Article(id=1224798728603718159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647187200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-14, revisedDate=1653408000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944372558, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1667232000000, pubDateStr=2022-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944372558, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944372558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944372558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798727609663509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944372322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996107149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798729727791636, articleId=1224798728603718159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The study on geochemical characteristics and enrichment mechanism of deep sea REY-rich sediments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, sediment smear observations, X-ray diffraction analyses, major, trace and rare earth elements analyses, and in situ micro zone geochemical analyses of single minerals were carried out on samples of core GC02 and GC06 from the rare earth-rich deep-sea sediments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin to explore their geochemical characteristics, material sources and enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements (REY). The results show that the sediment types of core GC02 are calcareous clay and zeolitic clay, and the sediment types of core GC06 are calcareous clay, zeolite-bearing clay and zeolitic clay. Rare earth elements are enriched in zeolite-bearing clays and zeolitic clays. The North American Shale Composite (NASC) Standardized patterns of REY in the sediments indicate a possible seawater origin. Mineralogical and geochemical signatures indicate that the terrestrial fraction of these sediments in the study area should be the eolian dust material originated primarily from Australian. Elemental correlations and CaO/P2O5 ratios indicate that the main host mineral of REY in REY-rich deep-sea sediments is bioapatite (fish teeth/bone), followed by Fe-Mn micronodule. This study summarizes and discusses the formation mechanism of REY-rich sediments and improves a conceptual model for the formation process of REY-rich sediments.

, correspAuthors=Xuefa Shi, Xijun Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi Sun, Xuefa Shi, Quanshu Yan, Xijun Liu, Miao Yu, Mu Huang, Dongjie Bi, Jia Li, Aimei Zhu, Jingjing Gao, Hongmin Wang, Zhaoqi Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798735897612961, articleId=1224798728603718159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文对中印度洋海盆深海富稀土沉积区两根柱样GC02和GC06开展了沉积物涂片观察,X-射线衍射分析,主量、微量和稀土元素分析,以及单矿物原位微区地球化学分析等,探讨了其地球化学特征、物质来源及稀土元素(REY)的富集机制。结果表明,GC02柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土和沸石黏土,GC06柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。稀土元素主要在含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中富集。北美页岩标准化(NASC)配分模式指示沉积物的REY主要来源于海水,矿物学和地球化学等特征表明该地区沉积物陆源组分可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。元素相关性和CaO/P2O5比值等指示了深海富稀土沉积中REY的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等),其次为铁锰微结核。本文总结和探讨了深海富稀土沉积的形成机制,完善了深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。

, correspAuthors=石学法, 刘希军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石学法(1965-),男,山东省昌邑市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋沉积和成矿作用。E-mail:
刘希军(1980-),男,甘肃省张掖市人,教授,研究方向为元素/同位素地球化学,地幔动力学和火成岩岩石学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IrJBJuxIqfObrU1fiI5VFw==, magXml=TiZoM7vKnA4cFEQCeMjYtQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O8aphNjleZRl6vHLTig9uA==, pdfFileSize=10873652, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=pUVDUVYZBAiE0/3CJrf5jg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dd5mHs1oQEohKgwf6l62iQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙懿(1996-),男,河北省沧州市人,研究方向为地质资源与地质工程。E-mail:

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2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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孙懿(1996-),男,河北省沧州市人,研究方向为地质资源与地质工程。E-mail:

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孙懿(1996-),男,河北省沧州市人,研究方向为地质资源与地质工程。E-mail:

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a. Major global transport routes of eolian dust (refer to reference[33]); b. schematic diagram of the sampling positions. Base map data from GEBCO (http://www.gebco.net)

, figureFileSmall=k2FHjSLCToqbPiqvxrd8zw==, figureFileBig=1VxllbBNoU5YuIJIkyGr5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397183820253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采样位置及研究区地质背景

a. 全球主要风尘物质运输路径图(参考文献[33]);b. 样品采样点位置图。底图数据来自GEBCO(http://www.gebco.net)

, figureFileSmall=k2FHjSLCToqbPiqvxrd8zw==, figureFileBig=1VxllbBNoU5YuIJIkyGr5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397330620902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Core sediments types and typical smear photos of column cores GC02 and GC06, figureFileSmall=aCgSsT1jyV+Ht4BBRg7BsA==, figureFileBig=4KFv1iX+lZjuIoqGKXa6EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397410312682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GC02和GC06柱状沉积物类型和典型涂片照片, figureFileSmall=aCgSsT1jyV+Ht4BBRg7BsA==, figureFileBig=4KFv1iX+lZjuIoqGKXa6EQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397490004464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=X-Ray diffraction characteristics of sediment samples from GC06

Mnt: Montmorillonite; Qtz: Quartz; Php: Phillipsite; Ill: Illite; Fsp: Feldspar; Pl: Plagioclase; Gt: Goethite; Hal: Halite; Ap: Apatite; Px : Pyroxene; Am: Amphibole; Cal: Calcite; Kln: Kaolinite; Gp: Gypsum

, figureFileSmall=APB8l7WtkeLHX9wSPmERow==, figureFileBig=jEG5A4armLUv1/wQ5QtObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397594862072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GC06柱样沉积物X-射线衍射特征图

Mnt:蒙脱石;Qtz:石英;Php:钙十字沸石;Ill:伊利石;Fsp:钾长石;Pl:斜长石;Gt:针铁矿;Hal:岩盐;Ap:磷灰石;Px:辉石;Am:角闪石;Cal:方解石;Kln:高岭石;Gp:石膏

, figureFileSmall=APB8l7WtkeLHX9wSPmERow==, figureFileBig=jEG5A4armLUv1/wQ5QtObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397699719674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Major element and ∑REY (REE and Y) contents distribution with depth for sediment samples from GC02 and GC06, figureFileSmall=IVSfLBCzQsV/egpzVxj3Hw==, figureFileBig=6JWPxcRWeKu6/etMFl7HKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397867491840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GC02和GC06柱状沉积物主量元素和稀土元素总量随深度分布, figureFileSmall=IVSfLBCzQsV/egpzVxj3Hw==, figureFileBig=6JWPxcRWeKu6/etMFl7HKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369397989126658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distributions of trace element contents and δCe, δEu with depth in sediments from GC02 and GC06, figureFileSmall=RQDanUzNs7wQNHTL/ikaqw==, figureFileBig=KNMlFV2T3zepqE976JSVow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398102372868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GC02和GC06柱状沉积物微量元素和δCe、δEu随深度分布, figureFileSmall=RQDanUzNs7wQNHTL/ikaqw==, figureFileBig=KNMlFV2T3zepqE976JSVow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398219813386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=North American shale standardized (NASC)-normalized REY patterns for different types of deep-sea sediments (the data of calcareous ooze from the CC Zone of the Pacific Ocean and siliceous ooze from the western Pacific Ocean refer to reference [2]; NASC date refer to reference [37], the same as below), figureFileSmall=SZJoyPaeXc0EUe9pbQ0JDQ==, figureFileBig=zZgA8Z5qVHiHlpesJzRlow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398299505166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同类型深海沉积物的北美页岩标准化配分模式(太平洋CC区钙质软泥和西太平洋硅质软泥数据参考文献[2];北美页岩数据参考文献[37],下文相同), figureFileSmall=SZJoyPaeXc0EUe9pbQ0JDQ==, figureFileBig=zZgA8Z5qVHiHlpesJzRlow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398358225426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Cross-plots of ∑REY versus P2O5, CaO, MnO, Al2O3, δCe and TFe2O3 for sediments from different regions in the Indian Ocean (the DSDP and ODP site data refer to references [24-25]), figureFileSmall=xgzsjM7tgtPSOLhbskCWUA==, figureFileBig=O+AHT9cdzrN8Y0JBdJ3J9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398433722899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图7, caption=印度洋不同区域柱状沉积物中稀土元素总量(∑REY)和P2O5、CaO、MnO、Al2O3、δCe、TFe2O3相关关系(DSDP 和ODP站位数据参考文献[24-25]), figureFileSmall=xgzsjM7tgtPSOLhbskCWUA==, figureFileBig=O+AHT9cdzrN8Y0JBdJ3J9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398551163416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Cross-plots of CaO/P2O5 versus ∑REY for sediments and fish teeth from GC02 and GC06

