Article(id=1224798728419164184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1616256000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-21, revisedDate=1656864000000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769944372514, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1667232000000, pubDateStr=2022-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769944372514, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769944372514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769944372514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224798727609663509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769944372322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769996107149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015719264403524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224798727609663509, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224798728679211035, articleId=1224798728419164184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study of sediment flocculation in tidal flat of Huanghe River Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the field data of floc size, suspended sediment concentration and hydrodynamic data, the flocculation characteristics of tidal flat in the south of the Huanghe River Estuary are studied. The results show that the floc size of Huanghe River Estuary tidal flat range is 25.42–264.44 μm, and the average diameter is 95.20 μm. The effect of water turbulence on the flocculation of tidal flat at the Huanghe River Estuary is different, and the upper limit of turbulence on flocculation promotion is about Gl=3.76 s–1. While the turbulence intensity of water is lower than Gl, turbulence promotes sediment flocculation, and the particle size of floc increases with the strengthen of turbulence intensity, whereas the turbulence mainly inhibits flocculation, the particle size of floc decreases with the attenuate of turbulence intensity. The suspended sediment concentration inhibits the flocculation, particle size of floc corresponding to high sediment content under the same turbulent conditions is smaller. There is a negative correlation between the effective density and the particle size of the floc, and the settling speed of the floc is mainly affected by the particle size. This study complements the understanding of sediment flocculation characteristics in tidal flat of weak tidal estuary.

