Article(id=1224798729186721829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022123, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1637251200000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-19, revisedDate=1651334400000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944372697, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1667232000000, pubDateStr=2022-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944372697, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944372697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944372697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798727609663509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944372322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996107149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798730721837107, articleId=1224798729186721829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Source and sedimentary process of 239+240Pu in the eastern China seas, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study compiled the data of 239+240Pu specific activity, 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio and 239+240Pu flux or inventory in the East China Sea and adjacent waters. Based on the 239+240Pu concentration in atmospheric fallout, 239+240Pu in seawater, 239+240Pu in organisms, 239+240Pu in sediment trap and 239+240Pu in sediment, the geochemical behavior of 239+240Pu were explained in the East China Sea and adjacent waters. The results showed that global fallout and Pacific proving grounds close-in fallout were the two major sources of 239+240Pu. Under the influence of water masses such as the Changjing River diluted water, Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current, Taiwan Warm Current, Kuroshio Current and upwelling current, mixing effect and removal effect, the concentration of 239+240Pu in coastal waters of the East China Sea showed a trend of removal over time, the burial depth of 239+240Pu in the near shore sediments was deeper than that in the far sea area. In the northeast of Taiwan Island of China, the 239+240Pu specific activity and 239+240Pu inventory in Okinawa Trough increased significantly under the influence of Kuroshio current intrusion and upwelling current. At the same time, this study found that the relationship between 239+240Pu specific activity and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio in surface sediments of the East China Sea, and confirmed the existence of a tributary of the Kuroshio bottom in northeastern Taiwan, and indicated the location where the Taiwan Warm Current and a tributary of the Kuroshio bottom may intersect.

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本文对东海及毗邻海域中239+240Pu比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量或沉积通量数据进行整理,首次从大气沉降、海水中、生物体中、沉积物捕获器中以及沉积物中的239+240Pu 5个方面阐述了东海及毗邻海域中239+240Pu的地球化学行为。研究结果表明,全球大气沉降和太平洋核试验场输入的239+240Pu是东海海水和沉积物中239+240Pu的两个主要来源;在长江径流、浙闽沿岸流、台湾暖流、黑潮与上升流等水团的混合作用以及清除作用的影响下,东海近岸海水中239+240Pu浓度在时间上呈现被清除而减少的趋势,相应近岸浅水区沉积物中239+240Pu的埋藏深度高于远岸深水海域。在黑潮入侵和上升流的作用下,冲绳海槽区尤其是台湾岛东北部,沉积物中的239+240Pu比活度与沉积通量显著增大。同时,利用东海表层沉积物中239+240Pu比活度和240Pu/239Pu原子比值的相关关系证实了台湾东北部黑潮底层分支流的存在,并指示出台湾暖流与黑潮底层分支流可能交汇的海域位置。

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黄亚楠(1986-),男,河南省正阳县人,助理研究员,从事同位素地球化学与年代学研究。E-mail:

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2.西班牙国家加速器中心,安达卢西亚自治区 塞维利亚 41092, bio={"content":"

黄亚楠(1986-),男,河南省正阳县人,助理研究员,从事同位素地球化学与年代学研究。E-mail:

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黄亚楠(1986-),男,河南省正阳县人,助理研究员,从事同位素地球化学与年代学研究。E-mail:

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Data information about 239+240Pu samples in the East China Sea and adjacent waters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号239+240Pu样品类型个数测定方法 标样验证采样时间参考资料
注:*表示每个站位有2个平行样取平均值;n.a.表示从原文中无法获得;( )内表示具体的样品类型;MARIS表示海洋放射性核素信息系统(Marine Radioactivity Information System),参见https://maris.iaea.org/。
1海水(表层)10*α能谱n.a.1981年文献[6]
2沉积物(表层)+海水(表层)31α能谱n.a.1971–1996年MARIS
3海水(柱样)+沉积物(柱样)10α能谱n.a.1987年前后文献[78]
4沉积物(柱样)22α能谱IAEA-SD-N-11998年之前文献[2]
5悬浮颗粒物+沉积物(柱样)5α能谱n.a.1991年11月文献[9]
6沉积物(柱样)34α能谱IAEA-SD-N-11996–1999年文献[10]
7生物体(中华哲水蚤)1α能谱n.a.1993–1996年文献[11]
8海水(表层)22α能谱n.a.1993–1996年文献[1]
9海水(柱样)3α能谱n.a.1993年10月文献[12]
10海水(表层)16α能谱n.a.1993–1994年文献[13]
11沉积物(柱样)6ICP-MSIAEA-133A,327,3752000–2003年文献[14]
12沉积物(柱样)6ICP-MSIAEA-3681992–1995年文献[15]
13沉积物(柱样)1AMScolAMS2006年4月文献[16]
14沉积物(表层样+柱样)21SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682006年4月文献[17]
