Article(id=1224796868215981044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1624723200000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-27, revisedDate=1630252800000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943929008, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1653408000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943929008, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943929008, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943929008, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796862020997568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='163', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943927531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995987693, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=150, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796868639604739, articleId=1224796868215981044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Temporal and spatial dynamics of suspended sediment and its driving mechanism in the Yellow River Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Affected by fluvial sediment discharge, wind waves and tides, etc., suspended sediment in estuaries and adjacent waters has significant temporal and spatial changes. Based on the GOCI remote sensing images at hourly resolution, this paper uses the optimal remote sensing inversion algorithm, combined with spatial analysis and statistical methods to deeply study the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics and driving mechanism of suspended sediment in the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent waters. The results show that the impact of fluvial sediment discharge on the concentration of suspended sediment is concentrated in the nearshore area of the estuary. The impact of high fluvial sediment discharge on the distribution of suspended sediment concentration can reach about 20 km offshore and spread to the Gudong nearshore area. Strong winds can cause intensive resuspension of sediment near the old river mouth of Qingshuigou, forming a high-concentration suspended sediment area. The flood and ebb tides have a significant impact on the hourly-scale suspended sediment concentration, and affect the dispersal of suspended sediment from north to south. The variation and dispersal range of the suspended sediment concentration in the spring tide are larger than that of the neap tide due to different tidal flow velocities. There is an obvious negative correlation between water depth and suspended sediment concentration. According to the difference of driving factors, the suspended sediment concentration present exponential, power function, and linear relationships with the increase of water depth.

, correspAuthors=Shenliang Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanhao Chu, Wenjuan Wu, Peng Li, Shenliang Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796870946472095, articleId=1224796868215981044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

受径流输沙、风浪、潮汐等影响,河口近岸海域悬浮泥沙具有显著的时空变化。本文基于小时分辨率的GOCI遥感影像,利用最优遥感反演算法,结合空间分析和统计方法,深入研究黄河口及邻近海域悬沙时空动态特征及驱动机制。结果表明,径流输沙对悬沙浓度的影响以河口近岸区为主,高径流输沙对悬沙浓度分布影响可达距岸约20 km,并向孤东近岸方向扩散。大风可引起清水沟老河口区泥沙强烈再悬浮,形成高浓度悬沙区。涨落潮对小时尺度的悬沙浓度影响显著,并影响悬沙的南北扩散。大潮悬沙浓度变化和扩散范围均大于小潮,潮流流速不同是造成该差异的主要原因。水深与悬沙浓度之间存在较明显的负相关关系,根据不同驱动因素的差异,悬沙浓度随着水深的增加呈现出指数型、幂函数型、线性3种关系。

, correspAuthors=陈沈良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈沈良(1964-),男,浙江省海盐县人,教授,主要从事河口海岸学及其应用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=z6YUgXnpulou5teUaKU2ng==, magXml=Nfa/VibCsXBzA8AkMgMw4w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3h/oo9lOwn87xZ07G8lBLQ==, pdfFileSize=2495769, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=LBCK6RxlpYvev27ok82vUQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=D2cs4tz6zwdDjfuBznRXKw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

褚言皓(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口海岸遥感及应用研究。E-mail:

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褚言皓(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口海岸遥感及应用研究。E-mail:

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褚言皓(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口海岸遥感及应用研究。E-mail:

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a. YOC algorithms; b. Case2 algorithms; c. Yu algorithms; d. Li algorithms

, figureFileSmall=wZsJ0vUU5LguxerogtiDAA==, figureFileBig=xT9GJH1DcTuSRqd+AlBuSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368177450861016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图2, caption=悬沙浓度反演与实测值散点图