a. Cross-plot of CaO/P2O5 versus ∑REY for sediments from different stations in the Indian Ocean; b. cross-plot of CaO/P2O5 versus ∑REY for fish teeth in GC02 and GC06. The range of CaO/P2O5 in fish teeth (1.30−1.90) refer to reference [53], and the DSDP and ODP site data refer to references [2425]

, figureFileSmall=uONAsOL6oFJLtfRTXrI9xQ==, figureFileBig=2fdpgYZ8r7pSdTlZlG2o1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398651826716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图8, caption=GC02和GC06柱状沉积物及其中鱼牙CaO/P2O5−∑REY相关关系

a. 印度洋不同站位沉积物的CaO/P2O5−∑REY;b. 样品中鱼牙CaO/P2O5−∑REY。鱼牙中CaO/P2O5的范围(1.30~1.90)参考文献[53],DSDP 和ODP站位数据参考文献[2425]

, figureFileSmall=uONAsOL6oFJLtfRTXrI9xQ==, figureFileBig=2fdpgYZ8r7pSdTlZlG2o1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398748295708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=North American shale standardized-normalized rare earth elements patterns for different materials

Mid-ocean ridge basalt data refer to reference [54]; Australian wind-dust sediment data refer to reference [55]; pore water data refer to reference [56]; seawater data refer to reference [57]; hydrothermal data refer to reference [58]; NASC data refer to reference [37]

, figureFileSmall=T7EDO6i3zR3LKZzx0mutZw==, figureFileBig=a+l1o8Nx0seQ5TSpacijig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398869930527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同物质稀土元素含量的北美页岩标准化配分模式图对比

洋中脊玄武岩数据参考文献[54];澳大利亚风尘沉积物数据参考文献[55];孔隙水数据参考文献[56];海水数据参考文献[57];热液数据参考文献[58];北美页岩标准化数据参考文献[37]

, figureFileSmall=T7EDO6i3zR3LKZzx0mutZw==, figureFileBig=a+l1o8Nx0seQ5TSpacijig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369398991565346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Cross-plot of ∑REY versus mineral contents in the studied samples, figureFileSmall=DbQVvl3p4/GgZX2KH4t9yg==, figureFileBig=5GAxxM024CZfemF+N+ahdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369399096422951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图10, caption=研究样品中矿物含量和稀土元素总量(∑REY)相关关系, figureFileSmall=DbQVvl3p4/GgZX2KH4t9yg==, figureFileBig=5GAxxM024CZfemF+N+ahdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369399289360940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Plot of Y/Ho−∑REY for sediments from different parts of the Indian Ocean, figureFileSmall=CzCE0qLlvM4tFyZfHhRHdQ==, figureFileBig=29UiQxlPhatANXiSoAi16A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369399431967280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图11, caption=印度洋不同地区的柱样沉积物Y/Ho−∑REY散点图的比较, figureFileSmall=CzCE0qLlvM4tFyZfHhRHdQ==, figureFileBig=29UiQxlPhatANXiSoAi16A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369400807698994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Comparison of North American shale standardized-normalized rare earth elements patterns for different parts of fish teeth form the sediments from GC06, figureFileSmall=JwKRZFSy3fZcUrZ4gA5FPw==, figureFileBig=AwejFkpDKBW/0ok2xUGhXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369400958693945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图12, caption=GC06柱状沉积物中鱼牙不同部分的北美页岩标准化配分模式对比, figureFileSmall=JwKRZFSy3fZcUrZ4gA5FPw==, figureFileBig=AwejFkpDKBW/0ok2xUGhXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401101300283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Discrimination schemes for the genetic classification of the micronodules from the sediments in GC06

Picture on a refer to reference [72], the dotted present the mixing trends between two genetic processes highlighting the continuum existing between hydrogenetic-hydrothermal crusts and hydrogenetic-diagenetic nodules, solid arrows show evolution trends of a sample set related to only one genetic process without influence of another one; picture on b refer to reference [73]

, figureFileSmall=nnHVKpmSuFhCpPB/ECWiFg==, figureFileBig=vy5K2YZiPjZ5kQzcCSlybA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401218740796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图13, caption=GC06柱状沉积物中微结核类型判别图

a. 底图参考文献[72],图中虚线表示混合两种成因过程的趋势,即水成作用和热液作用、水成作用和成岩作用之间存在连续体。实线箭头表示两种作用相互不影响,即只与一种作用相关;b. 底图参考文献[73]

