Article(id=1224796623100859334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1626537600000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-18, revisedDate=1637596800000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943870568, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1651334400000, pubDateStr=2022-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943870568, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943870568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943870568, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796616687764104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943869039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995953219, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796623486735318, articleId=1224796623100859334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The study of the trends of tidal amplitudes of major constituents in the South China Sea: A revisit, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research of tidal changes is vital to ocean engineering, the protection of flooding as well as the utilization of ocean resources in coastal areas. Previous studies are mainly based on long-term hourly tide gauges whose number and location are highly limited. Previous study indicated that the long-term trends of tidal amplitudes are abnormally large in the central deep basin of the South China Sea (SCS) based on 25-year satellite altimeter data, which is not realistic and the resultant of the interference of ocean mesoscale variability on tidal harmonic analysis. In this paper, we use 27-year T/P-Jason satellite altimeter data processed by X-TRACK software to study the long-term tidal trends in the SCS. The satellite altimeter data processed by X-TRACK obviously improves the accuracy and completeness of satellite data in the SCS. Meanwhile, the weighted least square method is used to eliminate the effect of tidal aliasing caused by long period sampling. We find that in most areas of the SCS, the amplitudes of four major tidal constituents have significant long-term trends. The significant positive and negative long-term trends of amplitudes and phases are mainly distributed in the coastal areas such as the western Luzon Strait, the Strait of Malacca and Taiwan Strait, where the water depth and shoreline change dramatically. The largest positive long-term trend of amplitudes can reach 2.75 mm/a and the largest negative long-term trend of amplitudes can reach −2.16 mm/a. The long-term trends of tidal amplitudes in the SCS should be related to river flow and human interference.

, correspAuthors=Haidong Pan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian Yu, Haidong Pan, Xianqing Lü), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796626603102266, articleId=1224796623100859334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南海主要分潮振幅变化趋势再探, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

潮汐变化研究对于沿海地区海洋工程、洪涝灾害预防和海洋资源开发利用等各方面都有着非常重要的意义。之前的潮汐变化研究主要基于多年逐时验潮站观测,而验潮站数据无论是站点的个数还是站点的位置,都存在很大的局限性,这对我们研究海盆尺度的潮汐变化规律形成了一定程度的阻碍。前人基于25年的T/P-Jason卫星高度计数据发现南海中央深海海盆主要分潮振幅存在异常大的趋势,这是由于中尺度海洋运动对潮汐调和分析干扰导致的虚假结果。本文首次使用了X-TRACK软件处理过的长达27年的T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测来研究整个南海的主要分潮振幅的长期趋势。经过X-TRACK处理后的卫星观测数据在整个南海的准确性和完整性都有了显著的提升。同时,我们使用了权重最小二乘法来消除长周期采样导致的潮汐混淆的影响。我们发现在南海大部分海域,4大主要分潮的振幅都存在显著的变化趋势。振幅和迟角变化的极值主要分布在吕宋海峡西部、马六甲海峡和台湾海峡等水深和岸线变化剧烈的近海海域,振幅最大的上升趋势可达2.75 mm/a,振幅最大的下降趋势可达–2.16 mm/a。南海主要分潮振幅的长期趋势与河流径流以及人类活动密切相关。

, correspAuthors=潘海东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
潘海东,博士,博士后科研人员,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:
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于茜(1996-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:

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于茜(1996-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:

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于茜(1996-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:

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Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368166675694293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, companyId=1225368166658917074, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225368169095807867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Percentage of passes with missing RADS data (a) and percentage of passes with missing X-TRACK data (b) in the South China Sea, figureFileSmall=3FOGk27SZv87EFwi2VLW3w==, figureFileBig=YMEfBSnR28KkghAwfV9KyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169318105992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海RADS数据沿轨缺测百分比(a)和X-TRACK数据沿轨缺测百分比(b), figureFileSmall=3FOGk27SZv87EFwi2VLW3w==, figureFileBig=YMEfBSnR28KkghAwfV9KyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169469100945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The linear trends of M2 amplitudes in the South China Sea

a. Spatial pattern; b. histogram

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a. 空间分布图;b. 直方图

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a. Spatial pattern; b. histogram