a. YOC算法;b. Case2算法;c. 余佳算法;d. Li算法

, figureFileSmall=wZsJ0vUU5LguxerogtiDAA==, figureFileBig=xT9GJH1DcTuSRqd+AlBuSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368177585078751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Suspended sediment concentration distribution in the estuary under low (a) and high (b) fluvial sediment discharges, figureFileSmall=i/8KOIgyRiZx0ofK+diwqA==, figureFileBig=e+f2OYAe6BcITaJWpOZe7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368177798988262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图3, caption=低(a)、高(b)径流输沙量条件下河口悬沙浓度分布对比, figureFileSmall=i/8KOIgyRiZx0ofK+diwqA==, figureFileBig=e+f2OYAe6BcITaJWpOZe7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368177903845872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Suspended sediment concentration distribution in the study area on light (a) and gale (b) breeze days, figureFileSmall=/rdAFc3BS/jHIjmNfrYeGA==, figureFileBig=AFg7Bta7Cu9S+l6JdCQS6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178000314873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微风(a)和大风(b)情况下研究区悬沙浓度分布, figureFileSmall=/rdAFc3BS/jHIjmNfrYeGA==, figureFileBig=AFg7Bta7Cu9S+l6JdCQS6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178117755392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Suspended sediment concentration variations during a tidal cycle, figureFileSmall=rHPquj48xnie3ldHEpx5Mw==, figureFileBig=xV8NMrczyUcsH3kt5GjMRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178247778824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图5, caption=涨落潮各时段悬沙浓度分布, figureFileSmall=rHPquj48xnie3ldHEpx5Mw==, figureFileBig=xV8NMrczyUcsH3kt5GjMRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178411356687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Boundary and swing angle of high-concentration suspended sediment (no less than 150 mg/L) during each period of flood and ebb tides, figureFileSmall=IqktYe84X+cw+tsB7xAVrw==, figureFileBig=3kybokrQPF5H/6U2Q3lHEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178528797206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图6, caption=涨落潮各时段高浓度悬沙(不小于150 mg/L)边界与摆动角度, figureFileSmall=IqktYe84X+cw+tsB7xAVrw==, figureFileBig=3kybokrQPF5H/6U2Q3lHEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178629460507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Suspended sediment concentration distribution at neap (a) and spring (b) tides, figureFileSmall=769mdNS44L/qoouwd1n/oA==, figureFileBig=Z4Vi8FHkBnQ704ufIfIphw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178759483942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小潮(a)与大潮(b)期间的悬沙浓度分布, figureFileSmall=769mdNS44L/qoouwd1n/oA==, figureFileBig=Z4Vi8FHkBnQ704ufIfIphw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178864341548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The standard deviation (a, b) and coefficient of variation (c, d) of the suspended sediment concentration between the neap tide (a, c) and the spring tide (b, d), figureFileSmall=k5qOIXVv5Iug3aIyjk7Nig==, figureFileBig=Sp5XPKkcQqTmkWavdsXd3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368178939839025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=图8, caption=小潮(a,c)与大潮(b,d)悬沙浓度标准差(a,b)及变异系数(c,d), figureFileSmall=k5qOIXVv5Iug3aIyjk7Nig==, figureFileBig=Sp5XPKkcQqTmkWavdsXd3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368179006947897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Water depth topography in the study area and its transections

The location of sections in b and c see fig. 1

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b和c中各断面的位置见图1

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Measured data of suspended sediment concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期数据量/个悬沙浓度范围/(mg·L−1
2017年8月6日142.2~47.8
2017年8月7日121.4~248.5
2017年8月8日63.6~48.6
2018年8月25日1010.9~195.26
2018年8月26日113.6~405.07
2018年8月27日84.2~34.4
2019年7月12日1010~40
2019年7月15日610~80
2020年9月6日79.7~46.9
), ArticleFig(id=1225368179531235929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

悬沙浓度实测数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期数据量/个悬沙浓度范围/(mg·L−1
2017年8月6日142.2~47.8
2017年8月7日121.4~248.5
2017年8月8日63.6~48.6
2018年8月25日1010.9~195.26
2018年8月26日113.6~405.07
2018年8月27日84.2~34.4
2019年7月12日1010~40
2019年7月15日610~80
2020年9月6日79.7~46.9
), ArticleFig(id=1225368179657065056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

GOCI imagery information used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成像日期可用影像/景 成像日期可用影像/景
2017年7月8日82018年8月27日5
2017年8月6日82018年8月30日8
2017年8月7日82018年11月1日8
2017年8月8日82018年12月13日8
2017年8月9日82019年7月11日8
2018年7月16日82019年7月12日8
2018年7月22日82018年7月15日3
2018年8月25日82018年7月16日8
2018年8月26日42020年9月6日8
), ArticleFig(id=1225368179791282793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所用GOCI影像信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成像日期可用影像/景 成像日期可用影像/景
2017年7月8日82018年8月27日5
2017年8月6日82018年8月30日8
2017年8月7日82018年11月1日8
2017年8月8日82018年12月13日8
2017年8月9日82019年7月11日8
2018年7月16日82019年7月12日8
2018年7月22日82018年7月15日3
2018年8月25日82018年7月16日8
2018年8月26日42020年9月6日8
), ArticleFig(id=1225368179887751790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

