Article(id=1224796864181060521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1623686400000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-15, revisedDate=1634140800000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943928046, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1653408000000, pubDateStr=2022-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943928046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943928046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943928046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796862020997568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='163', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943927531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995987693, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015218229624879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796862020997568, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796864483050411, articleId=1224796864181060521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Temperature inversion and its decline over the eastern continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska based on seal observation, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrographic data collected from March to April 2014 by CTD-SRDL mounted on northern elephant seal were analyzed to study the distribution and decline of the temperature inversion over the eastern continental slope in Gulf of Alaska. The results show that temperature inversion occurred significantly in this region. Temperature difference was between 0.2°C and 1.6°C and thickness of temperature inversion was between 20 m and 280 m, respectively. The temperature difference increased northward along the continental slope, while the thickness thickened from 50°N to 58°N, but the average thickness at north of 58°N was relative thinner. The temperature inversion was decay during March 25 to April 22, 2014. The subsurface maximum temperature continued to fall, the temperature difference tended to be weaker, and the thickness presented a thinning tendency. Numerical results of a one-dimensional model reveal that, the temperature at the upper mixed layer increased by heating on the sea surface, but the temperature at the bottom of the mixed layer remained low, therefore the minimum temperature of temperature inversion change was not notable. With a strong temperature gradient in the subsurface, the subsurface maximum temperature dropped pronouncedly due to the turbulent diffusion, which is the main reason for temperature inversion decline. Turbulent diffusion modified temperature and salinity in subsurface water to be uniform, thus it is important to study this process for the formation and evolution of temperature inversion.

, correspAuthors=Chunsheng Jing, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shaojing Guo, Chunsheng Jing, Shanwu Zhang, Weibo Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796866534065115, articleId=1224796864181060521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于海豹观测的阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域逆温现象及其衰退机制, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用2014年3–4月北象海豹携带的自动温盐深仪(CTD-SRDL)在阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域上采集到的温盐剖面数据,分析了该海域逆温现象的空间分布和演变过程。结果显示,研究海域存在明显的逆温现象,逆温幅度和逆温厚度范围分别介于0.2~1.6˚C和20~280 m之间,前者沿陆坡向北幅度逐渐增大,后者在50˚~58˚N间往北逐渐变厚,在58˚N以北海域平均厚度较薄。3月25日至4月22日,逆温层处于衰退阶段。逆温层下界温度不断下降,逆温幅度呈变弱趋势,逆温厚度呈变薄趋势。一维扩散模型模拟结果表明,湍扩散作用下,观测期间海表受热导致混合层上部位温升高,但底部仍保持低温,因此逆温层上界温度变化并不明显。次表层由于具有强的位温梯度,湍扩散导致逆温层下界温度显著降低,是观测期间逆温衰退的主要原因。湍扩散作用导致次表层水体温盐属性趋于均匀,这一过程对于阿拉斯加湾逆温现象的形成及演变研究具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=靖春生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
靖春生(1974-),男,河北省海兴县人,研究员,主要从事海洋环流和中尺度过程研究。E-mail:
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郭绍敬(1994-),男,广东省湛江市人,主要从事副极地海气相互作用研究。E-mail:

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Water Resources Research, 2016, 52(5): 3888−3909., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225368173139112806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, awardId=2016YFC1402607, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402607), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225368173348828009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, awardId=二期)”专项(GASI-01-NPAC-STsum, language=CN, fundingSource=“全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)”专项(GASI-01-NPAC-STsum), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225368167355167148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368167367750064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, companyId=1225368167355167148, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Xiamen 361005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368167476801975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, companyId=1225368167464219062, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.福建省海洋物理与地质过程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225368170039521917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of potential temperature and salinity profiles observed by north elephant seal during March to April, 2014 over eastern continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska

Colors in filled circle represent date, and the bottom topography is blue shaded. The inset figure is the study area (red rectangle) in the North Pacific

, figureFileSmall=EvY5fZXfsfkrMVgKB5cqIA==, figureFileBig=08SNc6ZAogxsL2RBRqFa5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170173739654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2014年3–4月阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域北象海豹温盐剖面位置分布

