Article(id=1224796621318280092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1622044800000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-27, revisedDate=1631030400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943870142, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1651334400000, pubDateStr=2022-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943870142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943870142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943870142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796616687764104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943869039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995953219, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796622303941550, articleId=1224796621318280092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Remote sensing monitoring and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of gold tide in the South Yellow Sea, columnId=1224796617509847690, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Haiyang-1C/D Satellite Data Processing and Typical Applications, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The marine ecological disasters occurred frequently in recent years. A large number of floating algae gather in the sea surface and inshore water, which brings serious harm to the economic activities and ecological health of coastal cities. In this study, HY-1C, GF-1 and HJ-1A/1B satellite remote sensing images were used to extract information and divide the growth stages of Sargassum in the South Yellow Sea from April to June in 2016 to 2020, combined with the MODIS sea surface temperature data, photosynthetically active radiation data and sea surface wind data to explore the effects of environmental factors on the temporal and spatial distribution of Sargassum. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the Sargassum mainly appeared from April to June every year. Sargassum had the largest range of influence in 2017 and smaller in other years. In terms of space, the Sargassum was first detected in the far sea northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary and disappeared in the sea near 35°−36°N. (2) In terms of growth rate, the growth phase of Sargassum could be divided into three stages: “development-outbreak-extinction”. (3) At different growth stages, sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation had different degrees of influence on Sargassum. The larger area of Sargassum in 2017 was mainly influenced by higher sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation. The southeast monsoon promoted the drift of Sargassum from the southeast to the northwest and north. This shows that the spatiotemporal characteristics of Sargassum are affected by a variety of environmental factors.

, correspAuthors=Mengquan Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Longxiao Zheng, Mengquan Wu, Jie Zhao, Dongliang Wang, Min Zhou, Lianjie Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796627181916262, articleId=1224796621318280092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南黄海金潮的遥感监测及时空分布特征研究, columnId=1224796617644065420, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋一号C/D卫星数据处理与典型应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来海洋生态灾害频发,大量漂浮藻类聚集在海面和近岸海域,给沿岸城市的经济活动和生态健康带来了严重危害。本研究利用HY-1C、GF-1和HJ-1A/1B卫星遥感影像对南黄海海域2016–2020年4–6月份的马尾藻进行了信息提取和生长阶段的划分,并通过MODIS海温数据、光合有效辐射数据和海面风场数据来探究环境因子对马尾藻时空分布的影响。结果表明:(1)从时间上看马尾藻集中在每年的4–6月份暴发,2017年马尾藻的影响范围最大,其余年份较小;从空间上看马尾藻最早在长江入海口东北部远海被监测到,在35°~36°N附近海域消失;(2)从生长速率上看,马尾藻的生长阶段可以划分为“发展–暴发–消亡”3个阶段;(3)在不同的生长阶段,海水温度和光合有效辐射对马尾藻具有不同程度的影响,较高的海表温度和光合有效辐射导致2017年面积高于往年;在东南风的作用下,马尾藻呈从东南向西北漂移的趋势,这说明了马尾藻的时空特征受到多种环境因子的影响。

, correspAuthors=吴孟泉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴孟泉(1975-),男,山东省临沂市人,教授,博士,主要从事海洋环境遥感、空间分析及3S 应用方向研究。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=l0CxGbrF07xy5mlvgFwFUw==, magXml=InRzV+X0SnM2opvAAnLfoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZyXIYCIVdVpSrsHiuP/KkQ==, pdfFileSize=4821597, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=en/h5m1qoIpNqk6pEmwtXg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=74DehUOZD77BqDwMWX1OZA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郑龙啸(1998-) ,男,山东省日照市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感、土地利用变化、空间分析与3S 应用方向研究。E-mail:

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郑龙啸(1998-) ,男,山东省日照市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感、土地利用变化、空间分析与3S 应用方向研究。E-mail:

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郑龙啸(1998-) ,男,山东省日照市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感、土地利用变化、空间分析与3S 应用方向研究。E-mail:

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a, b. Study area; c. the floating Sargassum; d. the spectral curve

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a, b. 研究区;c. 漂浮的马尾藻;d. 实测光谱曲线

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Band combination is R:3, G:2, B:1. A and B represent Ulva prolifera, C and D represent Sargassum. a, b, c, d and e are randomly selected sample areas

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波段组合为R:3,G:2,B:1,A和B表示浒苔,C和D表示马尾藻,a、b、c、d和e是随机选取的样本区域

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The image date of HY-1C, GF-1 and HJ-1A/1B satellite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HY-1C日期HJ-1A/1B日期GF-1日期
注:−代表无数据。
2016年5月28日5月11日,5月17日,5月19日,6月1日,6月13日
2017年5月21日4月29日,5月7日,5月1日,5月14日,5月18日,5月27日,6月9日
2018年5月25日,5月31日4月28日,5月10日,5月14日,5月23日
2019年5月7日,5月23日5月16日5月3日,5月31日,6月3日
2020年5月15日,5月18日,6月8日4月24日,6月3日
), ArticleFig(id=1225368178293916168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796621318280092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HY-1C、GF-1和HJ-1A/1B卫星影像日期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HY-1C日期HJ-1A/1B日期GF-1日期
注:−代表无数据。
2016年5月28日5月11日,5月17日,5月19日,6月1日,6月13日
2017年5月21日4月29日,5月7日,5月1日,5月14日,5月18日,5月27日,6月9日
2018年5月25日,5月31日4月28日,5月10日,5月14日,5月23日
2019年5月7日,5月23日5月16日5月3日,5月31日,6月3日
2020年5月15日,5月18日,6月8日4月24日,6月3日
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南黄海金潮的遥感监测及时空分布特征研究
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郑龙啸 1 , 吴孟泉 1, * , 赵杰 2 , 王东亮 3 , 周敏 1 , 赵连杰 1
海洋学报 | 海洋一号C/D卫星数据处理与典型应用 2022,44(5): 12-24
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海洋学报 | 海洋一号C/D卫星数据处理与典型应用 2022, 44(5): 12-24
南黄海金潮的遥感监测及时空分布特征研究
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郑龙啸1 , 吴孟泉1, * , 赵杰2, 王东亮3, 周敏1, 赵连杰1
作者信息
  • 1.鲁东大学 资源与环境工程学院,山东 烟台 264025
  • 2.烟台市地理信息中心,山东 烟台 264039
  • 3.烟台市海洋环境监测预报中心,山东 烟台 264040
  • 郑龙啸(1998-) ,男,山东省日照市人,主要从事海洋环境遥感、土地利用变化、空间分析与3S 应用方向研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

吴孟泉(1975-),男,山东省临沂市人,教授,博士,主要从事海洋环境遥感、空间分析及3S 应用方向研究。 E-mail:
Remote sensing monitoring and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of gold tide in the South Yellow Sea
Longxiao Zheng1 , Mengquan Wu1, * , Jie Zhao2, Dongliang Wang3, Min Zhou1, Lianjie Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, LuDong University, Yantai 264025, China
  • 2. Yantai Geographic Information Center, Yantai 264039, China
  • 3. Yantai Marine Environment Monitoring and Forecasting Center, Yantai 264040, China
出版时间: 2022-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022095
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近年来海洋生态灾害频发,大量漂浮藻类聚集在海面和近岸海域,给沿岸城市的经济活动和生态健康带来了严重危害。本研究利用HY-1C、GF-1和HJ-1A/1B卫星遥感影像对南黄海海域2016–2020年4–6月份的马尾藻进行了信息提取和生长阶段的划分,并通过MODIS海温数据、光合有效辐射数据和海面风场数据来探究环境因子对马尾藻时空分布的影响。结果表明:(1)从时间上看马尾藻集中在每年的4–6月份暴发,2017年马尾藻的影响范围最大,其余年份较小;从空间上看马尾藻最早在长江入海口东北部远海被监测到,在35°~36°N附近海域消失;(2)从生长速率上看,马尾藻的生长阶段可以划分为“发展–暴发–消亡”3个阶段;(3)在不同的生长阶段,海水温度和光合有效辐射对马尾藻具有不同程度的影响,较高的海表温度和光合有效辐射导致2017年面积高于往年;在东南风的作用下,马尾藻呈从东南向西北漂移的趋势,这说明了马尾藻的时空特征受到多种环境因子的影响。