List of suspended sediment concentration inversion models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法模型适用地区
YOCSSC=100.649+25.623(Rrs555+Rrs660)-0.646(Rrs490/Rrs555)黄海、东海
Case2SSC=100.08832+1.627(Rrs745/Rrs555)+1.121(Rrs680/Rrs490)韩国近岸海域
余佳算法SSC=0.6358exp(87.65Rrs555)黄海、渤海
Li算法SSC=101.019(Rrs660/Rrs555)+10.394Rrs490+0.835黄河口近岸海域
), ArticleFig(id=1225368179980026484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

悬沙浓度反演模型列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法模型适用地区
YOCSSC=100.649+25.623(Rrs555+Rrs660)-0.646(Rrs490/Rrs555)黄海、东海
Case2SSC=100.08832+1.627(Rrs745/Rrs555)+1.121(Rrs680/Rrs490)韩国近岸海域
余佳算法SSC=0.6358exp(87.65Rrs555)黄海、渤海
Li算法SSC=101.019(Rrs660/Rrs555)+10.394Rrs490+0.835黄河口近岸海域
), ArticleFig(id=1225368180068106875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

High-concentration suspended sediment (no less than 150 mg/L) under different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景径流量/(m³·s−1日输沙量/(104 t)面积/km²最大值/(mg·L−1最大扩散范围/km
  注:“情景”列括号内分别是微风、大风情况下的风速和大、小潮的潮差。
高径流输沙2520.00481.00316.001377.6217.14
低径流输沙440.003.1025.00386.342.77
微风(2.1 m/s)770.0011.8123.501501.335.31
大风(8.9 m/s)370.002.45783.001692.6021.56
大潮(1.12 m)2520.00481.00316.001377.6217.14
小潮(0.49 m)3490.001079.00196.251365.8013.55
), ArticleFig(id=1225368180185547398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796868215981044, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同情景下高浓度悬沙(不小于150 mg/L)情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景径流量/(m³·s−1日输沙量/(104 t)面积/km²最大值/(mg·L−1最大扩散范围/km
  注:“情景”列括号内分别是微风、大风情况下的风速和大、小潮的潮差。
高径流输沙2520.00481.00316.001377.6217.14
低径流输沙440.003.1025.00386.342.77
微风(2.1 m/s)770.0011.8123.501501.335.31
大风(8.9 m/s)370.002.45783.001692.6021.56
大潮(1.12 m)2520.00481.00316.001377.6217.14
小潮(0.49 m)3490.001079.00196.251365.8013.55
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黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制
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褚言皓 1 , 吴文娟 2 , 李鹏 1 , 陈沈良 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(6): 150-163
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(6): 150-163
黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制
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褚言皓1 , 吴文娟2, 李鹏1, 陈沈良1, *
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.黄河河口海岸科学研究所,山东 东营 257091
  • 褚言皓(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口海岸遥感及应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈沈良(1964-),男,浙江省海盐县人,教授,主要从事河口海岸学及其应用研究。E-mail:
Temporal and spatial dynamics of suspended sediment and its driving mechanism in the Yellow River Estuary
Yanhao Chu1 , Wenjuan Wu2, Peng Li1, Shenliang Chen1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Institute of the Yellow River Estuary and Coast Science, Dongying 257091, China
出版时间: 2022-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022059
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受径流输沙、风浪、潮汐等影响,河口近岸海域悬浮泥沙具有显著的时空变化。本文基于小时分辨率的GOCI遥感影像,利用最优遥感反演算法,结合空间分析和统计方法,深入研究黄河口及邻近海域悬沙时空动态特征及驱动机制。结果表明,径流输沙对悬沙浓度的影响以河口近岸区为主,高径流输沙对悬沙浓度分布影响可达距岸约20 km,并向孤东近岸方向扩散。大风可引起清水沟老河口区泥沙强烈再悬浮,形成高浓度悬沙区。涨落潮对小时尺度的悬沙浓度影响显著,并影响悬沙的南北扩散。大潮悬沙浓度变化和扩散范围均大于小潮,潮流流速不同是造成该差异的主要原因。水深与悬沙浓度之间存在较明显的负相关关系,根据不同驱动因素的差异,悬沙浓度随着水深的增加呈现出指数型、幂函数型、线性3种关系。