, correspAuthors=Weiming Xie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shang Yu, Weiming Xie, Qing He, Xianye Wang, Zhonghao Zhao, Leicheng Guo, Fan Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224798731904630876, articleId=1224798728419164184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于现场观测的絮团粒径、悬沙浓度及水动力数据,研究了黄河口南部潮滩泥沙絮凝特征。研究发现,黄河口潮滩絮团粒径在25.42~264.44 μm之间,平均为95.20 μm。水体紊动对黄河口潮滩絮凝的影响存在差异,紊动对絮凝促进作用的上限约为Gl=3.76 s−1。紊动强度低于Gl时,紊动促进泥沙絮凝,絮团粒径随紊动加强而增大;反之水体紊动对絮凝主要起抑制作用,絮团粒径随紊动强度增大而减小。悬沙浓度对黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝起抑制作用,同等紊动条件下高悬沙浓度对应的絮团粒径更小。黄河口潮滩絮团有效密度与粒径呈现负相关关系,沉速主要受粒径影响。本研究补充了对弱潮河口潮滩泥沙絮凝特性的认识。

, correspAuthors=谢卫明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢卫明,博士后,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动和动力地貌过程研究。 E-mail:
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于上(1994-),男,吉林省长春市人,博士研究生,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动及动力地貌研究。 E-mail:

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于上(1994-),男,吉林省长春市人,博士研究生,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动及动力地貌研究。 E-mail:

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于上(1994-),男,吉林省长春市人,博士研究生,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动及动力地貌研究。 E-mail:

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Spearman correlation coefficient of floc particle size and bottom turbulent shear rate, suspended sediment concentration and flow velocity

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时期 底部紊动剪切率悬沙浓度流速
T10.51/显著相关0.11/不相关–0.27/不相关
T2–0.20/不相关–0.48/微相关0.18/不相关
T3–0.41/微相关–0.48/微相关–0.11/不相关
T4–0.65/显著相关–0.76/显著相关0.34/微相关
), ArticleFig(id=1225369398546973454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728419164184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各个潮周期絮团粒径与紊动剪切率、悬沙浓度及流速的Spearman系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时期 底部紊动剪切率悬沙浓度流速
T10.51/显著相关0.11/不相关–0.27/不相关
T2–0.20/不相关–0.48/微相关0.18/不相关
T3–0.41/微相关–0.48/微相关–0.11/不相关
T4–0.65/显著相关–0.76/显著相关0.34/微相关
), ArticleFig(id=1225369398635053842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728419164184, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fitting results of different Gl

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gl/s−1R²(紊动促进絮凝阶段)R²(紊动抑制絮凝阶段)
3.310.170.34
3.760.530.32
3.980.420.28
4.300.430.26
4.590.090.02
), ArticleFig(id=1225369398752494359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224798728419164184, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同Gl对应拟合结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gl/s−1R²(紊动促进絮凝阶段)R²(紊动抑制絮凝阶段)
3.310.170.34
3.760.530.32
3.980.420.28
4.300.430.26
4.590.090.02
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黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝研究
