Article(id=1224796864357221290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1624896000000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-29, revisedDate=1631203200000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943928087, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1653408000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943928087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943928087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943928087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796862020997568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='163', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943927531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995987693, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796864667599789, articleId=1224796864357221290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Magnetic characteristics and early diagenesis of Holocene sediments in the Zhujiang River Delta, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Magnetic mineral diagenesis is an important early diagenetic process after the burial of sediments and its proper identification is the precondition of interpretations for the mineral magnetic properties in the sediments. This study carried out analyses of sedimentary facies, room temperature magnetic and thermomagnetic properties in a Holocene Core MZ collected in the Shunde Plain of the Zhujiang River Delta to identify the vertical changes in the assemblage of magnetic minerals, so as to explore the early diagenetic stages and possible linkage to the sedimentary facies. The results show that the Holocene sedimentary sequence of Core MZ includes tidal channel, embayment, and deltaic successions from bottom upward. The magnetic properties at room temperature lack correlation with sedimentary facies and demonstrate features of strong early diagenesis. In addition, the magnetic properties of the late Holocene sediments were strongly influenced by the human activities. The early diagenesis mainly includes the dissolution of magnetic minerals and the formation of authigenic pyrite. Greigite was also identified in the upper section of the delta-front succession and the bottom of embayment succession. The concentration of greigite increases with depth in the embayment succession. According to the magnetic mineral assemblages, we infer different formation mechanism of greigite in the two successions. We suggest that the greigite in the delta-front facies was formed in the sulfate reduction stage of early diagenesis, whilst it was formed in the anaerobic oxidation stage of methane in the embayment facies. These phenomena indicate that sedimentary environment has impacts on the early diagenetic stage of magnetic minerals by controlling the availability of organic matter and sulfate.

, correspAuthors=Zhanghua Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Junxi Ji, Shuo Shi, Yinglu Chen, Mengyao Wang, Zhanghua Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796866383070167, articleId=1224796864357221290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=珠江三角洲全新世沉积物磁性特征及早期成岩作用分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

磁性矿物的早期成岩作用是沉积物埋藏后的重要过程,辨别早期成岩作用,才能更好地解释地层的矿物磁性变化。本研究对珠江三角洲顺德平原全新世钻孔MZ孔进行沉积相和室温磁性分析,并辅以热磁分析鉴定磁性矿物,以探讨钻孔不同深度和沉积相的早期成岩作用阶段。结果表明,MZ孔全新世地层自下而上包括感潮河道、河口湾和三角洲相。室温磁性特征与沉积相缺乏明显关联,表现出强烈的早期成岩作用。此外,全新世晚期岩芯磁性特征还受人类活动影响。该孔早期成岩作用以磁性矿物溶解和形成自生黄铁矿为主。在三角洲前缘相的上部和河口湾相底部保存了硫复铁矿。根据矿物组合推测以4.51~4.56 m和30.4~30.5 m两个深度为代表的硫复铁矿形成机制不同,即三角洲前缘相中硫复铁矿可能形成于早期成岩作用的硫酸盐还原阶段,而河口湾相的硫复铁矿形成于甲烷厌氧氧化阶段,后者的含量随着深度增加逐渐增多。上述现象说明,沉积环境可以通过影响有机质和硫酸根离子的供应量,决定磁性矿物所达到的早期成岩作用阶段。

, correspAuthors=王张华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王张华(1973-),教授,女,浙江省诸暨市人,主要研究方向为河口海岸沉积环境演变。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yljKc6pbjMHx3xv699p32Q==, magXml=anrXIP4KDlh/Y7BNhDL2KA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/QnRRpa/lUMqutzJQXFlIQ==, pdfFileSize=3290822, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fyo4l/+Ma5UWFYR1XZcApQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=frrypE/zzavfqm3rDs5k9g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吉俊熹(1997-), 男,海南省乐东县人,主要研究方向为河口海岸带沉积环境演变。E-mail:

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吉俊熹(1997-), 男,海南省乐东县人,主要研究方向为河口海岸带沉积环境演变。E-mail:

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吉俊熹(1997-), 男,海南省乐东县人,主要研究方向为河口海岸带沉积环境演变。E-mail:

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Earth, Planets and Space, 2003, 55(6): 327−340., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225368186758022014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=99, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dillon M, Bleil U. Rock magnetic signatures in diagenetically altered sediments from the Niger deep-sea fan[J]. 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State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368164335272551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, companyId=1225368164318495333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225368164414964329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368164423352938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, companyId=1225368164414964329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368164431741547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, companyId=1225368164414964329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225368167468417801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Steady mtate redox zones of early diagenesis and associated changes in the concentrations of magnetic minerals (refer to references [26-27])

Magnetite is red, greigite is gray. SD, PSD, MD and SP are single-domain, pseudosingle-domain, multi-domain and superparamagnetic particles. SMTZ is sulfate-methane transition zone

, figureFileSmall=6grxRS40qe0OuxvhsxeXfg==, figureFileBig=KnEb+8XtaoLaiNR5dXpPTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368167556498194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图1, caption=稳态早期成岩作用分带及磁性矿物浓度变化的概念模型图(修改自文献[26-27])

红色为磁铁矿,灰色为硫复铁矿。SD、PSD、MD、SP分别为单畴态、假单畴态、多畴态以及超顺磁态颗粒;SMTZ为硫酸盐-甲烷转换带

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a. River bed; b–g. tidal river; h–m. embayment; n. prodelta; o. delta front slope; p–r. delta front. Depth unit: m

, figureFileSmall=OYEyA4ipj8cTM2JoS1GpQw==, figureFileBig=/X59jiljIUSLtB9iZXL9gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168038843190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MZ孔主要沉积相的典型岩性照片

a.河床;b–g. 感潮河道;h–m. 河口湾;n. 前三角洲;o. 三角洲前缘斜坡;p–r. 三角洲前缘。深度单位:m

, figureFileSmall=OYEyA4ipj8cTM2JoS1GpQw==, figureFileBig=/X59jiljIUSLtB9iZXL9gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168110146363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Lithology, sedimentary structure, grain-size composition, deposition rate, AMS14C ages and interpretation of sedimentary facies in Core MZ, figureFileSmall=bkljfQ8tbKmMG8+3FBaa5Q==, figureFileBig=xcs0yVLKphGboJh+J3DxCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168189838143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MZ孔岩性、沉积构造、粒度组成、14C测年、沉积速率及沉积相判断, figureFileSmall=bkljfQ8tbKmMG8+3FBaa5Q==, figureFileBig=xcs0yVLKphGboJh+J3DxCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168277918534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Vertical distributions of mean grain-size and magnetic parameters at room temperature and unit division of Core MZ