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a. 空间分布图;b. 直方图

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a. Spatial pattern; b. histogram

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a. 空间分布图;b. 直方图

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a. Spatial pattern; b. histogram

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a. 空间分布图;b. 直方图

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Tidal constituents resolved in S_TIDE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮杜德森数频率/h−1
Mn0000100.000 006 129
Sa00100–10.000 114 074
Ssa0020000.000 228 159
Mf0200000.003 050 092
Q1n1–201–100.037 212 374
Q11–201000.037 218 503
O1n1–100–100.038 724 526
O11–100000.038 730 654
P111–20000.041 552 587
K11100000.041 780 746
K1n1100100.041 786 875
J1120–1000.043 292 898
N22–101000.078 999 249
M2n2000–100.080 505 272
M22000000.080 511 401
S222–20000.083 333 333
K22200000.083 561 492
K2n2200100.083 567 624
M44000000.161 022 801
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171025186845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

S_TIDE分辨的分潮的基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮杜德森数频率/h−1
Mn0000100.000 006 129
Sa00100–10.000 114 074
Ssa0020000.000 228 159
Mf0200000.003 050 092
Q1n1–201–100.037 212 374
Q11–201000.037 218 503
O1n1–100–100.038 724 526
O11–100000.038 730 654
P111–20000.041 552 587
K11100000.041 780 746
K1n1100100.041 786 875
J1120–1000.043 292 898
N22–101000.078 999 249
M2n2000–100.080 505 272
M22000000.080 511 401
S222–20000.083 333 333
K22200000.083 561 492
K2n2200100.083 567 624
M44000000.161 022 801
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171125850150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The long-term trends of major constituents in the South China Sea obtained from T/P-Jason satellite altimeter data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮趋势不显著的
观测点百分比/%
上升趋势的
观测点百分比/%
下降趋势的
观测点百分比/%
所有观测点
趋势平均值
/(mm·a−1)
所有观测点
趋势最大值
/(mm·a−1)
所有观测点
趋势最小值
/(mm·a−1)
M219.0737.6040.960.052.20–1.23
S217.39
52.00
30.61
0.12
2.44
–1.63
K119.9240.7539.330.012.75–2.16
O120.7136.5342.76–0.051.48–2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171213930545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

从T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测得到的南海主要分潮振幅的长期趋势统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮趋势不显著的
观测点百分比/%
上升趋势的
观测点百分比/%
下降趋势的
观测点百分比/%
所有观测点
趋势平均值
/(mm·a−1)
所有观测点
趋势最大值
/(mm·a−1)
所有观测点
趋势最小值
/(mm·a−1)
M219.0737.6040.960.052.20–1.23
S217.39
52.00
30.61
0.12
2.44
–1.63
K119.9240.7539.330.012.75–2.16
O120.7136.5342.76–0.051.48–2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171318788157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The long-term trends of major tidal constituents’ phase in the South China Sea obtained from T/P-Jason satellite altimeter data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮趋势不显著的
观测点百分比/%
上升趋势的
观测点百分比/%
下降趋势的
观测点百分比/%
所有观测点
趋势最小值/((°)·a−1
所有观测点
趋势平均值/((°)·a−1
所有观测点
趋势最大值/((°)·a−1
趋势最大值
出现区域
趋势最小值
出现区域
M245.3232.6921.99−0.920.041.01新加坡东部泰国湾
S225.8943.8830.23−17.710.186.38新加坡东部新加坡东部
K144.8224.6430.51−10.76−10.010.58泰国湾泰国湾
O153.9019.2626.84−10.700.0023.53马六甲海峡马六甲海峡
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171478171722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796623100859334, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