HY-1C卫星  /  VB-FAH  /  马尾藻  /  海表温度  /  光合有效辐射  /  南黄海

The marine ecological disasters occurred frequently in recent years. A large number of floating algae gather in the sea surface and inshore water, which brings serious harm to the economic activities and ecological health of coastal cities. In this study, HY-1C, GF-1 and HJ-1A/1B satellite remote sensing images were used to extract information and divide the growth stages of Sargassum in the South Yellow Sea from April to June in 2016 to 2020, combined with the MODIS sea surface temperature data, photosynthetically active radiation data and sea surface wind data to explore the effects of environmental factors on the temporal and spatial distribution of Sargassum. The results show that: (1) In terms of time, the Sargassum mainly appeared from April to June every year. Sargassum had the largest range of influence in 2017 and smaller in other years. In terms of space, the Sargassum was first detected in the far sea northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary and disappeared in the sea near 35°−36°N. (2) In terms of growth rate, the growth phase of Sargassum could be divided into three stages: “development-outbreak-extinction”. (3) At different growth stages, sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation had different degrees of influence on Sargassum. The larger area of Sargassum in 2017 was mainly influenced by higher sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation. The southeast monsoon promoted the drift of Sargassum from the southeast to the northwest and north. This shows that the spatiotemporal characteristics of Sargassum are affected by a variety of environmental factors.

