Article(id=1224796868350198774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621094400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-16, revisedDate=1634140800000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943929039, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1653408000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943929039, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943929039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943929039, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796862020997568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='163', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943927531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995987693, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=128, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796869126144036, articleId=1224796868350198774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study of ocean current at multiple time scales based on the high frequency surface wave radar, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coastal current presents complex changes in spatiotemporal scale due to various dynamic processes and shoreline islands. High frequency surface wave radar has become an effective method to solve these problems because of its wide coverage area and high temporal resolution. Several years ocean current data was collected in Zhoushan sea area, the dynamic processes of the ocean in tide cycle, extreme events, intermonth and interannual time scales in this area were interpreted by using tidal current harmonic analysis, low pass filtering and correlation analysis. The results depicted that the Zhoushan sea area is a regular semi-diurnal tide area, and the current movement is mainly in the form of rotating current. The distribution of current velocity in investigation area illustrated a decreasing trend from northeast to southwest. Interannual variation of residual current in the Zhoushan sea area is not significant, however the obvious intermonth variation characteristic of the residual current was detected. In winter, the flow is southward, and its larger near shore than outside sea. On the contrary, the flow velocity is stronger and the spatial distribution is more uniform in summer. The correlation between wind and residual current was analyzed, during strong winds, the correlation coefficient between wind speed and residual current velocity ranged from 0.48 to 0.90, and the correlation coefficient between wind direction and residual current direction ranged from 0.55 to 0.68. When extreme events occur, the correlation coefficients of velocity and direction are 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. By way of conclusion, the analysis of high frequency surface wave radar data can well reflect the temporal and spatial characteristics of ocean currents in Zhoushan sea area, which provide a basis for marine disaster monitoring, pollutants and algal bloom transport research.

, correspAuthors=Lunyu Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingsi Zhang, Lunyu Wu, Jianzhong Ge, Pingxing Ding), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796872548696263, articleId=1224796868350198774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于高频地波雷达的多时间尺度海流研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近海海流受多种动力过程及岸线岛屿的作用呈现空间和时间尺度上的复杂变化,而地波雷达由于其探测面积广、时间分辨率高的特点成为研究这些变化的有效手段。本文利用舟山海域多年高频地波雷达资料,通过潮流调和分析、低通滤波和相关性分析对该海域海流潮周期、极端事件、季节、年际尺度的动力过程进行了解译。研究表明,舟山海域属于正规半日潮,潮流运动形式以顺时针旋转流为主,流速大小在空间上为东北方向较大,往西南方向逐渐减小,并在近岸处得到增强。余流的年际变化并不显著,但存在着明显的季节变化,例如冬季为南向流,流速减小,空间分布上近岸较外海大,而夏季与之反向,为北向流,流速较大,空间分布较为均匀。进一步分析了风与余流之间的相关性,在大风期间,风与余流的速度相关系数在0.48~0.90之间,方向相关系数在0.55~0.68之间。极端事件发生时,速度、方向的相关系数分别高达0.92与0.91。总体而言,通过分析高频地波雷达数据能够较好地反映舟山海域海流的时空特征,为海洋灾害监测和污染物、藻华的输运研究提供依据。

, correspAuthors=吴伦宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴伦宇(1982-),男,山东省莱州市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BsDjdlaNjuWezxyWr4tD4A==, magXml=ed2mzm1armO6sVbvv/v3pQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=USVpi4JLY9DhnsclIt+alw==, pdfFileSize=5714331, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CGgMSE+mUhVOz9xU/JOuRw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jZjcTa/vzdJqPPQjMJbb8A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张景思(1996-),男,浙江省宁海县人,主要从事海洋数据分析、同化研究。E-mail:

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张景思(1996-),男,浙江省宁海县人,主要从事海洋数据分析、同化研究。E-mail:

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张景思(1996-),男,浙江省宁海县人,主要从事海洋数据分析、同化研究。E-mail:

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Arkiv foer Matematik, Astronomi, och Fysik, 1905, 2(11): 1−52., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225368180525281433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, awardId=2018YFC1407402, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1407402), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225368181926178974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, awardId=41776104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41776104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225368172845511494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368172853900103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, companyId=1225368172845511494, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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The selected position of the red rectangle in a is the main coverage area of the ground wave radar; in b, Zhujiajian and Shengshan are two radar stations, the gray blocks are the actual observation point of radar, station A is a point in the core area of radar observation