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于上 1 , 谢卫明 1, * , 何青 1 , 王宪业 1 , 赵中豪 1 , 郭磊城 1 , 徐凡 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(11): 99-110
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(11): 99-110
黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝研究
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于上1 , 谢卫明1, * , 何青1, 王宪业1, 赵中豪1, 郭磊城1, 徐凡1
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200041
  • 于上(1994-),男,吉林省长春市人,博士研究生,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动及动力地貌研究。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢卫明,博士后,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动和动力地貌过程研究。 E-mail:
Study of sediment flocculation in tidal flat of Huanghe River Estuary
Shang Yu1 , Weiming Xie1, * , Qing He1, Xianye Wang1, Zhonghao Zhao1, Leicheng Guo1, Fan Xu1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200041, China
出版时间: 2022-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022105
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本文基于现场观测的絮团粒径、悬沙浓度及水动力数据,研究了黄河口南部潮滩泥沙絮凝特征。研究发现,黄河口潮滩絮团粒径在25.42~264.44 μm之间,平均为95.20 μm。水体紊动对黄河口潮滩絮凝的影响存在差异,紊动对絮凝促进作用的上限约为Gl=3.76 s−1。紊动强度低于Gl时,紊动促进泥沙絮凝,絮团粒径随紊动加强而增大;反之水体紊动对絮凝主要起抑制作用,絮团粒径随紊动强度增大而减小。悬沙浓度对黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝起抑制作用,同等紊动条件下高悬沙浓度对应的絮团粒径更小。黄河口潮滩絮团有效密度与粒径呈现负相关关系,沉速主要受粒径影响。本研究补充了对弱潮河口潮滩泥沙絮凝特性的认识。

泥沙  /  絮凝  /  潮滩  /  黄河口

Based on the field data of floc size, suspended sediment concentration and hydrodynamic data, the flocculation characteristics of tidal flat in the south of the Huanghe River Estuary are studied. The results show that the floc size of Huanghe River Estuary tidal flat range is 25.42–264.44 μm, and the average diameter is 95.20 μm. The effect of water turbulence on the flocculation of tidal flat at the Huanghe River Estuary is different, and the upper limit of turbulence on flocculation promotion is about Gl=3.76 s–1. While the turbulence intensity of water is lower than Gl, turbulence promotes sediment flocculation, and the particle size of floc increases with the strengthen of turbulence intensity, whereas the turbulence mainly inhibits flocculation, the particle size of floc decreases with the attenuate of turbulence intensity. The suspended sediment concentration inhibits the flocculation, particle size of floc corresponding to high sediment content under the same turbulent conditions is smaller. There is a negative correlation between the effective density and the particle size of the floc, and the settling speed of the floc is mainly affected by the particle size. This study complements the understanding of sediment flocculation characteristics in tidal flat of weak tidal estuary.