圆点颜色表示观测日期,蓝色填充表示水深,插图为研究区域(红色矩形)在北太平洋的位置

, figureFileSmall=EvY5fZXfsfkrMVgKB5cqIA==, figureFileBig=08SNc6ZAogxsL2RBRqFa5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170366677657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Profile of potential temperature (black line) and salinity (grey line) in the northern continental slope, Gulf of Alaska (58.7146°N, 140.5700°W), figureFileSmall=hBofKEya78r+tnp7EjcPKw==, figureFileBig=EJEZAXQ3f6U/rdD5d7EkxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170496701095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图2, caption=位于GOA北部陆坡海域(58.7146°N,140.5700°W)的位温(黑线)和盐度(灰线)剖面, figureFileSmall=hBofKEya78r+tnp7EjcPKw==, figureFileBig=EJEZAXQ3f6U/rdD5d7EkxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170597364397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The section of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), and potential density (c) along the continental slope in March 2014

The black solid, dotted line represent $ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $, $ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $, respectively, the white line is mixed layer depth (MLD)

, figureFileSmall=VTDwzU5dlY9SDs8NmQi2fQ==, figureFileBig=/41PMoSgQ8WrntXkmWYldw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170702222005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2014年3月位温(a)、盐度(b)、位密(c)沿陆坡的断面

黑色实、虚线分别表示逆温层上界深度($ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $)、逆温层下界深度($ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $),白色实线为混合层深度(MLD)

, figureFileSmall=VTDwzU5dlY9SDs8NmQi2fQ==, figureFileBig=/41PMoSgQ8WrntXkmWYldw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170819662523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of temperature difference (a) and thickness (b) in March 2014

Contours indicate 200 m, 1 000 m and 2 000 m isobaths respectively

, figureFileSmall=YsLwVe28u0JdufOf/QxPHw==, figureFileBig=IeBehnxxmfGlAOm0ci+LMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170924520134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2014年3月逆温幅度(a)和逆温厚度(b)的空间分布

等值线表示200 m,1 000 m,2 000 m等深线

, figureFileSmall=YsLwVe28u0JdufOf/QxPHw==, figureFileBig=IeBehnxxmfGlAOm0ci+LMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171020989135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of daily-averaged profiles from March 25 to April 22, 2014

Contours indicate 200 m, 1 000 m and 2 000 m isobaths respectively. The number presents sequence of observation date:1, 7, 13, 18, 23, 29 represent March 25, March 31, April 6, April 11, April 16 and April 22 respectively with the corresponding location marked by triangles

, figureFileSmall=1D1hRaMVEYSLuWGPqLUIkw==, figureFileBig=NPmZMJzLFKOqv7rEBd4ccQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171121652436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2014年3月25日至4月22日每日平均的剖面位置分布

等值线为200 m,1 000 m,2 000 m等深线。数字表示观测日期的序号:1、7、13、18、23和29分别为3月25日,3月31日、4月6日、4月11日、4月16日和4月22日,相应的位置用三角形标记

, figureFileSmall=1D1hRaMVEYSLuWGPqLUIkw==, figureFileBig=NPmZMJzLFKOqv7rEBd4ccQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171213927131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Temporal evolutions of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), and potential density (c) profiles from March 25 to April 22, 2014

The slight white and white dotted line represent $ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $ and $ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $, respectively, and the solid white line is mixed layer depth (MLD)

, figureFileSmall=gURyt/wHDVIu70+9anvXhw==, figureFileBig=m7W3uN0OJE/ErGwXua46BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171369116391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2014年3月25日至4月22日位温(a)、盐度(b)、位密(c)的时间变化

浅白、白色虚线分别为逆温层上界深度($ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $)、逆温层下界深度($ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $),白色实线是混合层深度(MLD)

, figureFileSmall=gURyt/wHDVIu70+9anvXhw==, figureFileBig=m7W3uN0OJE/ErGwXua46BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171494945521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time series of temperature difference and thickness, figureFileSmall=0rsm6cm7Q7ZVn04faxv1yg==, figureFileBig=BME0DRGyyerBILVy642FsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171624968956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图7, caption=逆温幅度和逆温厚度的日变化, figureFileSmall=0rsm6cm7Q7ZVn04faxv1yg==, figureFileBig=BME0DRGyyerBILVy642FsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171750798083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Time series of heat budget terms in the mixed layer

verti represents entrainment, adv represents potential temperature advection, Q represents net heat flux term, and $\partial {T}_{m}/\partial t$ represents potential temperature tendency