从T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测得到的南海主要分潮的迟角长期趋势统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮趋势不显著的
观测点百分比/%
上升趋势的
观测点百分比/%
下降趋势的
观测点百分比/%
所有观测点
趋势最小值/((°)·a−1
所有观测点
趋势平均值/((°)·a−1
所有观测点
趋势最大值/((°)·a−1
趋势最大值
出现区域
趋势最小值
出现区域
M245.3232.6921.99−0.920.041.01新加坡东部泰国湾
S225.8943.8830.23−17.710.186.38新加坡东部新加坡东部
K144.8224.6430.51−10.76−10.010.58泰国湾泰国湾
O153.9019.2626.84−10.700.0023.53马六甲海峡马六甲海峡
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南海主要分潮振幅变化趋势再探
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于茜 1 , 潘海东 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 吕咸青 1, 5
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(5): 62-70
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(5): 62-70
南海主要分潮振幅变化趋势再探
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于茜1 , 潘海东2, 3, 4, 5, * , 吕咸青1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 物理海洋学教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.自然资源部第一海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 3.自然资源部海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 4.山东省海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 5.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 于茜(1996-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

潘海东,博士,博士后科研人员,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:
The study of the trends of tidal amplitudes of major constituents in the South China Sea: A revisit
Qian Yu1 , Haidong Pan2, 3, 4, 5, * , Xianqing Lü1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4. Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 5. Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2022-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022083
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潮汐变化研究对于沿海地区海洋工程、洪涝灾害预防和海洋资源开发利用等各方面都有着非常重要的意义。之前的潮汐变化研究主要基于多年逐时验潮站观测,而验潮站数据无论是站点的个数还是站点的位置,都存在很大的局限性,这对我们研究海盆尺度的潮汐变化规律形成了一定程度的阻碍。前人基于25年的T/P-Jason卫星高度计数据发现南海中央深海海盆主要分潮振幅存在异常大的趋势,这是由于中尺度海洋运动对潮汐调和分析干扰导致的虚假结果。本文首次使用了X-TRACK软件处理过的长达27年的T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测来研究整个南海的主要分潮振幅的长期趋势。经过X-TRACK处理后的卫星观测数据在整个南海的准确性和完整性都有了显著的提升。同时,我们使用了权重最小二乘法来消除长周期采样导致的潮汐混淆的影响。我们发现在南海大部分海域,4大主要分潮的振幅都存在显著的变化趋势。振幅和迟角变化的极值主要分布在吕宋海峡西部、马六甲海峡和台湾海峡等水深和岸线变化剧烈的近海海域,振幅最大的上升趋势可达2.75 mm/a,振幅最大的下降趋势可达–2.16 mm/a。南海主要分潮振幅的长期趋势与河流径流以及人类活动密切相关。

南海  /  潮汐长期趋势  /  X-TRACK  /  卫星高度计  /  S_TIDE

The research of tidal changes is vital to ocean engineering, the protection of flooding as well as the utilization of ocean resources in coastal areas. Previous studies are mainly based on long-term hourly tide gauges whose number and location are highly limited. Previous study indicated that the long-term trends of tidal amplitudes are abnormally large in the central deep basin of the South China Sea (SCS) based on 25-year satellite altimeter data, which is not realistic and the resultant of the interference of ocean mesoscale variability on tidal harmonic analysis. In this paper, we use 27-year T/P-Jason satellite altimeter data processed by X-TRACK software to study the long-term tidal trends in the SCS. The satellite altimeter data processed by X-TRACK obviously improves the accuracy and completeness of satellite data in the SCS. Meanwhile, the weighted least square method is used to eliminate the effect of tidal aliasing caused by long period sampling. We find that in most areas of the SCS, the amplitudes of four major tidal constituents have significant long-term trends. The significant positive and negative long-term trends of amplitudes and phases are mainly distributed in the coastal areas such as the western Luzon Strait, the Strait of Malacca and Taiwan Strait, where the water depth and shoreline change dramatically. The largest positive long-term trend of amplitudes can reach 2.75 mm/a and the largest negative long-term trend of amplitudes can reach −2.16 mm/a. The long-term trends of tidal amplitudes in the SCS should be related to river flow and human interference.