The gray strip represents the sample for thermomagnetic analysis

, figureFileSmall=7y0eCVpAATHtKVNtHQ1NXQ==, figureFileBig=08fvv84crHn9bGWYt6tyWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168361804621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MZ孔粒径、室温磁性参数垂向分布及单元划分

灰色条带表示进行热磁分析的样品

, figureFileSmall=7y0eCVpAATHtKVNtHQ1NXQ==, figureFileBig=08fvv84crHn9bGWYt6tyWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168462467922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Representative thermomagnetic curves in Core MZ

Arranged by depth, Ⅰ−Ⅵ representing the mineral assemblages

, figureFileSmall=cR4a9+4C/vxxVhIFeqktyg==, figureFileBig=CmETDRc0/OjMH56/kmPTfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168647017306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MZ孔典型样品热磁曲线图

按深度排列,Ⅰ−Ⅵ表示矿物组合类型

, figureFileSmall=cR4a9+4C/vxxVhIFeqktyg==, figureFileBig=CmETDRc0/OjMH56/kmPTfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168852538219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Biplots of sediment content vs magnetic susceptibility of each magnetic unit

A: Delta front; B: delta front-slope; C: slope-prodelta; D: prodelta; E and F: embayment; G: tidal river-river bed

, figureFileSmall=o7oGtGd80JrpIEPxybZp1Q==, figureFileBig=ceWzhGkD25Ch6YkVJZez+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168974173044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各磁性单元的含泥量与质量磁化率散点图

A单元:三角洲前缘;B三角洲前缘−斜坡;C斜坡−前三角洲;D单元:前三角洲;E、F单元:河口湾;G单元:感潮河道−河床

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AMS14C ages and calibrations for Core MZ in the Shunde Plain of Zhujiang River Delta (the calibrated ages are selected with a probability of more than 0.8)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m标高/m测年材料常规年龄/a BP校正年龄/cal. a BP实验室编号
中值概率
6.52−6.1植物380±30318~5034451.000Beta-548917
7.78−7.36植物1 100±30955~1 0631 0000.961Beta-548918
10.39−9.97木头2 880±302 921~3 0783 0100.899Beta-548919
11.80−11.38贝壳2 590±301 993~2 3882 2051.000Beta-548920
17.43−17.01贝壳2 690±302 117~2 5652 3351.000Beta-548921
18.44−18.02贝壳3 010±302 516~2 9182 7301.000Beta-548923
21.74−21.32贝壳5 420±305 524~5 8915 6951.000Beta-548924
21.88−21.46植物7 820±308 534~8 6498 5950.968Beta-548925
22.14−21.72植物4 950±305 598~5 7325 6601.000Beta-548926
30.06−29.64植物8 780±309 658~9 9089 7850.963Beta-548927
31.30−30.88木头8 850±309 766~10 1549 9701.000Beta-548928
42.73−42.31贝壳10 980±3012 813~12 99812 8800.915Beta-548929
44.20−43.78贝壳11 180±3013 081~13 16213 1101.000Beta-548930
), ArticleFig(id=1225368169594930074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