GOCI  /  悬浮泥沙  /  时空动态  /  驱动因素

Affected by fluvial sediment discharge, wind waves and tides, etc., suspended sediment in estuaries and adjacent waters has significant temporal and spatial changes. Based on the GOCI remote sensing images at hourly resolution, this paper uses the optimal remote sensing inversion algorithm, combined with spatial analysis and statistical methods to deeply study the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics and driving mechanism of suspended sediment in the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent waters. The results show that the impact of fluvial sediment discharge on the concentration of suspended sediment is concentrated in the nearshore area of the estuary. The impact of high fluvial sediment discharge on the distribution of suspended sediment concentration can reach about 20 km offshore and spread to the Gudong nearshore area. Strong winds can cause intensive resuspension of sediment near the old river mouth of Qingshuigou, forming a high-concentration suspended sediment area. The flood and ebb tides have a significant impact on the hourly-scale suspended sediment concentration, and affect the dispersal of suspended sediment from north to south. The variation and dispersal range of the suspended sediment concentration in the spring tide are larger than that of the neap tide due to different tidal flow velocities. There is an obvious negative correlation between water depth and suspended sediment concentration. According to the difference of driving factors, the suspended sediment concentration present exponential, power function, and linear relationships with the increase of water depth.

GOCI  /  suspended sediment  /  temporal and spatial dynamics  /  driving factors
褚言皓, 吴文娟, 李鹏, 陈沈良. 黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (6) : 150 -163 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022059
Yanhao Chu, Wenjuan Wu, Peng Li, Shenliang Chen. Temporal and spatial dynamics of suspended sediment and its driving mechanism in the Yellow River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (6) : 150 -163 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022059