, figureFileSmall=nnHVKpmSuFhCpPB/ECWiFg==, figureFileBig=vy5K2YZiPjZ5kQzcCSlybA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401319404096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=North American shale standardized-normalized rare earth elements patterns of hydrogenetic and diagenetic micronodules in sediments from GC06, figureFileSmall=PTq3YSWG0HhdX3U5oSvAOA==, figureFileBig=FQolZqIi2xa+EA9koydXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401420067392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图14, caption=GC06柱样沉积物中水成微结核和成岩微结核的北美页岩标准化配分模式, figureFileSmall=PTq3YSWG0HhdX3U5oSvAOA==, figureFileBig=FQolZqIi2xa+EA9koydXxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401533313606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Schematic diagram for the formation process of deep-sea rare earth elements-rich sediments, figureFileSmall=G2TL4ZvoiSTbtI46tDT+1w==, figureFileBig=5ARazG93soNIOmSpIPtUbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401625588295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=图15, caption=深海富稀土沉积形成过程示意, figureFileSmall=G2TL4ZvoiSTbtI46tDT+1w==, figureFileBig=5ARazG93soNIOmSpIPtUbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225369401743028813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average value of the rare earth elements content in the North American shale[37]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyYHoErTmYbLu
含量/(mg·kg-132737.9335.71.245.20.855.2271.043.40.53.10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1225369401835303504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北美页岩的稀土元素平均含量[37]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyYHoErTmYbLu
含量/(mg·kg-132737.9335.71.245.20.855.2271.043.40.53.10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1225369401919189587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristic values of major element contents (unit: wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOTFe2O3K2OMgOMnONa2OP2O5TiO2
钙质黏土最小值26.847.593.326.321.611.901.984.400.510.33
最大值42.5412.6621.8211.262.852.993.715.961.930.57
平均值37.9611.308.379.522.402.722.795.360.990.51
含沸石黏土最小值43.1212.351.799.762.642.882.684.860.720.57
最大值45.6213.742.5510.772.993.153.395.811.390.68
平均值44.2013.272.1610.272.843.003.115.121.120.63
沸石黏土最小值40.0611.752.0610.612.622.753.104.860.980.53
最大值43.7413.543.3912.893.023.173.676.082.010.65
平均值41.8013.082.3811.822.823.003.355.391.300.60
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402024047188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品主量元素特征值(单位:wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOTFe2O3K2OMgOMnONa2OP2O5TiO2
钙质黏土最小值26.847.593.326.321.611.901.984.400.510.33
最大值42.5412.6621.8211.262.852.993.715.961.930.57
平均值37.9611.308.379.522.402.722.795.360.990.51
含沸石黏土最小值43.1212.351.799.762.642.882.684.860.720.57
最大值45.6213.742.5510.772.993.153.395.811.390.68
平均值44.2013.272.1610.272.843.003.115.121.120.63
沸石黏土最小值40.0611.752.0610.612.622.753.104.860.980.53
最大值43.7413.543.3912.893.023.173.676.082.010.65
平均值41.8013.082.3811.822.823.003.355.391.300.60
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402112127574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation coefficients between major element and ∑REY (REE and Y) contents in the sediments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOTFe2O3K2OMgOMnONa2OP2O5TiO2∑REY
钙质黏土SiO21
Al2O30.9941
CaO–0.988–0.9971
TFe2O30.8470.886–0.9171
K2O0.9640.966–0.9830.9361
MgO0.9810.994–0.9990.9300.9811
MnO0.7100.726–0.7810.9150.8720.7871
Na2O0.8690.899–0.8690.7270.7640.8750.4181
P2O50.5330.532–0.5970.7570.7310.5990.9560.1471
TiO20.9910.999–0.9990.9020.9730.9980.7500.8900.5591
∑REY0.6310.642–0.7020.8580.8130.7080.9920.3000.9850.6681
含沸石黏土SiO21
Al2O30.5671
CaO–0.847–0.4671
TFe2O3–0.706–0.2950.6941
K2O–0.897–0.5000.9010.5461
MgO0.8790.620–0.883–0.465–0.9261
MnO–0.887–0.3820.9650.7730.888–0.8391
Na2O0.069–0.398–0.266–0.102–0.1600.061–0.3611
P2O5–0.888–0.4270.9810.6520.943–0.9110.977–0.3281
TiO20.8480.767–0.690–0.482–0.8010.865–0.645–0.384–0.6991
∑REY–0.882–0.4120.9520.6680.926–0.9000.964–0.3040.978–0.7101
沸石黏土SiO21
Al2O30.3751
CaO–0.451–0.7551
TFe2O3–0.4310.347–0.5021
K2O–0.3330.356–0.4920.6661
MgO0.7930.426–0.351–0.271–0.5131
MnO–0.0520.053–0.3670.2760.527–0.1971
Na2O–0.116–0.0100.1920.170–0.2260.112–0.7191
P2O5–0.363–0.3960.0130.2650.486–0.5410.779–0.5621
TiO20.7660.620–0.501–0.250–0.3390.8920.008–0.211–0.4671
∑REY–0.406–0.088–0.2360.4590.797−0.6580.793–0.5420.876–0.4661
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402242151003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

样品主量元素和稀土元素总量的相关性系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3CaOTFe2O3K2OMgOMnONa2OP2O5TiO2∑REY
钙质黏土SiO21
Al2O30.9941
CaO–0.988–0.9971
TFe2O30.8470.886–0.9171
K2O0.9640.966–0.9830.9361
MgO0.9810.994–0.9990.9300.9811
MnO0.7100.726–0.7810.9150.8720.7871
Na2O0.8690.899–0.8690.7270.7640.8750.4181
P2O50.5330.532–0.5970.7570.7310.5990.9560.1471
TiO20.9910.999–0.9990.9020.9730.9980.7500.8900.5591
∑REY0.6310.642–0.7020.8580.8130.7080.9920.3000.9850.6681
含沸石黏土SiO21
Al2O30.5671
CaO–0.847–0.4671
TFe2O3–0.706–0.2950.6941
K2O–0.897–0.5000.9010.5461
MgO0.8790.620–0.883–0.465–0.9261
MnO–0.887–0.3820.9650.7730.888–0.8391
Na2O0.069–0.398–0.266–0.102–0.1600.061–0.3611
P2O5–0.888–0.4270.9810.6520.943–0.9110.977–0.3281
TiO20.8480.767–0.690–0.482–0.8010.865–0.645–0.384–0.6991
∑REY–0.882–0.4120.9520.6680.926–0.9000.964–0.3040.978–0.7101
沸石黏土SiO21
Al2O30.3751
CaO–0.451–0.7551
TFe2O3–0.4310.347–0.5021
K2O–0.3330.356–0.4920.6661
MgO0.7930.426–0.351–0.271–0.5131
MnO–0.0520.053–0.3670.2760.527–0.1971
Na2O–0.116–0.0100.1920.170–0.2260.112–0.7191
P2O5–0.363–0.3960.0130.2650.486–0.5410.779–0.5621
TiO20.7660.620–0.501–0.250–0.3390.8920.008–0.211–0.4671
∑REY–0.406–0.088–0.2360.4590.797−0.6580.793–0.5420.876–0.4661
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402367980130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Characteristic values of major element contents for fish teeth/bones (unit: wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2OMgOAl2O3FSiO2P2O5ClK2O
Min0.560.0800032.6300
Max1.290.460.294.270.7341.020.090.04
Ave0.900.260.042.640.0337.880.030.01
CaOSO3CoOTiO2CuOMnOFeONiO
Min42.420.08000000
Max52.661.310.190.100.190.082.260.06
Ave46.910.520.030.010.030.010.090.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402531557988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