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图a中红色矩形所选位置为地波雷达主要覆盖区;图b中朱家尖、嵊山分别为两个雷达观测站位置,灰色矩形块为雷达实际观测点位,站位A为雷达观测核心区内一点

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a and b are the percentage of data available in space before and after quality control, the blocks are the radar observation point, the color represents the percentage of the data available, the black rectangular positions are the point where the data percentage are greater than 60%; c is percentage of data available per day before and after quality control

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a、b分别为质量控制前、后空间丰度,其中方块为雷达观测点位,颜色表示数据的丰度,黑色矩形位置为数据丰度大于60%的点位;c为质量控制前后每日的数据丰度对比

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The blue arrows are the wind vector and the black arrows are the residual current; the first to third columns in the figure are 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively; winter: a–c; spring: d–f; summer: g–i; autumn: j–l

, figureFileSmall=CLZxNCulVmFcBLvmk5aFLw==, figureFileBig=Xn4agTVz0MmKjFHFtFfRNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179300544609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各月平均余流与风场

蓝色箭头为风矢量,黑色箭头为余流;图中第一列到第三列分别为2017年、2018年和2019年;图a–c为冬季;图d–f为春季;图g–i为夏季;图j–l为秋季

, figureFileSmall=CLZxNCulVmFcBLvmk5aFLw==, figureFileBig=Xn4agTVz0MmKjFHFtFfRNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179413790821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time series comparison and correlation between the residual current and the wind in the autumn of 2017 and 2019

T1T4 are September 13−18, 2017 and September 21−25, 2017, respectively; T5T8 are September 6−10, 2019 and September 14−24, 2019, respectively

, figureFileSmall=ltoEDPR5dBnwUllbn2aJew==, figureFileBig=y3YdqSqVfUfOmJ/mDIWjWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179531231340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2017年与2019年秋季余流与风的时间序列对比和相关系数

T1T4分别为2017年9月13–18日与21–25日,T5T8分别为2019年9月6–10日与14–24日

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The black line in the upper left corner is the typhoon track, the red dot is the typhoon position at the current moment, the green rectangle is the study area; a is at 0:00 on July 15, 2017 and b is at 0:00 on July 16, 2017

, figureFileSmall=txBE2eHf6sT25jtoljz1TQ==, figureFileBig=+K5i/5i+vZq520MapbtRwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179774500985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=CN, label=图9, caption=台风靠近与离开时刻余流场与风场

左上角小图中黑线为台风路径,红点为当前时刻台风位置,绿色矩形为研究区域;图a时刻为2017年7月15日0时,图b时刻为2017年7月16日0时

, figureFileSmall=txBE2eHf6sT25jtoljz1TQ==, figureFileBig=+K5i/5i+vZq520MapbtRwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179887747198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of wind speed, residual current velocity, actual current velocity (a), and comparison of wind direction, residual current direction, actual direction (b) in September 2017

The green background part is the period during the typhoon is most powerful

, figureFileSmall=oRE6+8LqyL77yXWRIbQDGg==, figureFileBig=fF5EkGR4w00IDAUt29slrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368180009382018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2017年9月风速、余流流速、实际流速对比(a)和风向、余流流向、实际流向对比(b)

绿色背景部分为台风作用最强烈时段

, figureFileSmall=oRE6+8LqyL77yXWRIbQDGg==, figureFileBig=fF5EkGR4w00IDAUt29slrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368180181348493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlation statistics between wind and residual currents during strong wind