15沉积物(表层样+柱样)29ICP-MS X-IIIAEA-3762013年8月文献[18]
16海水(表层)7ICP-MSIAEA-384,395,4432011年,2014–2015年文献[19]
17沉积物(表层样+柱样)48SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682013–2015年文献[20]
18沉积物(表层样)8SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682019年之前文献[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1225369389990593006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798729186721829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

东海及毗邻区239+240Pu样品的数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号239+240Pu样品类型个数测定方法 标样验证采样时间参考资料
注:*表示每个站位有2个平行样取平均值;n.a.表示从原文中无法获得;( )内表示具体的样品类型;MARIS表示海洋放射性核素信息系统(Marine Radioactivity Information System),参见https://maris.iaea.org/。
1海水(表层)10*α能谱n.a.1981年文献[6]
2沉积物(表层)+海水(表层)31α能谱n.a.1971–1996年MARIS
3海水(柱样)+沉积物(柱样)10α能谱n.a.1987年前后文献[78]
4沉积物(柱样)22α能谱IAEA-SD-N-11998年之前文献[2]
5悬浮颗粒物+沉积物(柱样)5α能谱n.a.1991年11月文献[9]
6沉积物(柱样)34α能谱IAEA-SD-N-11996–1999年文献[10]
7生物体(中华哲水蚤)1α能谱n.a.1993–1996年文献[11]
8海水(表层)22α能谱n.a.1993–1996年文献[1]
9海水(柱样)3α能谱n.a.1993年10月文献[12]
10海水(表层)16α能谱n.a.1993–1994年文献[13]
11沉积物(柱样)6ICP-MSIAEA-133A,327,3752000–2003年文献[14]
12沉积物(柱样)6ICP-MSIAEA-3681992–1995年文献[15]
13沉积物(柱样)1AMScolAMS2006年4月文献[16]
14沉积物(表层样+柱样)21SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682006年4月文献[17]
15沉积物(表层样+柱样)29ICP-MS X-IIIAEA-3762013年8月文献[18]
16海水(表层)7ICP-MSIAEA-384,395,4432011年,2014–2015年文献[19]
17沉积物(表层样+柱样)48SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682013–2015年文献[20]
18沉积物(表层样)8SF-ICP-MSIAEA-3682019年之前文献[21]
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中国东部海域中239+240Pu的来源与沉积过程研究
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黄亚楠 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(11): 77-87
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(11): 77-87
中国东部海域中239+240Pu的来源与沉积过程研究
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黄亚楠1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
  • 2.西班牙国家加速器中心,安达卢西亚自治区 塞维利亚 41092
  • 黄亚楠(1986-),男,河南省正阳县人,助理研究员,从事同位素地球化学与年代学研究。E-mail:

Source and sedimentary process of 239+240Pu in the eastern China seas
Ya’nan Huang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2. Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Sevilla 41092, Spain
出版时间: 2022-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022123
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本文对东海及毗邻海域中239+240Pu比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量或沉积通量数据进行整理,首次从大气沉降、海水中、生物体中、沉积物捕获器中以及沉积物中的239+240Pu 5个方面阐述了东海及毗邻海域中239+240Pu的地球化学行为。研究结果表明,全球大气沉降和太平洋核试验场输入的239+240Pu是东海海水和沉积物中239+240Pu的两个主要来源;在长江径流、浙闽沿岸流、台湾暖流、黑潮与上升流等水团的混合作用以及清除作用的影响下,东海近岸海水中239+240Pu浓度在时间上呈现被清除而减少的趋势,相应近岸浅水区沉积物中239+240Pu的埋藏深度高于远岸深水海域。在黑潮入侵和上升流的作用下,冲绳海槽区尤其是台湾岛东北部,沉积物中的239+240Pu比活度与沉积通量显著增大。同时,利用东海表层沉积物中239+240Pu比活度和240Pu/239Pu原子比值的相关关系证实了台湾东北部黑潮底层分支流的存在,并指示出台湾暖流与黑潮底层分支流可能交汇的海域位置。

239+240Pu  /  240Pu/239Pu  /  东海  /  沉积物  /  海水

This study compiled the data of 239+240Pu specific activity, 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio and 239+240Pu flux or inventory in the East China Sea and adjacent waters. Based on the 239+240Pu concentration in atmospheric fallout, 239+240Pu in seawater, 239+240Pu in organisms, 239+240Pu in sediment trap and 239+240Pu in sediment, the geochemical behavior of 239+240Pu were explained in the East China Sea and adjacent waters. The results showed that global fallout and Pacific proving grounds close-in fallout were the two major sources of 239+240Pu. Under the influence of water masses such as the Changjing River diluted water, Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current, Taiwan Warm Current, Kuroshio Current and upwelling current, mixing effect and removal effect, the concentration of 239+240Pu in coastal waters of the East China Sea showed a trend of removal over time, the burial depth of 239+240Pu in the near shore sediments was deeper than that in the far sea area. In the northeast of Taiwan Island of China, the 239+240Pu specific activity and 239+240Pu inventory in Okinawa Trough increased significantly under the influence of Kuroshio current intrusion and upwelling current. At the same time, this study found that the relationship between 239+240Pu specific activity and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio in surface sediments of the East China Sea, and confirmed the existence of a tributary of the Kuroshio bottom in northeastern Taiwan, and indicated the location where the Taiwan Warm Current and a tributary of the Kuroshio bottom may intersect.