鱼牙/骨的原位主量元素特征值(单位:wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2OMgOAl2O3FSiO2P2O5ClK2O
Min0.560.0800032.6300
Max1.290.460.294.270.7341.020.090.04
Ave0.900.260.042.640.0337.880.030.01
CaOSO3CoOTiO2CuOMnOFeONiO
Min42.420.08000000
Max52.661.310.190.100.190.082.260.06
Ave46.910.520.030.010.030.010.090.01
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402661581417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Characteristic values of rare earth element contents for fish teeth/bones (unit: mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LaCePrNdSmEuGdTb
Min65.883.3918.6581.9717.054.7525.863.86
Max3 313.65904.161 038.164 765.491 275.60300.891 627.31250.79
Ave1 016.35207.46270.771 172.90289.5773.65381.2760.89
DyYHoErTmYbLuREY
Min25.34184.905.9016.002.2514.072.88480.55
Max1 586.8810 069.98331.56959.10140.98829.39170.1727 225.97
Ave401.242817.1587.23261.2039.88243.9445.297 368.81
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402766439021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

鱼牙/骨的原位稀土元素特征值(单位:mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LaCePrNdSmEuGdTb
Min65.883.3918.6581.9717.054.7525.863.86
Max3 313.65904.161 038.164 765.491 275.60300.891 627.31250.79
Ave1 016.35207.46270.771 172.90289.5773.65381.2760.89
DyYHoErTmYbLuREY
Min25.34184.905.9016.002.2514.072.88480.55
Max1 586.8810 069.98331.56959.10140.98829.39170.1727 225.97
Ave401.242817.1587.23261.2039.88243.9445.297 368.81
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402850325106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Characteristic values of major element contents for micronodules (unit: wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2OMgOAl2O3FSiO2P2O5ClK2O
Min00.670.4301.0600.010
Max0.396.2613.000.4522.101.640.131.68
Ave0.131.701.970.104.530.300.060.12
CaOSO3CoOTiO2CuOMnOFeONiO
Min1.72000.050.1025.820.610.15
Max4.290.512.102.372.3455.8523.012.46
Ave3.190.301.021.010.5440.2413.160.65
), ArticleFig(id=1225369402942599798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

微结核的原位主量元素特征值(单位:wt%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Na2OMgOAl2O3FSiO2P2O5ClK2O
Min00.670.4301.0600.010
Max0.396.2613.000.4522.101.640.131.68
Ave0.131.701.970.104.530.300.060.12
CaOSO3CoOTiO2CuOMnOFeONiO
Min1.72000.050.1025.820.610.15
Max4.290.512.102.372.3455.8523.012.46
Ave3.190.301.021.010.5440.2413.160.65
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403026485881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Characteristic values of rare earth element contents for micronodules (unit: mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LaCePrNdSmEuGdTb
Min17.36100.214.6317.283.570.793.840.49
Max151.851 833.8236.26156.7236.038.4442.794.67
Ave71.111 118.5513.0948.7410.632.6412.101.78
DyYHoErTmYbLuREY
Min3.469.170.762.070.251.590.27177.31
Max34.42151.075.9719.002.2313.102.102 109.70
Ave10.8542.162.166.310.986.530.971 348.61
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403089400444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

微结核的原位稀土元素特征值(单位:mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LaCePrNdSmEuGdTb
Min17.36100.214.6317.283.570.793.840.49
Max151.851 833.8236.26156.7236.038.4442.794.67
Ave71.111 118.5513.0948.7410.632.6412.101.78
DyYHoErTmYbLuREY
Min3.469.170.762.070.251.590.27177.31
Max34.42151.075.9719.002.2313.102.102 109.70
Ave10.8542.162.166.310.986.530.971 348.61
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403190063742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Discriminant function (DF) calculation for sediments in GC02 and GC06 (Al/Ti)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标地区样品号卡拉哈里沙漠墨累−达令盆地孟加拉扇
注:卡拉哈里沙漠数据参考文献[46],墨累−达令盆地数据参考文献[47],孟加拉扇数据参考文献[2425]。
GC020.310.150.13
GC060.310.140.12
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403282338432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

GC02和GC06柱状沉积物判别函数(DF)计算(Al/Ti)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标地区样品号卡拉哈里沙漠墨累−达令盆地孟加拉扇
注:卡拉哈里沙漠数据参考文献[46],墨累−达令盆地数据参考文献[47],孟加拉扇数据参考文献[2425]。
GC020.310.150.13
GC060.310.140.12
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403378807427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Discriminant function (DF) calculation for sediments in GC02 and GC06 (Zr/Hf)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标地区样品号卡拉哈里沙漠墨累−达令盆地孟加拉扇
注:卡拉哈里沙漠数据参考文献[46],墨累−达令盆地数据参考文献[47],孟加拉扇数据参考文献[2425]。
GC020.410.010.13
GC060.330.040.06
), ArticleFig(id=1225369403458499206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728603718159, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

GC02和GC06柱状沉积物判别函数(DF)计算(Zr/Hf)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标地区样品号卡拉哈里沙漠墨累−达令盆地孟加拉扇
注:卡拉哈里沙漠数据参考文献[46],墨累−达令盆地数据参考文献[47],孟加拉扇数据参考文献[2425]。
GC020.410.010.13
GC060.330.040.06
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中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究
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孙懿 1, 2, 3 , 石学法 1, 2, * , 鄢全树 1, 2 , 刘希军 3, * , 于淼 1, 2 , 黄牧 1, 2 , 毕东杰 1, 2 , 李佳 1, 2 , 朱爱美 1, 2 , 高晶晶 1, 2 , 汪虹敏 1, 2 , 张兆祺 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(11): 42-62
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(11): 42-62
中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究
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孙懿1, 2, 3 , 石学法1, 2, * , 鄢全树1, 2, 刘希军3, * , 于淼1, 2, 黄牧1, 2, 毕东杰1, 2, 李佳1, 2, 朱爱美1, 2, 高晶晶1, 2, 汪虹敏1, 2, 张兆祺1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.桂林理工大学 广西隐伏金矿产勘查重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
  • 孙懿(1996-),男,河北省沧州市人,研究方向为地质资源与地质工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

石学法(1965-),男,山东省昌邑市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋沉积和成矿作用。E-mail:
刘希军(1980-),男,甘肃省张掖市人,教授,研究方向为元素/同位素地球化学,地幔动力学和火成岩岩石学。E-mail:
The study on geochemical characteristics and enrichment mechanism of deep sea REY-rich sediments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin
Yi Sun1, 2, 3 , Xuefa Shi1, 2, * , Quanshu Yan1, 2, Xijun Liu3, * , Miao Yu1, 2, Mu Huang1, 2, Dongjie Bi1, 2, Jia Li1, 2, Aimei Zhu1, 2, Jingjing Gao1, 2, Hongmin Wang1, 2, Zhaoqi Zhang1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Hidden Metallic Ore Deposils Exploration, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2022-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022135
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本文对中印度洋海盆深海富稀土沉积区两根柱样GC02和GC06开展了沉积物涂片观察,X-射线衍射分析,主量、微量和稀土元素分析,以及单矿物原位微区地球化学分析等,探讨了其地球化学特征、物质来源及稀土元素(REY)的富集机制。结果表明,GC02柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土和沸石黏土,GC06柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。稀土元素主要在含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中富集。北美页岩标准化(NASC)配分模式指示沉积物的REY主要来源于海水,矿物学和地球化学等特征表明该地区沉积物陆源组分可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。元素相关性和CaO/P2O5比值等指示了深海富稀土沉积中REY的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等),其次为铁锰微结核。本文总结和探讨了深海富稀土沉积的形成机制,完善了深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。