珠江三角洲顺德平原MZ孔测年结果及校正(校正年龄取概率大于0.8的区间)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/m标高/m测年材料常规年龄/a BP校正年龄/cal. a BP实验室编号
中值概率
6.52−6.1植物380±30318~5034451.000Beta-548917
7.78−7.36植物1 100±30955~1 0631 0000.961Beta-548918
10.39−9.97木头2 880±302 921~3 0783 0100.899Beta-548919
11.80−11.38贝壳2 590±301 993~2 3882 2051.000Beta-548920
17.43−17.01贝壳2 690±302 117~2 5652 3351.000Beta-548921
18.44−18.02贝壳3 010±302 516~2 9182 7301.000Beta-548923
21.74−21.32贝壳5 420±305 524~5 8915 6951.000Beta-548924
21.88−21.46植物7 820±308 534~8 6498 5950.968Beta-548925
22.14−21.72植物4 950±305 598~5 7325 6601.000Beta-548926
30.06−29.64植物8 780±309 658~9 9089 7850.963Beta-548927
31.30−30.88木头8 850±309 766~10 1549 9701.000Beta-548928
42.73−42.31贝壳10 980±3012 813~12 99812 8800.915Beta-548929
44.20−43.78贝壳11 180±3013 081~13 16213 1101.000Beta-548930
), ArticleFig(id=1225368169724953507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristic values of magnetic parameters in each unit of Core MZ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磁性参数磁性单元及沉积相类型
A单元
(三角洲前缘)
B单元
(三角洲
前缘−斜坡)
C单元
(斜坡−前三
角洲)
D单元
(前三角洲)
E单元
(河口湾)
F单元
(河口湾)
G单元
(感潮河道−河床)
  注:磁参数特征值包括最大值、最小值、平均值和标准差。
χ/
(10−8 m3·kg−1
范围119.7~395.411.5~71.27.1~26.417.5~28.013.0~30.416.1~93.23.9~73.5
平均值202.152.213.821.920.834.122.2
标准差73.315.47.62.33.918.011.0
SIRM/
(10−6 Am2·kg−1
范围10 461.3~30 448.1905.2~28 471.9341.0~3 542.41 636.0~4 355.81 711.9~4 217.11 955.8~18 601.51 007.5~27 547.1
平均值17 272.36 909.81 466.52 607.62 792.07 210.82 959.0
标准差5 966.55 625.41 295.6690.5623.95 291.83 697.6
χfd /%范围5~9.710~7.00~1.90~1.60~9.720~3.70~2.7
平均值6.84.20.30.20.90.70.5
标准差1.22.10.70.42.00.90.7
χarm/
(10−8 m3·kg−1
范围467.3~1 842.411.9~1 756.81.5~20.933.0~404.0200.6~521.260.3~338.222.8~266.8
平均值940.6356.95.8145.6346.1198.683.5
标准差320.6403.56.8101.283.586.749.7
χarm/χ范围3.3~7.20.2~67.10.1~3.01.6~18.511.2~21.91.1~13.41.7~14.0
平均值4.88.40.76.616.76.84.0
标准差1.015.01.04.52.73.22.3
χarm/SIRM)/
(10−5 mA−1
范围33.1~88.42.1~594.30.9~61.416.1~134.885.9~162.610.8~70.59.7~91.9
平均值56.574.912.552.5124.635.332.2
标准差14.7133.421.927.515.917.312.6
SIRM/χ范围7.7~10.07.8~50.74.8~13.69.1~19.28.4~14.75.0~60.96.6~37.5
平均值8.613.08.711.913.424.412.7
标准差0.89.53.62.71.116.25.8
HIRM/
(10−6 Am2·kg−1
范围66.1~1 241.4121.0~698.425.9~256.2129.5~231.573.6~236.06.5~721.29.3~372.1
平均值595.6318.5129.6196.2165.3195.8131.7
标准差319.5126.284.921.040.4155.569.8
S−20/%范围53.3~75.750.8~80.161.1~73.856.5~81.581.1~568.759.8~98.853.6~97.8
平均值58.757.169.362.363.073.866.4
标准差7.57.84.26.44.211.08.7
S−40/%范围75.1~86.950.5~76.753.0~68.452.6~73.959.8~82.851.9~98.853.5~98.5
平均值79.270.158.163.864.663.662.0
标准差3.45.16.04.14.610.47.5
S−100/%范围90.0~95.364.3~91.369.0~88.480.5~88.686.2~95.881.1~99.675.3~100.0
平均值92.287.777.984.487.888.386.3
标准差1.46.07.62.11.53.53.5
S−300/%范围95.4~99.681.7~97.683.3~94.189.2~95.492.5~97.791.2~99.988.7~99.7
平均值96.694.289.292.194.096.194.5
标准差1.23.33.81.60.92.52.1
), ArticleFig(id=1225368169867559856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864357221290, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MZ孔磁性单元的磁参数特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
磁性参数磁性单元及沉积相类型
A单元
(三角洲前缘)
B单元
(三角洲
前缘−斜坡)
C单元
(斜坡−前三
角洲)
D单元
(前三角洲)
E单元
(河口湾)
F单元
(河口湾)
G单元
(感潮河道−河床)
  注:磁参数特征值包括最大值、最小值、平均值和标准差。
χ/
(10−8 m3·kg−1
范围119.7~395.411.5~71.27.1~26.417.5~28.013.0~30.416.1~93.23.9~73.5
平均值202.152.213.821.920.834.122.2
标准差73.315.47.62.33.918.011.0
SIRM/
(10−6 Am2·kg−1
范围10 461.3~30 448.1905.2~28 471.9341.0~3 542.41 636.0~4 355.81 711.9~4 217.11 955.8~18 601.51 007.5~27 547.1
平均值17 272.36 909.81 466.52 607.62 792.07 210.82 959.0
标准差5 966.55 625.41 295.6690.5623.95 291.83 697.6
χfd /%范围5~9.710~7.00~1.90~1.60~9.720~3.70~2.7
平均值6.84.20.30.20.90.70.5
标准差1.22.10.70.42.00.90.7
χarm/
(10−8 m3·kg−1
范围467.3~1 842.411.9~1 756.81.5~20.933.0~404.0200.6~521.260.3~338.222.8~266.8
平均值940.6356.95.8145.6346.1198.683.5
标准差320.6403.56.8101.283.586.749.7
χarm/χ范围3.3~7.20.2~67.10.1~3.01.6~18.511.2~21.91.1~13.41.7~14.0
平均值4.88.40.76.616.76.84.0
标准差1.015.01.04.52.73.22.3
χarm/SIRM)/
(10−5 mA−1
范围33.1~88.42.1~594.30.9~61.416.1~134.885.9~162.610.8~70.59.7~91.9
平均值56.574.912.552.5124.635.332.2
标准差14.7133.421.927.515.917.312.6
SIRM/χ范围7.7~10.07.8~50.74.8~13.69.1~19.28.4~14.75.0~60.96.6~37.5
平均值8.613.08.711.913.424.412.7
标准差0.89.53.62.71.116.25.8
HIRM/
(10−6 Am2·kg−1
范围66.1~1 241.4121.0~698.425.9~256.2129.5~231.573.6~236.06.5~721.29.3~372.1
平均值595.6318.5129.6196.2165.3195.8131.7
标准差319.5126.284.921.040.4155.569.8
S−20/%范围53.3~75.750.8~80.161.1~73.856.5~81.581.1~568.759.8~98.853.6~97.8
平均值58.757.169.362.363.073.866.4
标准差7.57.84.26.44.211.08.7
S−40/%范围75.1~86.950.5~76.753.0~68.452.6~73.959.8~82.851.9~98.853.5~98.5
平均值79.270.158.163.864.663.662.0
标准差3.45.16.04.14.610.47.5
S−100/%范围90.0~95.364.3~91.369.0~88.480.5~88.686.2~95.881.1~99.675.3~100.0
平均值92.287.777.984.487.888.386.3
标准差1.46.07.62.11.53.53.5
S−300/%范围95.4~99.681.7~97.683.3~94.189.2~95.492.5~97.791.2~99.988.7~99.7
平均值96.694.289.292.194.096.194.5
标准差1.23.33.81.60.92.52.1
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珠江三角洲全新世沉积物磁性特征及早期成岩作用分析
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吉俊熹 1, 2 , 时硕 1, 2 , 陈莹璐 1, 2 , 王孟瑶 1, 2 , 王张华 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(6): 89-105
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(6): 89-105
珠江三角洲全新世沉积物磁性特征及早期成岩作用分析
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吉俊熹1, 2 , 时硕1, 2, 陈莹璐1, 2, 王孟瑶1, 2, 王张华1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
  • 吉俊熹(1997-), 男,海南省乐东县人,主要研究方向为河口海岸带沉积环境演变。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王张华(1973-),教授,女,浙江省诸暨市人,主要研究方向为河口海岸沉积环境演变。E-mail:
Magnetic characteristics and early diagenesis of Holocene sediments in the Zhujiang River Delta
Junxi Ji1, 2 , Shuo Shi1, 2, Yinglu Chen1, 2, Mengyao Wang1, 2, Zhanghua Wang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
出版时间: 2022-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022061
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磁性矿物的早期成岩作用是沉积物埋藏后的重要过程,辨别早期成岩作用,才能更好地解释地层的矿物磁性变化。本研究对珠江三角洲顺德平原全新世钻孔MZ孔进行沉积相和室温磁性分析,并辅以热磁分析鉴定磁性矿物,以探讨钻孔不同深度和沉积相的早期成岩作用阶段。结果表明,MZ孔全新世地层自下而上包括感潮河道、河口湾和三角洲相。室温磁性特征与沉积相缺乏明显关联,表现出强烈的早期成岩作用。此外,全新世晚期岩芯磁性特征还受人类活动影响。该孔早期成岩作用以磁性矿物溶解和形成自生黄铁矿为主。在三角洲前缘相的上部和河口湾相底部保存了硫复铁矿。根据矿物组合推测以4.51~4.56 m和30.4~30.5 m两个深度为代表的硫复铁矿形成机制不同,即三角洲前缘相中硫复铁矿可能形成于早期成岩作用的硫酸盐还原阶段,而河口湾相的硫复铁矿形成于甲烷厌氧氧化阶段,后者的含量随着深度增加逐渐增多。上述现象说明,沉积环境可以通过影响有机质和硫酸根离子的供应量,决定磁性矿物所达到的早期成岩作用阶段。