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间平均风向/(°)平均流向/(°)风向与流向相关系数平均风速/m·s−1平均流速/m·s−1风速与流速相关系数
T1T2204.7253.50.6214.10.390.90
T3T4236.6317.0−0.027.00.120.55
T5T6167.4189.40.689.60.300.48
T7T8196.2244.00.5510.80.270.78
), ArticleFig(id=1225368180269428880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868350198774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大风时期风与余流相关性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间平均风向/(°)平均流向/(°)风向与流向相关系数平均风速/m·s−1平均流速/m·s−1风速与流速相关系数
T1T2204.7253.50.6214.10.390.90
T3T4236.6317.0−0.027.00.120.55
T5T6167.4189.40.689.60.300.48
T7T8196.2244.00.5510.80.270.78
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基于高频地波雷达的多时间尺度海流研究
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张景思 1 , 吴伦宇 2, * , 葛建忠 1 , 丁平兴 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(6): 128-139
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(6): 128-139
基于高频地波雷达的多时间尺度海流研究
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张景思1 , 吴伦宇2, * , 葛建忠1, 丁平兴1
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 张景思(1996-),男,浙江省宁海县人,主要从事海洋数据分析、同化研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴伦宇(1982-),男,山东省莱州市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:
Study of ocean current at multiple time scales based on the high frequency surface wave radar
Jingsi Zhang1 , Lunyu Wu2, * , Jianzhong Ge1, Pingxing Ding1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2022-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022039
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近海海流受多种动力过程及岸线岛屿的作用呈现空间和时间尺度上的复杂变化,而地波雷达由于其探测面积广、时间分辨率高的特点成为研究这些变化的有效手段。本文利用舟山海域多年高频地波雷达资料,通过潮流调和分析、低通滤波和相关性分析对该海域海流潮周期、极端事件、季节、年际尺度的动力过程进行了解译。研究表明,舟山海域属于正规半日潮,潮流运动形式以顺时针旋转流为主,流速大小在空间上为东北方向较大,往西南方向逐渐减小,并在近岸处得到增强。余流的年际变化并不显著,但存在着明显的季节变化,例如冬季为南向流,流速减小,空间分布上近岸较外海大,而夏季与之反向,为北向流,流速较大,空间分布较为均匀。进一步分析了风与余流之间的相关性,在大风期间,风与余流的速度相关系数在0.48~0.90之间,方向相关系数在0.55~0.68之间。极端事件发生时,速度、方向的相关系数分别高达0.92与0.91。总体而言,通过分析高频地波雷达数据能够较好地反映舟山海域海流的时空特征,为海洋灾害监测和污染物、藻华的输运研究提供依据。

海流  /  高频地波雷达  /  多时间尺度  /  季风  /  相关性

The coastal current presents complex changes in spatiotemporal scale due to various dynamic processes and shoreline islands. High frequency surface wave radar has become an effective method to solve these problems because of its wide coverage area and high temporal resolution. Several years ocean current data was collected in Zhoushan sea area, the dynamic processes of the ocean in tide cycle, extreme events, intermonth and interannual time scales in this area were interpreted by using tidal current harmonic analysis, low pass filtering and correlation analysis. The results depicted that the Zhoushan sea area is a regular semi-diurnal tide area, and the current movement is mainly in the form of rotating current. The distribution of current velocity in investigation area illustrated a decreasing trend from northeast to southwest. Interannual variation of residual current in the Zhoushan sea area is not significant, however the obvious intermonth variation characteristic of the residual current was detected. In winter, the flow is southward, and its larger near shore than outside sea. On the contrary, the flow velocity is stronger and the spatial distribution is more uniform in summer. The correlation between wind and residual current was analyzed, during strong winds, the correlation coefficient between wind speed and residual current velocity ranged from 0.48 to 0.90, and the correlation coefficient between wind direction and residual current direction ranged from 0.55 to 0.68. When extreme events occur, the correlation coefficients of velocity and direction are 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. By way of conclusion, the analysis of high frequency surface wave radar data can well reflect the temporal and spatial characteristics of ocean currents in Zhoushan sea area, which provide a basis for marine disaster monitoring, pollutants and algal bloom transport research.

