Article(id=1224796618155774857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629216000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-18, revisedDate=1637078400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943869389, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1651334400000, pubDateStr=2022-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943869389, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943869389, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943869389, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796616687764104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943869039, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995953219, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225015073643577389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796616687764104, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796618579399562, articleId=1224796618155774857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Low frequency variation of deep current at Niulang Seamount based on submarine mooring observation, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the long-term observation obtained from two sets of submarine mooring system deployed at Niulang Seamount in the western Pacific, the vertical distribution of the deep currents and the temporal variation characteristics were analyzed in the paper. The results show that: (1) The annual mean ocean currents and the variations were the largest in the upper layer, the second in the middle and deep layers, and the smallest in the middle-deep layers. (2) The subtropical countercurrent was at the depth shallower than 150 m, and the northward current was at depth deeper than 150 m and at the middle layers; the near bottom current was weak southward at the summit of the seamount, but southwestward at the bottom of the seamount. (3) Both at the summit and bottom of the seamount, the currents showed a seasonal oscillation with the most energetic oscillation at a period of about 100 d throughout the water column; at depth above 2 000 m, currents showed a synchronous oscillation in the throughout the water column, with the oscillation amplitude decreasing with depth; current oscillation at deep layers (below 2 000 m) were in opposite phase with that at the upper layers, and the oscillation amplitude was the strongest at 4 000 m.

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本文利用在西太平洋牛郎海山布放的两套锚系潜标获取的长时间海流观测数据,分析了深海的海洋动力环境特征,着重阐释了该海域海流的全水深垂向结构及其低频变化特征。结果表明:(1)年平均海流及其变化幅度均在上层最大、中层和深层次之、中深层最小;(2)年平均上,150 m以浅的海流为东向的副热带逆流,150 m以深和中层为西向流;山顶处的近底层海流为较稳定的弱南向流,山底处的近底层海流为西南向流;(3)在山顶和山底,各深度层次的海流在全年均表现出100 d左右的振荡周期;在2 000 m以浅,各深度层次的海流振荡的位相基本一致,振荡幅度在表层最强、随深度的增加而减小;在2 000 m以深,海流变化的位相与2 000 m以浅相反,振荡幅度在4 000 m最强。

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旷芳芳(1985-),女,湖南省衡阳市人,从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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旷芳芳(1985-),女,湖南省衡阳市人,从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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旷芳芳(1985-),女,湖南省衡阳市人,从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 24338., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225368171851461388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, awardId=GASI-04-WLHY-01, language=CN, fundingSource=大洋“十三五”环境项目(DY135-E2-5-01);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225368165299958051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368165308346662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, companyId=1225368165299958051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Ocean Dynamic Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225368165312540967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, companyId=1225368165299958051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋动力学研究室, 福建 厦门 361005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225368168290497006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Mooring sites and topography

Topography data are extracted from GEBCO1

, figureFileSmall=nIfvJLnKEmTCAsvzCWWOfQ==, figureFileBig=+P1oRWlKeAH8lilKgS3tZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168433103356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图1, caption=潜标位置和地形

地形数据取自GEBCO1

, figureFileSmall=nIfvJLnKEmTCAsvzCWWOfQ==, figureFileBig=+P1oRWlKeAH8lilKgS3tZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168567321093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time series of 3-day averaged flow vectors from MX1 at different depths, figureFileSmall=HIDmoxky8w/BFn924w7k8Q==, figureFileBig=ntJgxbkQ6dz+IpLmOePYqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168672178702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MX1观测的不同深度层次的3日平均流矢图, figureFileSmall=HIDmoxky8w/BFn924w7k8Q==, figureFileBig=ntJgxbkQ6dz+IpLmOePYqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168756064792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of 3-day averaged flow vectors from MX2 at different depths, figureFileSmall=IXUEiIBuFNSnRENgK/DIWQ==, figureFileBig=wR6ytgpmEh3yHOs/u6pkLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168839950880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MX2观测的不同深度层次的3日平均流矢图, figureFileSmall=IXUEiIBuFNSnRENgK/DIWQ==, figureFileBig=wR6ytgpmEh3yHOs/u6pkLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368168961585710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Averaged current (3 d low-pass filtered) velocity (a), direction (b) and stand deviation (c)

u denote the zonal velocity and v denote the meridional velocity

, figureFileSmall=yEV9+zSNITiHeRCH81TdgA==, figureFileBig=LtBXyNRMh7C7cVhKjSXpuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169083220533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图4, caption=低频海流(3 d低通滤波)的平均流速(a)、平均流向(b)和流速标准差(c)

u代表纬向流速,v代表经向流速

, figureFileSmall=yEV9+zSNITiHeRCH81TdgA==, figureFileBig=LtBXyNRMh7C7cVhKjSXpuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169196466748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Periods of the dominant oscillations of daily-averaged meridional velocity at MX1 and MX2