磁性矿物溶解  /  自生黄铁矿  /  硫复铁矿  /  硫酸盐还原  /  甲烷厌氧氧化  /  沉积环境

Magnetic mineral diagenesis is an important early diagenetic process after the burial of sediments and its proper identification is the precondition of interpretations for the mineral magnetic properties in the sediments. This study carried out analyses of sedimentary facies, room temperature magnetic and thermomagnetic properties in a Holocene Core MZ collected in the Shunde Plain of the Zhujiang River Delta to identify the vertical changes in the assemblage of magnetic minerals, so as to explore the early diagenetic stages and possible linkage to the sedimentary facies. The results show that the Holocene sedimentary sequence of Core MZ includes tidal channel, embayment, and deltaic successions from bottom upward. The magnetic properties at room temperature lack correlation with sedimentary facies and demonstrate features of strong early diagenesis. In addition, the magnetic properties of the late Holocene sediments were strongly influenced by the human activities. The early diagenesis mainly includes the dissolution of magnetic minerals and the formation of authigenic pyrite. Greigite was also identified in the upper section of the delta-front succession and the bottom of embayment succession. The concentration of greigite increases with depth in the embayment succession. According to the magnetic mineral assemblages, we infer different formation mechanism of greigite in the two successions. We suggest that the greigite in the delta-front facies was formed in the sulfate reduction stage of early diagenesis, whilst it was formed in the anaerobic oxidation stage of methane in the embayment facies. These phenomena indicate that sedimentary environment has impacts on the early diagenetic stage of magnetic minerals by controlling the availability of organic matter and sulfate.

