势,如图3b所示,研究区热压力上升趋势的值在0.013~0.174(℃−周)/a之间。在纬度上呈现由北向南逐渐变小:珊瑚礁区年DHW变化趋势最强的区域是东沙珊瑚礁区,都大于0.12(℃−周)/a;西沙珊瑚礁区年最大DHW变化趋势大于0.04(℃−周)/a;中沙珊瑚礁区年最大DHW变化趋势在0.06~0.12(℃−周)/a的区间;南沙–1珊瑚礁区年最大DHW变化趋势为0.02~0.08(℃−周)/a;南沙–2珊瑚礁区年最大DHW变化趋势为0~0.08(℃−周)/a,在南海诸岛珊瑚礁区中变化趋势最小;南沙–3珊瑚礁区年最大DHW变化趋势是0.04~0.12(℃−周)/a。
本文研究结果显示1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力持续增强,与前人研究南海东沙、西沙和南沙珊瑚礁区的急性和慢性热压力都呈现升高趋势一致[48]。枝状珊瑚热胁迫适应性小于块状珊瑚,南海珊瑚优势属从枝状珊瑚属逐渐转化为块状珊瑚属[47],热压力增强是重要原因。东沙珊瑚礁区升温最剧烈,增温速率的值最大[49]。造成热压力上升最主要的因素可能是El Niño事件对海水的增温效果[50],叠加人类气溶胶排放增加导致东亚夏季风减弱[51],云量减少使得太阳有效辐射增加和海气交换的热量损失降低等[52]。以上因素共同作用加强了热压力的增强趋势,纬度上呈现由北向南递减的现象。
南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW主要集中在特定的年份。如图3c显示,南海珊瑚礁区最大DHW出现的时间按像元比例由高到低分别为2010年、2014年、1998年、2016年、2019年和其他年份,与El Niño事件时间匹配[53]。约78.4%南海诸岛珊瑚礁年最大DHW发生在2010年,主要分布在南沙珊瑚礁区和中沙珊瑚礁区;其次是2014年,占南海诸岛珊瑚礁区像元比例约为17.6%,主要分布在西沙珊瑚礁区和南沙北部少许区域。第3个最大年份DHW发生在1998年,占南海诸岛珊瑚礁区像元比例约为2.2%,分布在东沙珊瑚礁区。约1.7%南海诸岛珊瑚礁年最大DHW发生在2015年、2016年和2019年。东沙珊瑚礁区年最大DHW发生在1998年和2007年;西沙珊瑚礁区年最大DHW发生在2014年和2019年;中沙珊瑚礁区年最大DHW发生在2010年、2014年和2016年;南沙–1珊瑚礁区年最大DHW发生在2010年、2014年和2015年;南沙–2和南沙–3珊瑚礁区年最大DHW基本都发生在2010年。
西沙珊瑚礁生态监控区的监测站(永兴岛及七连屿)2007–2015年监测数据显示[54]:平均活珊瑚覆盖度由53.80%下降到5.44%。2011年之前活珊瑚覆盖度急速下降,2011年之后基本平稳;2012–2014年活珊瑚覆盖度有少许恢复,珊瑚补充量增多、珊瑚种类增多;2014年之后活珊瑚平均覆盖率与补充量降低。2007–2014年,热压力不会造成珊瑚礁白化(图2),人类活动、长棘海星暴发以及海洋pH偏低等因素与SST升高叠加是珊瑚覆盖度降低的重要原因[55]。2014–2015年热压力可能有造成西沙珊瑚礁发生白化的风险(图2),这可能是珊瑚礁再次退化的重要原因。2007年5–6月生态调查发现异常高温和过度捕捞的威胁造成南沙群岛渚碧礁和美济礁至少35种珊瑚发生白化[12]。本文结果显示2007年最大DHW不会造成珊瑚礁白化的发生(图2),说明南沙渚碧礁和美济礁的珊瑚白化阈值可能小于4℃-周。珊瑚礁白化是多种因素共同作用,彼此相互影响的结果[13, 56],基于DHW评估珊瑚礁白化可能存在低估的情况。
本文逐像元提取南海珊瑚礁区1985–2019年共35个年最大DHW,频数表示35年的年最大周热度可能造成珊瑚礁白化和死亡风险的次数[4]。当DHW≥4℃−周,热压力可能有造成珊瑚礁发生白化的风险;DHW≥8℃−周,热压力可能有造成珊瑚礁发生死亡的风险[37, 57]。如图3d图3e显示,1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区DHW≥4℃−周的频数为0~13次,约93.9%的珊瑚礁可能有超过1次白化的风险;南海诸岛珊瑚礁区DHW≥8℃−周的频数为0~4次,约19.6%的珊瑚礁可能有超过1次死亡的风险。DHW≥4℃−周和DHW≥8℃−周发生频数在纬度上总体呈现由北向南递减:东沙珊瑚礁区最容易受到白化和死亡风险的影响,热压力可能造成该区全部珊瑚礁超过6次白化风险和2次死亡风险;西沙珊瑚礁区热压力可能造成该区全部珊瑚礁超过2次白化风险,约84.6%的珊瑚礁存在1次死亡风险;中沙珊瑚礁区热压力可能造成该区全部珊瑚礁超过3次白化风险;热压力可能造成南沙–1珊瑚礁区约80%的珊瑚礁,南沙–2和南沙–3珊瑚礁区全部珊瑚礁超过1次白化风险,约18%的南沙–3珊瑚礁区可能发生1次珊瑚死亡事件,中沙、南沙–1和南沙–2珊瑚礁区都没有发生死亡风险。