河口海岸地区是河海相互作用的关键地带,具有各种复杂的物理、化学和生态过程。大型河流源源不断地向海洋输送丰富的悬浮颗粒物质,不仅可以作为载体影响营养物和污染物的分布扩散,在促进近岸海域碳、氧和营养盐的循环中也扮演重要角色[1-2];同时,悬浮物质的输运、沉降、再悬浮等物理过程对水下地形塑造,海岸线的侵蚀推进都有着重要影响[3]。此外,悬浮颗粒物可显著增加海水浊度,并通过散射和吸收造成穿透海面的太阳光的衰减,是近岸海域初级生产力和氧循环的重要调节因子[4]。相应地,悬浮物质的输运和时空动态也会对河口海岸地区复杂的自然环境和动力条件产生响应。河流的自然改道变迁[5]、径流与输沙[6]、潮汐与潮流[7]、风浪和风暴潮[8]等都对悬浮颗粒物时空变化具有驱动作用。因此,深入开展河口近岸海域悬浮颗粒物质时空动态特点以及驱动机制研究具有重要的科学意义。
黄河是中国第二大河,也是世界上含沙量最大的河流之一,以水少沙多著称于世[9],每年携带大量的泥沙进入半封闭的渤海,河口近岸海域存在高浓度的悬浮泥沙。近年来黄河入海水沙显著减少,由水少沙多逐渐转变为枯水少沙[10-11],特别是流域大型水库建设和调水调沙等人类活动对入海水沙和近岸海域动力环境产生重要影响[12-14]。许多研究者通过原位数据观测和数值模拟对黄河口悬浮泥沙的输运和时空变化已做过大量研究[15-21],但大面积现场同步观测耗时费力且难度较大,数值模拟也有着精度不高等缺点。
卫星遥感技术具有数据观测空间范围广、时间序列长、成本低等特点,能够弥补传统方法的诸多不足,已广泛应用于黄河口悬浮泥沙的研究。黄海军等[22]较早开展黄河口高浊度水体光谱测量并与悬沙浓度建立回归方程;樊辉等[23]利用Landsat TM/ETM+影像波段建立反演方程进行悬沙浓度估算,但并未利用实测数据对结果进行精度验证;刘振宇等[24]利用Landsat 8影像建立黄河口悬沙反演的两参数线性模型,Zhang等[25]针对Landsat TM和Landsat ETM+影像建立了黄河口悬沙浓度反演的经验模式,认为悬沙浓度季节性变化与黄河入海水沙和潮流有关;Qiu等[26]利用Landsat 8建立反演模型,仅对影响悬沙浓度的风浪和径流量输沙因素进行了探讨;Shi和Wang[27]利用MODIS影像对黄渤海和东海悬浮物特性进行研究,发现年际和季节平均悬浮物浓度空间分布和变化受沉积物再悬浮驱动,再悬浮过程与季节性风和沉积物特性有关。众多研究对黄河口悬沙浓度的反演模型精度最高可达到85%~90%以上[24-27],且已从多个方面对黄河口悬沙浓度驱动因素进行深入分析,但不够系统全面。迄今对黄河口悬沙浓度研究所使用卫星影像的时间分辨率较低,通常为1天或数天1景,在研究以不规则半日潮为主的黄河口悬沙日变化和小时变化方面尚不能满足需求。
韩国于2010年发射的COMS卫星所携带的GOCI传感器是世界上第一颗静止轨道卫星海洋水色传感器,共有8个波段(6个可见光波段,2个近红外波段),空间分辨率为500 m,时间分辨率为1 h,成像时间为北京时间8:30–15:30,可以有效观测黄河口悬沙浓度的短周期输运特点和时空变化。 因此,本文基于GOCI卫星影像结合实测数据,利用优选出的反演算法,结合空间分析和数理统计方法,探究不同时间尺度黄河口悬沙浓度的分布特征,全面系统分析径流输沙、风、涨落潮、大小潮等因素对黄河口悬浮泥沙浓度输运和时空分布特征的影响。
研究区域为现行黄河口及其邻近海域,包括莱州湾北部和孤东近岸海域(图1b黑色虚线框)。研究区气候主要为温带大陆性季风气候区,四季分明,降水集中在夏季;研究区常风向为SSE和E向,强风向为NE向,冬季和春季出现大风天的频率较高,历史上曾出现36.9 m/s的极大风速值[28]。河口区及其邻近海域潮汐类型主要是不规则半日潮,潮差较小属于弱潮型河口[29];与潮汐相对应,河口地区潮流主要为不规则半日潮流,以往复流为主,莱州湾和渤海湾以旋转流为主[30],涨潮流往南向莱州湾方向,落潮流向西北往渤海湾方向[31];研究区波浪主要为风生浪,波浪方向和强度与盛行风的方向和强度相关,冬半年风浪方向偏北,夏半年风浪方向偏南。
为获得研究区表层悬沙浓度实测数据,分别于2017年8月6–9日、2018年8月25–30日、2019年7月12–15日和2020年9月6日在黄河口及其邻近海域进行定点和走航式观测,详见表1,采样点如图1所示。悬沙浓度数据测定采用抽滤烘干称重法计算得到,由于影像质量受云的影响较大,本文选取影像质量较好的日期所对应的数据共84组。其他数据包括孤东验潮站2018年逐时潮位和风速风向数据,还搜集了2018年黄河口附近16条断面水下地形数据(图1b)。