中印度洋海盆  /  富稀土深海沉积物  /  地球化学  /  稀土来源  /  赋存矿物  /  富集机制

In this paper, sediment smear observations, X-ray diffraction analyses, major, trace and rare earth elements analyses, and in situ micro zone geochemical analyses of single minerals were carried out on samples of core GC02 and GC06 from the rare earth-rich deep-sea sediments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin to explore their geochemical characteristics, material sources and enrichment mechanisms of rare earth elements (REY). The results show that the sediment types of core GC02 are calcareous clay and zeolitic clay, and the sediment types of core GC06 are calcareous clay, zeolite-bearing clay and zeolitic clay. Rare earth elements are enriched in zeolite-bearing clays and zeolitic clays. The North American Shale Composite (NASC) Standardized patterns of REY in the sediments indicate a possible seawater origin. Mineralogical and geochemical signatures indicate that the terrestrial fraction of these sediments in the study area should be the eolian dust material originated primarily from Australian. Elemental correlations and CaO/P2O5 ratios indicate that the main host mineral of REY in REY-rich deep-sea sediments is bioapatite (fish teeth/bone), followed by Fe-Mn micronodule. This study summarizes and discusses the formation mechanism of REY-rich sediments and improves a conceptual model for the formation process of REY-rich sediments.