, figureFileSmall=EnH6Vvp9DYdGq/UJ+G7xvA==, figureFileBig=5e+VjJBC7OaWfZTqfbY0aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171855655693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图8, caption=混合层热量收支分量的日变化

verti代表垂向卷挟项,adv代表位温平流项,Q代表净热通量项,$\partial {T}_{m}/\partial t$代表位温趋势项

, figureFileSmall=EnH6Vvp9DYdGq/UJ+G7xvA==, figureFileBig=5e+VjJBC7OaWfZTqfbY0aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368171952124690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Time series (solid line) of net heat flux and SST(a), SSS(b) with corresponding trends (dotted line), figureFileSmall=c5Q7sfXwkuZ0JamNIuQdTA==, figureFileBig=yI/ybGCnDAspQnw2Puq3vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172145062683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图9, caption=净热通量和SST(a)、SSS(b)的日变化(实线)及趋势(虚线), figureFileSmall=c5Q7sfXwkuZ0JamNIuQdTA==, figureFileBig=yI/ybGCnDAspQnw2Puq3vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172270891810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Potential temperature (a),salinity (b) trend of the observation (black solid line) and model (grey dotted line), figureFileSmall=fpWRKYHBObMlf0jLnUaYYA==, figureFileBig=ZNr7sxEVWoS2ArLAR7H5Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172405109547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图10, caption=观测(黑色实线)和模拟(灰色虚线)的位温(a)、盐度(b)变化趋势, figureFileSmall=fpWRKYHBObMlf0jLnUaYYA==, figureFileBig=ZNr7sxEVWoS2ArLAR7H5Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172556104500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Variations of potential temperature (a), salinity (b), and potential density (c) from the one-dimensional diffusion model, figureFileSmall=MVcGJh+fLCMi9JP2qSSlBQ==, figureFileBig=mBAYwFYFetEzHsTkKiJeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172644184888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=图11, caption=一维扩散模型模拟的位温(a)、盐度(b)和位密(c)时间变化, figureFileSmall=MVcGJh+fLCMi9JP2qSSlBQ==, figureFileBig=mBAYwFYFetEzHsTkKiJeHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368172770014017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Along slope-averaged temperature difference ($ \Delta T $) and thickness ($ \Delta D $)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
<52°N52°~54°N54°~56°N56°~58°N58°~60°N
$ \Delta T $C0.600.680.841.041.14
$ \Delta D $/m85104126149100
), ArticleFig(id=1225368172887454540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796864181060521, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

逆温幅度($ \Delta T $)和逆温厚度($ \Delta D $)沿陆坡的平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
<52°N52°~54°N54°~56°N56°~58°N58°~60°N
$ \Delta T $C0.600.680.841.041.14
$ \Delta D $/m85104126149100
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基于海豹观测的阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域逆温现象及其衰退机制
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郭绍敬 1, 2 , 靖春生 1, 2, * , 张善武 1, 2 , 王维波 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(6): 48-57
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(6): 48-57
基于海豹观测的阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域逆温现象及其衰退机制
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郭绍敬1, 2 , 靖春生1, 2, * , 张善武1, 2, 王维波1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
  • 2.福建省海洋物理与地质过程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 郭绍敬(1994-),男,广东省湛江市人,主要从事副极地海气相互作用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

靖春生(1974-),男,河北省海兴县人,研究员,主要从事海洋环流和中尺度过程研究。E-mail:
Temperature inversion and its decline over the eastern continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska based on seal observation
Shaojing Guo1, 2 , Chunsheng Jing1, 2, * , Shanwu Zhang1, 2, Weibo Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2022-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022053
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利用2014年3–4月北象海豹携带的自动温盐深仪(CTD-SRDL)在阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域上采集到的温盐剖面数据,分析了该海域逆温现象的空间分布和演变过程。结果显示,研究海域存在明显的逆温现象,逆温幅度和逆温厚度范围分别介于0.2~1.6˚C和20~280 m之间,前者沿陆坡向北幅度逐渐增大,后者在50˚~58˚N间往北逐渐变厚,在58˚N以北海域平均厚度较薄。3月25日至4月22日,逆温层处于衰退阶段。逆温层下界温度不断下降,逆温幅度呈变弱趋势,逆温厚度呈变薄趋势。一维扩散模型模拟结果表明,湍扩散作用下,观测期间海表受热导致混合层上部位温升高,但底部仍保持低温,因此逆温层上界温度变化并不明显。次表层由于具有强的位温梯度,湍扩散导致逆温层下界温度显著降低,是观测期间逆温衰退的主要原因。湍扩散作用导致次表层水体温盐属性趋于均匀,这一过程对于阿拉斯加湾逆温现象的形成及演变研究具有重要意义。