ocean current  /  high frequency surface wave radar  /  multiple time scales  /  monsoon  /  correlation
张景思, 吴伦宇, 葛建忠, 丁平兴. 基于高频地波雷达的多时间尺度海流研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (6) : 128 -139 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022039
Jingsi Zhang, Lunyu Wu, Jianzhong Ge, Pingxing Ding. Study of ocean current at multiple time scales based on the high frequency surface wave radar[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (6) : 128 -139 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022039
海流是海洋学研究中最基础的观测要素之一,对海上救援以及溢油、藻类等的输运有着十分重要的影响[1-2]。以往关于海流资料的获取,通常采用的是船舶、浮标、潜标等传统方法[3];海洋卫星遥感观测通常利用热红外或者合成孔径雷达进行成像,再通过对图像的反演来获取海流资料[4-5]。传统观测的优点是能够获取高时间分辨率的海流数据,但往往只能反映某一很小范围的状态[6],很难反映海流的空间变化。海洋卫星遥感的优点是能够获取大范围区域的流场资料,但缺点也较为明显,如数据易受到云层厚度影响,时间分辨率较低等[5]。而高频地波雷达作为一种较新的观测技术,可以利用高频电磁波(3~30 MHz)在海表传播时衰减小的特点以及海表对电磁波的散射机制,实现对100~400 km范围内的大面积流场进行观测[7-8]。高频地波雷达能够获取观测范围内的高时间分辨率表层海流数据,很大程度上弥补了传统观测手段的不足,从而兼顾了较大的空间范围覆盖和较高的时间采样率,在海洋观测中有十分重要的应用价值。目前,许多国家都在沿岸建设了雷达观测网络,进而实现对海流的实时监测,如美国已在其东西部沿岸区域布设了雷达观测网络,欧洲已部署50多部高频地波雷达观测站,并在努力构建一个综合观测系统[9-10]
国内外学者已经对高频地波雷达进行了非常多的研究和应用,包括理论研究[11]、径向流矢量合成[12]以及验证测量结果的合理性[13]。这些研究极大地促进了高频地波雷达的发展,同时也使高频地波雷达广泛地应用于数据同化[14]、溢油扩散[15]、粒子轨迹追踪[16]等领域。这些研究表明,高频地波雷达的发展正日趋完善,对于海洋方面的研究具有广泛的应用价值。
高频地波雷达长时间大范围的观测在海流科学研究方面具有巨大优势,朱大勇等[17]使用一整年的高频地波雷达资料并结合ADCP数据,发现台湾海峡沿岸流的季节性波动受季风控制,同时还发现了常年存在的背景流;Ebuchi等[18]利用高频地波雷达研究了Soya湾暖流的季节性变化;Gough等[19]对Farallones湾海流进行了潮周期和月际的研究,确定了该地区3种主要的季节性环流体系。这些研究中很少有关于年际和极端事件方面的研究,这对于具有多种特征的动力过程的海流来说缺少整体性,很难全面了解海流在不同时间尺度下的动力特征和变化过程。我国近海每年都会有多个台风登陆,对沿海区域生命财产和社会经济造成巨大影响[20]。高频地波雷达的优势之一在于能够实现全天候观测,受天气影响较小,目前已有许多学者对其观测数据的准确性进行过研究[21-22],研究结果表明,高频地波雷达除了在常规时期能够获取有效数据外,在极端事件时期获取的数据也十分可靠。
近海海流受多种大气、海洋动力过程影响,近岸复杂的地形和岸线对其影响也不可忽视,这些因素的非线性作用导致近海海流在空间、时间的不同尺度上呈现出复杂的变化。本文通过布设在朱家尖−嵊山的高频地波雷达观测站多年所测流场资料,对舟山外海海流在潮周期、季节、年际以及极端事件下的动力过程进行解译,并分析海流在不同时间尺度下的动力特征和影响机制,为舟山海域赤潮、马尾藻、渔业生产和环境监测提供基础海流背景。
舟山海域作为东海陆架的重要组成部分,地处杭州湾东侧、长江口东南海域(图1),是长江口水体南下的必经之路,同时是台湾暖流和浙闽沿岸流交替影响的主要区域[23],由于各种水体在此相互交汇,从而形成了我国最重要的近海渔场。舟山外海地形复杂,岛屿众多,水深变化剧烈,近岸水深约10 m,外海最深可达100 m(图1a)。此外,舟山海域还受到季风以及台风的影响,在这些因素的共同作用下,此处的海流动力过程复杂。
朱家尖(29.893°N,122.428°E)−嵊山(30.702°N,122.836°E)地波雷达组(图1b)自2011年建成以来,已累积了大量的观测数据,本研究将以这些观测数据为基础,研究舟山外海域海流的多时间尺度动力过程。