Central Indian Ocean Basin  /  rare earth-rich deep-sea sediments  /  geochemistry  /  rare earth sources  /  REY-host minerals  /  enrichment mechanism
孙懿, 石学法, 鄢全树, 刘希军, 于淼, 黄牧, 毕东杰, 李佳, 朱爱美, 高晶晶, 汪虹敏, 张兆祺. 中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (11) : 42 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022135
Yi Sun, Xuefa Shi, Quanshu Yan, Xijun Liu, Miao Yu, Mu Huang, Dongjie Bi, Jia Li, Aimei Zhu, Jingjing Gao, Hongmin Wang, Zhaoqi Zhang. The study on geochemical characteristics and enrichment mechanism of deep sea REY-rich sediments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (11) : 42 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022135
2011年,Kato等[1]发现中北太平洋区和东南太平洋区的部分深海沉积物中富含稀土元素(REY,包括REE和Y),推断其资源量可能远远超过全球的陆地稀土储量,随后许多学者对太平洋深海富稀土沉积物展开了大量的研究[2-11]。迄今,关于太平洋富稀土沉积的沉积物类型和分布规律,稀土元素的赋存矿物、来源、富集机制和影响因素等方面的研究取得了不少进展。已有研究表明,太平洋富稀土沉积物类型主要为沸石黏土和远洋黏土[1-2, 6, 12-16],广泛分布在深海盆地[17]。前人研究表明沉积物中REY的主要赋存矿物包括生物磷灰石[11-14, 18-20]、黏土矿物[21-22]、热液成因的微结核[1]以及水成/成岩微结核[23]等。关于印度洋深海富稀土沉积的研究较少。随着研究的深入,科学家们发现印度洋的深海富稀土沉积在矿物学特征、地球化学特征、REY特征等方面与太平洋的深海富稀土沉积特征具有高度的相似性。例如,Yasukawa等[24-25]认为印度洋区的深海富稀土沉积的稀土元素总量(∑REY)与中北太平洋区富稀土沉积区的∑REY相似,REY的富集与生物磷灰石和水成微结核有关。石学法等[17]初步划分了包括印度洋在内的4个深海稀土成矿带,认为深海富稀土沉积在全球深海盆地中广泛存在。本文以中国大洋第34和39航次在中印度洋海盆南部获取的GC02和GC06两个柱状沉积物为研究对象,开展了矿物学和地球化学测试分析,并与印度洋不同区域的柱状沉积物特征进行了对比,查明了REY主要赋存矿物相为生物磷灰石和微结核,探讨了富稀土沉积物的形成机制,总结和完善了中印度洋富稀土沉积物富集的概念模型。
中印度洋海盆位于印度洋中脊的东部, 90°E海岭的西侧,印度板块和孟加拉湾海底扇的南部(图1),面积为7×106 km2,水深为4 500~5 600 m[26]
受控于陆源物质输入和碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)等因素的影响,中印度洋海盆表层沉积物类型呈现南北分带[27]。中印度洋海盆北部(5°S以北)靠近大陆架,主要为河流输入的印度次大陆沉积物[28];在5°~15°S区域,平均水深在5 000 m以下,钙质生物碎屑和陆源碎屑沉积影响较小,主要为硅质软泥沉积;15°S以南不再受北部陆源物质浊流输入的影响[29-30],且该区域水深大于5 000 m,在CCD之下,受钙质沉积的影响较小,主要为深海黏土沉积。中印度洋海盆南部地区沉积速率整体较低,为0.8~1.5 mm/ka[31]
风可携带、搬运陆源粉尘物质入海。印度洋10°S以南,全年受东南信风的影响;10°S以北,季风呈季节性的风向变化[32]。Maher等[33]通过观察卫星吸收气溶胶指数绘制了全球沙尘的主要输送路径,与盛行季风风向几乎一致(图1a)。
本文研究的两站沉积物采样点相距352 km,均位于东南印度洋中脊东北侧500 km左右(图1)。GC02柱状岩心(经纬度坐标为21.38°S,75.47°E,采样水深为4 391 m,样长3.00 m)和GC06柱状岩心(经纬度坐标为21.97°S,78.82°E,采样水深为4 627 m,样长2.52 m)分别为“大洋一号”科考船在大洋34航次(2015年)和大洋39航次(2016年)利用重力柱状采样器所采集。两站柱状沉积物均为深褐色深海黏土,结构均一。对两柱状沉积物分别以10 cm间隔取样,每个样品层厚2 cm。对GC02、GC06柱状沉积物进行了涂片鉴定、主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素测试分析。选取GC06站位进行X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,并挑选其主要层位的鱼牙、微结核和钙十字沸石开展了原位微区分析。
所有实验均在自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室完成。具体实验步骤如下:
(1)涂片制作。参考Rothwell[34]的方法,取火柴头大小沉积物全岩样品,置于载玻片上,滴1~2滴蒸馏水后用牙签涂匀,烘干,将熔化的冷杉胶均匀涂抹在沉积物上,盖上盖玻片,并挤出气泡。
(2)X-射线衍射分析。将取得的散装样品分为两份。其中一份样品在冷冻干燥(温度在0℃ 以下)后,用玛瑙研钵研磨至全部粒径小于40 μm(约350目),在低于60℃的温度下烘干,冷却至室温后,采用D/max-2500 X-衍射仪测定。使用旋转阳极铜靶X-ray(Cu =1.5406 Å)对粉末样品进行测定。在2°/min,扫描0°~75° 2θ的设定下进行,并使用MDI Jade6软件识别其主要矿物组成。矿物相对含量参考Biscaye[35]对沉积物中矿物的计算方法(矿物含量=半峰宽×衍射峰高×相对因子)。
(3)地球化学分析。另一份样品在冷冻干燥后,在玛瑙研钵中研磨至全部粒径小于74 μm(约200目),待测。测试方法参考《海洋沉积物化学分析方法》(GB/T 20260−2006),精确称量0.05 g样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入1.5 mL HNO3和1.5 mL HF,在烘箱中190℃加热48 h。冷却后蒸干,加入1 mL HNO3蒸至湿盐状,再加入3 mL体积分数为50%的HNO3和0.5 mL Rh内标溶液(1 mg/kg),在烘箱中150℃保持12 h,冷却后定容至50 mL,待进行主量元素测试。从中取出10 mL再次定容至20 mL,再进行微量、稀土元素测试。主量元素采用Thermo Fisher Scientific公司生产的iCAP6300型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定;微量元素和稀土元素采用Thermo Fisher Scientific公司生产的X Series 2型电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定。采用国家标准物质GBW07309(GSD-9)、GBW07317和GBW07316进行监控,绝对误差控制在5%以下。
(4)电子探针分析。将获取的另一份样品过200目筛,残留样品随后烘干,在显微镜下挑选鱼牙/骨、微结核及沸石制备环氧树脂靶,根据Gao等[36]描述的方法,进行电子探针测试。探针强度为15 kV,电流为10 nA,直径为1 μm,分析误差小于2%。
(5)激光剥蚀−电感耦合等离子体质谱分析。电子探针分析之后,用激光剥蚀系统在矿物相同部分进行激光取样。激光剥蚀系统为193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀系统(GeoLasHD),通过iCAP RQ获得离子信号强度。实验过程中,斑点大小为32 μm,能量密度为5 J/cm2,重复频率为5 Hz。外部校准样品为NIST SRM 610,NIST SRM 612,BHVO-2G,BIR-1G,TB-1G和GSD-2G。使用ICPMSDataCal-12处理原始数据。元素分析的准确度大于5%,精确度大于10%。
稀土数据采用北美页岩(The North American Shale Composite, NASC)进行标准化,具体值见表1
根据GC02和GC06柱状沉积物涂片鉴定结果(图2),确定GC02柱状沉积物类型主要为钙质黏土(黏土50%~75%,硅质生物0%~25%,钙质生物25%~50%)和沸石黏土(黏土75%~90%,硅质生物0%~25%,钙质生物0%~25%,沸石含量>10%),GC06柱状沉积物类型主要为钙质黏土(黏土50%~75%,硅质生物0%~25%,钙质生物25%~50%)、含沸石黏土(黏土75%~90%,硅质生物0%~25%,钙质生物0%~25%,沸石含量0%~10%)和沸石黏土(黏土75%~90%,硅质生物0%~25%,钙质生物0%~25%,沸石含量>10%)。