239+240Pu  /  240Pu/239Pu  /  East China Sea  /  sediment  /  seawater
黄亚楠. 中国东部海域中239+240Pu的来源与沉积过程研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (11) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022123
Ya’nan Huang. Source and sedimentary process of 239+240Pu in the eastern China seas[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (11) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022123
东海大陆架及毗邻区(23°~33°N,117°~131°E)位于西北太平洋西部,是世界上最大的边缘海之一。长江口北侧启东角与朝鲜半岛西南侧济州岛之间的连线是黄海与东海的分界线。东海面积约为9×105 km2,大陆架平均水深约为72 m,最大水深约为2 719 m,位于冲绳海槽的南部。多重边界(空气–海洋、陆地–海洋和沉积物–海水)相互作用极大地改变了东海海域的地球化学过程[1-3]。多年观测表明东海夏季受到西南季风的影响,而冬季则受到东北季风的影响[1-3]。东海的水体结构变化很大,在夏季和秋季表现出分层现象,在冬季表现出强烈的垂直混合[1]。东海大陆架受到各种水团的作用,主要有长江冲淡水、沿东海大陆架边缘的黑潮、向北流动的黑潮底层分支流、台湾暖流、浙闽沿岸流、黄海沿岸流以及上升流等[2-3]图1)。其中,黑潮和台湾暖流都具有相对较高的盐度和温度的特征。再者,与潮流相关的潮汐、泥沙输入和频繁且强烈的风暴潮都会增加浅海泥沙再悬浮[2]。这些物理过程使得东海成为世界上最活跃的边缘海之一。东亚大陆(主要是中国、韩国和日本)通过河流也向东海提供大量的营养物质和悬浮颗粒物,东海成为研究沉积动力学过程的重要场所[1-3]
钚(Pu)是一种人工放射性元素,主要应用于核武器的裂变材料以及核电厂的核燃料,也存在于辐照核燃料的产物中。由于20世纪大规模的核试验(1945–1980年进行了543次),使得239+240Pu随着大气(平流层和对流层)沉降遍布全球,大约6.52 PBq(1 PBq = 1015 Bq)的239Pu、5.35 PBq的240Pu和142 PBq的241Pu被释放到环境中[4]。2017年10月27日世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)把钚列在一类致癌物清单中,它对人类的健康构成了潜在的威胁。虽然放射性核素239+240Pu在环境中具有潜在的危害性,但是239+240Pu在海洋沉积的示踪中具有定年的可靠性特点[5],是研究海洋沉积变化的重要示踪剂之一。东海具有宽广的大陆架,是研究放射性核素239+240Pu等的重要场所[1-21]。虽然东海海域利用239+240Pu在污染物堆积、跨境输运与生态动力学等方面已开展了相关研究(图1表1),但是这些研究分散且不系统,各环境要素之间的联系缺乏综合分析,尤其是对陆架海239+240Pu的沉积过程更是缺乏探讨。本文从大气沉降到海水、生物体、沉积物捕获器以及沉积物这5个方面梳理东海大陆架及毗邻区海域中已发表的239+240Pu比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比值和239+240Pu累积通量或沉积通量等数据,探讨239+240Pu的现代沉积过程及研究进展,以期为未来东海及毗邻海域中239+240Pu的深入研究提供一定的科学参考。
表1可知样品采集时间在1971–2019年之间,前后近50年通过原位观测、走航、拖曳、锚系和剖面观测等方法对东海及毗邻区中的239+240Pu进行环境调查;共计有280个采样站位,研究区域基本覆盖整个东海及毗邻区海域。需要说明的是东海海域所研究的样品主要侧重于海水与沉积物,对大气、生物体和沉积物捕获器中239+240Pu的研究较少。中国早在1981年已经在东海海域初步开展了海水中239+240Pu来源的调查,并利用α能谱仪测定海水中Pu的比活度(Pu可能是239+240Pu)。东海陆架区泥质沉积物的分布呈现近岸多且厚,远岸浅且少的变化趋势。在对东海大陆架样品239+240Pu的研究中,沉积物样品(蓝色点)多采集于东海大陆架近岸区,而海水样品(红色点)多采集于东海大陆架远岸区。研究还发现早期样品中239+240Pu的测定主要是利用α能谱法,而近期样品中239+240Pu的测定主要是利用质谱法(ICP-MS或AMS),这与测定技术的发展和升级有关。在利用α能谱法和ICP-MS测定样品中239+240Pu比活度时,有研究发现两者呈显著正比关系(r2=0.98)并且斜率为0.9889[14],这表明两种方法的测量结果差异不大,具有可比性。测定样品中的239+240Pu时,通过IAEA(SD-N-1、133A、327、368、375、376、384、395或443等)标样进行数据质量控制。