所用GOCI影像数据来自韩国海洋卫星中心(KOSC)(表2),可获取Level-1和Level-2两类数据。本文选择Level-1B数据,该数据已经过辐射校正和几何校正,但没有经过大气校正[32]。使用SeaDAS7.5.3进行大气校正,SeaDAS是由美国国家航空与航天局(NASA)开发的专门用于处理水色遥感数据的专业软件,内含多种大气校正算法,选用MUMM算法进行大气校正,该算法由Ruddick等[33]于2000年提出,对浑浊水体的大气校正效果较好,得到广泛应用[34-39],在黄河口具有较好的适应性。
针对GOCI遥感影像的悬沙浓度反演算法中,较经典的是GOCI官方处理软件GDPS内含的两种反演算法,分别是YOC算法[40]和Case2算法[41]。YOC算法是根据1998–2007年在黄、东海收集的大量原位生物光学数据得出的区域经验算法,开始主要应用于SeaWiFS水色遥感传感器数据,后广泛用于GOCI影像的反演,函数形式为指数型多波段函数。Case2算法是根据韩国邻近海域实测数据得出的区域经验算法,适用于较浑浊水体的悬沙反演,函数形式为指数型多波段函数。此外,余佳[42]开发出利用MODIS数据反演黄、渤海悬沙浓度的指数模型,被多次应用,并被李阳东等[43]改进应用于GOCI影像,函数形式为指数型单波段函数。Li等[39]结合黄河口近岸海域实测数据,提出一种适用于黄河口邻近海域的悬沙浓度反演算法,计算了22年的悬浮颗粒物浓度,取得了较高的精度,函数形式为指数型多波段函数。
悬浮泥沙反演模型的选择是研究黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及驱动机制的关键,因此首先需要对典型反演算法的优劣进行比较,选取最适算法。河口及其邻近海域悬沙的时空变化受径流输沙、风(浪)、潮汐,以及水深地形的影响和制约,为了阐明各影响因素对悬沙时空变化的驱动机制,针对某一因素选取适合的影像进行对比分析。
选取上述4种GOCI悬沙浓度反演模型的反演结果(表3),与悬沙浓度实测数据(表1)进行对比。利用3个统计学参数对数据进行精度验证,包括相关系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)。验证结果如图2所示,从精度验证结果看出,YOC算法R2值为0.2054,在高浓度值上反演结果不稳定;Case2算法R2值为0.6196,对低浓度值的反演略高;余佳算法R2值为0.4220,在低浓度值上反演结果过高;Li算法R2值在4种算法中最高,达到0.897 5,均方根误差为20.18,绝对百分比误差为18.03%,在4种算法中精度最高。总的来说,反演精度非线性模型高于线性模型,多波段模型高于单波段模型,可见光波段在高浓度水体中会出现快速饱和情况,而近红外波段与高浓度悬沙的反射率Rrs有很好的正相关性[44-45]。综上,Li算法在黄河口悬沙反演中的效果较好,能够满足研究需要,因此选用Li算法进行悬沙反演。
选取2018年7月16日和2017年7月8日进行对比,两天都处于大潮期且潮差相似,分别为1.02 m和0.90 m,风速较小,风况为微风。主要区别在于2018年7月16日利津站实测径流量为2 520.00 m³/s,日输沙量约为4.81×106 t;2017年7月8日利津站径流量为440.00 m³/s,日输沙量约为3.10×104 t,两日径流和输沙量相差较大,分别代表相似海洋动力条件下高、低径流输沙量情形。从图3反演得到的高、低径流输沙量的研究区日均悬沙浓度,可以看出在相似的海洋动力条件下,低径流输沙量黄河口悬沙向外扩散距离很短且浓度低,主要集中在口门处;而高径流输沙量黄河口悬沙向外扩散距离扩大,口门外海域受到影响,并且向孤东近岸方向扩散。
利用空间分析手段定量探究径流输沙对悬沙浓度空间分布的影响,设定悬沙浓度不小于150 mg/L为高浓度,确定高浓度悬沙分布范围,结果如图3所示。低径流输沙情景下,高浓度悬沙主要集中在口门附近,大于150 mg/L的面积为25.00 km²,150 mg/L等值线距口门约3 km处;最高值出现在口门附近,为386.34 mg/L,自近岸向外海悬沙浓度变化较小。高径流输沙情景下,高浓度悬沙向口门外扩散距离最远可超过17.14 km处,大于150 mg/L面积达到316.00 km²;口门外最高悬沙浓度值达到1 377.62 mg/L,向外悬沙浓度急剧降低,具体情况见表4。上述现象表明,高径流输沙对悬沙浓度空间变化的影响在河口区大于其他区域、近岸大于远岸,径流输沙可影响到距岸约17~20 km处。
黄河口近岸海域受季风影响大,许多研究从冬夏季或者月均数据来反映风对悬沙分布的影响,但将多时期数据平均后会掩盖短期天气变化造成的影响。因此,本文选择具有风速明显差异而其他条件相似的两天进行对比,进一步阐明风对悬沙分布的影响。选取2018年12月13日和2018年11月1日两天进行对比,两日潮差相近(分别为0.96 m和0.82 m),都属于低径流输沙(径流量分别为370 m³/s和770 m³/s;日输沙量分别为2.45×104 t和11.81×104 t),主要区别在于二者风速不同,12月13日8 h平均风速为8.9 m/s,11月1日风速为2.1 m/s,分别代表大风日和微风日。两日反演结果如图4所示,大风日莱州湾中北部和孤东近岸悬沙浓度与微风日相比明显增高,而入海口附近两日悬沙浓度相差不大,主要是由于口门附近主要为径流输沙量所控制。