X-射线衍射图谱显示GC06柱状沉积物中含有伊利石、蒙脱石、石英、钙十字沸石、长石等矿物(图3)。尽管涂片中可以明显看到大量的生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等),然而XRD分析却没有明显的检测到,一方面可能是由于样品中岩盐的峰值较高,并且和磷灰石的峰(2θ:31.8~32.1)相近[35],掩盖掉磷灰石的峰。另一方面,生物磷灰石是一种晶体结构高度无序并且晶格中元素可以被高度取代的矿物[38],因此结晶程度较差的生物磷灰石可能未被XRD分析检测到。
样品的主量元素特征值见表2。GC02和GC06柱状沉积物主量元素在纵向上的变化与沉积物类型有关(图4)。除两个钙质黏土层外,主量元素基本稳定。钙质黏土层位最大的特征是CaO含量明显偏高,变化范围为3.32 wt%~21.82 wt%,其他主量元素略微偏低。造成这种现象的原因是钙质黏土层含有较多的钙质生物碎屑(图2),导致了CaO的含量偏高,其他主量元素的含量相对偏低。钙质黏土层CaO的高含量也导致了CaO/P2O5的比值高于其他层位。由于∑REY随深度的增加而增加,我们可以推测在研究样品中REY的富集可能并未随埋藏过程而停止。
根据各主量元素和∑REY之间的相关性分析(表3),不同类型沉积物主量元素和∑REY的相关性存在差异。在钙质黏土中,MnO和∑REY的相关性最好,相关系数r为0.992,其次是P2O5,相关系数r为0.985;SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3、K2O、MgO、TiO2和∑REY的相关性系数r均在0.6以上;Na2O和∑REY的相关性最差,相关系数r为0.300;CaO和∑REY呈负相关,相关系数r为–0.702。在含沸石黏土中,P2O5和∑REY的相关性最好,相关系数r为0.978,其次是MnO、CaO和K2O,相关性系数r分别为0.964、0.952和0.926;TFe2O3和∑REY的相关性系数r为0.668;SiO2、Al2O3、MgO、Na2O、TiO2和∑REY呈负相关。在沸石黏土中,P2O5和∑REY的相关性最好,相关系数r为0.876,其次是K2O和MnO,相关性系数分别为0.797和0.793;SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、MgO、Na2O、TiO2和∑REY呈负相关。
图5所示,沉积物类型变化的地方,微量元素有明显的变化。两站柱状沉积物整体上随深度的变化趋势基本一致,大部分微量元素随深度的增加而增加,Th随深度的增加而逐渐减少。V、Zn、Ni、Co、Cu、Mo、U、Zr和Hf在纵向上的变化趋势和∑REY的变化趋势相似。在沉积物中,δCe小于1,随着深度的增加,δCe呈现逐渐减小的趋势,和∑REY的变化趋势相反;δEu大于1,随深度的增加逐渐增加,和∑REY的变化趋势基本相同。
GC02和GC06柱状沉积物的REY北美页岩(NASC)标准化配分模式图见图6a。样品总体上均表现为Ce的负异常、中−重稀土略富集的“平坦型”配分模式。图6b显示了不同类型的沉积物中∑REY存在明显差异,∑REY在沸石黏土、含沸石黏土、钙质黏土、硅质软泥和钙质软泥中逐渐降低。
鱼牙/骨、微结核的原位主量元素和稀土元素特征见表4表7。鱼牙/骨中的主要氧化物为CaO(42.42 wt%~52.66 wt%)和P2O5(32.63 wt%~41.02 wt%),平均含量分别为46.91 wt%和37.88 wt%。鱼牙/骨的∑REY范围为480.55~27 225.97 mg/kg。微结核中主要的氧化物为MnO(25.82 wt%~55.85 wt%)和FeO(0.61 wt%~23.01 wt%),平均含量分别为40.24 wt%和13.16 wt%。微结核的∑REY范围为177.31~2 109.70 mg/kg。
蒙脱石/伊利石(M/I)反映了陆源黏土含量的大小,比值越小,则陆源黏土含量越高,火山蚀变源黏土含量越低[39-41]。本研究的钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中M/I的平均值分别为0.18、0.14和0.17。已有研究表明大西洋沉积物中的M/I为0.29~0.55,几乎全为陆源黏土[39],本文中的M/I小于大西洋中的M/I,可以推断样品中黏土主要以陆源黏土为主。
为探究风尘物质具体的来源,可用判别函数(DF)拟合判别[42-43],表达式为
$ {\rm{DF}}=(C_{\rm{1X}}/C_{\rm{2X}})/(C_{\rm{1L}}/C_{\rm {2L}})-1 \text{,} $
式中,C1XC2X表示样品元素含量;C1LC2L表示目标物源元素含量。|DF|<0.5,表明研究样品和目标物源相近,且越接近0,则两种物质的源区越接近[42-43]。本文选取了相对稳定的Al、Ti和Zr、Hf元素来判别沉积物中黏土矿物的潜在源区。前人研究认为该地区陆源物质的潜在源区为南非卡拉哈里沙漠(Kalahari desert)[44]和澳大利亚墨累−达令盆地(Murray-Darling basin)[45],同时考虑地理位置,本文也比较了孟加拉扇的沉积物数据。DF拟合判别结果见表8表9
表8表9可知,中印度洋海盆沉积物的陆源物质更接近澳大利亚墨累−达令盆地的沉积物。孟加拉扇沉积物和澳大利亚沉积物Al/Ti的DF数值相近,但孟加拉扇沉积物Zr/Hf的DF要大于澳大利亚的沉积物,并且研究表明由恒河和雅鲁藏布江输入至孟加拉扇的物质最远可到达5°S[48],而本研究区位于20°~25°S之间,因此受到孟加拉扇物源的影响很小。结合全球范围内风尘物质的输运路径(图1a),推断研究区沉积物可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。但是,陆源风尘物质在该研究区沉积过程中所发生的物理化学变化以及对稀土元素在沉积中富集的影响等问题,需要进一步的研究。
已有较多的研究揭示了富稀土深海沉积物中稀土元素主要赋存在生物磷灰石中[49-51]。本文研究结果表明,∑REY和P2O5的相关性最好(表3),相关性系数r为0.9。研究区沉积物中的P主要来自生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等)[50],反映了生物磷灰石在REY富集过程中扮演着重要的角色。随着P2O5含量的增加,沉积物中的∑REY是逐渐增加的(图7a)。此外,原位分析结果表明生物磷灰石的∑REY最高,为480.55~27 225.97 mg/kg,平均值为7 368.81 mg/kg,因此生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等)是本样品中REY的主要赋存矿物。这进一步支持了富稀土深海沉积物中稀土元素主要赋存在生物磷灰石中的观点。
富稀土沉积(>700 mg/kg)的CaO/P2O5比值在0~2之间(图8a)。样品中生物磷灰石CaO/P2O5的范围为0.76~1.58,平均值为1.23,小于前人的数据(1.30~1.90,参考文献[24])(图8b)。这可能在生物磷灰石中发生如下反应[23, 52]
REE3++Na+$\leftrightharpoons $2Ca2+和REE3++Si4+$\leftrightharpoons $Ca2++P5+.
REY3+替换掉生物磷灰石中的Ca2+,导致CaO/P2O5比值降低。图8b显示了不同类型沉积物中生物磷灰石的CaO/P2O5比值无明显的差异,因此沉积物类型和生物磷灰石的CaO/P2O5比值之间无明显的关系。造成图8a中钙质黏土层CaO/P2O5比值较高的原因,可能是沉积物中含有大量的钙质生物。图7b显示了当CaO的含量高于10%时,随着CaO含量的增加,∑REY是逐渐减少的,因此钙质生物壳体对沉积物中REY的富集具有稀释作用,这一结果支持了前人的结论[1, 7, 24]
铁锰微结核在生长过程中,会吸附大量稀土元素[1]。∑REY与TFe2O3和MnO均存在一定的相关性(表3),由此推断铁锰微结核对研究区深海沉积物中REY的富集具有贡献作用。原位分析结果显示,铁锰微结核∑REY也较高,平均值∑REY为1 348.61 mg/kg,说明铁锰微结核也为沉积物贡献了REY。随着TFe2O3和MnO含量的增加,∑REY的含量也是增加的(图7c图7f)。然而,GC02和GC06柱状岩心沉积物的NASC配分模式和生物磷灰石中的NASC配分模式相似,呈现Ce的负异常(图9a图9c),而铁锰微结核中的NASC配分模式呈现Ce的正异常(图9c)。在富稀土沉积中,随着δCe的增加,∑REY是逐渐减少的(图7e)。综上,铁锰微结核是研究区样品REY的次要赋存矿物。
∑REY和钙十字沸石的含量呈正相关关系(图10d),然而,原位分析结果显示了钙十字沸石中的平均∑REY仅为78.38 mg/kg,表明钙十字沸石不是稀土元素的主要赋存矿物。
综上,在GC02和GC06柱状沉积物中稀土元素的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等),其次是铁锰微结核,而钙十字沸石不富集稀土元素。