South China Sea  /  the long-term trend of tides  /  X-TRACK  /  satellite altimeter  /  S_TIDE
于茜, 潘海东, 吕咸青. 南海主要分潮振幅变化趋势再探. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (5) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022083
Qian Yu, Haidong Pan, Xianqing Lü. The study of the trends of tidal amplitudes of major constituents in the South China Sea: A revisit[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (5) : 62 -70 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022083
潮汐的长期趋势研究对于沿海地区水上交通、洪涝灾害预防和海洋工程等各方面都有着重要的意义[1]。前人基于多年逐时验潮站水位观测数据指出全球海洋潮汐振幅都存在显著的长期趋势[2-9]。尽管全球有上千个验潮站,但是其中绝大部分长期验潮站(数据长度大于18.61 a)都位于美国、英国、日本等发达国家的海岸线上[10]。对于广大发展中国家,尽管拥有漫长的海岸线,但其长期连续高频的水位观测是严重不足的。同时,出于保密等原因,很多发展中国家的验潮站的水位观测无法公开获取。所以,前人使用的验潮站数据无论是时间序列长度还是站点个数和位置,都受到了极大的限制,这阻碍了我们发现海盆尺度的潮汐变化规律。
相比验潮站数据,卫星高度计观测范围广,观测点多,因此被广泛应用于潮汐研究[11]。从卫星高度计观测得到的潮汐调和常数被同化到了潮汐模型里,显著提高了潮汐模型的模拟精度[12]。但是目前很少有学者使用卫星高度计资料来研究潮汐的长期趋势。潘海东等[13]首次尝试使用非平稳潮汐调和分析工具包S_TIDE[13-15]从长达25 a的卫星高度计数据中提取南海4大主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)的长期趋势。他们指出,在南海大部分地区,4大主要分潮的振幅都是比较稳定的,不存在显著的上升趋势或下降趋势;在南海少部分地区,4大主要分潮的振幅存在非常显著的上升趋势或者下降趋势。需要注意的是,他们的研究存在两个问题:第一,由于卫星高度计的长采样周期导致的频率混淆会使得调和分析的结果受到以中尺度海洋运动为代表的背景噪声的影响[16],而南海正好是一个中尺度运动非常活跃的海域[17-18]。潘海东等[13]的研究并未消除中尺度海洋运动对调和分析结果的干扰。第二,雷达信号在近海会受到陆地地形等因素的干扰,导致卫星高度计观测的准确性和连续性有明显的下降[19]。因此,潘海东等[13]的研究只局限于南海中央深海海盆附近。
最近10 a,随着波形重跟踪算法和雷达技术的不断改进优化以及地球物理校正模型的准确性进一步提升,近海地区卫星高度计观测的准确性和完整性得到了显著的改善[19]。以X-TRACK数据为代表的一大批近海卫星测高数据集在最近几年涌现[20]。X-TRACK数据集是由法国海洋和水圈地形研究中心(CTOH)基于X-TRACK软件(该软件包含了最先进的地球物理校正模型和波形重跟踪算法)对Topex/Poseidon (T/P-Jason)、Jason-1、Jason-2、Jason-3、Geosat Follow on (GFO)以及 Envisat等卫星高度计原始观测进行处理进而开发的。相较于卫星高度计原始数据,X-TRACK数据在近海区域的准确性和观测完整性都有了很大提升,使得X-TRACK数据集被广泛用于研究近海海平面长期趋势、季节变化以及年际变化[19]。但是目前,还没有研究使用X-TRACK数据集来分析海洋潮汐。本文拟使用X-TRACK软件处理过的长达27 a的T/P-Jason卫星观测来提取整个南海的主要分潮振幅的长期趋势,并使用权重最小二乘的方法来消除中尺度海洋运动对调和分析结果的干扰。