阿拉斯加湾  /  逆温现象  /  湍扩散

Hydrographic data collected from March to April 2014 by CTD-SRDL mounted on northern elephant seal were analyzed to study the distribution and decline of the temperature inversion over the eastern continental slope in Gulf of Alaska. The results show that temperature inversion occurred significantly in this region. Temperature difference was between 0.2°C and 1.6°C and thickness of temperature inversion was between 20 m and 280 m, respectively. The temperature difference increased northward along the continental slope, while the thickness thickened from 50°N to 58°N, but the average thickness at north of 58°N was relative thinner. The temperature inversion was decay during March 25 to April 22, 2014. The subsurface maximum temperature continued to fall, the temperature difference tended to be weaker, and the thickness presented a thinning tendency. Numerical results of a one-dimensional model reveal that, the temperature at the upper mixed layer increased by heating on the sea surface, but the temperature at the bottom of the mixed layer remained low, therefore the minimum temperature of temperature inversion change was not notable. With a strong temperature gradient in the subsurface, the subsurface maximum temperature dropped pronouncedly due to the turbulent diffusion, which is the main reason for temperature inversion decline. Turbulent diffusion modified temperature and salinity in subsurface water to be uniform, thus it is important to study this process for the formation and evolution of temperature inversion.

Gulf of Alaska  /  temperature inversion  /  turbulent diffusion
郭绍敬, 靖春生, 张善武, 王维波. 基于海豹观测的阿拉斯加湾东部陆坡海域逆温现象及其衰退机制. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (6) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022053
Shaojing Guo, Chunsheng Jing, Shanwu Zhang, Weibo Wang. Temperature inversion and its decline over the eastern continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska based on seal observation[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (6) : 48 -57 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022053