sediment  /  flocculation  /  tidal flat  /  Huanghe River Estuary
于上, 谢卫明, 何青, 王宪业, 赵中豪, 郭磊城, 徐凡. 黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (11) : 99 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022105
Shang Yu, Weiming Xie, Qing He, Xianye Wang, Zhonghao Zhao, Leicheng Guo, Fan Xu. Study of sediment flocculation in tidal flat of Huanghe River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (11) : 99 -110 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022105
絮凝是泥沙的重要特性,小颗粒泥沙会团聚成为大的絮凝体,进而改变沉降速度等特性[1-6]。在河口海岸区域,超过90%的泥沙都是以絮凝体的形式运输[7]。研究泥沙絮凝特性及影响因素,对深化认识河口海岸泥沙输运规律有重要意义。已有诸多研究对天然水体中的絮凝特性与影响因素进行了探讨:陈锦山等[8]、程江等[9-10]和唐建华[11]利用LISST观测了长江口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝特性,发现长江口絮团平均粒径为86.3 μm,受水动力影响明显;Xia等[12]、邓智瑞等[13]、林建良等[14]对珠江口絮凝体特性也进行了研究,发现珠江口絮团粒径略大于长江口,絮团粒径受盐度影响较小但受动力影响较大;长江中下游淡水环境中也发现有絮凝现象的存在,淡水絮团的粒径略低于河口絮团[15-16]。综合现场观测与室内实验发现,影响絮凝的因素包括水体紊动剪切强度、悬沙浓度、盐度、泥沙粒径、泥沙级配以及生物作用等[8, 13, 17-20]
过往对絮凝的现场观测研究主要集中在河流与河口区域,对潮滩区域絮凝特性的研究相对较少。但是另一方面,潮滩上存在明显的絮凝现象,且絮凝对潮滩泥沙运移与冲淤变化有明显影响[21-23]。因此,研究潮滩区域泥沙絮凝对进一步揭示河口海岸区域泥沙运动规律有重要意义。近年来,已经有一些研究者在美国、荷兰的潮滩上进行了絮凝观测研究,但是这些研究普遍集中于中潮(潮差在2~4 m之间)或强潮河口(潮差大于4 m),鲜见在弱潮河口潮滩进行的泥沙絮凝观测[21, 23-24]
基于以上背景,本文选取黄河口南部潮滩开展絮凝研究。黄河是著名的高含沙量河流,2019年黄河口利津站实测输沙量为2.71×108 t,大量泥沙在河口输移沉降。黄河口属于弱潮河口,潮差在0.7~1.7 m之间[25]。因此,黄河口区域适于开展泥沙絮凝研究。通过现场观测获取黄河口絮团粒径、悬沙浓度、波浪、潮流动力等数据,可以研究弱潮河口波流共同作用下潮滩泥沙的絮凝规律与控制因素,丰富对我国河口海岸地区水沙运动规律的认识。
研究区域选定在黄河口南部、莱州湾西岸的潮滩上,观测点位于垦东大堤外侧,属于中国山东省东营市(图1a[26]。该区域潮滩坡度较小,退潮时有大片潮间带露出水面。研究区域的波浪主要受季风控制,全海区的风浪以波浪为主[25]。潮汐类型属于不正规混合半日潮,平均高潮位为1.6 m,平均低潮位为0.6 m(理论深度基准面)。该区域沉积物来源既包括黄河携带的陆相泥沙,也包括涨潮流携带的海相泥沙[27-28]。对采集观测架附近表层沉积物于实验室内进行粒度测量,测得中值粒径为64.66 μm。
实施现场观测的时间为2019年11月18–23日。观测点位于黄河口南部、莱州湾西岸潮滩上,距垦东大堤垂线距离约2 400 m,经纬度坐标为37°34′40″N,118°57′01″E。观测仪器被固定于观测架上,安置仪器前将观测架锤入泥滩约1 m以尽可能减小振动,避免对仪器观测产生影响(图1b)。
观测架上仪器布置情况如下:ADV,测定观测期间的水体紊动数据及滩面高程变化;OBS,测定浊度与水深数据;LISST-200(Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry),采集现场悬浮体粒径及体积浓度数据;RBRsolo³ D|wave16(示意图中简记为RBR),采集波浪数据。以上仪器数量均为1台。OBS、RBRsolo³ D|wave16及LISST-200探头距床面高程均为5 cm;ADV探头距床面高程为15 cm,该仪器的水动力采样点被设置为探头下方10 cm,即测量距床面高程为5 cm处的水体紊动数据。4台仪器时间同步,采样间隔均为5 min。各仪器探头位置接近,可以认为反映同一点的水沙特征。
安置及回收仪器时,均同步采集了观测站附近的表层沉积物,用于分析床沙粒径组成及对OBS进行标定。研究时间内风速、风向收集自山东东营垦利气象站(37°34.8′N ,118°33′E)实测数据。
观测期间的悬沙浓度(SSC)根据OBS测定的浊度(NTU)数据反演后获得。在实验室内使用现场获取的表层沉积物配置不同浓度的悬沙浊液并测定对应的浊度,获得浊度与含沙量间的相关关系[29]。标定结果显示悬沙浓度与浊度间关系可以用关系式SSC=0.0069 NTU–0.240 8表示,相关系数的平方R2=0.89(数据点数量N=13)表示。
安置及回收仪器时各采集观测站附近的表层沉积物样品2份,在实验室中每份样品测验2次,共测验8次。测验时随机从样品袋中取出5 g左右泥沙,加入分散剂六偏磷酸钠之后超声波震荡30 min,使絮团充分破碎之后,使用Coulter LS-100Q激光粒度仪测定[30-31]。计算8次测验所得的中值粒径平均值,作为观测站处表层沉积物中值粒径,计算结果为64.66 μm。