The red dots denote values that are above the 95% significance level

, figureFileSmall=ZBaSGu2Uw+4OIa0u/iDxVg==, figureFileBig=TskExsrxi8TsOSXweDqPQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169284547140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MX1和MX2各深度层次日平均经向流速的主振荡周期

红色点代表该周期的计算值通过了95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=ZBaSGu2Uw+4OIa0u/iDxVg==, figureFileBig=TskExsrxi8TsOSXweDqPQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169389404748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Wavelet power spectrum (WPS) and global wavelet spectrum (GWS) analysis of daily meridional currents at different depths from MX1

The color filled maps represent wavelet power spectrum and the curves on the right represent global wavelet spectrum. In the color maps, the thick black contours denote the 5% significance level against red noise, the thin black line is the influence cone curve, and the cone of influence where edge effects might distort the picture is shown as in lighter shades. In the curve map, the blue line denote the global wavelet density, and the dotted red line denote the 5% significance level against red noise

, figureFileSmall=DLin3MLJMc8+uMm4Tx3tHg==, figureFileBig=1oA3MwyCtmwLtmuINS8S4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169511039572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MX1观测的山顶各层次日平均经向流速的小波谱(WPS)和全球功率谱(GWS)

填色图为小波功率谱,曲线图为全球功率谱。填色图中粗黑线包围的范围通过了a=0.05显著性水平下的红噪声标准谱的检验;细黑线为影响锥曲线,在该曲线以外的功率谱由于受到边界效应的影响而不予考虑且显示为浅色阴影。曲线图中蓝色实线为全球功率谱密度,红色虚线为a=0.05显著性水平下的红噪声标准谱

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The color filled maps represent wavelet power spectrum and the curves on the right represent global wavelet spectrum. In the color maps, the thick black contours denote the 5% significance level against red noise, the thin black line is the influence cone curve, and the cone of influence where edge effects might distort the picture is shown as in lighter shades

, figureFileSmall=NtRs28SSvMcwtKuheFO7NA==, figureFileBig=MJ7T+NBhBNBgyQh7at3IYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169783669356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MX2观测的各深度层次日平均经向流速的小波谱和全球功率谱

填色图为小波功率谱,曲线图为全球功率谱。填色图中粗黑线包围的范围通过了a=0.05显著性水平下的红噪声标准谱的检验;细黑线为影响锥曲线,在该曲线以外的功率谱由于受到边界效应的影响而不予考虑且显示为浅色阴影

, figureFileSmall=NtRs28SSvMcwtKuheFO7NA==, figureFileBig=MJ7T+NBhBNBgyQh7at3IYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368169997578872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Vertical structures of meridional currents at about 100 d bands (80−120 d bandpass filtered), figureFileSmall=FBp1EW42qiN9YN2EEvSPQg==, figureFileBig=ICT0TXcDCQ0K8SkacrANTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170152768133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图8, caption=经向流速的近100 d振荡的垂向结构(80~120 d滤波), figureFileSmall=FBp1EW42qiN9YN2EEvSPQg==, figureFileBig=ICT0TXcDCQ0K8SkacrANTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170337317524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Complex vector correlation coefficients (a) and rotation angles in degrees (b) of current from different depths at MX2, figureFileSmall=pDC79oUOstyyzaAo7Mw0jg==, figureFileBig=2U2ZAepgHi6cw7vMPn0pfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170458952350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MX2日平均海流矢量相关系数(a)和偏角(b), figureFileSmall=pDC79oUOstyyzaAo7Mw0jg==, figureFileBig=2U2ZAepgHi6cw7vMPn0pfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170597364395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Cross spectrum analysis between the surface meridional current (19 m) and those at other depths

a. Cross power spectral density; b. cross power spectral phase lag; c. magnitude-squared coherence

, figureFileSmall=ZO9aPWKQw2kmO3CngymjjA==, figureFileBig=mzCQ8bFt63hSAcgP/4eGZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225368170710610614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各层次与表层(19 m)的经向流速的互谱分析

a. 互谱密度; b. 位相差;c. 相干系数

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Complex vector correlation coefficients and rotation angles of current at adjacent depths from MX1 and MX2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深/m相关系数偏角/(°)
200.52–1
500.51–1
1000.53–3
2000.45–11
5300.67–1
1 0000.64–28
2 0000.20–2
), ArticleFig(id=1225368171624968957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796618155774857, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MX1和MX2邻近深度层次低频海流的矢量相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水深/m相关系数偏角/(°)
200.52–1
500.51–1
1000.53–3
2000.45–11
5300.67–1
1 0000.64–28
2 0000.20–2
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基于潜标观测的牛郎海山的深海海流的低频变化特征
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旷芳芳 1 , 张俊鹏 1 , 周喜武 1 , 陈航宇 1 , 靖春生 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(5): 71-79
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(5): 71-79
基于潜标观测的牛郎海山的深海海流的低频变化特征
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旷芳芳1 , 张俊鹏1, 周喜武1, 陈航宇1, 靖春生1
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋动力学研究室, 福建 厦门 361005
  • 旷芳芳(1985-),女,湖南省衡阳市人,从事海洋数值模拟研究。E-mail:

Low frequency variation of deep current at Niulang Seamount based on submarine mooring observation
Fangfang Kuang1 , Junpeng Zhang1, Xiwu Zhou1, Hangyu Chen1, Chunsheng Jing1
Affiliations
  • 1. Ocean Dynamic Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2022-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022085
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本文利用在西太平洋牛郎海山布放的两套锚系潜标获取的长时间海流观测数据,分析了深海的海洋动力环境特征,着重阐释了该海域海流的全水深垂向结构及其低频变化特征。结果表明:(1)年平均海流及其变化幅度均在上层最大、中层和深层次之、中深层最小;(2)年平均上,150 m以浅的海流为东向的副热带逆流,150 m以深和中层为西向流;山顶处的近底层海流为较稳定的弱南向流,山底处的近底层海流为西南向流;(3)在山顶和山底,各深度层次的海流在全年均表现出100 d左右的振荡周期;在2 000 m以浅,各深度层次的海流振荡的位相基本一致,振荡幅度在表层最强、随深度的增加而减小;在2 000 m以深,海流变化的位相与2 000 m以浅相反,振荡幅度在4 000 m最强。

牛郎海山  /  潜标  /  深海海流  /  低频变化

Based on the long-term observation obtained from two sets of submarine mooring system deployed at Niulang Seamount in the western Pacific, the vertical distribution of the deep currents and the temporal variation characteristics were analyzed in the paper. The results show that: (1) The annual mean ocean currents and the variations were the largest in the upper layer, the second in the middle and deep layers, and the smallest in the middle-deep layers. (2) The subtropical countercurrent was at the depth shallower than 150 m, and the northward current was at depth deeper than 150 m and at the middle layers; the near bottom current was weak southward at the summit of the seamount, but southwestward at the bottom of the seamount. (3) Both at the summit and bottom of the seamount, the currents showed a seasonal oscillation with the most energetic oscillation at a period of about 100 d throughout the water column; at depth above 2 000 m, currents showed a synchronous oscillation in the throughout the water column, with the oscillation amplitude decreasing with depth; current oscillation at deep layers (below 2 000 m) were in opposite phase with that at the upper layers, and the oscillation amplitude was the strongest at 4 000 m.