微风情景下高浓度悬沙(不小于150 mg/L)主要集中在现行口门附近,面积为23.50 km²,高浓度悬沙最远扩散到距岸约5 km处;最高值出现在口门外,达到1 501.33 mg/L。大风情景下高浓度悬沙除现行河口外,莱州湾北部也出现高值区,高浓度悬沙面积达到783.00 km²,最高值依然出现在现行河口外,达到1 692.60 mg/L,高浓度悬沙在莱州湾北部可以扩散到距岸20 km以上。
河口附近主要受径流输沙控制,风对悬沙浓度的影响较小,大风和微风情况下浓度差异并不大;相反距现行河口较远的莱州湾中北部和老河口,大风和微风天气下浓度差异巨大。因此,风对悬沙输运的影响主要体现在偏北大风增加有效波高,引发强浪;同时水流流速增加,波-流联合底床剪切应力大于底床侵蚀剪切应力,引起底沙强烈再悬浮。
选取2018年7月22日8:30–15:30共8景GOCI影像对黄河口海域悬沙输运的日变化特征进行分析。该日平均风速为5.05 m/s,属于微风状态,反演结果如图5所示。该日8:30–10:30、14:30–15:30为落潮时段,10:30–14:30为涨潮时段,研究区高浓度悬沙(不小于150 mg/L)集中在河口地区,主要来源于黄河入海输送,老河口区和莱州湾北部悬沙变化并不强烈。高浓度悬浮泥沙输运随着涨落潮发生变化,其摆动变化方向和范围在以往的研究中往往还停留在定性描述,对其定量表述能更直接详细的体现悬沙浓度随涨落潮的变化。
为定量描述摆动方向和范围,本文以某一固定点为射线的端点(图6绿色圆圈)进行角度构建,现行河口近岸海域悬沙变化范围大且明显,老清水沟流路及莱州湾北部近岸悬沙浓度范围变化很小,故变化角度的衡量主要在现行河口外的海域,运用ArcGIS和CorelDRAW软件进行绘制测量。8:30–10:30为落潮,潮流向西北往孤东方向流动,从150 mg/L等值线摆动(图6a)来看,高浓度悬沙在该时段往西北方向移动;其变化范围(图6b)向西增加约4°,东方向减小约24°,总度数减小约20°。10:30–14:30为涨潮,潮流向南往莱州湾方向流动,高浓度悬沙该时段向东南移动,变化范围向东南增加约47°,西方向减小24°,总度数增加约23°。14:30–15:30为落潮,高浓度悬沙向西增加约3°,东方向减小约11°,总度数减小约8°,可见高浓度悬沙运移方向与涨落潮流方向有较好的一致性。
在其他相似条件下,涨落潮是造成1日内悬沙浓度差异变动的主要原因,不仅体现在高浓度悬沙运移方向随涨落潮方向发生改变,小时间断面悬沙浓度值也有很大差异,通过提取同一位置逐时悬沙浓度值发现,其变化可大于100 mg/L,这一现象主要发生在现行河口近岸海域,老河口与莱州湾近岸小时间悬沙浓度变化小于100 mg/L;另从图6可看出,涨落潮对悬沙南北扩散影响大而对其向深水区扩散影响有限。上述现象发生的原因,一方面是涨落潮流挟带悬沙在南北方向移动,造成同一位置不同时间悬沙浓度的巨大差异;另一方面涨落潮导致的水平和垂直剪切可能引起底部泥沙再悬浮。
为研究大、小潮期间悬沙时空变化差异,选取2018年7月22日(小潮)和7月16日(大潮)进行分析。两日风速相近(日均风速分别为5.05 m/s和5.01 m/s),径流和输沙量基本相当(径流量分别约为3 490 m³/s和2 520 m³/s,日输沙量分别为1.079×107 t和4.81×106 t),而7月22日潮差为0.49 m,7月16日为1.12 m。根据GOCI影像反演得到的大、小潮的日平均悬沙浓度分布显示(图7),大潮期悬沙扩散范围明显大于小潮期。
平均值反映的是日尺度上大、小潮悬沙浓度的差异,而标准差和变异系数能够体现小时尺度上大、小潮悬沙浓度的绝对和相对变化。图8a图8b分别是7月22日和7月16日悬沙浓度的标准差,22日标准差在0.66~705.00 mg/L之间变化,16日标准差在0.78~833.00 mg/L之间变化。
大潮期间研究区悬沙浓度的绝对变化量大于小潮期间,标准差较大的区域主要集中在河口两侧和近岸区域,大潮较高的流速促进了底部沉积物的再悬浮。两日的变异系数有着类似的特点,16日变异系数在研究区近岸海域以及莱州湾北部出现明显高值区,说明大潮期近岸悬沙浓度不仅绝对变化量大,相对变异幅度也很大,悬沙浓度小时变化并不均匀;而小潮期不论是绝对变化量还是相对变异幅度都较大潮期小。黄河口近岸沉积物以粉砂质为主,大潮流速的快速波动变化引起的底沙再悬浮是大小潮悬沙浓度变化的主要原因。
以上讨论了不同因素对研究区悬沙时空分布的影响,无论哪种因素,随着离岸距离的增加,其对悬沙输运的影响都有一定的空间范围(表4),超过此范围,悬沙浓度的变化很小。显然这与水深有着密切联系,水深影响着波浪作用、切变锋的发育以及泥沙的再悬浮等,进而影响悬沙输运与时空分布。为进一步明确水深与悬沙扩散的关系,分析了不同要素驱动下悬沙浓度随着水深的变化趋势。