本研究采用的数据来自武汉大学研发的OSMAR系统构造的真实海表流观测场,该系统在极坐标系下利用自然三次样条将径向流插值到两个扇形区域相交的公共网格上并合成得到矢量流[12]。时间分辨率为10 min,空间分辨率为0.05°,覆盖范围为28.95°~31.05°N,122.45°~124.45°E,观测区域被划分为41×43的网格,实际观测网格如图1b所示。关于该组高频地波雷达的可靠性分析,前人已经做了较多的研究,沈志奔[8]通过对比验证表明其在常态天气条件下与ADCP测流结果具有较好的一致性,其误差在可以接受的范围。李程等[22]对台风“灿鸿”期间的雷达资料进行分析,对比浮标ADCP数据发现流速平均误差为3.43 cm/s,流向平均误差为9.63°,相关系数分别为0.83和0.92,具有较好的一致性。可以认定该组地波雷达的观测数据是可信的。
本文获取了舟山海域多个年份的雷达观测资料(2017–2019年),并统计各个月份的数据丰度(图2)。其中,2017年数据较为完整,只有7月、8月、10月份丰度较低,而2018年与2019年均有较多月份的数据缺失。因此在后续的研究中只选取具有代表性月份的数据来研究不同季节的海流特征。
本文所使用的风场资料为欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)下载的气象再分析数据,选用的是距海表面10 m高度的风速,时间分辨率为1 h,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间从2017年1月1日至2019年12月31日。
本文所获取的为已完成矢量合成的流场资料,通常由两个及以上基站所测径向流合成,当两个径向流的观测角度夹角接近180°和0°时,会使合成的结果存在一定误差,而当角度在90°左右时合成结果最佳[21]。此外由于天气以及设备维护等原因,也会导致数据存在着质量问题,因此对原始数据进行质量控制是十分有必要的。本文将通过以下方法对数据进行质量控制[8]
(1)在空间上剔除异常值,即在空间上剔除相对于平均值离散程度较大的值
$ \left| {{v_t}\left( {x,y} \right) - {{\bar v}_t}} \right| > 2\delta ;\delta = \sqrt {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left[ {{v_t}\left( {x,y} \right) - \bar v} \right]^2/\left( {N - 1} \right)} }, $
式中,${v_t}\left( {x,y} \right)$为t时刻空间上任意点的流速;$\bar v$为t时刻空间上流速的平均值;$ \delta $为标准差;$ N $为t时刻的空间样本容量。通过该方法定义特定时刻任意位置流速与整场平均流速的差大于两倍标准差的流速为空间异常值[8, 21]
(2)在时间序列上剔除异常值,即在时间序列上剔除相对于平均值离散程度较大的值
$ \left| {{v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) - {{\bar v}_{x,y}}} \right| > 2\delta ;\delta = \sqrt {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left[ {{v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) - {{\bar v}_{x,y}}} \right]^2/\left( {N - 1} \right)} } \text{,}$
式中,$ {v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) $为在$\left( {x,y} \right)$坐标下t时刻的流速;$ {\bar v_{x,y}} $为在$\left( {x,y} \right)$坐标下的样本平均值;$ \delta $为标准差;$ N $为该坐标下的时间序列样本容量。通过该方法定义特定位置任意时刻流速与全时段平均流速的差大于两倍标准差的流速为时间序列异常值。
(3)在时间序列上剔除跳跃值,即剔除相邻时间数据之间差异存在异常变幅的值
$ \left| {{v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) - {v_{x,y}}\left( {t \pm 1} \right)} \right| > 2\delta ;\delta = \sqrt {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left[ {{v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) - {{\bar v}_{x,y}}} \right]^2/\left( {N - 1} \right)} } \text{,} $