从法国AVISO数据中心(https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/auxiliary-products/coastal-tide-xtrack.html)获取经过X-TRACK处理的27 a(1993年3月到2020年5月)T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测数据,其中包括T/P 卫星高度计数据 (1993年3月至2002年1月)、Jason-1 卫星高度计数据 (2002年1月至2008年7月)、Jason-2 卫星高度计数据 (2008年7月至2016年2月)和 Jason-3 卫星高度计数据(2016年2月至2020年5月)。 这些卫星的轨道相同(如图1所示),采样间隔都是9.915 642 d。为了保证调和分析结果的准确性和可靠性,我们根据数据长度(要长于18.61 a)和数据完整度(缺测少于20%)这两个标准[13],从4 221个数据点中挑选了3 830个高质量的数据点。而从雷达高度计数据系统网站(RADS)下载的未经过特殊算法处理的T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测数据符合标准的高质量数据点只有1 600个。图1展示了RADS和X-TRACK数据在南海缺测的空间分布,可以看到,无论是在浅海还是中央深海海盆,X-TRACK数据的缺测都明显要少于RADS数据。
经典潮汐调和分析模型认为水位由一系列分潮组成,每个分潮都是完美的余弦函数(其振幅和迟角不随时间变化),如下式所示:
$ Z(t) = {H_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {[{h_i}\cos ({w_i}t - {g_i})]} \text{,} $
式中,N为分潮总个数;wihigi分别代表第i个分潮的频率、振幅和迟角;Z(t)为t时刻的水位观测;H0为平均海平面。为了求解方便,需要将公式(1)线性化为
$ Z(t) = {H_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {[{a_i}\cos ({w_i}t) + {b_i}\sin ({w_i}t)]} \text{,} $
式中,
$ {a_i} = {h_i}\cos {g_i},\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {}&{{b_i} = {h_i}\sin {g_i}} \end{array} . $
本文认为 aibi 都存在线性趋势,所以式(2)被修改成了下式:
$ Z(t) = {H_0} + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {[{a_i}(t)\cos ({w_i}t) + {b_i}(t)\sin ({w_i}t)]} \text{,} $
式中,
$ {a_i}(t) = {a_{i,0}} + {a_{i,1}}\times t \text{,} {b_i}(t) = {b_{i,0}} + {b_{i,1}}\times t\text{.} $
式(4)和式(5)由非平稳潮汐调和分析工具包S_TIDE里的s_tide_m2函数求解。S_TIDE工具包根据强化调和分析(Enhanced Harmonic Analysis,EHA)算法[13, 21]在T_TIDE[22]工具包的基础上改编而来(https://www.researchgate.net/project/A-non-stationary-tidal-analysis-toolbox-S-TIDE)。EHA算法认为分潮的振幅和迟角都应该是随时间变化的,并通过独立点方案[21, 23]和最小二乘方法对随时变的振幅和迟角进行求解。独立点个数和分潮是S_TIDE最核心的两个输入参数,并且这两个参数是相互制约的。随着独立点个数的增加,S_TIDE反演得到的分潮的振幅和迟角的变化会越来越复杂,包含更多的高频波动,但是能分辨的分潮个数会越来越少[13, 24]。 独立点个数为1时,S_TIDE可以得到时间不变的分潮振幅和迟角, 此时S_TIDE结果和T_TIDE结果是完全一样的。独立点个数为2时, S_TIDE可求解分潮振幅和迟角的线性趋势(即求解公式(4)和公式(5))。