HY-1C satellite  /  VB-FAH  /  Sargassum  /  sea surface temperature  /  photosynthetically active radiation  /  South Yellow Sea
郑龙啸, 吴孟泉, 赵杰, 王东亮, 周敏, 赵连杰. 南黄海金潮的遥感监测及时空分布特征研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (5) : 12 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022095
Longxiao Zheng, Mengquan Wu, Jie Zhao, Dongliang Wang, Min Zhou, Lianjie Zhao. Remote sensing monitoring and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of gold tide in the South Yellow Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (5) : 12 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022095
近几十年来,世界各地都有大型浮游藻类聚集产生巨型藻华的报道[1-3]。马尾藻是黄、渤海沿岸常见物种[4],马尾藻叶状坚韧,有类似叶子和茎的特征,并有发达的气囊供其漂浮在海面[5],漂浮马尾藻的大量聚集被称作“金潮”[6]。马尾藻可为海洋系统中的多种海洋生物提供重要的避难所和栖息地,并可以作为海洋生物的食物来源[7]。然而大量马尾藻聚集的负面影响也受到了更多的关注。2016年底大量漂浮马尾藻在南黄海苏北浅滩聚集,破坏了紫菜养殖伐架,给当地紫菜养殖造成了巨大经济损失,粗略估计受漂浮马尾藻影响的紫菜养殖区超2.27×104 hm2,经济损失约5亿人民币[8]。在世界范围内,加勒比群岛、墨西哥湾和北大西洋也有大量马尾藻分布,形成了著名的“马尾藻海” ,大量的马尾藻被冲刷上岸,使得沿海环境和经济活动遭到破坏[9-10]
近年来南黄海海域金潮频发,给沿岸城市的旅游、水产养殖和海洋生态环境带来严重影响,因此对马尾藻的动态监测引起了人们的高度重视。国内外学者在对马尾藻的暴发成因、规模和监测技术等方面展开了大量研究。在藻类起源方面,Xing等[11]利用高分辨率影像对2016年冬季南黄海的马尾藻进行了监测,确定了马尾藻的漂移路径和起源。Xiao等[12]通过野外数据调查分析了南黄海海域浒苔和马尾藻的月际和年际变化规律,并对马尾藻的起源进行了一定的分析。在产生时间方面,孔凡洲等[13]、李雪娜等[14]和王宁等[15]通过航次调查和遥感监测的方式获知南黄海地区的马尾藻主要在4–6月份产生。在监测技术和方法方面,Sun等[16]基于Landsat 8影像数据开发了一种马尾藻浒苔指数(Sargassum and Ulva prolifera Index, SUI)来区分混合生长的马尾藻和浒苔,取得了较好的效果。金松等[17]基于浒苔和马尾藻的实测光谱和MODIS影像数据,提出了一种马尾藻指数算法(Sargassum Index, SI)。
由于缺乏长时间的监测数据,之前众多学者大都通过实地采样调查来研究马尾藻,很少通过高分辨率遥感影像在时间和空间上对马尾藻进行长时间序列的监测研究。并且很少有人对其生长阶段进行划分,研究环境因子对不同生长阶段马尾藻的影响。本研究通过HY-1C、GF-1和HJ-1A/1B高分辨率卫星影像,利用虚拟基线高度浮藻指数(Virtual-Baseline Floating Macro Alage Height,VB-FAH)提取了南黄海2016–2020年4–6月份的马尾藻信息,分析其长时间序列的时空变化,对其生长阶段进行划分,探究环境因子对不同生长阶段马尾藻的影响。以期揭示其形成机理和变化规律,为海洋生态灾害的防治提供理论依据和防控措施,从而针对性地开展有害藻华的预警预报。
南黄海是我国与朝鲜半岛之间的半封闭海,南与东海相接,平均海水深度为44 m[18-19]图1b)。处在海洋性季风气候区,研究区内海水平均温度为10~22℃。其水动力环境复杂,受黄海暖流、黄海沿岸流和长江入海径流[20]等影响,这导致了南黄海水文和海水水质参数的复杂多变。苏北浅滩位于南黄海西南部,为潮间带[21],是我国最大的条斑紫菜养殖基地[22],该海域具有中国大陆架上最大的辐射沙脊,由70多个大小不一的沙脊组成[23],对南黄海海域大型藻类的时空分布产生深刻影响。