式中,$ {v_{x,y}}\left( t \right) $为在$\left( {x,y} \right)$坐标下t时刻的流速;$ {\bar v_{x,y}} $为在$\left( {x,y} \right)$坐标下的样本平均值;$ \delta $为标准差;$ N $为该坐标下的时间序列样本容量,该方法可以去除时间相邻流速差异大于两倍标准差的流速跳跃值。
以2017年1月的数据为例(图3),图中黑色矩形框为数据丰度大于60%的点位。质量控制前、后的差异主要体现在观测区域的边缘位置(图3a图3b)。如前文提到的,这主要是合成角度造成的误差,经过质量控制后,这些误差得以消除。而在观测核心区域的数据丰度(黑色矩形)所受影响并不显著。对比质量控制前后每日的数据丰度(图3c),发现质量控制对整体数据的丰度影响并不大,观测区域边缘位置数据的剔除占主要原因。可以认为质量控制对异常值的剔除效果较为明显,对核心区域数据丰度影响不大,本文认为质量控制能够有效剔除数据中的异常值,提升数据的可靠性。
为了确保在后续的研究过程中数据的完整性,减少观测边缘的合成误差,以及数据在时间以及空间上的完整性,本文选取质量控制后数据丰度大于60%的点位进行研究。同时,本文还对数据进行了逐小时平均从而减少观测中的随机误差[8]
T_tide是在最小二乘法的基础上开发的一套matlab工具包[24],能够对潮汐潮流进行调和分析。利用T_tide对高频地波雷达数据进行分析,得到4个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)的椭圆要素(最大流速、最小流速及最大流速方向等)。
余流是指海流去除潮流等周期性信号后剩下的部分,直接标示着水体的净输运趋势, 对海水中悬浮物和可溶性物质的稀释、扩散及输运等有着十分重要的指示意义。本文采用PL64滤波器的33 h半振幅周期低通滤波对逐小时平均的高频地波雷达数据进行处理[25],从而滤掉半日及全日潮潮流,得到余流。
根据潮流调和分析得到各分潮潮流椭圆,见图4。4个主要分潮中,M2分潮所占比重最大,S2分潮次之,M2与S2分潮椭圆方向分布较一致(图4a),但M2分潮椭圆大小为S2分潮椭圆的2倍以上(注意图中二者比例尺不同)。舟山海域以M2分潮为主导,其最大流速(椭圆长半轴)分布从东北区域向西南区域逐渐减小,最大流速方向(椭圆长轴方向)也随着离岸距离的减小而发生偏转,在近岸区域表现出顺岸的趋势,呈现往复流为主的特征,而外海旋转流特征较为显著。K1与O1分潮椭圆方向分布在外海区域基本一致(图4b),但在近岸出现了较大的差异,近岸K1分潮振幅明显大于O1分潮。日分潮在近岸也出现了往复流的趋势,这可能是受到了岛屿岸线的影响。
潮流的研究主要有潮流的性质以及潮流的运动形式。潮流性质是指日分潮K1、O1与半日分潮M2之间的相对比重F,可根据公式(4)判断潮流的类型:
$ F = \left( {{U_{{{\rm{O}}_1}}} + {U_{{{\rm{K}}_1}}}} \right)/{U_{{{\rm{M}}_2}}} \text{,} $
式中,${U_{{{\rm{O}}_1}}}$、${U_{{{\rm{K}}_1}}}$、${U_{{{\rm{M}}_2}}}$分别为O1、K1、M2分潮椭圆长轴。
潮流的运动形式可以根据潮流椭圆的短轴与长轴比值K来确定,当$ \left| K \right| $大于0.25时,潮流表现出较强的旋转性,同时根据K值正负可以确定潮流的旋转方向。由于舟山海域由M2分潮主导,因此计算M2分潮K值来判断其运动形式。按照《港口工程技术规范(上册》[26]中的相关规定,根据全日分潮O1、K1和半日分潮M2、S2的椭圆的长半轴可以计算最大可能流速:
$ {\boldsymbol{V}} _{\max } = 1.29 {\boldsymbol{U}} _{{{\rm{M}}_2}} + 1.23 {{\boldsymbol{U}}} _{{{\rm{S}}_2}} + {{\boldsymbol{U}}} _{{{\rm{K}}_1}} + {{\boldsymbol{U}}} _{{{\rm{O}}_1}} \text{,} $
式中,${\boldsymbol{U}} _{{{\rm{M}}_2}}$、${\boldsymbol{U}} _{{{\rm{S}}_2}}$、${\boldsymbol{U}} _{{{\rm{K}}_1}}$、${\boldsymbol{U}} _{{{\rm{O}}_1}}$分别是各分潮的椭圆的长半轴矢量。
图5a展示了舟山海域的F值分布,整个观测区域的F值都在0.5以下,根据《港口工程技术规范(上册)》[26]规定,该区域属于正规半日潮区域。观察K值分布(图5b)发现观测区域内的$ \left| K \right| $均大于0.25,可以确定舟山外海域潮流为旋转流,且呈顺时针旋转。根据公式(5)计算最大可能流速分布如图5c所示,最大可能流速介于0.5~1.1 m/s之间,其分布从东北部到西南部逐渐减小,并在近岸地带得到加强,显示了岛屿边界的影响。