前人研究表明,海水是富稀土沉积物中稀土元素的主要来源[10-11, 24, 50]。本研究对比了中印度洋海盆的玄武岩样品、澳大利亚风尘物质、海水、孔隙水和热液的NASC标准化配分模式(图9a图9b),结果显示本研究样品NASC配分模式与海水NASC配分模式相似(图9b),表现出中−重稀土富集和Ce负异常的特征,说明海水是深海富稀土沉积物中的直接来源。
Y和Ho具有非常相似的离子半径和相同的价态,在许多地质过程中耦合,具有极少的分馏[59-60]。海洋活动却可以将Y、Ho分离出来,海水中的铁锰氧化悬浮物优先“清除”Ho[61],导致海洋来源的沉积物中Y/Ho的比值更高[62-63]。因此,Y/Ho的比值可以用来评估碎屑矿物对沉积物的影响。在Y/Ho−∑REY的图解中,研究区的大部分样品落在了陆源碎屑的区域(图11),表明大部分样品受到了陆源碎屑的影响,该陆源碎屑来自澳大利亚的风尘物质(见5.1节)。ODP 752站位沉积物受到陆源的影响较小,其∑REY的范围也比较小。因此可以推测陆源碎屑矿物的加入可能会对深海沉积物中富集REY造成影响,然而这种影响是一定的。当然,这种假设需要进一步的数据验证。
研究表明鱼牙通过吸附作用吸附海水中的REY时,不会发生REY元素之间的分馏[64-65],而替换作用主要发生在沉积物−水界面,可能会发生元素的分馏[66]。我们观察到样品中的鱼牙与新鲜鱼牙的NASC标准配分模式存在明显的差别(图12),表明在样品的鱼牙中发生了替换作用,这与5.2节中的结论一致。
研究样品中鱼牙根部比中部、尖部的∑REY更高,而鱼牙尖部和中部的Ce负异常更加明显(图12)。鱼牙从根部到中部再到尖部,∑REY是依次减少的,这表明鱼牙从根部开始“吸收”REY,逐渐向尖部扩散,这与前人的实验结果相同[10-11, 23]
为了探究上述现象的原因,我们对样品中的微结核进行了研究。研究区的微结核为水成微结核/成岩微结核混合型(图13)。水成微结核可以向成岩微结核转化[11],该过程会发生部分微量元素的迁移,尤其是Ce的迁移[67-71]。分别选取了典型的水成微结核和成岩微结核的REY,比较了NASC标准化配分模式(图14)。水成微结核有明显的Ce正异常,并且含有更高的∑REY。由此可以合理的推断,在早期的成岩过程中,水成微结核向成岩微结核转化,并释放了REY到海水或孔隙水中(图14)。释放的REY具有较高δCe,随后被生物磷灰石捕获[11, 50]。因此,造成了鱼牙不同部位Ce异常的差别(图12)。
在上述研究基础上,本文总结和完善了中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积物形成过程的概念模型(图15)。极慢的沉积速率被认为是影响深海富稀土沉积的关键因素[1-2, 10-11, 17, 25, 50, 74-77]。ODP 752站位采样深度为1 086 m,ODP 758站位采样深度为2 924 m[24-25],均位于CCD之上[78],因此ODP 752站位和ODP 758站位沉积物的沉积速率较快。DSDP 259站位采样深度为4 696 m,然而该站距离澳大利亚陆架较近(图1),Y/Ho数据表明该站位沉积物受到陆源的影响较大(图11),因此DSDP 259站位的沉积速率较快。尽管DSDP 213站位的采样深度为5 609 m,位于CCD之下,然而DSDP 213站位的沉积物大部分受到孟加拉扇冲积物的影响[24-25],Y/Ho的数据也支持这一结论(图11),因此我们推测DSDP 213站位的沉积速率相对中等。于淼等[45]对印度洋沉积物进行了铀系测年,结果显示了34V航段样品平均沉积速率为1.3~3 mm/ka。于淼等[45]取样位置与研究区距离较近,因此沉积速率可能大致相同,为较缓慢的沉积速率。综上,研究样品中的∑REY高于ODP 752站、DSDP 259站、DSDP 213站和ODP 758站位沉积物,可能是受到沉积速率的影响。
在本研究区,首先风尘物质(主要为一些细小的碎屑矿物)在海水表面缓慢沉降。同时,鱼类脱落牙齿或死亡的鱼牙、鱼骨也在沉降。水成微结核开始形成并一起在水柱中沉降。在水成微结核沉降的过程中,“清除”海水中的REY[1, 11]。生物磷灰石(鱼牙/骨)在沉降过程中,可能吸附微量的REY(这一假设未得到有效证明)。在沉积物−水界面,生物磷灰石根部首先和REY发生离子置换反应,稀土元素替换掉生物磷灰石晶体中的Ca2+,并随着时间的推移,从根部向尖部扩散(图12)。在早期成岩过程中,水成微结核向成岩微结核的转化[50],并释放稀土元素(以Ce正异常为特征,图14)到海水或孔隙水中,释放的REY被生物磷灰石捕获,因此造成了沉积物的稀土元素NASC标准配分模式和海水NASC标准配分模式Ce的微弱差异(图9b)。
海水和孔隙水之间的溶液可以在沉积物−水界面发生交换,该交换与沉积物的渗透率有关,远洋黏土比大陆架和斜坡沉积物的渗透率更低[56]。本研究样品为渗透率低的远洋黏土(见3.1节),因此研究样品比ODP 752、DSDP 259、DSDP 213和ODP 758站位的沉积物中海水和孔隙水“交换率”更低,极大的保存了稀土元素。
通过对中印度洋海盆南部GC02和GC06站位柱状岩心沉积物样品系统的矿物学和地球化学研究,得到以下主要认识:
(1)中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积物类型主要为含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。不同类型的沉积物中稀土元素含量存在差异,稀土元素含量在沸石黏土、含沸石黏土和钙质黏土等沉积物中通常依次减少。
(2)涂片鉴定及X-射线衍射分析等综合结果显示,研究区深海沉积物中主要由石英、钾长石、斜长石、黏土矿物、钙十字沸石、生物磷灰石和针铁矿等矿物组成。根据表征陆源特征的Zr/Hf和Al/Ti比值,并结合中印度洋地区的季风特征,判定研究区沉积物中黏土矿物主要为来源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。
(3)研究区富稀土沉积物全岩及单矿物的矿物学和地球化学特征表明,沉积物中稀土元素主要赋存在生物成因磷灰石(鱼牙/骨等)中,其次为铁锰微结核。钙十字沸石不富集稀土元素。稀土元素主要以离子替换方式进入生物磷灰石的晶格中。
(4)深海富稀土沉积中REY配分模式表现为中−重稀土富集、明显负Ce异常的特征,与海水REY配分模式相似,推测海水是深海富稀土沉积中稀土元素的直接来源。
(5)总结完善了中印度海盆深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。首先,在鱼牙/骨、水成微结核和风尘物质一起在海底沉积的过程中,鱼牙/骨和水成微结核富集海水中的REY。沉积后,水成微结核经历成岩演化过程并释放部分REY,被鱼牙/骨捕获。风尘物质的沉积使得沉积物的渗透率更低,有利于上述反应的进行。
致谢:感谢中国大洋34航次和39航次全体科考队员和船员的辛勤工作,感谢实验室老师们无私帮助,感谢在论文写作过程中各位老师和同学给予的支持和帮助。
  • 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室山东省专项(2021QNLM020003-1)
  • 国家自然科学基金(91858209,41706061)
  • 中国大洋矿产资源研究项目(DY135-R2-1-01)
  • 泰山学者攀登计划项目(tspd20181216)
  • 青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室开放基金资助项目(MGQNLM201901)
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2022年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022135
  • 接收时间:2022-03-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-14
  • 修回日期:2022-05-25
基金
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室山东省专项(2021QNLM020003-1)
国家自然科学基金(91858209,41706061)
中国大洋矿产资源研究项目(DY135-R2-1-01)
泰山学者攀登计划项目(tspd20181216)
青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室开放基金资助项目(MGQNLM201901)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.桂林理工大学 广西隐伏金矿产勘查重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004

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石学法(1965-),男,山东省昌邑市人,研究员,研究方向为海洋沉积和成矿作用。E-mail:
刘希军(1980-),男,甘肃省张掖市人,教授,研究方向为元素/同位素地球化学,地幔动力学和火成岩岩石学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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