表1展示了潮汐调和分析模型分辨的19个分潮的基本信息,主要包括8大主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1、P1、N2、K2、Q1)、4个长周期分潮(Mn、Sa、Ssa、Mf) 以及代表主要分潮的18.61 a循环的5个小分潮(M2n、K1n、O1n、K2n、Q1n)[25]。本文只对4大主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)采用2个独立点求解振幅的长期趋势,对于其余分潮采用1个独立点求解常数振幅。为了保证结果的可靠性,我们设定某个观测点的分潮振幅长期趋势必须满足下面两个条件[22]:第一,分潮振幅长期趋势与趋势误差的比值的平方(即信噪比)必须大于2;第二,分潮振幅长期趋势的绝对值必须大于0.05 mm/a。以上两个条件可以有效排除虚假的趋势。
T/P-Jason系列卫星高度计长达9.915 642 d,而潮汐主要是由全日潮和半日潮组成,其周期远远小于9.915 642 d,所以高频的潮汐信号会被折叠成低频的信号,与长周期海洋运动的频率产生混淆,这称为潮汐混淆[16]。例如,周期为0.5 d的S2分潮会被混淆到周期为58.741 7 d的低频水位波动上,周期为1.075 8 d的O1分潮会被混淆到周期为45.714 1 d的低频水位波动上。潮汐混淆会使得基于卫星高度计数据的调和分析结果受到以中尺度海洋运动为代表的海洋背景噪声的影响。
为了去除海洋背景噪声的影响,我们在每个数据点的周围都设定一个影响半径,在这个半径里的观测数据都认为是这个数据点的观测,但是会根据观测离数据点的距离通过高斯函数给予不同的权重[26-27],即
$ {\omega }_{i}={{\rm{e}}}^{-\beta {\varphi }_{i}^{2}}, $
式中,$ {\omega }_{i} $是权重值;${\varphi }_{i}$是观测和待分析的数据点之间的距离;$ \ {\beta } $定义为$\ {\beta }=\dfrac{{\rm{ln}}\ 2}{{\tau }^{2}}$, 这里$\mathrm{\tau }=0.4{\varphi }_{{\rm{max}}}$, 代表权重为0.5时观测和待分析的数据点之间的距离。本文设定${\varphi }_{{\rm{max}}}$为0.25°。S_TIDE工具包里的s_tide_m55函数可以用来实现权重最小二乘法。s_tide_m2函数计算得到的振幅趋势为中尺度校正前的结果,而s_tide_m55函数计算得到的振幅趋势被认为是中尺度校正后的结果。
南海主要分潮振幅的长期趋势统计结果如表2所示,我们发现对于4大主要分潮,只有少数观测点的趋势不显著,这点与前人的研究[13]并不一致,导致这种差异的原因有3方面:第一,本文使用的数据点远远多于前人;第二,本文使用权重最小二乘法消除了以中尺度运动为代表的海洋背景噪声对调和分析结果的影响;第三,本文要求振幅趋势的信噪比大于2,而前人的研究要求信噪比大于1即可。一般认为信噪比越大,结果越可靠。除了S2分潮呈上升趋势的观测点明显多于呈下降趋势的观测点之外,其他3个分潮呈上升和下降趋势的观测点数量接近。S2分潮的观测点趋势平均值最大,为0.12 mm/a;只有O1分潮观测点趋势平均值呈负数。在所有观测点所有分潮振幅趋势中的最大值和最小值均出现在K1分潮,分别为2.75 mm/a和–2.16 mm/a。
图2图5分别展示了对卫星数据进行中尺度校正前后南海M2、S2、K1、O1分潮振幅长期趋势的空间分布和直方图。对于4大主要分潮,中尺度校正后得到的振幅趋势不显著的观测点的数量均增加,振幅趋势较大的观测点的数量总体上减少。M2分潮中尺度校正前有741个观测点的趋势不显著,校正后变为805个;校正前有2 510个观测点的趋势小于–0.2 mm/a或者大于0.2 mm/a,占总观测点的59.46%,校正后为2 146(50.84%)个(图2)。M2分潮校正前最大的上升趋势为2.42 mm/a,发生在台湾海峡附近(图6,24.91°N,120.00°E);而振幅最大的下降趋势为–1.71 mm/a,发生在北部湾西侧(20.63°N,107.71°E)。M2分潮校正后最大的上升趋势为2.21 mm/a,发生在台湾海峡附近(24.91°N,120.00°E);振幅最大的下降趋势为–1.23 mm/a,发生在北部湾西侧(20.83°N,107.63°E)。