以2017年1月份为例,选取区域内点A(30.0°N,123.5°E)(图1b)绘制表层海流时间序列(图6)。流速矢量的变化过程呈现出明显的顺时针旋转的特性(图6a);速度与流向的变化过程呈现出明显的周期性,能够较好地反映大小潮的情况,大潮时最大流速可达0.8 m/s,小潮时最小流速接近0 m/s(图6b图6c)。
对各月份数据进行质量控制和滤波处理,并计算得到月平均余流与风场。由于数据在某些月份存在一定的缺失(图2),因此统计时选取数据较全的月份作为代表性季节进行分析。各季度月平均余流和风场结果都表现出非常强的季节变化(图7),以1月份为代表的冬季(图7a图7c)主要受北风影响,在离岸区域流速基本在5 cm/s以内,而在近岸区域(靠近朱家尖岛附近)存在着较明显的从北向南的沿岸流,流速可达10~20 cm/s,从近岸往东,流速呈减小的趋势。以6月份为代表的夏季(图7g图7i)余流流速基本在10 cm/s左右,分布较均匀,且大部分区域流向接近正北方向。春季(图7d图7f)和秋季(图7j图7l)属于转换阶段,春季由北风逐渐转变为东南风,风速减弱,余流流向逐渐向北转换;秋季由东南风转变为北风,风速逐渐增大,余流流向逐渐向南转换。
对比2017年与2018年,冬季余流在近岸区域的变化并不显著,均表现出明显的自北向南的沿岸流,但在离岸区域余流变化则非常明显,尤其在123.5°E以东和30°N以南的区域,2018年较2017年流速相对增大(图7a图7b)。夏季时,余流场的特征基本一致,无明显的变化(图7g图7i)。春季时,2018年较2017年流速有所增强,这与风速的变化是一致的(图7d图7e);秋季时,余流场具有较大的差异,2017年的余流场方向为西北向,而2019年的余流场方向为西南向,该变化与风场的变化存在一致性(图7j图7l)。
为了进一步探究余流变化与风之间的关系,选取点A(图1b)绘制余流和风的时间序列,并以24 h为窗口滑动计算风速、风向与余流流速、流向之间的相关系数(图8)。由于常规的风向指风的来向,与流向相反,在接下来的分析中均将风向定义为风的去向。余流流速和相关性均与风速有较强的一致性,流速最大可达0.8 m/s,同时相关系数最大可接近1。但从图中可以发现流速的变化相对于风速变化具有一定的滞后性,主要表现为T1T2期间当风速由增大转为减小时,流速还保持着增长的趋势(图8a)。这一现象在T5T6期间以及风速相对较小的T3T4T7T8期间均有体现,而反映在相关性上就会有负相关的现象产生(图8b图8d)。风速与余流流速之间总体表现为风速较大时相关性较强,风速较小时相关性普遍较低,当风速迅速变化时,会有负相关的现象产生。说明在风速较小情况下海流以非当地风强迫导致的余流为主,如一些陆架波动、潮汐余流、密度流等。风向与流向之间也存在着类似的关系(图8b图8d)。但由于风向的变化频率较快,而余流由于存在相对滞后性,导致流向变化较为平缓,方向相关系数具有较大的波动。
选取风速大于8 m/s时期的余流流速、流向与风速、风向(图8中黄色背景),计算平均值和相关系数(表1),结果显示在风速最大期间(T1T2T7T8)风速与流速相关系数分别为0.90与0.78,方向夹角的平均值分别为48.8°和47.8°,相关系数为0.62和0.55,相关性较强。T5T6期间风向与流向相关系数达到了0.68,但方向夹角只有22.0°,同时风速与流速之间的相关系数只有0.48(表1)。这可能是由于此期间风速和风向均发生了较快的变化,导致Ekman输运并没有充分发展并稳定。T3T4期间,风速较小且波动较大,余流流速与风速之间的相关系数为0.55,而流向与风向之间却出现了负相关的现象(表1)。说明相比于流速,流向对于风的响应可能更加滞后。
以2017年9月份的台风“泰利”(201718,TALIM)为例,高频地波雷达探测到了完整的台风过境数据。该台风于2017年9月9日在西北太平洋生成,并于9月13日14时达到了超强台风等级。台风从东南向雷达观测区域接近(图9),在台风临近研究区域时段中心风速达到了50 m/s,观测区域内风速最大可达23 m/s,而后往东北方向远离观测区域。从空间上来看,受台风期间极端大风影响,舟山外海的平均余流场流速整体较大,可达0.62 m/s。选择台风靠近观测区和离开观测区的两个时刻统计其流速与流向,以及在观测区域内的平均风速与风向。在台风临近前(2017年7月15日0时)平均余流流速为0.37 m/s,流向为267.7°,平均风速为14.4 m/s,风向为239.2°(图9a),而台风远离时刻(2017年7月16日0时)平均余流流速为0.62 m/s,流向为233.6°,平均风速为18.2 m/s,风向为207.4°(图9b),这两个时段平均风向与平均流向的夹角分别为28.5°与26.2°。
从时间序列上来看,选取点A(图1b)绘制时间序列对比(图10),在台风接近的过程中,流场的潮周期运动逐渐被压制,流速虽仍然存在着周期性变化,但流向逐渐偏向风的右侧,而在台风离开后流场又逐渐恢复成涨落潮的形态(图10b)。在台风作用最强烈期间(图10中绿色背景部分),流向基本维持在210°~330°之间,流速最大可达1 m/s以上。余流的流向随着风向逐渐产生逆时针旋转,在台风作用最强期间,平均流向为249.35°,平均风向为208.49°,其夹角为40.86°,相关系数达到了0.91(图10b),风速与余流流速的相关系数达到了0.92,说明此时台风对表层余流过程起主要作用,两者之间高度相关。