东海及毗邻区海域空气中的239+240Pu,主要是来自于全球的大气核试验沉降。空气中控制239+240Pu的浓度有5大因素:再悬浮、全球飘尘事件、大火或有机物的燃烧、大规模的火山喷发和海雾飞沫效应[22]。通过对空气中239+240Pu浓度的研究,有助于了解大气沉降到海洋环境中239+240Pu的变化趋势。然而,当前东海海域239+240Pu大气沉降的直接观测极少,仅在长江口海域进行了239+240Pu湿沉降通量的间接计算,其值34.56 Bq/m2仅能够代表东海30°~33°N近岸海域239+240Pu湿沉降通量的近似值[23]。从图2可知全球地表空气(距地高度未详)中预测的239+240Pu浓度(1951–1980年)、日本东京(1954–1982年;35.7°N,139.5°E)和日本茨城县那珂郡东海村(1961–1980年;36.8°N,140.6°E)地表空气中平均239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势[22];主要表现为全球地表空气中预测239+240Pu的浓度要高于东京和东海村的,全球预测和东京地表空气中239+240Pu浓度峰值出现在1963年,而东海村239+240Pu浓度峰值出现在1964年(滞后了1 a)。另外,值得注意的是东海村曾在1999年9月30日发生了严重核(235U)临界事故。日本东京和东海村大致与东海海域处于同一纬度圈(30°~40°N),其空气中239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势,可以作为东海大气中239+240Pu沉降变化的参考。当然利用放射性核素大气沉降的纬圈效应,并通过线性模型计算出的长江口海域239+240Pu湿沉降年变化趋势也是在1963年出现峰值[23]。深入的研究发现,239+240Pu湿沉降与降雨量存在定量关系。例如,1994–2000年在东海北部韩国安山市观测降雨量(单位:mm)的对数(ln P)与雨水中239+240Pu浓度(单位:mBq/m3)的对数ln239+240Pu呈现显著负相关的线性关系,即ln239+240Pu=−0.0891×ln P +3.166(r=−0.76,n=71,p<0.01)[13]。同时,在降雨中也发现雨水中ln137Cs(单位: mBq/m3)与ln239+240Pu( 单位:mBq/m3)也呈现显著正相关的线性关系,即ln137Cs=0.196×ln239+240Pu+0.240 (r=0.88,n=16,p<0.01)。这些相关关系对于认识东海近年大气中239+240Pu的沉降与变化有一定的参考意义。
大气沉降到东海及毗邻海域海水中的239+240Pu在海流或者涡流的作用下,主要以水平或者垂直的方式进行迁移。在迁移的过程中被海水中的悬浮颗粒物或者生物体吸附,被沉积物捕获器捕获或者被生物体包裹,进而沉积到海底。由于受到海水深度的影响,海水中239+240Pu的沉积是一个随时间变化的过程。在这个过程中,首先由天气变化造成的海洋物理过程的变化,这可能是控制海水中239+240Pu浓度分布变化的重要因素[1]。冬季相较于夏季东海表层海水中239+240Pu浓度发生了明显的变化,这可能是由于中等深度(500 m以下)富含239+240Pu的海水在冬季上升所造成的[1]。与冬季相比,夏季239+240Pu的平均浓度较低;夏季海水升温会产生温跃层,导致海水垂直混合较弱,阻止携带有239+240Pu的颗粒物向表面或者浅层迁移。其次,长江径流输入可能是影响东海海水中239+240Pu浓度分布的另一个重要因素。这是因为携带有大量陆源颗粒物的长江冲淡水沿中国沿海向西南流动。东海表层水中的239+240Pu可能受到来自海底沉积物中239+240Pu的再悬浮或长江径流的影响[1]。同时,也有研究表明,韩国河流每年向黄海输入溶解239+240Pu的通量为0.1×109 Bq/a;颗粒物的通量为24.1×109 Bq/a;总通量为24.2×109 Bq/a[13],这势必对东海海水中239+240Pu浓度分布产生一定的影响。再者,太平洋海域通过北赤道流和黑潮等输运到东海海域海水中的颗粒活性放射性核素(210Pb、Th和239+240Pu)也在东海大陆边缘海海底沉积。
东海表层海水中239+240Pu浓度随时间(1980–2015年)的变化呈现一定程度的下降趋势,这与海水中239+240Pu的非保守性有关,在海水中239+240Pu更易被颗粒物等清除(图3a)。有研究表明,海水中溶解的239+240Pu与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)存在显著正相关的线性关系,即239+240Pu=32×SPM+20(n=42,r=0.71)[1]。在位于长江口最大悬浊带外海海域的CB-23和CB-29站位[7],海水表层样品的239+240Pu浓度分别为(84.3±4.6)mBq/m3和(61.3±5.8)mBq/m3图3a),远远超出同时期其他样品中239+240Pu浓度,这可能与长江径流带来高浓度悬沙的输入有关。这两个站位水柱中,239+240Pu的累积通量分别为(4.2±0.5)Bq/m2和(2.8±0.2)Bq/m2,远低于同纬度239+240Pu的大气沉降通量(42 Bq/m2)。有研究表明,海水的深度与海水中239+240Pu的累积通量呈现显著的线性正相关性,即深度(Depth)=32×239+240Pu(Bq/m2)+20(n=12,r=0.94)[1]。由于CB-23和CB-29站位水深较浅(分别为57 m和40 m[7])和快速的边界清除作用等,各种海洋因素叠加导致水柱中239+240Pu的累积通量远低于30°N大气沉降的平均值。