由于受到卫星传感器性能、云层遮挡和影像质量影响,采用单一数据源很难进行长时间序列的监测[24],故本文采用多源遥感影像来进行监测。GF-1搭载了空间分辨率为16 m的WFV宽幅传感器,光谱范围为可见光波段(蓝、绿、红)和近红外波段。 HY-1C卫星于2018年9月发射,搭载海洋水色水温扫描仪、海岸带成像仪、紫外成像仪等传感器,其中海岸带成像仪(CZI)空间分辨率为50 m,光谱范围为可见光和近红外波段。HJ-1A/1B卫星搭载了30 m的CCD成像仪,光谱范围同样为可见光波段(蓝、绿、红)和近红外波段。由于GF-1和HJ-1A/1B卫星的重访周期为4 d,HY-1C卫星的重访周期为3 d,将3种影像结合可以较好地避免由于云层遮盖导致的影像大范围缺失的情况,并且在影像选择过程中我们有目的地选择无云影像或者选择有少量云层但云层未遮蔽马尾藻的影像。根据前人的研究成果和实际状况,马尾藻主要出现在每年的4–6月,因此本文共使用31景4–6月份的高分辨率遥感影像,其中包括5景HY-1C卫星影像、21景GF-1卫星影像和5景HJ-1A/1B卫星影像(表1)。
海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)数据来自于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的Coral Temp海表温度产品数据集,该数据集提供全球每日5 km的SST数据。该数据集利用AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)影像数据,通过SST线性算法MCSST[25]来反演SST。
光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Active Radiation, PAR)数据来自于MODIS的MOD22 PAR产品数据集(https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/doc.html),空间分辨率为1 km,提供全球的日、旬和月PAR数据。该数据产品通过PAR calc[26]方法来计算PAR,通过计算单色直射辐射量和漫反射辐射量的和来计算表面接收的总辐射,在52个波长波段上求和,并将辐射功率转换为光子通量密度[27]
海面风场数据为RSS(Remote Sensing Systems)的Quick SCAT海风数据(http://www.remss.com),该数据集提供全球日、旬和月等时间尺度的全球距海10 m的海面风场数据,空间分辨率为25 km。
本研究的技术流程如图2所示,处理过程包括:(1)对遥感影像进行辐射定标、大气校正和镶嵌裁剪等预处理;(2)计算VB-FAH;(3)通过阈值分割和目视解译的方法提取马尾藻信息;(4)计算马尾藻的生长速率,对其生长阶段进行划分,并且探究SST、PAR和海面风场对马尾藻时空特征的影响。
为了研究马尾藻的光谱特征,我们实测了马尾藻的光谱反射率,得到了马尾藻的光谱曲线(图1d)。根据其光谱曲线可知,马尾藻的光谱特性与陆地植被的光谱特性具有明显的相似性[28]。由于受到细胞内胡萝卜素和叶黄素的影响,马尾藻的反射率在600 nm附近具有明显的反射峰,在660 nm即红光波段附近具有反射谷,随后随着波长的增加反射率呈升高趋势,在近红外波段反射率增强,具有明显的“红边”现象,这与Hu等[29] 的研究结果相一致。由于马尾藻和海水在近红外波段和红光波段处反射率差异较大,因此可以通过波段的线性组合来提取马尾藻。
VB-FAH是通过计算基线差的方法,将绿光波段和红光波段形成一个虚拟基线来计算近红外反射率的高度[30]。其计算公式如下:
$ {\rm{VB}}{\text{-}}{\rm{FAH}} = \left({R}_{4} - {R}_{2}\right) + \left({R}_{2} - {R}_{3}\right)\mathrm{\times}({\lambda }_{4} - {\lambda }_{2})/(2{\lambda }_{4} - {\lambda }_{3} - {\lambda }_{2}) \text{,} $
式中,R4、R3、R2分别代表近红外波段、红光波段和绿光波段的反射率;$ {\lambda }_{4}、{\lambda }_{3}\mathrm{和}{\lambda }_{2} $分别代表近红外波段、红光波段和绿光波段的波长。