magnetic mineral dissolution  /  authigenic pyrite  /  greigite  /  sulfate reduction  /  anaerobic oxidation of methane  /  sedimentary environment
吉俊熹, 时硕, 陈莹璐, 王孟瑶, 王张华. 珠江三角洲全新世沉积物磁性特征及早期成岩作用分析. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (6) : 89 -105 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022061
Junxi Ji, Shuo Shi, Yinglu Chen, Mengyao Wang, Zhanghua Wang. Magnetic characteristics and early diagenesis of Holocene sediments in the Zhujiang River Delta[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (6) : 89 -105 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022061
磁性矿物普遍存在于碎屑沉积物中,能灵敏地响应环境变化,且磁性测量快速、便捷、经济、不破坏样品[1-5],因此,环境磁学被广泛应用于三角洲古环境重建,比如,大量学者已经应用环境磁学对黄河三角洲和长江三角洲的古环境演变进行深入研究[6-12],而在珠江三角洲,则多应用于土壤污染监测、表层沉积物物源分析等领域[13-15],全新世沉积物仅有少量应用[16-18]。前人研究发现,在有机质含量较高情况下,海洋、湖泊以及潮滩沉积物中经常观察到磁性矿物的还原作用,导致原始沉积物磁信号的叠加或者退化,使古环境解释变得复杂[19-26]。因此,了解和识别早期成岩作用及其导致的磁性变化,可以使环境磁学得到更好的应用。
在稳态环境下,早期成岩作用经过有氧呼吸、反硝化、铁锰氧化物还原、硫酸盐还原和甲烷厌氧氧化,构成沉积物剖面上理想的氧化还原序列[26-27]。其中,对沉积物磁性特征产生重要影响的主要是有机碳硫酸盐还原(OSR)和甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)作用(图1)。在OSR阶段碎屑磁性矿物会被溶解,黄铁矿化;而在甲烷(CH4)生成并向上扩散后,与孔隙水中残余的硫酸盐发生甲烷厌氧氧化−硫酸盐还原($\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$−AOM)反应,并且在硫酸盐−甲烷转换带(SMTZ)内生成H2S气体和${{\rm {HCO}}_3^-} $[28],进一步利于碎屑磁性矿物的溶解和黄铁矿化过程。此外,甲烷还可以直接与残留的铁锰氧化物反应,称为甲烷厌氧氧化−铁还原过程(Fe-AOM)[29]
对海洋、湖泊以及大陆架沉积物中磁性矿物的早期成岩蚀变研究已经十分丰富,在我国的黄河以及长江三角洲等大型三角洲也多有学者进行相关的研究[8-9, 30-33]。珠江三角洲地层有机质含量丰富,明显高于黄河与长江三角洲[34],在钻孔地层中也常见随深度增加磁性快速减弱的现象[13, 35],但还极为缺少机制方面的研究。综上所述,我们认为有必要对珠江三角洲全新世沉积物磁性矿物的早期成岩作用展开深入研究。
本研究利用在珠江三角洲顺德平原获取的一个全新世钻孔岩芯MZ(图2),进行沉积相、室温磁学和热磁分析,分析其全新世沉积物中磁性矿物组合的垂向变化,探讨早期成岩变化以及自生铁硫矿物的形成机制,分析早期成岩作用与沉积环境之间的可能联系,从而有助于更好地应用环境磁学手段进行古环境研究。
珠江流域地处温暖湿润的南亚热带季风气候区,年降水量超过1 500 mm,是一个由东江、北江、西江以及几条小河组成的复合河流系统。流域基岩组成复杂,其中,西江上游主要为灰岩,东江上游主要为花岗岩,北江上游基岩有灰岩、页岩、碎屑岩和花岗岩[36]
珠江三角洲是一个三面环山,东南接海的半封闭盆地,且向海一面有众多基岩岛屿;三角洲面积达8 033 km2,其中平原低地占80.6%,丘陵和山地占13.3%,台地和残丘占6.1%;接纳了西江、北江、东江、流溪河、增江、绥江、潭江等主要河流的水沙输入,且众多江河汇合后不断分汊,形成复杂的珠江三角洲河网,目前由8个主要的口门(东四门:虎门、蕉门、洪奇沥和横门;西四门:磨刀门、鸡啼门、虎跳门、崖门)注入河口湾(伶仃洋和黄茅海)或直接注入南海。
珠江三角洲平原中部可划分为3个子单元,分别为大鳌平原、番禺平原和顺德平原[37-38]图2)。番禺平原位于市桥台地以南和东南。东邻狮子洋,南接顺德平原。大鳌平原被西江干流分为东西两部分,南临五桂山(530.5 m)和牛牯岭(397.7 m)北麓,西界江门丘陵,东北与顺德平原相连。顺德平原则位于大鳌平原与番禺平原之间,为今日蕉门、洪奇沥与横门水道出口所在。
珠江三角洲基岩上覆盖晚第四纪地层,厚度大多小于70 m,自下而上依次为:晚更新世海侵和砂砾沉积、早全新世下切古河谷和河口湾沉积以及中晚全新世三角洲沉积[39]。其中,晚更新世地层较薄,且分布不连续;末次冰期下切古河谷中则发育较厚的全新世地层[40]。前人研究认为,距今约7 500年前,整个三角洲盆地被淹没成一个巨大的河口湾,同时现代珠江三角洲开始建造[41]
2019年11月于顺德平原洪奇沥口门附近获取钻孔MZ(22°38′9.69″N,113°32′24.23″E;图2),地面高程0.42 m,取芯起始深度2.40 m,终止深度64.17 m,在孔深63.62 m处钻遇基岩,取芯率达95%。其中63.62~44.29 m为黄灰色含砾粗砂,推测属于末次冰期河床滞留相和河道相沉积,因此判断钻孔所在位置全新世地层厚度为44.29 m。本研究只分析全新世沉积物。
岩芯获取后,立刻运回实验室进行分割、岩性描述、拍照。在岩性、岩相变化显著的沉积段选取了共13个贝壳、炭屑、植物碎屑等样品,在美国BETA公司完成AMS14C测年,测年结果使用Calib 8.1软件校正。对于海洋贝壳样品,选择MARINE 20数据集以及本地海洋碳库校正值(△R=−89±49)进行海洋碳库校正[42-43]表1)。此外,根据AMS14C测年数据,对MZ钻孔地层44.2 m以上地层进行了线性插值计算,计算了各层位的沉积速率。
对孔深45 m以上地层以每10 cm分样。在此基础上,按20 cm间距选取共计163个样品,40℃低温烘干后,在华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室进行粒度分析和室温磁性测量。粒度分析预处理步骤:首先将烘干后的样品均匀搅拌,选取沉积物约0.2~0.5 g,加入约10%的H2O2溶液去除有机质,并在静置24 h后加入10%HCL以去除碳酸盐,最后加入超纯水稀释至pH值到7左右,使用美国Coulter公司生产的LS13320型激光粒度仪进行测试。