海水中240Pu/239Pu原子比值,目前仅有10个海水表层样品(CB-23、CB-29、CB-49、DH32、DH51、PN05、DH02、DH05、DH23和K6)进行了研究,其范围在(0.203±0.010)~(0.249±0.008),显然240Pu/239Pu原子比值介于0.18到0.30之间,这表明海水中不仅存在全球大气沉降直接来源的239+240Pu(0.18),也有黑潮携带的来自太平洋核试验场(Pacific Proving Grounds,PPG)的相对高240Pu/239Pu原子比值(0.33~0.36)的239+240Pu。最近的研究表明,携带有PPG的239+240Pu能够输运到更远的高纬度北太平洋和白令海海域[24]。由于当前东海海域表层海水中240Pu/239Pu原子比值实测数据较少,20多年海水中240Pu/239Pu原子比值的变化趋势不十分明显(图3b)。本文推测东海在受到各种环境因素(温度、盐度和pH值等)的影响下,海水中239+240Pu的来源处于一种混合后的平衡状态(同时补充,同时清除)。当然,未来东海海水中240Pu/239Pu原子比值变化趋势,仍需要更多的数据进行验证与分析。
海水中239+240Pu主要存在2种相态:溶解态和颗粒态。目前东海水柱中溶解态和颗粒态239+240Pu的分布仍较少。由于海水中239+240Pu地球化学特征的相似性,在日本海N2站位发现同一水柱中不同相态239+240Pu峰值所在层位深度并未重叠,而是存在差异[1]。东海水柱中239+240Pu的这两个相态是否也存在差异,有待进一步研究。在不区分颗粒相与溶解相的情况下,东海水柱中239+240Pu的分布呈现出3种模式(图4),这些分布模式主要与采样站位水深和颗粒物浓度有一定的联系。对于陆架近岸区,由于水深较浅,海水混合较为均匀,水柱中并未出现明显峰值的特征。第一种情况是随着水深的增加,239+240Pu浓度减小,例如位于东海近岸区CB-17(水深71 m,图4a)和CB-23(57 m)水柱[7]。第二种情况:随着水深的增加,239+240Pu的浓度增大,例如东海PN-8(水深80 m,图4b)、PN-10(水深45 m)和PN-12(水深42 m)水柱[12]。需要说明的是相同深度间隔,深层海水采集的样品个数较浅层海水采集的样品个数少。这样导致深层采样密度较小,不利于观察深层海水239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势。第三种分布模式,对于绝大多数水深超过500 m的东海海域,239+240Pu的浓度会出现峰值,这可能与不同深度海水中悬浮颗粒物的浓度有关[12]。目前东海海域已研究的水深超过1 000 m水柱仅有CB-11(2 280 m,图4c)柱样,239+240Pu的浓度峰值出现在550 m水深的位置[7]。相似地,在南海STAESII站位(3 840 m)也发现类似的随着水深增加,239+240Pu的浓度峰值出现在500 m水深的位置[25],然后随着深度增加239+240Pu的浓度出现递减的趋势。然而,由于受到目前东海已研究水柱最大水深的限制,239+240Pu浓度的分布是否还存在其他类型,仍待于进一步的研究。
有研究表明,海水中239+240Pu浓度分布模式与海水的透光率或者颗粒物浓度有关[12]。悬浮颗粒物浓度越大,透光率越低;反之亦然。例如东海海水中239+240Pu浓度(mBq/m3)的垂直分布与透光率(LT)成反比,即239+240Pu=–12.896×LT+14.547(n=11,r=0.72)[12]。通过透光层深度变化可知,东海陆架中部海域(PN-8、PN-10和PN-12)悬浮颗粒物的浓度在中层(20~40 m)达到最小值,然后随深度急剧增加,在近海底层达到较高值[12];尤其是在夏季和秋季东海大陆架的底部海水混浊层变得更厚,悬浮颗粒物的浓度增加。另外,需要说明的是,在几乎相同的深度也观察到了海洋密度跃层和悬浮颗粒的不连续层[12]。因此,悬浮颗粒物不连续层的出现,使得其与239+240Pu浓度变化的相关关系变得更复杂。
对于东海海域水柱中239+240Pu累积通量的研究,目前仅发现5个水柱(CB-11、CB-15、CB-17、CB-23和CB-29)[7],其累积通量范围为(0.8±0.1)~(22.7±1.0)Bq/m2。这表明海水中仍有一定量的239+240Pu存在,并未完全被清除而沉积到海底。
研究浮游动物体内239Pu或者239+240Pu的目的,是因为它们能够反映生境周围海水中239Pu或者239+240Pu浓度的变化。为了确定所分析生物体中人工放射性核素(137Cs或者239+240Pu等)的生物富集程度,通常假设在人工放射性核素的供体环境和受体之间建立了动态平衡,同时假设生物体对239+240Pu的不同氧化态的吸收并没有优先顺序[11]。目前,有关中国海域海洋生物体中239+240Pu的研究尚少。东海近岸海域(31°N,126°E)仅在1996年10月走航观测中采集了1个站位的混合浮游动物样品[11],样品中主要生物是中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)。中华哲水蚤是一种小型海洋浮游动物,其作为经济鱼类的饵料,主要分布在黄海和东海的近岸海域,是黄海、东海海域的优势种。