阿拉斯加湾(Gulf of Alaska,GOA)是一个位于东北太平洋副极地的半封闭海湾(图1)。由于海区强降雨、周边河流以及冰川融化的淡水注入,GOA存在明显的垂向盐度梯度,形成稳定的密度层结。当冬季大气冷却时,混合层出现大幅降温,而混合层以下海水降温不明显,出现水体位温随水深增大而递增的逆温现象。GOA逆温现象主要发生在冬季,在晚冬(3月)发展至峰值。进入春夏季,由于海表温度升高和垂向混合作用,逆温现象逐步衰退[1-2]。早期的北太平洋副极地水文特征分析发现整个GOA皆有逆温现象[3]。然而,后续的研究显示在GOA中央深海区并无逆温现象,逆温层主要分布于GOA北部和约52°N以南的副极地边界海域[1-2,4]。Ueno和Yasuda[5]通过分析世界海洋数据集(World Ocean Dataset,WOD)和Argo浮标资料发现,GOA北部为逆温现象发生的高频区,而海盆中央的发生频率较低。由此可见,GOA的逆温现象在空间分布和发生频率上均存在差异。
目前,对于逆温现象生消的动力机制存在一定的争议。Ueno和Yasuda[5]提出GOA表层季节性冷却和加热是GOA逆温现象生消的原因,但主要关注了逆温上界温度变化过程,缺乏逆温下界温度在逆温层演变中的作用解析。另有研究表明,垂向湍扩散对于逆温层生消过程起着重要作用[6-7]。Chen等[6]利用一维扩散模型研究了东海逆温层生消发展的动力过程,指出由于长江冲淡水的覆盖导致上层层结稳定性较强,表层海水在秋季失热造成在次表层出现逆温现象,随后冬季垂向混合加强,逆温现象逐渐消失。陈志华和 赵进平[7]根据冰海耦合的一维柱形模型的结果,指出跃层稳定性增强导致了次表层湍扩散系数的快速降低,是北冰洋形成次表层暖水峰的关键因素。
过去对GOA逆温现象的特征研究主要是基于Argo数据和世界大洋环流实验(World Ocean Circulation Experiment, WOCE)断面数据,受冰期的制约,其空间和时间覆盖率都较低[5,8-9],特别是连续性观测数据尤为不足,而无法分析逆温现象的日演变过程。利用海豹等海洋哺乳动物的生活习性,借助安装在其身体上的观测设备进行海洋环境要素观测,可以快速有效地收集到更多连续性强的实测数据。自2004年以来,通过这一方式在全球获取了超过50万个温盐剖面,已经成为观测高纬度海域水文特征的重要手段[10-12],近期在北太平洋取得了部分成果[13-14],但尚未应用在GOA的逆温现象研究上。本文将利用北象海豹在GOA东部陆坡海域收集的水文剖面数据分析该海域逆温现象的空间分布和日演变过程,并应用一维扩散模型揭示逆温层衰退的动力过程,由此加深对北太平洋副极地逆温层及其水体演变过程的认识。
本文采用的温盐剖面数据是美国综合海洋观测系统(USIOOS)通过安装在北象海豹头部的自动温盐深仪(CTD-SRDL)观测得到。CTD-SRDL的温度、盐度精度分别为0.005°C、0.02,采样频率设置为1 Hz,受海豹在海面停留时间、数据量和通讯电能损耗等限制,仅有17层数据在海豹上浮至海面时被传输至Argo卫星系统[15]。这些温盐剖面经过压力效应订正后被插值成1 m等深间隔,随后进行质量控制,如盐度偏移校正、热滞后效应校正等[16-17]。自2004年开始,USIOOS几乎每年都在加利福尼亚海岸捕捉北象海豹安装CTD-SRDL,进行东北太平洋海洋环境要素观测。2014年2月14日,一头北象海豹顺着北美西海岸往北迁徙,3月下旬到达59.5°N附近的陆坡海域,并在很小的范围内停留了近1个月的时间。3月2日至4月22日(UTC),CTD-SRDL共采集了184个原始温盐剖面,其中有24个剖面因缺失盐度记录在质控时已被舍去。此外,出于部分剖面无法完整刻画逆温层结构的原因,本文还剔除了5个观测水深不足150 m的剖面。最终,本文使用的温盐剖面共有155个,平均每日约3个,观测深度主要集中在700 m以浅(占剖面数的82%),最大观测深度约为942 m,其观测站位的空间分布见图1。总体上,CTD-SRDL数据具有两方面优势:一是与Argo剖面分布相比,CTD-SRDL数据的时空连续性良好,且位于Argo难以覆盖的陆坡海域;二是湾内长期观测位于东南部和西北部,而东部陆架陆坡区的水文观测则较为缺乏,CTD-SRDL数据可以弥补这一不足。因此,CTD-SRDL数据有其独特的使用价值和意义。
海表净热通量的日变化数据采用第三版的美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA) 20世纪再分析资料(20CRv3)[18]。20CRv3提供1836–2015年间的全球大气环流综合数据集,网格分辨率为1.0°$ \times $1.0°。相比较于之前的版本,20CRv3同化了大量的大气压强观测数据,配置更新、更高分辨率的数值模型,可有效地减小海平面气压偏差。此外,本文还使用了SODA3.4.2资料,其系统性误差与上层海洋非模型统计客观分析的水平相当。特别是极地区域净热通量和淡水通量的偏差显著减小,在高纬度气候的研究中具有较好的适用性[19]。本文使用了该资料的温度、海流、风应力、海表净热通量以及上混合层深度数据,水平空间分辨率为0.25°$ \times $0.25°,垂向共50层,其中300 m以浅有20层。