本研究使用美国Sequoia公司的现场激光粒度仪LISST-200来观测天然水体中的絮团。射入水中的激光束会被悬浮颗粒所散射,颗粒物粒径不同,对激光的散射角度也不同。大颗粒以小角度散射、小颗粒以大角度散射[1]。LISST-200将向前散射的角度分为36级,分别对应1~500 μm之间的36个粒级。运用Mie散射理论,可以反推得到36个粒级的悬浮体的体积浓度,并计算得到悬浮体中值粒径[1, 9]。综合前人研究发现,潮滩环境中约80%的泥沙以絮团的形式输运[1, 9]。综合郭超和何青[16]利用LISST-100在荷兰Scheldt河口Kapellebank潮滩、邓智瑞等[13]在珠江口磨刀门海域、程江等[10]在长江口海域、Guo和He[15]在长江流域的观测实践方法,以上在不同水体环境中开展的絮凝研究将LISST观测到的悬浮体视为絮团。因此在本研究中,也将LISST-200的观测数据整体上视为絮团进行处理。
有效密度是反映絮团结构的重要参数,且对沉降速度有明显影响[4, 17]。本研究采用Fettweis方法计算有效密度[3],公式为
$ \Delta \rho = \left(1 - \frac{{{\rho _{\text{w}}}}}{{{\rho _{\text{s}}}}}\right)\frac{{{\rm{SSC}}}}{{{\rm{TVC}}}} \text{,} $
式中,ρwρs分别为水与组成絮团的分散态泥沙颗粒密度(单位:kg/m3),分别取为1 030 kg/m3与2 650 kg/m3;SSC为悬沙浓度(单位:kg/m3);TVC为颗粒总体积浓度,即36个粒级组的絮团体积浓度之和(单位:μL/L)。
沉速可以认为是絮团重力W与下沉过程中受到的阻力F达到平衡时等速沉降的值,采用Stokes公式计算[5]
$ {\omega _{\text{s}}} = \frac{{D_{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}\Delta \rho g}}{{18\mu }} \text{,} $
式中,Dm为絮团平均粒径(单位:μm);μ为水的动力黏滞系数,根据水温选取相应的值(单位:Pa·s);g为重力加速度,取为9.8 m/s2
在泥沙絮凝研究中,通常使用紊动剪切率G(s−1)来描述水体的紊动强度,其计算方法为[17, 32]
$ G = \sqrt {\frac{{u_ * ^3(1 - {\textit{z}}/H)}}{{{\nu \kappa} {\textit{z}}}}} \text{,} $
式中,u*为摩阻流速(单位:m/s−1);zH分别为距离床面高程与水深(单位:m);ν为水体运动黏度,根据水温选取相应的值(单位:m2/s);κ为卡门常数,取为0.4。水流与波浪共同引起的床面切应力τcw(单位:N/m2)为[21, 33]
$ {\tau _{{\text{cw}}}} = {\tau _{\text{c}}}\left[1 + 1.2{\left(\frac{{{\tau _{\text{w}}}}}{{{\tau _{\text{c}}} + {\tau _{\text{w}}}}}\right)^{3.2}}\right] ,$
式中,τc为水流引起的切应力,使用改进的湍流动能法(Turbulent Kinetic Energy,TKE)计算[34]
$ {\tau _{\text{c}}} = 0.9{\rho _{\text{w}}}\overline {w_{\text{c}}^{'2}} \text{,} $
τw为风浪引起的底部剪切力,计算方法为[35-36]
$ \mathop {{A_{\text{δ }}}}\limits^{} = \frac{{{H_{\text{s}}}}}{{2\sinh (kh)}} \text{,} $
$ \mathop {{U_{\text{δ }}}}\limits^{} = \omega \mathop {{A_{\text{δ }}}}\limits^{} = \frac{{{\text{π}} {H_{\text{s}}}}}{{{T_{\text{s}}}\sinh (kh)}} \text{,} $
$ k = 2{\text{π}} /L \text{,} $
$ L = \frac{{g{T_{\text{s}}}^2}}{{2{\text{π}} }}\tanh (kh) \text{,} $
${f_{\text{w}}} = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}&{{{{Re} }_{\text{w}}}^{ - 0.5},\;{{{Re} }_{\text{w}}} \leqslant {{10}^5}{\text{ }}}, \\ &{0.052\;1\;{{{Re} }^{- 0.187}_{\text{w}}},\;{{{Re} }_{\text{w}}} > {{10}^5}{\text{ }}}, \\ &{0.237{r^{ - 0.52}}{\text{ }}} ,\end{aligned}} \right. $
$ {\tau _{\text{w}}} = 0.25{f_{\text{w}}}{\rho _{\text{w}}}{U_{\text{δ }}} \text{,} $
式中Aδ为波质点轨道流速(单位:m/s);Hs为有效波高;k为波数;Ts为波浪有效周期(单位:s); L为波长(单位:m);fw为波浪摩擦系数;Rewr分别为波浪雷诺数(无量纲)与相对糙率(无量纲),分别由下式求得[35-36]
$ {{Re} _{\text{w}}} = \frac{{{U_{\text{δ }}}{A_{\text{δ }}}}}{\nu } \text{,} $
$ r = \frac{{{A_{\text{δ }}}}}{{{k_{\text{s}}}}} \text{,} $