通过测得中华哲水蚤样品中239+240Pu比活度为(0.148±0.014)mBq/g,从而定量计算东海浮游生物对239+240Pu的富集因子(CF)为2.7×103[11]。由于受到该航次采集样本数量的限制,东海浮游生物对239+240Pu富集因子的变化范围仍需要更多的样品进行分析。同时,该研究发现浮游动物中各物种的239Pu或者239+240Pu浓度与混合浮游动物测得239Pu或者239+240Pu浓度具有相似的变化趋势,并表现在冷水区域239Pu或者239+240Pu浓度较高,在温水区域239Pu或者239+240Pu浓度较低[11]。因此,可知高纬度的冷水区浮游动物体中239Pu或者239+240Pu的浓度较高[11]。也有研究表明,东海和冲绳海槽区的浮游生物、藻类和生物悬浮物对239+240Pu的富集因子为103~105[6],这些研究说明东海不同生物体对于239+240Pu富集程度存在一定的差异[6, 11]。由于东海生物体内239+240Pu的研究还处于起步阶段,未来仍需要深入的研究。无独有偶,在东海大陆架远海区石垣岛珊瑚(1937–1997年)和与论岛珊瑚中也发现了239Pu或者239+240Pu的存在,并显示出全球大气沉降和PPG两个239+240Pu来源的特征[26-27]。这表明239+240Pu已经入侵到生物的方方面面,无论是简单生物体还是复杂生物体。
中华哲水蚤239+240Pu比活度的研究,对了解海洋食物链中较低营养水平的生物体中是否存在239+240Pu的富集有重要的意义。然而,目前对于东海海域食物链较高营养级生物体中239+240Pu的研究还处于空白。东海是洄游性鱼类的主要活动区域,例如东海小黄鱼有4个不同的种群,每个种群都有其独特的越冬、产卵与索饵的洄游路线。高级生物体内239+240Pu比活度长时间尺度的研究主要是利用盒子模型[28],模型中把大气核爆空间分为4层(平流层、对流层、海水浅层和深层,图5a),并把每层作为独立的空间,其中海水的浅层作为生物体主要活动空间。假设生物体在海水浅层洄游的路线是在相对固定的海水层位中,并假设生物体组织(例如图5b太平洋长鳍金枪鱼,Thunnus alalunga)对239Pu等核素响应是足够迅速。通过对盒子模型的应用,可以了解不同空间放射性核素239Pu或239+240Pu的传递、损失与富集等过程,这对东海高营养级生物体(如经济鱼类组织)中放射性核素的生态动力学研究有借鉴意义。
东海沉积物捕获器中239+240Pu的研究数据较少,最早由日本研究者报道[9, 29]。虽然目前东海及毗邻区仅布设了一个沉积物捕获器来研究239+240Pu的时间序列变化,但这为未来东海其他海域沉积物捕获器研究239+240Pu提供了一个可能的参考。这是因为受到悬浮颗粒物来源差异的影响,不同海域位置的沉积物捕获器所接收颗粒物会有不同,颗粒物携带的239+240Pu信息会存在差异,239+240Pu时间序列也会相应的变化。东海大陆架海域F4站位(28.681°N,127.075°E)水深604 m,位于黑潮北向的主轴上(图1)。1995年10月利用时间序列捕获器在此站位连续观测了17 d,其中第17个观测日沉积物捕获持续时间为6 h,其他都为12 h。捕获器设置深度分别为502 m和574 m;锚定离海底深度分别为102 m和30 m,并假设捕获器摆动幅度不影响其观测结果或者影响忽略不计。
东海沉积物捕获器中多层239+240Pu比活度时间序列的研究非常典型[9, 29],该研究给出了不同层位239+240Pu比活度和通量时间序列(图6)。从图6a可知虽然沉积物捕获器分别在502 m和574 m层位布放(两者间隔72 m),但是测得的两个时间序列239+240Pu比活度差异并不是十分的明显,并且各时段239+240Pu比活度也差异不大。然而,东海其他海域是否与F4站位具有一致的239+240Pu沉积特征,仍需要进一步的研究。早期研究表明,长江流域输入的239+240Pu是东海大陆架海域沉积物中239+240Pu累积的最主要原因[7, 10]。从图6b可知东海远岸海底沉积物捕获器中239+240Pu相对高的累积通量值,归因于沉积颗粒物沿大陆坡雾浊层的向下流动,沉积颗粒物周期性横向输运的结果[9, 29]。因此,沉积颗粒物的横向扩散也是东海陆架中239+240Pu累积的重要原因。需要说明的是,这种横向输运可能并非持续的过程,而是一个瞬态过程。因此,239+240Pu累积通量值具有很高的可变性(图6b)。沉积物捕获器中239+240Pu累积通量与颗粒物的总质量通量呈现显著的线性正相关关系,即239+240Pu通量=3.157×颗粒物的总质量通量+0.737(n=32,r=0.97)[9]。沉积物捕获器设置的深度对沉积物捕获器获得的239+240Pu颗粒物累积通量存在一定的影响[9, 29],但对239+240Pu的表观停留时间没有影响。
东海大陆边缘的总质量通量变化较大与内潮有关,内潮通常从大陆架边缘向中坡发展[9, 29]。内潮使得东海大陆架边缘的239+240Pu累积通量有明显的增加趋势,且在海底附近尤为明显。另外,对东海大陆坡上的239+240Pu横向输运过程认识非常重要,这是因为大陆坡是连接大陆架和大陆隆过渡带。利用239+240Pu来研究污染物通过陆坡向深海的输运过程仍是空白,东海大陆边缘239+240Pu详细的输运机制仍需要进一步的数据来证实。