室温磁性测量的预处理步骤:将已经低温烘干的样品在玛瑙研钵里将颗粒敲散后,取5 g左右装入体积为10 cm3的样品盒内。测量和计算获得的磁性参数有:(1)使用英国Bartington公司生产的MS2-B双频磁化率仪测量低频(0.47 kHz)磁化率(χlf)和高频(4.7 kHz)磁化率(χhf),并计算质量磁化率和频率磁化率百分数χfd%=(χlfχhf/χlf)×100%,下文的质量磁化率χ均指低频质量磁化率χlf;(2)使用D-Tech2000交变退磁仪(直流场0.04 mT,交变磁场峰100 mT)和AGICO旋转磁力仪(JR6)测定非磁滞剩磁(ARM),并计算得到非磁滞剩磁磁化率χarm;(3)使用MMPM10脉冲磁力仪和AGICO旋转磁力仪(JR6)测定等温剩磁,包括IRM20 mT、IRM40 mT、IRM100 mT、IRM300 mT、IRM1000 mT(饱和等温剩磁SIRM);(4)具有SIRM的样品依次在反向磁场强度为20 mT、40 mT、100 mT、300 mT环境中退磁后获得等温剩磁(IRM−20 mT、IRM−40 mT、IRM−100 mT、IRM−300 mT),并由此计算退磁参数S-K=(SIRM-IRM-K)/(2×SIRM)×100[3]K=20 mT,40 mT,100 mT,300 mT;计算硬剩磁HIRM=(SIRM+IRM−300 mT)/2[44];此外还计算比值参数χarm/χχarm/SIRM、SIRM/χ
为了进一步鉴定沉积物磁性矿物组成,我们使用多功能磁性测量系统(VFTB)对不同深度的13个样品进行了热磁曲线测定,磁场强度为36 mT,测量过程中,从室温逐渐加热到约700℃后又降至室温,并记录其磁化强度的变化。
根据岩性、主要沉积结构及构造,将45.00 m以上地层划分为6段,各段沉积相判断和测年结果自下向上描述如下(图3图4)。
(1)45.00~44.29 m末次冰期河道相:黄灰色含砾粗砂,砾石直径约3~5 mm,块状层理,无生物扰动(图3a)。
(2)44.29~30.13 m感潮河道相:以砂为主,局部夹细砾,偶见泥质薄层和泥质条带,较下部河道相沉积明显变细,且呈现向上变细的趋势,中值粒径平均为219.0 μm,黏土含量(粒经小于4 μm)约为11.2%,粉砂含量(粒径4~63 μm)约为20.3%,平均沉积速率为0.45 cm/a。本段进一步划分为3个亚段:a. 44.42~38.99 m,浅灰色砂夹灰色均质泥薄层,单个泥层厚度小于10 cm。下部以中粗砂为主(图3b),上部以中细砂为主(图3c),砂层中偶见泥质条带及撕裂泥块。44.20 m、42.73 m处淡水河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)完整单片壳体的14C测年结果分别为13 110 cal. a BP、12 880 cal. a BP(表1)。 b. 38.99~36.62 m,厚层浅灰色细砂与薄层灰色均质泥互层,上部泥层增厚。厚层细砂中常夹泥质薄层、条带及撕裂泥块(图3d),泥层中夹砂质薄层、纹层、透镜体及团块(图3e)。c. 36.62~30.13 m,浅黄灰色细砂,偶夹泥质薄层和条带(图3f),中部见直径2 cm泥砾。该亚段顶部30.43~30.13 m为含砾砂,向上变为灰色中细砂,但见较多直径约0.5~1 cm砾石(图3g),推测为河流洪水事件。31.30 m处木块14C的测年结果为9 970 cal. a BP(表1)。
(3)30.13~18.24 m河口湾相:以泥质沉积为主,含大量贝壳碎屑、生物扰动及被贝壳砂充填的虫穴,中值粒径平均为15.6 μm,黏土含量为40.1%,粉砂含量为38.3%,平均沉积速率仅0.12 cm/a。本段又可分为3个亚段:a. 30.13~25.50 m为灰色均质泥夹大量砂质纹层、薄层及团块(图3h),28.10~27.83 m(图3i)以砂为主,夹泥质团块。偶见碳酸盐结核、3 cm×2 cm泥砾及有机质条带。30.06 m处植物碎屑14C测年结果为9785 cal. a BP(表1)。b. 25.50~23.03 m,灰色均质泥(图3j),24.83 m以上含贝壳碎屑和砂质团块,见大量生物扰动痕迹,虫穴被贝壳砂充填(图3k)。c. 23.03~18.24 m,灰色均质泥,再次出现少量砂质纹层(图3l),常见贝壳碎屑和砂质团块。22.03 m以上又见大量生物扰动痕迹,虫穴被贝壳砂充填(图3m)。22.14 m处植物碎屑和21.74 m处的泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)壳体的14C测年结果分别为5 660 cal. a BP和5 695 cal. a BP,18.44 m处彩虹明樱蛤(Moerella iridescens)完整单片壳体14C测年结果为2 730 cal. a BP。此外,21.88 m 处植物碎屑的测年结果为倒置的年龄8 595 cal. a BP(表1)。
(4)18.24~11.03 m前三角洲相:灰色均质泥,见黄色斑块、碳酸盐结核、细小气孔及植物碎屑,黄色团块含贝壳碎屑(图3n),平均中值粒径为3.7 μm,黏土含量为52.0%,粉砂含量为44.9%,平均沉积速率为1.19 cm/a。17.43 m、11.80 m处彩虹明樱蛤(Moerella iridescens)完整单片壳体14C测年结果分别为2 335 cal. a BP和2 205 cal. a BP(表1)。
(5)11.03~7.03 m三角洲前缘斜坡相:灰色均质泥,含大量砂质薄层、纹层及团块(图3o),平均中值粒径为10.1 μm,黏土含量为49.5%,粉砂含量为38.13%,平均沉积速率为0.28 cm/a。见被贝壳砂充填的虫穴,见细小气孔。7.78 m处植物碎屑14C测年结果为1 000 cal. a BP(表1)。
(6)7.03~2.40 m三角洲前缘相:灰色泥夹大量砂质薄层、纹层,平均中值粒径为43.5 μm,黏土含量为39.0%,粉砂含量为33.2%,平均沉积速率为1.27 cm/a。其中,下部7.03~4.99 m为灰色砂泥互层(图3p),含贝壳碎屑;中部4.99~3.72 m,灰色均质泥夹少量粉砂纹层,见生物扰动(图3q);上部3.72~2.40 m,砂泥互层,砂层厚度大多不超过1 cm(图3r)。6.52 m处植物碎屑14C测年结果为445 cal. a BP(表1)。
我们根据室温磁性参数的变化将MZ孔划分为7个单元(表2图5),自上而下依次如下。
A单元(2.40~4.50 m):该单元为280 cal. a BP以来的三角洲前缘沉积。χχfd%均为钻孔的最高值,且χfd%>5%,表明磁性主要由SP颗粒贡献[45],SP颗粒的富集导致该单元χ极大。χarm较高,表明SD亚铁磁性矿物含量也较为可观[46]。除此之外,SIRM和HIRM同样为钻孔最高值,表明该单元同时富集亚铁磁性矿物和反铁磁性矿物[1,45]
B单元(4.50~10.13 m):该单元属于280~1 665 cal. a BP的三角洲前缘和前缘斜坡沉积。χ、SIRM、χfd%、χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM均有所减小,表明该单元亚铁磁性矿物含量较上层变少[2, 45-48],但是SD和SP颗粒仍然占优。HIRM也有一定程度的减小,表明反铁磁性矿物绝对含量同样下降。
C单元(10.13~12.03 m):该单元为1 665~2 205 cal. a BP的三角洲前缘斜坡−前三角洲沉积。χ和SIRM达到全孔最低值,表明亚铁磁性矿物含量极低,χfd%同样降至极低,表明几乎没有SP颗粒。退磁参数显著降低,表明该单元反铁磁性矿物对磁性的相对贡献显著增加[49]。但HIRM值同样降至极低,说明反铁磁性矿物的绝对含量也较低。χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM均达到全孔最低值,指示SD颗粒含量极低。故该单元载磁矿物可能主要为反铁磁性矿物。