式中,ks为床面粗糙高度,取2.5dd为潮滩表层沉积物中值粒径。根据实验室测验结果,观测期间天气较为平静,潮滩表层沉积物粒度没有明显变化。d取观测前、后的表层沉积物中值粒径平均值,为64.66 μm。根据式(4)至式(13)计算得到床面剪切力τcw之后,可由式(14)求得摩阻流速,并代入式(3)得到紊动剪切率[5]
$ {u_ * } = \sqrt {{\tau _{{\text{cw}}}}/{\rho _{\text{w}}}} . $
根据前人在黄河口潮滩的研究,李华国等[37]提出的模型能够较好地预测潮滩表面沉积物的临界剪切应力:
$ {\tau _{\text{e}}} = \frac{1}{{13}}\left[ \frac{{\text{π}} }{6}({\rho _{\text{s}}} - {\rho _{\text{w}}})gd + \frac{c}{d}{\left(\frac{{{\gamma _{\text{d}}}}}{{{\gamma _{{\text{dc}}}}}}\right)^{3.25}} \right] \text{,} $
式中,c为黏结力系数,取2.9×10−5 kg/m;γdγdc分别为表层沉积物的干容重及稳定干容重(单位:kg/m3);其余符号含义同前[37]γd的值通过“环刀法”采样之后在实验室中测量,为1 490 kg/m3;稳定干容重γdc指经过长期的一般压密后的沉积物干容重,根据张耀哲和王敬昌[38]提出的经验公式计算为
$ {\gamma _{{\text{dc}}}} = {\gamma _{\text{s}}}\left[1 - \frac{\text{π} }{6}\left(1 - 2\sqrt[3]{d}\right)\right] \text{,} $
式中,γs为泥沙颗粒干容重(单位:kg/m3),取2 650 kg/m3;其余符号含义同前。计算得γdc的值为1 373.85 kg/m3,计算结果接近前人的实测值,结果可信[38-39]。根据式(15)、式(16),计算得观测架附近表层沉积物临界侵蚀切应力τe为0.086 N/m2
实验室分析结果显示,研究区表层沉积物成分为黏土(8.13%)、粉砂(46.95%)和砂(44.92%)。根据Lumborg[40]实验结果,研究区表层沉积物悬沙临界沉降剪切应力τd取0.05 N/m2。也有研究表明,τd约为临界侵蚀切应力τe的0.5倍[41]。两种方法得到的值接近,证明结果可信。
本文选用适用性较强的Spearman秩相关系数ρ来检测水文变量之间的相关关系,这里的“秩”指的是顺序或者排序。所以,计算时先对由n个样本组成的时间序列x1x2,…,xn,和由n个样本组成的时间序列y1y2,…,yn进行排序(同时为升序或者降序),得到排序后的集合XYXiYi分别是xiyiXY中的排行,i=1,2,3…,n,则ρ的计算公式为
$ {d_i} = {X_i} - {Y_i} \text{,} $
$ \rho = 1 - \frac{{6\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {d_i^2} }}{{{n^3} - n}} . $
计算所得的相关系数ρ值,一般取小数点后两位来表示,取值范围在–1.00~1.00之间,负数表示负相关,正数表示正相关。ρ值对应的两变量之间的相关程度为:
ρ = ±0~±0.30时,不相关;
ρ = ±0.30~±0.50时,微相关;
ρ = ±0.50~±0.80时,显著相关;
ρ = ±0.80~±1.00时,高度相关。
研究区域潮型为不正规混合半日潮,只有高潮情况下才会淹没观测架,观测时段内观测架一共被淹没4次,涨落潮历时大致相等。11月19–22日,分别记作T1–T4,最大水深分别为0.19 m、0.62 m、0.53 m与0.72 m(图2a)。T2–T4潮位接近,且均显著大于T1。观测期间的潮流呈现明显的旋转流特性。涨潮阶段由约N100°顺时针旋转至约N50°,落潮阶段由约N50°顺时针旋转至约N200°(图2b)。
研究区域流速存在两种不同的随时间变化模式。T1、T2流速呈现“单峰型”,潮周期内只出现一次流速极值,涨潮平均流速约为落潮平均流速的4倍,最大流速出现在涨潮中期,分别为0.52 m/s与0.46 m/s。T3、T4流速呈现“双峰型”,涨潮、落潮各出现一次流速极值,涨落潮平均流速接近,涨落潮中期均存在明显的流速峰值。T3涨潮最大流速为0.49 m/s,落潮最大流速为0.50 m/s;T4涨潮最大流速为0.60 m/s,落潮最大流速为0.53 m/s(图2c)。
T1期间波浪动力较弱,有效波高Hs低于0.05 m。T2–T4期间波浪动力较强,有效波高Hs最大值分别为0.24 m、0.21 m及0.27 m。T2–T4期间,涨落潮初期流速、流向波动较大,这是因为波浪动力较强,在水深较浅的情况下,波浪对流速流向的影响较显著(图2d)。T1期间有效波浪周期Ts在1.24~3.21 s之间,平均为2.32 s。T2–T4期间有效波浪周期Ts在1.16~2.11 s之间,平均为1.68 s,高于T1期间。
T1期间平均风速为1.33 m/s,最低为0.5 m/s,最高为2.1 m/s,风向由向岸(328°)转变为离岸(73°)。T2–T4期间平均风速为2.67 m/s,最高为4.60 m/s,最低为0.10 m/s,风向为离岸风,平均风向为153.94°(图2e)。
T1期间,波流共同引起的床面剪切力(τcw)平均为0.09 N/m2τcw最大达到0.34 N/m2,中潮期间τcw平均为0.23 N/m2,最大可以达到0.99 N/m2。T1期间潮流引起的床面切应力τc平均为0.05 N/m2,最大达到0.21 N/m2;T2–T4期间τc平均为0.14 N/m2,最大达到0.68 N/m2。观测期的4 d中,总床面剪切力τcw与潮流引起的床面剪切力τc的变化趋势接近,峰值都出现在落潮中期(图3a)。
黄河口为弱潮河口,研究区属于开敞性海岸,波浪没有遮蔽,波浪引起的床面剪切力τw较高[42]。T1期间τw在0.90~1.19 N/m2之间,平均为0.98 N/m2;T2–T4期间τw在0.99~1.30 N/m2之间,平均为1.11 N/m2,T2–T4期间τw高于T1。波浪引起的床面剪切力变化图线呈“U”形,涨潮初期与落潮后期τw较高,水深较大时的τw反而较小。说明水深较浅时,波浪对床面切应力的影响会明显增加(图3a)。