东海及毗邻海域表层沉积物的239+240Pu比活度与240Pu/239Pu原子比值的研究较多,其中239+240Pu比活度范围在(0.008±0.006)~3.021 mBq/g之间,位于杭州湾出海口处C3站位的239+240Pu比活度最小,而位于台湾省东北部冲绳海槽南端590-22站位的239+240Pu比活度最大。表层沉积物中240Pu/239Pu原子比值范围在(0.158±0.022)~(0.297±0.042)之间,其中位于长江口南侧M1站位的240Pu/239Pu比值最小,台湾暖流北上方向H4站位的240Pu/239Pu比值最大。除了浙闽沿岸流近岸区的M1站位和D1站位的原子比值低于0.18外(图7[18],其他116个240Pu/239Pu原子比值数据基本上介于0.18~0.30之间,这表明全球大气沉降(0.18)和PPG(0.33~0.36)输入的239+240Pu是东海海域中239+240Pu的两个主要来源。进而,通过简单的两端元模型[30]就可以计算出东海表层沉积物中不同239+240Pu来源的比例。
通过对东海大陆架表层沉积物中239+240Pu比活度与240Pu/239Pu原子比值拟合发现,沉积物样品的采样时间虽然不同,但是两者之间的关系仍表现出显著的线性关系。两者之间线性关系具有分段模式,这不同于以往在东海近岸海域少量表层沉积物样本的研究:表层沉积物中240Pu/239Pu原子比值与239+240Pu比活度的倒数呈现负的相关关系(240Pu/239Pu=–0.001 7×1/239+240Pu+0.254,n=74,r=0.51)[17, 20]。从图7可知当239+240Pu比活度小于1 mBq/g时,240Pu/239Pu原子比值与239+240Pu比活度呈现显著的线性正相关(240Pu/239Pu= 0.072×239+240Pu +0.227,n=108,r=0.42);当239+240Pu比活度大于1 mBq/g时,240Pu/239Pu原子比值与239+240Pu比活度呈现显著的线性负相关(240Pu/239Pu =–0.014×239+240Pu +0.256,n=11,r=0.47)。表层沉积物中239+240Pu比活度在1 mBq/g左右时,240Pu/239Pu原子比值与239+240Pu比活度的线性关系出现拐点,其原因仍需要更多数据去验证。本文认为表层沉积物采样时间基本在全球大气核试验的高峰期(20世纪60年代)后,表层沉积物中的239+240Pu是海水中239+240Pu长时间混合与沉积的结果。因此,表层沉积物中的239+240Pu是不同年代不同来源239+240Pu的混合产物。还有研究表明,悬浮颗粒物的横向或者侧向输运导致了表层沉积物中239+240Pu来源的复杂性[9, 29]。根据现有的240Pu/239Pu原子比值数据,本研究认为存在两种或以上的海流能够在水深相对较浅的东海及毗邻区海底区叠加交汇,那么最有可能是台湾暖流与黑潮底层分支流在以H4站位为中心的区域交汇(图1黑色虚线站位590-22→站位H4→站位M1)。有研究表明,中国台湾东北部确实存在黑潮底层分支流,并向东海陆架区入侵[31]。另外,利用239+240Pu很难说明黑潮边缘交换过程[18],这是因为黑潮边缘范围以及交换的作用机制目前还非常模糊。
对于沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的垂直分布,在相对稳定的沉积环境中主要有3种模式[5],这种分布特征在东海大陆架均有发现[15-16, 20]。从近岸到远海,东海大陆架海域柱样中239+240Pu的分布呈现双峰(多峰)、单峰和无峰的模式(图8);239+240Pu分布的单峰模式与大气沉降表面空气中239+240Pu浓度的变化趋势一致(图2)。利用沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的分布特征,可以进行定年。现代沉积速率的分布可反映沉积强度、物质来源和沉积环境稳定性[32]。然而,沉积物中放射性核素239+240Pu在被生物扰动时,可能影响其在沉积物中的分布特征。由于沉积物中孔隙度、生物扰动以及风暴潮等多重因素的影响,使得沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的分布可能出现混合或者向下迁移[33]
目前东海及毗邻区已经研究了58根 239+240Pu柱样,根据柱样中239+240Pu的分布特征和沉积环境类型,本文选取比较典型的3根柱样为SC07(水深14 m,图8a)、DH1(图8b)和SST1(水深1 080 m,图8c)柱样,分别位于长江口水下三角洲、东海陆架区和冲绳海槽。首先是这3根柱样239+240Pu的埋藏深度不同,从近岸到远海有递减的趋势,239+240Pu蓄积峰的数量也从多到少的变化。其次是这3根柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量分别为(407±27)Bq/m2、108.5 Bq/m2和(47±1.2)Bq/m2,柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量也有从近岸到远海递减的趋势。利用两端元模型计算出柱样中PPG来源239+240Pu的比例分别为40%、41%和(49±16)%,这说明东海大陆架一定小区域内柱样中来自于PPG的239+240Pu比例空间差异不大[29]。目前已经研究仅有的27根柱样(集中在长江口近岸海域)中239+240Pu沉积通量的范围在(1.9±0.1)~(675±6.7)Bq/m2之间,平均值为148.5 Bq/m2,是20°~40°N全球大气沉降平均值39 Bq/m2的3.8倍[4],这说明长江口泥质沉积区是东海大陆架沉积的汇。另外需要说明的是,也有26%的沉积物柱样中239+240Pu沉积通量低于平均值,这表明长江口水动力条件使得部分柱样中239+240Pu的累积受到影响。