本文主要以逆温幅度($ \Delta T $)和逆温厚度($ \Delta D $)来表征逆温层强弱,参照Ueno和Yasuda[5]的识别算法,以GOA北部陆坡海域的观测剖面为例(图2)说明两者的计算方法:$ \Delta T={T}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{T}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $,$ \Delta D={D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $。其中,$ {T}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $$({T}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}})$为逆温层上(下)界温度最小(大)值,$ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $($ {D}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $)是逆温层上(下)界深度。一般情况下,当逆温幅度满足$ \Delta T > 0.1 $°C的条件时,将该剖面视为存在逆温现象。
CTD观测剖面位置在3月2–31日沿着陆坡海域向北分布,3月25日至4月22日主要集中在GOA北部陆坡海域(图1)。因此,依据剖面位置的空间分布特点,首先分析3月GOA东部陆坡海域逆温层的空间分布特征,其后以集中在北部陆坡海域的剖面数据研究逆温现象的日演变过程。
通过3月沿陆坡海域的海水位温、盐度及位密断面图(图3)可以看出,50°~58.5°N之间,200 m以浅水体温盐的空间差异明显,位温沿陆坡向北递减,盐度在约52°N南侧和56.5°~58.5°N之间具有较低值。混合层呈明显的变化,在52°N以南,混合层深度较浅(小于80 m),而在52°~53°N和57°~58°N之间较深,最深分别约为150 m和190 m。总体上,混合层深度具有沿陆坡向北变深的趋势。在58°N以北陆坡海域,观测数据较为集中,海水温盐特征变化不大,混合层深度主要介于100~150 m,变化幅度约为18 m。对密度而言,其空间变化与盐度基本一致,两者垂直结构稳定,具有显著跃层(图3b图3c)。
图3a可以发现,在约50°N以北的陆坡海域,水体中存在显著的逆温现象,逆温层上(下)界深度位于混合层深度之上(下)。通过计算逆温幅度和逆温厚度来判断陆坡逆温层强弱,其分布如图4所示。总的来看,逆温幅度介于0.2~1.6°C之间,平均约0.98°C,逆温厚度范围在20~280 m之间,平均为110 m。具体可见,在50°~58°N间的陆坡海域,逆温层上界深度较浅,下界深度沿陆坡向北变深(图3a),相应的逆温幅度沿陆坡向北逐渐增大,逆温厚度沿陆坡向北逐渐变厚,其中在56°~58°N之间,逆温厚度具有最大平均值,为149 m(图4表1)。在58°N以北的陆坡海域,逆温幅度普遍高于1.0°C,具有最大平均值,为1.14°C,逆温层上界深度明显变深,较大部分位于混合层底部(图3a),平均逆温厚度约为100 m,明显薄于56°~58°N之间的平均值(图4表1)。总体而言,沿陆坡向北,冬季海表净热通量损失增大,逆温幅度不断增强,与前人的认识一致[2]
利用3月25日至4月22日集中于GOA北部陆坡海域较小范围内(59.32°~59.67°N,143.46°~141.18°W)的94个温盐剖面数据,将每日的数据平均成1个剖面(分布见图5),以分析逆温层的日演变过程。从图6a可见,随时间的推移,0~300 m间水体位温演变明显,这一演变过程大体可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段:3月22日至4月9日,混合层水体位温较为均匀,且无明显变化。逆温层下界温度在3月下旬接近6.5°C,随后减弱。第二阶段:4月9–22日,表层位温逐渐升高,混合层低温(小于5.6°C)水体范围缩小。相反地,次表层位温持续降低,如6°C等温线逐渐脱离混合层深度,并向逆温层下界深度靠拢。由于海域内水文特性存在一定差异或受局地动力因素如风场搅拌等变化的影响,在3月25日至4月22日期间,逆温幅度和逆温厚度具有振荡变化,但5天平滑的变化可见两者在此期间呈衰退趋势(图7)。具体而言,逆温层上界温度变化较小,而下界温度明显下降,因此逆温幅度的弱化主要是下界温度降低导致的(图6a)。对于逆温厚度,较厚值主要是逆温层上界深度接近水面造成的,如在3月27–28日,4月10–12日及4月14日。4月16日之后逆温层下界深度位于混合层底部,导致逆温厚度迅速变薄(图6a图7)。
除了位温及逆温结构变化之外,水柱的盐度和密度特性同样具有明显的演变过程。对盐度而言(图6b),在第一阶段,32.6等盐度线位于混合层底部,33.0 等盐度线略深于混合层深度。在第二阶段,混合层盐度明显下降,32.6等盐度线逐渐变深,在4月中下旬与混合层深度重合,而33.0等盐度线逐渐远离混合层深度向逆温层下界深度靠拢,33.4和33.6等盐度线也具有下沉的趋势。对于位密(图6c),与盐度变化类似,由于水体升温和淡化,4月期间混合层位密降低。在0~200 m深度范围,等位密线具有逐渐变深的趋势,例如25.6 kg/m3等位密线在第二阶段逐渐与混合层深度重合,26 kg/m3等位密线在3月25日至4月22日期间深度从150 m下沉到超过200 m,而更深层的26.4 kg/m3等密度线变化趋势并不明显。