紊动剪切率G的变化规律与床面切应力大致相同,在落潮中期出现峰值。T1期间紊动剪切率在1.88~9.63 s−1之间,平均为3.33 s−1;T2–T4期间紊动剪切率在2.51~28.48 s−1之间,平均为9.00 s−1,T2–T4期间水体紊动剪切率大于T1(图3b)。
研究区域水体悬沙浓度较低,T1期间水体平均悬沙浓度为0.08 kg/m3,最大可以达到0.26 kg/m3。T2–T4期间,落潮中后期水体悬沙浓度会明显增加,出现一个明显的悬沙浓度峰。T3–T4期间水体平均悬沙浓度为0.10 kg/m3,最大可以达到0.40 kg/m3。悬沙浓度峰出现的时间与床面切应力峰值出现的时间接近,且出现悬沙浓度峰时,床面切应力显著高于临界剪切应力τe(0.086 N/m2),说明这一悬沙浓度峰的出现源于泥沙再悬浮(图3c)。
T2期间水体悬沙浓度显著高于T3和T4,水体平均悬沙浓度为0.38 kg/m3,最大可以达到0.62 kg/m3。T2期间,悬沙浓度随涨潮不断增加,在最高潮位前后保持峰值,后随水深降低而不断减小,在落潮中后期出现第2个悬沙浓度峰。T2期间两个悬沙浓度峰值出现的时间与床面切应力峰值出现的时间不一致,悬沙浓度变化过程与床面切应力变化过程不同步。但是T2期间悬沙浓度增加的阶段,与流速峰值出现的时间基本吻合。推测T2期间的悬沙浓度峰值并不是来源于泥沙再悬浮。可能是由于涨潮水流从附近携带大量泥沙,并在高水位期间沉降造成的[43]图3c)。
观测中发现,研究区潮滩存在大量的“泥丸”型结构,即大型的泥沙聚集体(图4)。这种聚集体呈球状,可以随潮汐运动在滩面迁移滚动,但又容易破坏,一旦分散会导致所在局部悬沙浓度大幅上升。T2期间出现悬沙浓度峰值,可能是发生了“泥丸”的迁移与分散。
T1期间絮团粒径先增大后减小,在最高潮位阶段达到最大,为264.44 μmT2–T4期间絮团粒径呈现缓慢递减趋势,中潮超过60%的时间内,絮团中值粒径都低于100 μm。但是在T2–T4每个落潮的中后期絮团中值粒径会出现一个峰值,最大可达到203.83 μm。小潮期间絮团平均粒径为123.90 μm,大于中潮期间的91.81 μm(图5a)。
T1期间絮团总体积浓度平均为221.05 μL/L,最大为810.22 μL/L;T2–T4期间絮团总体积浓度平均为390.77 μL/L,最大为1 100.29 μL/L。在T1最高潮位及T2、T3的落潮中期,絮团总体积浓度均出现一个峰值(图5b)。
T1期间黄河口潮滩絮团有效密度在56.55~452.44 kg/m3之间,平均为257.03 kg/m3。T2–T4期间絮团有效密度逐日递减,T2期间平均有效密度为427.77 kg/m3,T3期间絮团平均密度为319.38 kg/m3,T4期间平均有效密度为166.32 kg/m3图5c)。T1期间,絮团沉速在0.99~1.86 mm/s之间,平均为1.41 mm/s。T2–T4期间,絮团沉速在0.17~4.07 mm/s之间,平均为0.94 mm/s。总体来看,中潮期T2–T4期间絮团的沉速大于小潮期T1(图5d)。
从泥沙运动学的角度,天然水体中的絮凝主要受到悬浮泥沙粒径、水动力环境、悬沙浓度的控制[17]。本研究期间受交通与天气条件限制,未采集悬沙样品,无法分析悬浮泥沙粒径对絮凝的影响,但可分析水动力与悬沙浓度与絮凝的相关性。采用相关性分析方法,分别计算各个潮周期内水体紊动剪切、流速及悬沙浓度与絮团粒径之间的Spearman系数,计算结果及对应的相关性如表1。絮团粒径与流速的关系主要为不相关,与悬沙浓度及底部紊动剪切率则存在着较明显的相关关系,说明黄河口潮滩絮团粒径主要受到底部紊动剪切率与悬沙浓度的影响,与流速关系不大。
研究发现,不同潮周期中,黄河口潮滩絮团粒径与紊动剪切率的关系不尽相同。T1期间,絮团粒径与紊动剪切率变化趋势基本一致,粒径随紊动剪切率增大而增大,紊动剪切率减小时粒径也随之减小。但是T2–T4各个潮周期内,水体紊动剪切率与絮团粒径呈现负相关趋势,紊动强度较大时对应粒径较小。
在影响絮凝的外部因素中,水体紊动是最重要的因素之一,水体紊动强度的增大可以增加颗粒的碰撞频率,促进颗粒聚合;但当紊动强度增大到一定程度时,反而会增加絮团破碎频率抑制絮凝[2, 44]。T1期间为小潮,水动力较弱,底部紊动剪切率平均仅为3.33 s–1。T2–T4期间底部紊动剪切率较高,平均为9.00 s–1,最高可达到28.48 s–1。在T1期间紊动剪切较弱的情况下,水体紊动增加对絮凝起促进作用;T2–T4期间紊动强度较高,水体紊动增加抑制絮凝。
为了进一步探究黄河口潮滩水体紊动影响絮凝的上限,首先对实测数据进行等距分箱以体现规律性,分箱间距为4[22-23]。发现絮团粒径随紊动强度增加先增后减。选择不同的临界紊动剪切率值(Gl),将观测结果分为“絮团粒径随紊动强度增加而增大”与“絮团粒径随紊动强度增加而减小”阶段,并对两个阶段分别使用幂函数拟合(图6)。
结果发现,当Gl=3.76 s−1时,取得的拟合结果最为理想(表2)。T1期间,水体紊动剪切率低于3.76 s−1,T2–T4期间则高于这一值,统计分析得到的结果与实测数据能够相互验证。因此可以认为,黄河口当地水体紊动促进絮凝的上限为Gl=3.76 s−1,水体紊动强度低于这一数值时水体紊动促进絮凝,高于这一数值时水体紊动破坏絮凝。
悬沙浓度对絮凝的影响尚未有确切定论,一些实验发现,悬沙浓度增加增大了颗粒碰撞概率,对絮凝起促进作用[2, 20, 45];但也有研究认为,悬沙浓度增加导致絮团碰撞更频繁,造成絮团破坏[17, 20, 45-46]。参考郭超[17]的研究方法,对黄河口潮滩絮团粒径与悬沙浓度之间的关系整体采用幂函数拟合,发现二者呈负相关关系,相关系数为R²=0.778 8。说明在黄河口潮滩,悬沙浓度增加对絮凝起抑制作用(图7)。