由于受到薄云、传感器性能、影像质量和其他因素的影响,仅使用阈值分割法难以准确提取漂浮的马尾藻,在真彩色影像(图3C图3D)中,马尾藻呈金色或棕褐色,并且漂浮的马尾藻面积较大,在影像上可以分辨,因此可以通过阈值分割法和真彩色影像目视解译结合来提取马尾藻[15]
值得注意的是,近年来在南黄海地区出现金潮和绿潮共存的现象[13],大量的漂浮浒苔和马尾藻混合生长,影响了马尾藻的信息提取。从浒苔和马尾藻光谱曲线(图1d)上可以看出,浒苔和马尾藻的光谱曲线具有差异性,在绿光波段,浒苔具有明显的反射峰,在近红外波段浒苔反射率高于马尾藻,因此可以通过不同的阈值来区分浒苔和马尾藻。为了确定浒苔和马尾藻的阈值,我们选择了2020年6月3日的GF-1号卫星影像,该影像同时包括浒苔和马尾藻。首先对该影像进行VB-FAH的计算,其次由于在真彩色影像中,浒苔呈现绿色(图3A图3B),马尾藻为金色或棕褐色(图3C图3D),可以通过对真彩色影像目视解译来识别浒苔和马尾藻。最后对浒苔、马尾藻和海水分别随机选取100个样点,记录该样点的VB-FAH值,对100个样点的值进行数据分析。由图4可知,在选取的100个样点中,浒苔的VB-FAH平均值为0.024,标准差为0.011,数据较为集中,并且数值主要集中在0.02~0.025之间;马尾藻的VB-FAH平均值为0.375,标准差为0.105,数值主要集中在0.3~0.45之间;海水的VB-FAH平均值为–0.007,标准差为0.023,数值主要集中在–0.03~0.03之间。由此可见,浒苔、马尾藻和海水的VB-FAH值具有较大差异。随后我们将该阈值应用到其他影像中,并根据实际情况进行调整,最后发现浒苔的阈值在[0.02,0.025]、马尾藻的阈值在[0.32,0.45]、海水的阈值在[–0.1,0.1]之间可以较好地区分浒苔、马尾藻和海水。
对于马尾藻漂移路径的计算,我们采用计算平均中心的方式,计算方法如下式所示:
$ \overline{X}=\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{x}_{i}}{n},\;\;\overline{Y}=\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{y}_{i}}{n} \text{,} $
式中,$ {x}_{i} $和$ {y}_{i} $表示要素i的坐标;n为要素总数。通过式(2)我们可以得到每个监测日期马尾藻的平均中心,将各个平均中心连接可以得到马尾藻的漂移路径。
本文通过遥感的手段对南黄海海域4–6月马尾藻进行了动态监测。从图5图6可知,2020年马尾藻出现时间最早,4月24日在苏北浅滩以东海域发现漂浮马尾藻,覆盖面积为75.16 km2;2016年出现时间最晚,为5月11日。覆盖面积最大的是在2017年,初始面积为29.78 km2,5月18日达到最大覆盖面积612.6 km2。从持续时间上看,2016−2020年马尾藻持续时间总体上呈增加趋势,其中2020年持续时间最长,为44 d,2018年持续时间最短,为25 d。从年内变化来看,4月下旬马尾藻开始出现在33°N,123°30′E附近海域,5月中上旬生长迅速,面积不断增加,并不断向西北方向漂移,5月下旬和6月上旬进入衰退阶段,在35°~36°N附近海域与浒苔混合生长,随后消失。
为了定量地分析马尾藻的空间变化,我们把2016−2020年马尾藻的最大日覆盖范围划分为A1、A2、A3、A4和A5共5个区域(图6)。由图6图7可知,2017年马尾藻面积最大,这也与2017年南黄海三潮并发的实际状况相符[13]。除2017年外,其余年份马尾藻面积较小。在分区上,A3和A2区域的覆盖面积最大,A5覆盖面积最小,具有明显的空间聚集特征。这说明2016−2020年来马尾藻主要集中在A2、A3区域,暴发的中心没有明显的变化。由于2017年面积显著高于其他年份,在讨论部分我们将从SST和PAR两个方面讨论可能存在的环境原因。
当前对于马尾藻的时空分布研究较少,对其生长阶段也没有明确的划分。由于漂浮马尾藻在其生长过程中的生长条件和自身状态不断变化,因此对其生长阶段进行划分,并且确定某一特定阶段内影响马尾藻发育的因素是十分有必要的。为了划分马尾藻的生长阶段,我们计算了2016−2020年马尾藻的日覆盖面积,并计算其日平均增长率(图8)。由图8可知,2016−2020年马尾藻的日覆盖面积整体上呈增加随后减少的趋势,从4月下旬至5月上旬马尾藻覆盖范围呈增加趋势,增长率为正值,数值较高,说明在此期间马尾藻的生长速度较快。在5月中旬马尾藻的覆盖面积基本达到最大,增长率较低,接近于0甚至为负值,说明在此阶段马尾藻覆盖面积增长较慢,甚至停止增长开始减少。在5月下旬至6月上旬马尾藻覆盖面积较小,增长率为负值,说明此时马尾藻进入消亡阶段。