东沙珊瑚礁区受到的热压力最大,可能经历过多次海表温度异常导致珊瑚白化事件。这与前人的研究结果基本一致[58],例如1998年严重的热白化导致东沙珊瑚礁潟湖内的珊瑚大量白化(超过90%),到2007年珊瑚礁仅呈现初步恢复或几乎没有恢复的状态,异常高温潟湖珊瑚礁再次发生白化[14]。然而,由于吕宋海峡潮汐产生了内波,深部海水间歇上升使得东沙珊瑚礁区环礁北部和东部外礁斜坡的海表温度骤降[59],东沙环礁珊瑚覆盖率仍然很高。内波可能使东沙环礁成为一个独特的珊瑚生态系统,东沙环礁未来可以作为珊瑚的热避难所[58]
南海远岸海域SST升高主要受到El Niño事件导致热通量变化影响[60]。为了研究南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力对El Niño的响应,本文逐像元对1985–2019年南海诸岛6个研究区每日DHW进行月平均处理,选取各礁区中位数代表其月平均DHW值,得到如图4所示的月平均DHW时间序列数据:南海诸岛珊瑚礁区较强的热压力主要出现在1998–1999年、2010–2011年和2014–2017年。pettie非参数检验表明南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力变化时间主要在2010–2014年之间。东沙珊瑚礁区在1998年,西沙珊瑚礁区在2014–2015年,中沙和南沙3个珊瑚礁区在2010年观测出最大热压力事件。1988年以来南海诸岛珊瑚礁区便受到热压力的影响,自2010年以后,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区大部分区域便受到持续的热压力作用。同时,本文发现El Niño事件发生后南海诸岛热压力存在一定时间的滞后增强的现象。
时间序列显示南海诸岛珊瑚礁热压力受到El Niño影响(图4),两者间的相关特征及周期有待进一步深入研究。交叉小波分析可以确定热压力与El Niño显著共振周期性,相互影响的时延相关特征和时频位相关系。图5为南海诸岛珊瑚礁月平均DHW与ONI的交叉小波功率谱,呈现出间歇式的相位动态变化特征:6个珊瑚礁区共同存在3个主要16~64个月的显著共振周期:1998–2000年、2010–2012年以及2014–2017年。1985年之后,南海珊瑚礁的热压力受到El Niño的影响不断增强,2014–2015年之后有所减弱。6个珊瑚礁区的小波功率谱也有不同,东沙珊瑚礁区1998–1999年受到El Niño影响最强,两者存在16~64个月的显著共振周期;西沙珊瑚礁区直到2014年受到El Niño影响弱,2014–2017年两者存在8~16个月的显著共振周期;中沙、南沙–1和南沙–3珊瑚礁区在2010–2012年16~64个月的显著共振周期;南沙–2珊瑚礁区2010年之前受到El Niño影响最小。
6个珊瑚礁研究区热压力事件最强时间段(1998–2000年、2010–2012年以及2014–2017年)与El Niño发生的时间基本吻合,总体呈现反相位变化,通过显著性检验的粗黑线区域内箭头总体特征表现为向上,表明El Niño在主要周期尺度领先热压力不少于π/2个相位。DHW对ONI的响应具有滞后性,ONI值越大,南海诸岛珊瑚礁热压力越大,造成珊瑚白化和死亡的可能性越大。