上述分析表明,3月25日至4月22日逆温现象处于衰退阶段,期间水体不仅表现为逆温层下界温度降低及其相应的逆温幅度和逆温厚度弱化,还具有降盐减密的演变过程。
上文中,3月25日至4月22日逆温现象处于衰退阶段,水体具有明显的温盐混合演变过程。为了研究这一衰退的动力机制,首先利用SODA3.4.2资料分析混合层热量的变化过程,以确定逆温层衰退的动力因素,混合层热量收支方程[20]可表示为
$ \frac{\partial {T}_{m}}{\partial {t}}=\frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}}}{\rho {C}_{p}H_m}-\left(\frac{u\partial {T}_{m}}{\partial x}+\frac{v\partial {T}_{m}}{\partial y}\right)-\frac{w \delta T}{H_m}+{R} \text{,} $
式中,$ {T}_{m} $为混合层平均位温;$ {Q}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}} $是海表净热通量;$ {C}_{p} $为海水的比热容,取值为3.981×103 J/(kg·°C);$ \rho $是海水密度;$ {H}_{m} $为混合层深度;$ u $、$ v $分别为混合层纬向和经向流速;$ w $是垂向卷挟速度;$\delta T$是混合层平均位温与混合层下1 m处的位温差值。
图8给出了混合层热量收支分量的变化,由图可见,垂向卷挟项数值较小,基本可以忽略。位温平流项的量值在4月6日前较小,6–19日,保持在约0.01°C/d,随后减小。虽然位温平流项对混合层热量具有一定贡献,但对于整个观测期间而言,位温趋势项与净热通量项变化一致,可见净热通量项主导了混合层热量的变化,这与前人提出的逆温生消过程主要是受海表加热和冷却作用的结果相一致[1-2]。因此,我们进一步参考文献[6]应用的一维扩散模型,忽略水平平流和水平扩散,仅考虑垂向扩散作用,模拟这一时期湍扩散效应导致的温盐变化,该模型公式为
$ \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {\textit z}}\left({K}_{T}\frac{\partial T}{\partial {\textit z}}\right)+\frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}}}{\rho {C}_{p}}, $
$ \frac{\partial S}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {\textit z}}\left({K}_{T}\frac{\partial S}{\partial {\textit z}}\right)+\frac{{Q}_{S}}{\rho }, $
式中,$ {K}_{T} $是海水温盐的垂向湍扩散系数,其数值参考文献[21]的估算,采用PP(Pacanowski和 Philander[22])参数化方案,利用SODA海流数据计算而来。$ {Q}_{S}/\rho $表示海表面盐度(SSS)变化项,主要是由降水、蒸发、径流以及冰雪融化或结冰而导致淡水通量变化引起的。
从净热通量和海表面温度(SST)变化(图9a)可以看出,3月25日至4月22日期间,海表逐渐开始吸收热量,SST在3月下旬略微下降,4月与净热通量变化类似,呈现振荡上升的变化过程。对于SSS变化,由于缺少相应的河流径流量数据,无法直接获取$ {Q}_{S} $的变化,这里以实际观测的SSS变化表示,随着冰雪融化带来的大量淡水注入[23],SSS呈下降趋势(图9b)。
以3月25日的观测数据作为初始温盐剖面,由于缺乏相应时期的湍扩散观测数据,利用SODA海流数据计算的扩散系数与实际扩散系数存在一定的差异。通过对比3月25日至4月22日期间观测和模拟的温盐变化趋势,对垂向湍扩散系数$ {K}_{T} $进行了率定,以进一步确定$ {K}_{T} $的数值。结果显示,当$ {K}_{T} $系数扩大至1.45倍时,模拟的温盐变化趋势与观测的均方根误差相对较小,分别为0.09°C、0.06,此时温盐下降幅度与观测的较为相近(图10)。由图10可见,在约100 m以浅的上层水体位温升高,其中表层升温超过0.4°C,但混合层底部位温变化趋势较小。在次表层,以逆温层下界深度为中心的120~180 m水层(由于具有高温特性,为了便于表述,将这一范围称为暖水层)温盐下降最明显,其中观测和模拟的位温下降峰值都出现在140 m,盐度分别出现在150 m和155 m。在暖水层范围,模拟的温盐平均下降幅度为0.63°C、0.38,观测的温盐平均下降幅度为0.75°C、0.47(图10)。因此在逆温层衰退期间,湍扩散系数$ {K}_{T} $在混合层及次表层平均值分别为2.6$ \times $10−5 m2/s、2.3$ \times $10−5 m2/s时,湍扩散作用导致的温盐演变与观测的变化趋势较为一致。