因此,通过计算马尾藻不同时间段内的生长速率,我们将马尾藻的生长阶段划分为“发展–暴发–消亡”3个阶段,从时间上看分别为4月下旬至5月上旬、5月中旬和5月下旬至6月上旬3个时间段。由于马尾藻的生长阶段具有明显的时间差异,因此,可能与不同时间段内的环境因子有关。温度和光照是影响藻类生长的两个主要因素,影响孢子的释放、生长和萌发[31-32],因此接下来我们将定量的探讨温度和光照对不同生长阶段马尾藻的影响。
SST变化对藻类生长具有一定的影响,是影响藻类繁殖体萌发和附着的关键因素[33-34]。为了定量的研究SST对马尾藻的影响,我们通过格网的手段提取了马尾藻监测期内主要生长区域的SST,通过计算覆盖面积和SST之间的相关性来研究海表温度对马尾藻生长的影响。图9表1所示日期的马尾藻面积和相应日期的SST数据,按照发展阶段(4月下旬至5月上旬)、暴发阶段(5月中旬)和消亡阶段(5月下旬至6月上旬)对数据进行划分,并分别计算其相关性。由图9可知,在发展阶段和暴发阶段SST和马尾藻之间呈正相关(R2=0.39和R2=0.80),马尾藻在10~30℃范围内可以生长,其中15℃是马尾藻生长的最适宜温度[4]。在发展阶段马尾藻主要出现在长江入海口东北部的远海,海水平均温度约为13.4℃,马尾藻可以正常生长。暴发阶段马尾藻多出现在33°~34°N之间,海水平均温度约为16.7℃,接近马尾藻生长最适宜温度,因此马尾藻进入暴发阶段。消亡阶段SST和马尾藻之间呈负相关(R2=0.35),随着温度的升高,马尾藻生长速率放慢,甚至出现负增长,进入衰退时期。同时在该阶段马尾藻在35°N,121°E附近与浒苔混合生长,海水温度在20~22℃之间,高温可能会限制马尾藻的生长性能[35],因此导致马尾藻生长速率降低进入消亡阶段。
2017年马尾藻在南黄海海域大规模暴发,而SST的变化会很大程度上影响马尾藻的规模。为了探究2017年南黄海海域的SST状况,我们引入了海温异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly, SSTA)的概念[36],通过逐像元计算2017年南黄海月海温与多年月平均海温之间的差值来探究SST变化,SSTA大于0说明2017年的SST高于多年平均。由图10可知,2017年4–6月南黄海海域SST整体上高于往年,其中4月份有83.15%的像元SSTA值大于0,5月有94.46%的像元SSTA值大于0,6月有88.38%的像元SSTA值大于0。适度的高温可以加快马尾藻的生长速度[37],较高的SST可能是导致2017年马尾藻覆盖面积较大的一个重要原因。
PAR是太阳辐射中对植物光合作用有效的光谱成分。适度的光照条件可以通过增加酶活性和增加藻类吸收氮的能力来加速藻类的生长和繁殖[38]。为了定量的研究PAR对不同生长阶段马尾藻生长的影响,我们通过格网的手段提取了马尾藻监测期内主要生长区域的PAR,通过计算覆盖面积和PAR之间的相关性来研究PAR对马尾藻生长的影响。图11表1所示日期的马尾藻面积和相应日期的PAR数据,按照发展阶段(4月下旬至5月上旬)、暴发阶段(5月中旬)和消亡阶段(5月下旬至6月上旬)对数据进行划分,并分别计算其相关性。由图11可知,在发展阶段和暴发阶段PAR和马尾藻之间呈正相关(R2=0.48和R2=0.86),此时PAR处在马尾藻生长的适宜范围内,光合作用加强,随着太阳辐射的增加,马尾藻生长速率加快,覆盖面积不断增加。在消亡阶段时马尾藻出现在35°N,121°E附近,甚至还有一定程度的登陆现象,此时马尾藻的生长条件较差,不仅具有高海温,更具有强辐射。漂浮的马尾藻持续暴露在极高的太阳辐射下,造成紫外线辐射损伤和光抑制现象[39],从而导致生长速度降低,开始消亡,因此在消亡阶段PAR和马尾藻之间呈负相关(R2=0.23)。同时6月份浒苔处在暴发阶段,生长速率较快,其生物量大,对营养物质和光吸收强烈[40],存在显著的生物竞争关系,这可能也是导致此阶段马尾藻生长速率降低乃至消失的一个重要原因。