柱样中239+240Pu的沉积通量能够响应或者示踪流域输入沉积物的变化。长江每年将大约5×108 t沉积物直接排入东海,长江输送的沉积物约有40%沉积在30°N以北的内陆架上[2]。东海及毗邻区沉柱样中239+240Pu沉积通量的大小,除受到长江等河流径流的影响外[1],边界清除过程(沉积速率、细颗粒物质的横向输送、有机物质的浓度和粒径)也是239+240Pu输运沉积到东海及毗邻区的主要原因。有研究表明,沉积物中的239+240Pu沉积通量与水深成反比,并且与沉积物累积速率成正相关[11]
在利用盒子模型估算东海不同区域沉积物中239+240Pu绝对含量时[2, 10, 18],通常根据东海陆架区的沉积环境特征进行分区。Huh和Su[2]按照矿物学特征把东海大陆架分为内陆架、中陆架和外陆架。从内陆架到外陆架,239+240Pu沉积通量呈现从266.7 Bq/m2到33.3 Bq/m2递减的变化趋势[2]。2002年Su和Huh[10]对东海及毗邻区的分区进行了改进,分为河口区、内陆架、外陆架和斜坡区。东海沉积物中的矿物学和粒度等特征分布,是受到地形和水动力条件等综合作用的影响[2, 10]。而后,Wang等[18]根据东海沉积物粒度分布特征把东海所研究的采样区域大致分为4个区域,结果表明,长江口及其浙闽沿岸海域中239+240Pu的沉积通量占到整个东海239+240Pu总量的80%左右。另外,东海沉积物中239+240Pu沉积通量相对高的异常变化,是否受到来自于中国核试验区沙漠飘来的黄沙沉降的影响,仍需要深入的研究[34]。黄河径流泥沙长距离输运或者扩散到东海及毗邻区沉积物中239+240Pu的贡献,也需要深入的探讨[10]。有研究发现东海沉积物中241Am/239+240Pu活度比值(1.0~1.9)远高于全球大气沉降241Am/239+240Pu活度比值(0.37),这说明241Am从水柱中的清除比239+240Pu更快[1]。因此,利用多种放射性核素(137Cs、241Am和239+240Pu等)研究东海沉积物的迁移,有助于对东海现代沉积过程的深入认识。
(1)长江口海域239+240Pu的沉降趋势与全球表面空气中239+240Pu变化趋势一致,在1963年达到高峰;然而,相同纬度不同城市中观测239+240Pu的沉降峰值年可能会出现滞后现象。
(2)东海海水中239+240Pu浓度受到长江冲淡水、浙闽沿岸流、台湾暖流、黑潮主流以及上升流等的影响,239+240Pu浓度的变化与清除作用相关,240Pu/239Pu原子比值随时间的变化趋势不十分明显。海水中239+240Pu浓度的分布主要有3种模式:递减、递增或先增后减。
(3)利用盒子模型能够初步揭示生物体中239Pu或239+240Pu生态动力学特征以及系统了解不同空间放射性核素239Pu或239+240Pu的传递、损失与富集等过程。
(4)东海大陆架表层沉积物239+240Pu比活度范围在(0.008±0.006)~3.021 mBq/g之间;240Pu/239Pu原子比值范围在(0.158±0.022)~(0.297±0.042)之间。东海大陆架沉积物柱样中239+240Pu的埋藏深度从近岸到远海有降低的趋势,分布呈现从双峰(多峰)、单峰到无峰的特征。柱样中239+240Pu沉积通量的范围在(1.9±0.1)~(675±6.7)Bq/m2之间。从长江口到东海大陆架,再到冲绳海槽,太平洋核试验场携带的239+240Pu比例均值在40%左右,空间差异不显著。
致谢:感谢中山大学海洋科学学院王东晓教授和刘维亮教授以及南京大学地理与海洋科学学院潘少明教授、中山大学海洋科学学院佟子达博士和孙晓明教授的支持。
  • 广东省青年优秀人才国际培养计划博士后项目(20210616)
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2022年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022123
  • 接收时间:2021-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-19
  • 修回日期:2022-05-01
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广东省青年优秀人才国际培养计划博士后项目(20210616)
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    1.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519082
    2.西班牙国家加速器中心,安达卢西亚自治区 塞维利亚 41092
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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