首先,利用2018年实测断面水深数据插值得到水深图(图9a),在现行河口、老河口外设置A、B两区域,各随机选取200个样本点。提取高、低径流输沙,大风微风、大小潮等不同驱动机制下的样本点水深和悬沙数据,利用SPSS进行曲线拟合,结果如图10所示。水深与悬沙浓度的关系主要有指数、线性和幂函数3种,总的来看,不同驱动条件下悬沙浓度随水深变化各有特点,但总体呈降低趋势。一个重要原因在于,随着水深增加,水体表层和底层的混合作用较弱,底层再悬浮沉积物很难进入表层,导致水深越深悬沙浓度越低。而水深又与水下地形关系密切,水下地形直接影响着水深。从水下地形剖面形态来看(图9),A区域水下地形随着离岸距离增加先逐渐变陡后变平缓;B区域水下地形随着离岸距离增加有一个淤积区,坡度变小,水深变浅,后逐渐变陡,总体上水深随着坡度逐渐变深,具体分析如下。
微风状态下区域A、B的悬沙浓度与水深呈指数关系(图10),悬沙浓度随着水深增加的降低速度先快后慢;大风状态下悬沙浓度与水深呈线性关系,悬沙浓度降低速度随着水深增加变化较平稳,差异变小。上述现象主要是因为大风引发风浪导致底沙再悬浮,近岸浅水区与离岸深水区悬沙浓度差异减小,悬沙浓度随水深下降速度较平缓。
不同径流输沙情况下悬沙浓度随水深变化呈现不同特点。低径流输沙量(7月8日)情况下,悬沙浓度随水深的降低呈幂函数关系,但总体上无论是区域A还是区域B,悬沙浓度值的变化并不大。与之相对应,高径流输沙量(7月16日)下,区域A悬沙浓度随水深降低的速度很快,随着水深增加悬沙浓度的差异很大,二者呈线性关系;而区域B悬沙浓度的差异程度低于现行河口,悬沙浓度呈幂函数型下降趋势。
相比于风力状况和径流输沙量,大小潮差异下悬沙浓度随水深的变化特点相似。无论是大潮(7月16日)还是小潮(7月22日),现行河口外悬沙浓度都较高,随着水深的增加,大潮悬沙浓度呈线性下降,小潮悬沙浓度呈指数型下降;在老河口,大、小潮期间悬沙浓度随水深的增加都呈现出幂函数型下降趋势,且二者降低速度基本类似,差异不大。
受径流输沙和海洋动力的影响,河口及其邻近海域的悬沙处于不断的动态变化中。利用GOCI卫星影像,结合悬沙实测数据,选取最佳悬沙浓度反演算法,对黄河口邻近海域悬沙浓度进行定量反演,研究径流输沙、风、潮汐变化和水深地形对悬沙浓度时空变化的驱动影响。得到如下认识:
(1) 比较了4种利用GOCI影像反演黄河口泥沙的典型算法,结果发现黄河口悬沙反演模型普遍使用非线性形式,且多波段模型精度优于单波段模型;含有近红外波段的模型对高浓度悬沙反演结果更好。
(2) 黄河入海水沙主导了现行河口悬沙的扩散范围,低径流输沙条件下高浓度悬沙最远仅扩散到距岸3 km左右,高径流输沙量下的影响范围可达到距岸约20 km处。
(3) 风及其产生的风浪引起泥沙强烈再悬浮,因此距河口较远的莱州湾中北部和老河口,大风和微风天气下浓度差异较大,大风天气悬沙浓度明显升高,高浓度悬沙扩散面积可达约800 km²。
(4) 涨落潮影响悬沙浓度和输运方向,高浓度悬沙和羽状流移动方向与涨落潮方向基本一致。大小潮的影响体现在大潮流速加快引起的底沙再悬浮,使得大潮悬沙绝对浓度和变异程度都高于小潮。
(5) 水深同样是影响悬沙浓度分布的一个重要因素。总体来说,悬沙浓度随水深的增加呈降低趋势,具体呈现出指数、线性和幂函数3种变化形式。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U1706214)
  • 河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放课题(SKLEC-KF202001)
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2022年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022059
  • 接收时间:2021-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-27
  • 修回日期:2021-08-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(U1706214)
河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放课题(SKLEC-KF202001)
作者信息
    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.黄河河口海岸科学研究所,山东 东营 257091

通讯作者:

陈沈良(1964-),男,浙江省海盐县人,教授,主要从事河口海岸学及其应用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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