交叉小波分析已确认南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力与El Niño具有多时段显著滞后共振周期,但是滞后时间不明确。因此本文使用时滞相关分析研究热压力与El Niño的时滞关系。结果如图6所示:El Niño与南海诸岛热压力之间存在较弱的正相关(r>0),存在7~9个月的滞后时间,与贾丹丹等[49]分析南海SSTA滞后于El Niño 3.4区7~8个月时间基本一致。其中,东沙和西沙珊瑚礁区滞后El Niño 9个月时间(图6a图6b),中沙珊瑚礁区滞后El Niño 8个月时间(图6c),南沙3个珊瑚礁区均滞后El Niño 7个月时间(图6d图6f)。总之,El Niño事件发生后产生的延迟效应致使7~9个月后南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力增强,ONI越高DHW越强,珊瑚受到的热胁迫越严重。
本文首先提取南海诸岛6个珊瑚礁区年最大DHW来研究其热压力时空变化规律,并基于年最大DHW评估珊瑚礁白化和死亡风险。其次计算南海诸岛6个珊瑚礁区月平均DHW,利用交叉小波相关分析法和时滞相关分析对月平均DHW和ONI进行相关性分析。得到以下结论:1985–2019年南海诸岛珊瑚礁区中的热压力为0~12.9℃–周,呈上升趋势,在纬度上由北到南呈递减变化;南海诸岛珊瑚礁区最大DHW主要发生在2010年、2014年和1998年;南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力可能造成珊瑚礁白化风险(DHW≥4℃–周)和死亡风险(DHW≥8℃–周)的频数也纬度上由北到南呈递减变化:93.9%的南海诸岛珊瑚礁区可能会发生一次白化风险,80.4%的珊瑚礁区热压力不会引起珊瑚死亡;东沙珊瑚礁区受到的热压力最强,热压力可能造成珊瑚白化和死亡的风险频数最大,南沙–1珊瑚礁区受到热压力的影响最少。El Niño事件影响了南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力(1998–1999年、2010–2011年和2014–2017年)变化,El Niño和热压力之间存在16~64个月显著共振周期的反相位关系,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力会随着El Niño事件发生而滞后增大,南海诸岛珊瑚礁区热压力滞后El Niño事件7~9个月的时间。大部分区域2010年以后热压力强度显著增强,珊瑚礁白化和死亡风险增加。结合西沙珊瑚礁站点监测和南沙(美济礁和渚碧礁)珊瑚礁调查数据,发现多因素互相作用会导致珊瑚礁发生白化,基于热压力对南海诸岛珊瑚礁区白化评估存在低估的可能,南海诸岛珊瑚礁的白化阈值可能小于4℃–周。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42090041,42030502)
  • 广西科技项目(AD17129063,AA17204074)
  • 广西自然科学基金(2018GXNSFAA281100)
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2022年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022129
  • 接收时间:2022-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-25
  • 修回日期:2022-05-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(42090041,42030502)
广西科技项目(AD17129063,AA17204074)
广西自然科学基金(2018GXNSFAA281100)
作者信息
    1.广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004
    2.广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
    3.广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004

通讯作者:

陈正华(1979-),女,重庆市人,副教授,博士,主要从事海洋及海岸带的生态和环境研究。E-mail:
余克服(1969-),湖北省公安县人,教授,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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