S2分潮中尺度校正前有563个观测点的趋势不显著,校正后变为734个;校正前有3 000个观测点的趋势小于–0.2 mm/a或者大于0.2 mm/a,占总观测点的71.07%,校正后为2 768(65.58%)个(图3)。S2分潮校正前最大的上升趋势为2.95 mm/a,发生在马来半岛东部(8.98°N,100.33°E);而振幅最大的下降趋势为–2.36 mm/a,发生在加里曼丹岛东侧(3.35°N,119.99°E)。S2分潮校正后最大的上升趋势为2.43 mm/a,发生在马来半岛东部(8.93°N,100.31°E);振幅最大的下降趋势为–1.63 mm/a,发生在加里曼丹岛东侧(2.88°N,120.16°E)。
K1分潮中尺度校正前有635个观测点的趋势不显著,校正后变为841个;有2 900个观测点的趋势小于–0.2 mm/a或者大于0.2 mm/a,占总观测点的68.70%,校正后为2 487(58.92%)个(图4)。K1分潮校正前最大的上升趋势为2.85 mm/a,具体位置为21.04°N,119.24°E;而振幅最大的下降趋势为–2.23 mm/a,具体位置为21.10°N,118.85°E。K1分潮校正后最大的上升趋势为2.75 mm/a,具体位置为21.04°N,119.24°E;振幅最大的下降趋势为–2.16 mm/a,具体位置为21.15°N,118.83°E。值得注意的是,以上极值均发生在吕宋海峡西侧。
O1分潮中尺度校正前有731个观测点的趋势不显著,校正后变为874个;有2 462个观测点的趋势小于–0.2 mm/a或者大于0.2 mm/a,占总观测点的58.33%,校正后为2 219(52.57%)个(图5)。O1分潮校正前最大的上升趋势为2.31 mm/a,发生在珠江入海口附近(21.72°N,112.91°E);而振幅最大的下降趋势为–2.22 mm/a,发生在湄公河入海口(9.08°N,106.57°E)。O1分潮校正后最大的上升趋势为1.48 mm/a,发生在台湾海峡西侧(23.50°N,117.4867°E);振幅最大的下降趋势为–2.15 mm/a,发生在湄公河入海口(9.08°N,106.57°E)。
南海主要分潮迟角的长期趋势统计结果如表3所示,我们发现对于4大主要分潮的迟角,除S2分潮有接近1/4的观测点趋势不显著外,其他3个分潮都有接近一半的观测点趋势不显著。M2分潮和S2分潮呈上升趋势的观测点明显多于呈下降趋势的观测点;K1分潮和O1分潮呈上升趋势的观测点数量少于呈下降趋势的观测点。S2分潮的观测点趋势平均值最大,为0.18°/a;只有K1观测点趋势平均值呈负数。在所有观测点所有分潮迟角趋势中的最大值和最小值均出现在S2分潮,分别为6.38°/a和–17.71°/a。迟角的长期趋势的极值主要分布在马六甲海峡、新加坡东部以及泰国湾等近海海域,而在南海深海盆,迟角的长期趋势较小,这和振幅趋势的结果是一致的。
前面的结果表明,所有潮汐振幅趋势的极值都出现在近海海域,比如台湾海峡、北部湾和湄公河口(图6)。近海海域海底地形、岸线变化复杂,潮汐容易受到包括河流径流[28]等各种非潮自然过程的影响以及人类活动(比如围填海、港口建设)的影响[29]。比如,位于香港的QUARRY BAY验潮站,由于受到填海造陆的影响,其M2分潮的振幅以0.96 mm/a的速度迅速下降,这是南海所有公开的验潮站里主要分潮振幅最大的长期趋势[13]。而X-TRACK数据调和分析结果显示,湄公河口外海主要分潮振幅最大的长期趋势为–2.15 mm/a,该地潮汐的长期变化可能与湄公河径流的长期变化有关。一般来说,河口潮汐振幅和径流是负相关的,因为径流会阻碍潮波的传播,消耗潮波的能量[14]。Woodworth[1]通过全球验潮站数据集进行潮汐变化调查,发现潮汐长期趋势在全球范围内的河口和港口是广泛存在的,并指出沿海水域、港口或河口的地貌形态变化,无论是自然的还是人为的(如疏浚)都会导致当地潮汐的变化。Familkhalili 和Talke[30]通过数值模型模拟北卡罗莱纳州河口不同水深下的潮汐和风暴潮,发现人类活动导致的水深增加会减小底摩擦进而增强潮汐和风暴潮。