在进一步确定湍扩散系数后,模拟的温盐和密度垂直变化如图11所示。显然可见,对于位温,随海表不断吸收热量,表层较强的湍扩散作用导致混合层上部位温在4月中下旬明显升高,但底部位温变化微弱。对于盐度,由于冰雪融化的淡水汇入[23],混合层海水盐度持续下降。在次表层,因为具有较大的温盐梯度,因此虽然湍扩散系数较低,但其温盐下降幅度仍最为显著,盐度和密度等值线向下移动。这一过程造成暖水层位温下降显著,逆温幅度明显衰弱,逆温层上下界深度变深。总的来看,虽然模拟的温盐下降峰值与观测值还分别存在接近0.24°C、0.10的差距,但考虑到4月20–22日观测温盐在混合层底部及次表层变化较为剧烈(图6a图6b),因此,总体上模拟结果中温盐演变趋势与观测的吻合程度较好,同时表明湍扩散在逆温层衰退阶段具有主导作用。
综上分析,3月25日至4月22日逆温层衰退期间,位温演变主要表现有两方面:其一,表层受热通过湍扩散作用导致表层位温在4月中下旬升温,但底部低温属性变化不明显;其二,在次表层,由于具有强的位温梯度,较小的湍扩散系数也可以导致暖水层位温出现下降峰值。由此表明,湍扩散作用下,逆温层的衰退并不单纯是表层受热导致逆温层上界温度升高造成的,实际上观测期间逆温层上界温度变化并不明显。当暖水层形成后,湍扩散导致热量向上下水层扩散,逆温层下界温度显著降低是造成该时期逆温层衰退的主要原因。
利用北象海豹于2014年3月25日至4月22日在GOA东部陆坡海域观测到的155个温盐剖面数据,分析了该海域逆温的空间分布和演变过程,并通过一维扩散模型研究逆温层衰退的动力过程,得出如下主要结论。
(1)逆温现象在研究的陆坡海域广泛存在。逆温层上(下)界深度位于混合层深度之上(下)。逆温幅度和逆温厚度范围介于0.2~1.6°C,20~280 m之间,两者的空间分布存在显著差异,前者表现为沿陆坡向北幅度逐渐增大,后者在50°~58°N间的陆坡海域平均厚度往北逐渐变厚,而在58°N以北陆坡海域平均厚度较薄。
(2)3月25日至4月22日,GOA北部逆温层处于衰退阶段。这一时段尽管逆温层上界温度变化较小,但由于逆温层下界温度持续降低,导致逆温幅度明显减小。受逆温层上界深度增加的直接影响,逆温厚度总体呈变薄的趋势。
(3)湍扩散作用是逆温层衰退的主要原因。一维扩散模型结果表明,逆温层衰退并不单纯是表层受热导致逆温层上界温度升高造成的。当次表层暖水形成后,湍扩散导致热量向上下水层扩散,次表层水体温盐属性趋于均匀,逆温层下界温度显著降低,是造成观测期间逆温层衰退的主要原因。
致谢:本文所用的北象海豹CTD数据集由国际MEOP(Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole)联合组织提供(http://www.meop.net),在此谨表谢忱。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402607)
  • “全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)”专项(GASI-01-NPAC-STsum)
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2022年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022053
  • 接收时间:2021-06-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-15
  • 修回日期:2021-10-14
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国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402607)
“全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)”专项(GASI-01-NPAC-STsum)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
    2.福建省海洋物理与地质过程重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005

通讯作者:

靖春生(1974-),男,河北省海兴县人,研究员,主要从事海洋环流和中尺度过程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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