光合有效辐射异常(Photosynthetically Active Radiation Anomaly,PARA)是指月PAR与多年月平均PAR之间的差值,PARA大于0说明当前月PAR高于往年平均值。为了探究2017年南黄海PAR变化对马尾藻规模的影响,我们逐像元计算了2017年4–6月的PARA。由图12可知,南黄海4月有60.79%的像元PARA大于0,5月有87.62%的像元PARA值大于0,6月有69.96%的像元PARA值大于0,这说明2017年南黄海整体PAR较高。较高的PAR促进了马尾藻的光合作用,加快了生长速率,在一定程度上导致了2017年马尾藻面积较大。
我们分析了RSS的Quick SCAT海风数据得到了近5年4–6月份的南黄海海面风场(图13)。由图可知4月份南黄海海面整体以东南风和北风为主,5月份海面风向整体以东南风和西北风为主,6月份南黄海整体以东南风向为主。
南黄海海域的大型藻类的漂移过程主要受到由海面风驱动的表层流影响[41],从图6f可以看出马尾藻在2016–2020年4–6月的漂移路径。马尾藻的漂移路径从整体上看是从东南方向向西北和北漂移,马尾藻4月份出现在长江入海口东北部远海,122°E附近,海面风为东南风,在东南风和洋流的作用下于5月份到达苏北浅滩以东远海,34°30′N,121°E附近海域,最后继续在东南风和表层流的作用下到达35°N,122°E海域消失。由此可以得出,马尾藻的漂移路径主要受到东南风的影响,从东南方向西北和北方向漂移。
在本研究中我们利用了HY-1C、GF-1和HJ-1A/1B影像探究了近5年南黄海马尾藻的时空变化,对其生长阶段进行了划分,并且探讨了环境因子对不同生长阶段马尾藻的影响,得出如下结论:
(1)近5年内,2017年马尾藻覆盖面积达到最大,其余年份马尾藻面积较小。从时间上看,马尾藻主要出现在4月下旬至6月上旬,持续时间呈增加趋势;从空间上看,马尾藻首先在长江入海口东北部远海被监测到,向西北方向漂移,最后6月份在35°N附近海域与浒苔混合生长,随后消失。
(2)通过计算马尾藻不同时间段内的生长速率,我们将马尾藻的生长阶段划分为“发展–暴发–消亡”3个阶段,从时间上看分别为4月下旬至5月上旬、5月中旬和5月下旬至6月上旬3个时间段。
(3)SST、PAR和海面风场对马尾藻的时空特征具有不同的影响,较高的SST和PAR导致2017年马尾藻面积显著高于其他年份。在发展阶段和暴发阶段,温度和光照与马尾藻的生长速率呈正相关,随着温度和光照的增强,其生长速度加快,覆盖面积加大。在消亡阶段温度和光照与马尾藻的生长速率呈负相关,随着温度和光照的增强其生长速度降低。在东南风的作用下,马尾藻呈现从东南向西北方向漂移的趋势。SST、PAR和海面风场的综合作用造就了马尾藻独特的时空特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42071385)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MD041,ZR2015DM015)
  • 山东省海上航天装备技术创新中心(鲁东大学)开放课题基金(HHCXZX-2021-12)
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2022年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022095
  • 接收时间:2021-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-27
  • 修回日期:2021-09-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(42071385)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2019MD041,ZR2015DM015)
山东省海上航天装备技术创新中心(鲁东大学)开放课题基金(HHCXZX-2021-12)
作者信息
    1.鲁东大学 资源与环境工程学院,山东 烟台 264025
    2.烟台市地理信息中心,山东 烟台 264039
    3.烟台市海洋环境监测预报中心,山东 烟台 264040

通讯作者:

吴孟泉(1975-),男,山东省临沂市人,教授,博士,主要从事海洋环境遥感、空间分析及3S 应用方向研究。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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