在南海中央深海海盆,X-TRACK数据调和分析结果表明主要分潮振幅的长期趋势普遍较小。而前人基于长期T/P-Jason卫星高度计数据的研究[13]指出南海中央深海海盆主要分潮长期趋势可达2.91 mm/a,这个数值远远大于QUARRY BAY的M2分潮振幅的长期趋势。考虑到南海中央深海海盆远离人类活动范围,潮汐的演化受到非潮过程的干扰很小,我们认为高达2.91 mm/a的趋势应该是虚假的。南海是一个中尺度海洋运动非常活跃的海域[17],由于T/P-Jason卫星高度计的长采样周期(9.915 642 d)产生的频率混淆会使得调和分析的结果受到中尺度海洋运动的干扰[16],而潘海东等[13]在做调和分析前并未消除以中尺度海洋运动代表的背景噪声,这直接导致了在中尺度海洋运动活跃的海区主要分潮的长期趋势会出现异常大的极值。相比潘海东等[13]使用的RADS数据,本研究使用的X-TRACK数据一方面通过权重最小二乘法消除了中尺度海洋运动对调和分析结果的影响,另一方面又通过优化的反演算法大幅度减少了数据缺测,降低了调和分析的误差,同时把最低信噪比从前人使用的1增加到了2,保证了结果的可靠性。
潮汐变化研究对于沿海地区海洋工程、洪涝灾害预防和海洋资源开发利用等各方面都有着重要的意义。前人的潮汐变化研究主要基于多年逐时验潮站观测,而验潮站数据无论是站点个数还是站点的位置,都存在很大的局限性,这对我们研究海盆尺度的潮汐变化规律形成了一定程度的阻碍。本文首次使用了X-TRACK软件处理过的长达27 a的T/P-Jason卫星高度计观测数据来研究整个南海的主要分潮振幅的长期趋势。经过X-TRACK处理后的卫星观测数据在整个南海的准确性和完整性都有了显著的提升。
我们发现在南海大部分海域,4大主要分潮的振幅都存在显著的变化趋势。振幅和迟角变化的极值主要分布在吕宋海峡西部、马六甲海峡和台湾海峡等水深和岸线变化剧烈的近海海域,振幅(迟角)最大的上升趋势可达2.75 mm/a(6.38°/a),振幅(迟角)最大的下降趋势可达2.16 mm/a(17.71°/a)。南海主要分潮振幅的长期趋势与河流径流以及人类活动有关。前人的研究[13]得到的在南海中央深海海盆高达2.91 mm/a的主要分潮振幅的长期趋势是中尺度运动导致的虚假结果。
致谢:感谢法国AVISO数据中心提供了X-TRACK处理过的T/P-Jason卫星高度计数据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1408405)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076011)
  • 青岛市博士后应用研究项目
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2022年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022083
  • 接收时间:2021-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-18
  • 修回日期:2021-11-23
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1408405)
国家自然科学基金(42076011)
青岛市博士后应用研究项目
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 物理海洋学教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100
    2.自然资源部第一海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266061
    3.自然资源部海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
    4.山东省海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
    5.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237

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潘海东,博士,博士后科研人员,主要从事潮汐非平稳变化研究。E-mail:
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