在5.1节的讨论中,发现T2–T4期间悬沙浓度与絮团粒径呈负相关,但是T1期间悬沙浓度与絮团粒径没有明显相关性。这是因为絮凝同时受到悬沙浓度与水动力共同控制,T1期间水体紊动强度先增后减,悬沙含量则缓慢降低。絮团粒径的变化趋势与水体紊动强度类似,也是先增后减。这说明相比于悬沙含量变化造成的影响,水体紊动剪切对絮凝的影响更大。悬沙含量降低对絮凝的促进作用,不足以抵偿水体紊动强度变化对絮凝的影响,水体紊动剪切才是絮团粒径变化的主导因素。因此在T1期间,絮团粒径与水体紊动剪切强度显著相关,但是与悬沙浓度几乎没有相关性。
黄河口潮滩絮团粒径与有效密度呈负相关关系,粒径更大的絮团对应的有效密度更小。过往研究中,通常使用$\Delta{p}= \cdot D_{m}^{a}$的关系来描述絮团粒径与有效密度的关系,a值在–0.46(Sternberg等[6]在美国加利福尼亚海域测得)到–1.58(Xia等[12]在中国珠江口测得)之间[5, 10, 19]。郭超[17]、Guo等[21]在荷兰Kapellebank潮滩常态天气下测得a=–0.53,风暴天气下测得a=–1.28。
分别对黄河口潮滩小潮(T1)与中潮(T2–T4)期间的絮凝特性进行研究,计算得小潮期间a=–1.52,中潮期间a=–0.79,属于上述文献中所列的取值范围(图8)。无论在何种动力条件下,有效密度都与絮团粒径成反比,粒径越大的絮团对应的有效密度越低。在水体紊动剪切促进絮凝的情况下,泥沙聚合体在由小变大的过程中,先由易絮凝的细颗粒泥沙发生絮凝,而后捕获粒度相对更大的泥沙,形成的絮凝体越高阶,其孔隙率越大,有效密度越低[10]。在水体紊动剪切抑制絮凝的情况下,结构疏松、有效密度低的大絮团更容易受到紊动影响破碎,形成粒径更小但是有效密度更高的小泥沙聚合体[10, 17, 19]
由于絮凝受到泥沙特性、当地生物化学特性等多方面影响,a值与水动力强弱的关系目前尚无定论。Guo等[21]在荷兰Kapellebank潮滩的研究中,水动力较强的风暴天气下计算得的a值低于水动力相对弱的常态天气;但是本研究与其他观测结果中,也发现了相反的结论[9, 16]。本研究在黄河口观测的结果显示,小潮期间a值低于中潮;程江等[9]在长江口徐六泾的观测结果也类似,小潮期间的a值(–0.646)低于大潮期间(–0.368)。
根据式(2),絮团的沉速与絮团粒径及有效密度有关。过往研究发现,沉速与粒径之间的关系与“有效密度−粒径”关系类似,可以用$\omega_{s}=c \cdot D_{m}^{d}$的形式来表示。c取值在0.290~1.632之间;d取值在0.000 022 8~0.008 20之间[5-6, 10, 12]。黄河口潮滩絮团沉速与粒径之间相关性较好,沉速与粒径间关系可以用$\omega_{s}=0.0028 \cdot D_{m}^{1.267\;9} $表示,属于过往文献中所列取值范围(图9)。但是对有效密度与沉速关系进行分析时发现,二者之间不存在明显相关性。说明黄河口潮滩絮团沉速主要受到絮团粒径的影响,与有效密度的关系不明显。
本文通过研究黄河口南部潮滩絮团特征的变化,得到如下几点认识:
(1)黄河口潮滩絮团粒径在25.42~264.44 μm之间,平均为95.20 μm。小潮潮周期T1期间絮团总体积浓度平均为221.05 μL/L,平均有效密度为257.03 kg/m3,平均沉速为1.41 mm/s;中潮潮周期T2–T4期间絮团总体积浓度平均为390.77μL/L,平均有效密度为304.49 kg/m3,平均沉速为0.94 mm/s。
(2)水体紊动较低时对黄河口潮滩絮凝起促进作用,较高时则抑制絮凝。随紊动强度增加,黄河口潮滩絮团粒径先增后减。分析得底部紊动剪切率促进絮凝的上限值为Gl=3.76 s−1
(3)悬沙浓度增加对黄河口潮滩泥沙絮凝起抑制作用,但是悬沙浓度变化对絮凝的影响低于水体紊动剪切变化对絮凝的影响。
(4)黄河口潮滩絮团有效密度与粒径呈现$\Delta{p}=b \cdot D_{m}^{a}$的关系。T1潮周期a值为–1.52,T2–T4潮周期a值为–0.79。
(5)黄河口潮滩絮团沉速主要受到泥沙粒径影响。絮团沉速与粒径之间相关性较好,但与有效密度之间不存在明显相关关系。
致谢:本文野外观测工作得到水利部黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院黄河河口研究所、山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区等单位的大力支持,在此表示诚挚的感谢!
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(51739005,51909101,42006150,41876091,U2040216)
  • 科技部国际科技创新合作重点项目(2016YFE0133700)
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2022年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022105
  • 接收时间:2021-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-21
  • 修回日期:2022-07-04
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51739005,51909101,42006150,41876091,U2040216)
科技部国际科技创新合作重点项目(2016YFE0133700)
作者信息
    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200041

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谢卫明,博士后,主要从事河口潮滩泥沙运动和动力地貌过程研究。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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