D单元(12.03~18.90 m):该单元为大约2 205~2 730 cal. a BP的前三角洲沉积。χ和SIRM略有增加但仍为低值,表明亚铁磁性矿物含量略有增加但含量仍然很少。χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM略有增大,可能指示了SD亚铁磁性矿物的少量增加。HIRM略有增大但不显著,而退磁参数的增大指示亚铁磁性矿物对磁性的贡献有所增大。
E单元(18.90~25.83 m):该单元为2 730~7 410 cal. a BP的河口湾沉积。χ和SIRM同样极低,指示亚铁磁性矿物含量仍然较少。HIRM极低,表明反铁磁性矿物含量很少;同时退磁参数增大,指示以亚铁磁性矿物的贡献为主。值得注意的是,χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM均显著增大,可能指示SD颗粒亚铁磁性矿物对磁性的贡献显著增大。χfd%存在几个异常高值,可能指示SP颗粒。
F单元(25.83~30.50 m):该单元属于大约7 410~9 785 cal. a BP的河口湾沉积。其χ和SIRM均有向下逐渐增大的趋势,指示亚铁磁性矿物的绝对含量随着深度加大有所增加。SIRM和SIRM/χ明显增大,局部甚至有显著高值,可能指示了硫复铁矿的赋存[1, 22, 50-51]χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM有所降低,指示SD颗粒的磁性贡献减少。退磁参数较高,指示磁性偏软、主要为亚铁磁性矿物。
G单元(30.50~45.05 m):该单元为约9 785~13 110 cal. a BP期间的感潮河道沉积和末次冰期的河床沉积。本段χ、SIRM、HIRM、χfd%均极低,表明亚铁磁性矿物含量极低。χarmχarm/χχarm/SIRM同样呈现极低值,表明亚铁磁性矿物主要为PSD或MD颗粒。SIRM、HIRM低值和退磁参数高值均指示磁性主要由亚铁磁性矿物贡献。
A至G各单元典型样品的热磁曲线特征和指示的磁性矿物组合如下。
A单元(2.40~4.50 m):本单元磁性矿物的热磁曲线为类型I(图6a)。在加热过程中,磁化强度在360~370℃开始显著增强,在450℃处形成明显的高峰,表明顺磁性矿物如黄铁矿、含铁硅酸盐或黏土矿物等由于受热逐渐生成磁铁矿[52-53];继续加热到585℃后磁化强度骤降为0,指示达到磁铁矿居里温度后,磁铁矿解阻[54]。冷却曲线显示磁化强度随温度下降而快速增强,降到室温时磁化强度显著大于加热前的初始强度,进一步证实了有大量亚铁磁性矿物在加热过程中形成[1, 55]。上述热磁曲线特征表明磁性矿物组合主要为磁铁矿和顺磁性矿物。
B单元(4.50~10.13 m):该单元有典型样品(4.51~4.56 m),其热磁曲线为类型Ⅱ(图6b)。该样品在从室温加热到大约200℃时,磁化强度急剧降低,指示了硫复铁矿的热不稳定性,在200℃开始分解并失去大量磁性[20, 56-57];加热曲线在320℃趋于平缓,加热到400℃以后,磁化强度没有上升,表明不含顺磁性矿物;在加热到大约580℃时再次快速减小为0,指示磁铁矿的特征;冷却曲线远低于加热曲线也证实缺乏顺磁性矿物。因此,该样品磁性矿物组合以硫复铁矿和磁铁矿为主。
C单元(10.13~12.03 m):该单元典型样品(10.63~10.73 m)的热磁曲线为类型Ⅲ(图6c)。该样品加热前的磁化强度极低,说明亚铁磁性矿物含量极低。磁化强度在200~360℃之间下降,360℃左右磁化强度开始上升并在450℃附近出现第一个弱峰,指示了黄铁矿等顺磁性矿物在加热过程中转变为磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿[52, 58-59];之后继续上升,在500℃时出现最大峰值,表明有多种顺磁性矿物受热生成磁铁矿;放大加热曲线,发现加热到600℃时再次出现一个微弱的峰,直到675℃附近才显著降低为0,该特征指示反铁磁性矿物[54]。此外,该样品的冷却曲线远高于加热曲线,说明存在较多顺磁性矿物;而且冷却曲线在320℃处存在明显拐点,这是由于达到了磁黄铁矿的相变点以及居里点[58-60],表明该样品中含有较多黄铁矿,在加热过程中形成了磁黄铁矿。综上所述,该单元磁性矿物组合主要为不完全反铁磁性矿物和黄铁矿。
D单元(12.03~18.90 m)和E单元(18.9~25.83 m):4个样品的热磁曲线与类型Ⅲ相似,但缺乏600℃指示反铁磁性矿物的峰值,因此被划分为类型Ⅳ(图6d图6g)。冷却曲线同样在320℃出现指示磁黄铁矿的拐点。因此磁性矿物组合以黄铁矿和磁铁矿为主。
F单元(30.50~25.83 m):本单元两个样品的热磁曲线显示为两类(图6h图6i)。其中27.33~27.43 m样品(图6h)属于类型Ⅳ,指示黄铁矿、磁铁矿组合。30.4~30.5 m样品的热磁曲线为类型Ⅴ(图6i)。该样品在加热过程中,磁化强度在200℃左右开始急剧下降,指示了硫复铁矿的分解和失去大量磁性[20, 56-57];加热曲线在320℃处趋于平缓,继续加热到450℃时出现峰值,指示顺磁性矿物的存在;此外,其冷却曲线远高于加热曲线,指示存在较多的顺磁性矿物在加热过程中转化为磁铁矿。因此,该类型的磁性矿物组合主要为硫复铁矿、黄铁矿和磁铁矿。
G单元(30.50~45.05 m):本单元有4个样品进行热磁分析,热磁曲线可分为两种类型(图6j图6m)。其中上段两个样品的热磁曲线为类型Ⅵ(图6j图6k):样品在加热过程中磁化强度逐渐减小,在580℃即磁铁矿的居里温度处显著下降,指示磁铁矿为主要矿物,但在675℃左右才逐渐减小到0,指示了不完全反铁磁性矿物的存在。冷却曲线的磁化强度始终低于加热曲线,说明在加热的过程中有部分亚铁磁性矿物转变成为磁性稍弱的矿物,推测为磁赤铁矿受热转变为赤铁矿[54]。因此,该类型的磁性矿物组合为磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和不完全反铁磁性矿物。本单元下段的两个样品(图6l图6m)为类型Ⅰ,表明磁性矿物组合主要为磁铁矿和顺磁性矿物。
MZ孔各磁性单元的界面,大多与沉积相界面接近而不是完全重合,且部分界面位于同一个沉积相内(图5),质量磁化率和沉积物含泥量的散点图分析进一步显示,磁性矿物的富集程度和粒度变化缺乏明显的关系(图7)。可见该孔沉积物的磁性特征与沉积环境水动力变化相关性较低,被其他因素主导。
钻孔顶部的A、B单元即大约1.6 ka以来磁性显著增强,各个磁性参数、尤其是χfd%显著增大(图5),指示土壤侵蚀加剧[1, 61-64]和人类活动的增强[12, 65]。史料记载,珠江流域的人口在战国时期(公元前475年至公元前221年)由于来自北方难民的迁入有所增长,自汉代(公元前202年至公元220年;约8万人口)开始急剧增加,至唐朝增长到22.15万、元朝为102.13万[66]。前人的元素地球化学和孢粉研究,也显示珠江流域自大约公元前200年开始人口快速增长、森林砍伐引起土壤侵蚀加剧[39, 64, 67-69]。因此推测MZ孔近1.6 ka以来的磁性增强现象是流域人类活动加剧的反映。
不过,MZ孔χfd%显著增强的开始时间,明显晚于汉代,并且χfd%在钻孔中部(如E单元)也出现异常高值(图5),较难与土壤侵蚀关联。其他参数在钻孔不同深度也呈现一些高值,但参数间往往缺乏同步变化(如在E单元, χarm及比值参数χarm/χχarm/SIRM显著增大,但χ和SIRM却呈现为低值;图5)。因此我们推测,MZ孔的磁性特征可能受到早期成岩作用的显著影响,在钻孔不同深度存在不同的早期成岩作用阶段。