舟山海域岛屿众多、岸线曲折,海流不仅受到长江入海径流、潮汐、风等影响,同时还受到地形影响[27]。从整体看,地波雷达解译的海表流动特征与前人其他形式的观测结果吻合[27-29]。本研究通过地波雷达解译得到了较大范围、较高频率的表层流场,能更好地刻画潮流空间变化特征。
舟山外海域海流存在着较为明显的季节变化,其主要特征为冬季向南、夏季向北的余流。由于冬季长江口径流沿岸南下,同时冬季北风强劲[28],形成冬季沿岸较强的沿岸流;而夏季台湾暖流较为强劲[23, 30],东南向为主的风[28]形成夏季向北的余流。值得注意的是陈倩等[28]认为表层余流流速受风力影响较大,导致浙江近海表层余流流速冬强夏弱,可能是由于陈倩等[28]选取的站位更靠近岸。本文研究结果表明,冬季余流流速分布具有空间上的差异,只有在近岸区域余流流速可能出现大于夏季的情况(图7)。由此可见高频地波雷达数据的应用在空间上具有一定的优势。
余流除了与径流、潮汐、地形等相关外,与风力之间存在着较大的关系[29]。在风向、风速相对较稳定的情况下,余流对风的响应比较迅速[27],在大风时期更为显著,但余流与风之间存在着一定的响应滞后性[31],这主要与Ekman输运的形成和稳定有关。Ekman[32]指出在高纬度稳定的风使海流完全发展需要经过12~24 h,并且这一时间会随着纬度的减小而减小。而表层海流由于受到风的直接作用,发展时间会比完全发展更短。如图8所示,当风变化迅速时,速度相关性往往会表现出与风速一致的变化趋势,而方向相关性则并不十分一致。由于惯性,海流相对于风存在一定滞后性,方向相关性的这一现象说明海流方向可能比流速更难改变,长期持续的风可能对余流的形成起着重要作用。
对朱家尖−嵊山测站所测雷达表层流资料进行质量控制、潮流调和分析、低通滤波和相关性分析,可以得到以下结论。
(1) 舟山海域属于典型的正规半日潮区域,潮流运动形式以顺时针旋转流为主,最大可能流速介于0.5~1.1 m/s之间,流速大小分布为东北区域较大,西南区域较小,在近岸得到一定的增强。
(2) 2017–2019年间舟山海域余流场的年际变化并不显著,但存在着明显的季节变化,主要表现为流向冬季向南,夏季向北。冬季余流整体较小,但是在沿岸处存在着非常显著的自北向南的沿岸流,其流速可达10~20 cm/s,随着离岸距离增大,流速逐渐减小。夏季余流整体较大,流速在10 cm/s左右,流向基本为正北向。春秋季属于转换时期,流场的流向与季风的风向有关。
(3) 风与余流存在着较强的相关性,尤其是在大风期间,流速与风速的相关系数在0.48~0.90之间,流向与风向的相关系数在0.55~0.68之间,风速对速度、方向相关性有较大影响,风速较大时相关性普遍较大,速度相关性与风速之间具有很强的一致性,而方向相关性则存在着一定的波动。
(4) 在台风期间会形成由台风主导的余流场,在台风作用最强烈的两个时刻,流向夹角分别为28.5°与26.2°,流速较常态天气下显著增大。余流与台风之间具有极大的相关性,台风期间平均风向与余流平均流向夹角为40.86°,风向与余流流向的相关系数达到了0.91,风速与余流流速的相关系数达到了0.92。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1407402)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41776104)
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2022年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022039
  • 接收时间:2021-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-16
  • 修回日期:2021-10-14
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国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1407402)
国家自然科学基金(41776104)
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    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081

通讯作者:

吴伦宇(1982-),男,山东省莱州市人,副研究员,主要从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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