综合室温磁性参数和热磁分析结果(图5图6),可判别MZ孔从钻孔顶部向下的磁性矿物含量和组合变化,并据此分析早期成岩作用在不同深度所处的阶段(图8)。钻孔顶部,A单元磁性矿物含量全孔最高,并以SP颗粒为主,反映原生磁性矿物组合特征,早期成岩作用微弱,磁性随深度增加而有所减弱,说明存在铁还原作用。B单元磁性矿物含量较明显下降,说明磁性矿物的溶解加剧,而且顶部出现较多硫复铁矿,表明存在硫酸盐还原作用,因此属于硫酸盐还原阶段。C单元磁性矿物含量为全新世最低值,并以不完全反铁磁性矿物和黄铁矿为主,说明达到了磁性矿物的溶解峰区域[70-72](即SMTZ;图1图8),因为按照早期成岩作用中磁性矿物的溶解顺序,反铁磁性矿物是最难被溶解的矿物[23, 25, 27, 73]
值得注意的是,在B单元顶部,伴随硫复铁矿的出现,磁化率呈现为一个较明显的低谷,我们认为该层段可以解释为新的磁性矿物溶解峰。在稳态的早期成岩作用模型里,随深度增加早期成岩作用阶段从铁还原依次转变为硫酸盐还原和甲烷厌氧氧化(图1)。但是在动态的三角洲环境,随着加积作用的发生,早期成岩作用阶段的各界面也会动态上移。当沉积速率突然加大,有可能导致界面的跃迁,从而在较浅的地层形成新的磁性矿物溶解峰。
SMTZ以下的地层,应以甲烷厌氧氧化作用为主(图8),并且生成自生的铁硫矿物[74]。MZ孔中部,D和E单元磁性矿物含量略有增加,反映早期成岩作用生成了一定量的自生铁磁性矿物,热磁鉴定得到黄铁矿为主的磁性矿物组合特征证实其黄铁矿化进程充分,说明甲烷厌氧氧化作用强烈。另外,从D单元 到E单元,指示SD亚铁磁性矿物贡献的χarm及比值参数χarm/χχarm/SIRM[46]显著增大,不过指示亚铁磁性矿物绝对含量的χ和SIRM并没有同步增加。这可能是由于磁铁矿(PSD/MD)在溶解过程中,表面形成了硅质或黄铁矿保护膜[75],使有残余的SD、SP颗粒保留,这些残余的SD颗粒使χarm增大,而残余的SP颗粒导致了个别样品出现异常高的χfd%。但另有研究认为,自生黄铁矿的大量形成,会减缓磁性矿物含量、颗粒大小差异对χarm的影响,加大χarm对残余SD磁铁矿的敏感度[76],因此从D单元到E单元χarm及比值参数χarm/χχarm/SIRM的显著增大可能反映了黄铁矿含量的增加(图8)。E单元典型样品的热磁曲线,在降温过程中,320℃附近磁化强度的增大特别显著(图6g),可能正是黄铁矿含量高的证据。F单元亚铁磁性矿物含量明显上升,且以硫复铁矿为主,同时含较多黄铁矿。上述黄铁矿和硫复铁矿的出现,反映增大的磁化率和剩磁也主要由早期成岩作用形成的自生铁磁性矿物贡献,尤其是自生硫复铁矿的富集导致F单元χ和SIRM的明显增大。
MZ孔底部的G单元磁性矿物含量很低,以PSD或MD磁铁矿、不完全反铁磁性矿物为主,含少量磁赤铁矿。该组合反映以原生矿物为主,说明感潮河道环境中,有机质和硫酸盐供应受限(图8),其早期成岩作用以有氧氧化−铁还原作用为主,有限的还原作用仅溶解细颗粒的磁性矿物,较粗粒的磁性矿物得以保存。
MZ孔的自生铁硫矿物以黄铁矿为主,说明黄铁矿化过程充分。不过在B单元(三角洲前缘相)和F单元(河口湾相)识别出了黄铁矿的前体矿物硫复铁矿(图6b图6i),这两个单元的矿物组合以及含硫复铁矿的地层厚度不同,可能指示硫复铁矿形成机制的不同,分析如下。
B单元顶部硫复铁矿和磁铁矿共为主要矿物,基本不含黄铁矿,而且SIRM/χ异常高值指示含硫复铁矿的地层较薄(图5图6b图8)。推测是因为该位置为铁还原和硫酸盐还原带的分界,沉积速率高、活性铁含量丰富,且三角洲前缘环境硫酸盐供应较少,因此不利于黄铁矿化过程充分进行,而利于中间矿物硫复铁矿的形成和保存[53, 77-78]
F单元位于SMTZ以下,属于甲烷厌氧氧化阶段(图8),硫复铁矿和黄铁矿共为其典型矿物,而且根据其热磁曲线200℃的解阻幅度小于B单元样品可以推测(图6b图6i),F单元硫复铁矿含量低于B单元;SIRM/χ则指示F单元含硫复铁矿的地层较厚,且相对含量向上逐渐减少(图5图8)。前人研究显示,在甲烷厌氧氧化区,甲烷和地层中残余的硫酸根离子反应,可以产生少量H2S气体,可以促进黄铁矿化;在硫酸根离子被消耗完之后,甲烷进一步与铁的氧化物或氢氧化物反应,生成Fe2+[29, 74]图1)。前人研究还显示,在世界各边缘海沉积物中,随着埋深的加大,硫复铁矿渐进式增长,其颗粒逐渐从SP转变为SD,反映了黄铁矿化过程不断加强[24, 26, 70, 79-81]。理论上来说,如果有机质供应充分、源源不断生成甲烷,且埋藏时间足够长,甲烷厌氧氧化作用可以使黄铁矿化过程充分完成,地层中以保存黄铁矿为主,这可能解释了MZ孔D、E单元的优势矿物为黄铁矿的现象(图8)。但是F单元保留了中间矿物硫复铁矿,而且其含量向下增加,说明仍处于黄铁矿化过程中,因此其最大的可能性是甲烷的供应不足。由于甲烷生成之后具有向上部地层运移的能力,D、E单元可以得到下伏地层F单元生成的甲烷的供应,而F单元的下伏地层G单元,为感潮河流相沉积,沉积物颗粒较粗、有机质含量较低,因此对F单元的甲烷贡献有限,这可能是F单元的黄铁矿化过程不充分的重要原因。此外,E、F单元生物扰动强烈,而D单元生物扰动较少、细颗粒沉积物较为致密(图3图4),因此对于甲烷的运移可能发挥了盖层的作用,使E单元甲烷气体最为富集,这可能正是E单元黄铁矿含量最高的原因。
综上所述,B单元和F单元硫复铁矿形成和保存机制的不同,指示了河口地层的早期成岩作用,也会受到沉积环境和地层层序的影响,其本质是沉积环境变化过程决定了活性有机碳(例如甲烷)含量变化与硫酸根离子的供应量,从而使不同机制的还原过程共同发挥作用,影响沉积物自生矿物的形成与保存。
本研究分析了珠江三角洲顺德平原MZ孔全新世沉积的沉积学特征、室温磁性和热磁变化以及指示的磁性矿物组合,并由此探讨钻孔不同深度和沉积环境的早期成岩作用阶段,得出以下初步结论。
(1)MZ孔末次盛冰期以来沉积环境自下而上可以分为河床相、感潮河道、河口湾相、前三角洲、三角洲前缘斜坡、三角洲前缘相。
(2)MZ孔的矿物磁性特征受早期成岩作用影响显著,与沉积相的关系微弱,钻孔顶部约1665 cal. a BP以来的磁性增强现象可能与流域人类活动加剧有关。
(3)MZ孔三角洲相和河口湾相部分地层均出现硫复铁矿,但是共存的矿物组合不同,推测前者生成于早期成岩作用的硫酸盐还原阶段,而后者生成于较晚期的甲烷厌氧氧化阶段,反映了不同的地层因活性有机碳和硫酸根离子供应量的差异,导致早期成岩作用阶段的不同。
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)创新团队项目(311021004)
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2022年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022061
  • 接收时间:2021-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-29
  • 修回日期:2021-09-10
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南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)创新团队项目(311021004)
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    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082

通讯作者:

王张华(1973-),教授,女,浙江省诸暨市人,主要研究方向为河口海岸沉积环境演变。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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