Niulang Seamount  /  mooring system  /  deep current  /  low frequency variation
旷芳芳, 张俊鹏, 周喜武, 陈航宇, 靖春生. 基于潜标观测的牛郎海山的深海海流的低频变化特征. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (5) : 71 -79 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022085
Fangfang Kuang, Junpeng Zhang, Xiwu Zhou, Hangyu Chen, Chunsheng Jing. Low frequency variation of deep current at Niulang Seamount based on submarine mooring observation[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (5) : 71 -79 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022085
热带海洋中低频波动是研究热带海气相互作用中一个重要的问题。研究认为,在周期短于150 d的波动中,海面高度(SSH)的主振荡周期在全球海洋中呈显著的带状分布,从近赤道的1个月逐步增加至南北纬30°附近的4个月,1、2、3、4 个月周期的主振荡分别位于7°N(S)、14°N(S)、21°N(S)和28°N(S)左右[1-3]。在西太平洋以20°N为中心的纬度带为向东的副热带逆流的影响区域[4-8],该海域涡旋频繁,平均涡动动能达到黑潮延伸体处的平均涡动动能的一半[9];在以20°N 为中心, 120°E~150°W 的纬度带内,SSH有明显的准90 d 振荡,80~109 d 的变化与总的变化之比达到0.3以上[10];海流也具有显著的准90 d振荡特征,该振荡信号主要存在于150 m以浅的海洋次表层,对应的波长约为865 km,沿19.81°N该振荡信号自东向西传播,相速度约为0.09 m/s[11]
深层海洋与上层海洋相比可能存在不同的动力环境和机制,近年来深海在全球海洋气候变化中的作用得到越来越多海洋学家的重视。利用潜标观测资料,Yoshioka等[12]发现西马里亚纳海盆(12.5°N,137°E)的4 040 m深的海流存在60 d左右周期的季节内振荡,作者分析认为与斜压罗斯贝波的传播有关;梁楚进等[13]分析了热带东太平洋的中国多金属结核开辟区的潜标资料,发现近底层流动表现出51 d左右的波动,地形对离底50 m以内的低频流动有明显的影响;Kawabe等[14]发现威克岛(20°N,170°E)通道东侧的深层流速及其变化远大于西侧,这可能与水道的地形以及周边海山的分布有关,而海流显示出的4个月左右的变化周期可能与深海中尺度涡的经过有关;Liu等[15]研究了黑潮延伸体海域深层海流的季节内振荡,表明该海域海流变化的周期为23~38 d,与海表地转流之间存在正相关关系;涡旋的经过使得2 000 m到4 000 m的深层海流沿着涡旋的方向运动且流速增强;Wang等[16]研究了菲律宾海西边界流(8.0°N,127°E)的垂直结构和时间变化,发现从海面到海底60~80 d的季节内信号较为普遍,太平洋西边界的海面经向流变化可以通过低频过程到达海底;旷芳芳等[17]分析了吕宋海峡以东(19.75°N,126.75°E)的深海海洋环境特征,发现中上层海流表现出81~85 d的周期振荡,近底层海流变化周期为51 d。
然而,相比海洋上层,海洋深层的观测资料较少,研究成果也较少。另外,深海海山区由于地形变化剧烈,可能具有特殊的动力学特征。为了解西太平洋牛郎海山区深层的环流特征及其对深海生态环境的影响,我们自2017年8月至2018年7月在海山的山顶和山底各布放了一套深海潜标进行长期的海流观测,获得了近1年的连续观测资料。以下将对潜标观测数据进行分析,探讨该海域深海海流的垂向分布以及低频变化特征。
中国大洋45航次科考在西太平洋牛郎平顶海山区共布放了两套潜标(MX1、MX2),对海山区的海流进行长期的观测,潜标位置见图1。两个潜标站位相距约70 km,观测深度覆盖了海洋上表层至深海近底层。编号为MX1的潜标布放于牛郎海山山顶,布放水深为2 618 m,位置为20°28′N,160°50′E,布放和回收日期分别为2017年8月4日和2018年7月24日;共放置1台75KADCP 、3台阔龙海流计进行海流的观测;75KADCP放置在200 m的深度往上观测海流剖面,观测的深度范围为4~196 m;阔龙海流计放置的深度分别为533 m、1 071 m以及2 096 m。编号为MX2的潜标布放于牛郎海山山底盆地,布放水深为5 050 m,位置为20°11′N,161°27′E,布放和回收日期分别为2017年8月5日和2018年7月25日;共放置 3台75KADCP、4台阔龙海流计用于观测海流;其中两台75KADCP放置在120 m的深度,分别往上和往下观测海流剖面,观测的深度范围分别为18~106 m 和138~530 m;另一台75KADCP放置在630 m的深度往下观测,观测的深度范围为652~1036 m;阔龙海流计的放置深度分别为1 826 m、4 018 m、4 330 m和4 953 m。75KADCP观测的层厚为8 m,观测时间间隔为1 h,1 min采样。阔龙海流计的观测时间间隔为30 min,1 min采样。
由于75KADCP所在主浮球的垂直位移,每个时刻观测的深度层次各不相同。我们首先选取观测期间最大观测深度和最小观测深度作为标准层深度的上下限、8 m作为标准层的层距,在垂向上使用线性插值来获取各标准层的观测数据;由于某些标准层在某些时刻数据会有缺失,接下来我们挑选有效数据超过60%的深度层次作为有效数据层次,通过内插对这些层次缺失的数据进行补齐,最终获得有效数据层次的完整时间序列。经数据处理后,MX1的1个75KADCP观测的有效数据层次为11~195 m,有效数据时间为2017年8月5日0点至2018年7月24日23点,共354 d;MX2的3个75KADCP观测的有效数据层次分别为19~99 m、145~529 m和660~1 004 m,有效数据时间为2017年8月6日0点至2018年7月25日23点,共354 d。
在海洋学中,各种水文气象因子都可以看作是随时间有周期性变化的信号。本文主要使用了小波分析、互谱分析等方法对潜标观测的海流数据进行分析。面对一个时间序列,小波分析方法能够有效识别信号的周期和振幅随时间的变化情况,并能准确提取出相应周期信号的时间变化序列。互谱分析用于在频域内描述两个不同信号之间的统计相关程度,从互谱密度可获得两个信号相应的频率分量之间的关系,幅值越大,说明相应频率分量关联度越高;此外还可获得两个信号相应频率分量的相位差值。小波和互谱分析方法在海洋学中被广泛应用,其原理方法可参考文献[18],在此不再详述。
以MX1代表山顶海域,MX2代表山底海域,首先对观测海流进行3 d低通滤波提取其低频信号,分析低频段海流的平均特征及其时间变化。
图2图3分别是山顶处潜标MX1和山底处潜标MX2观测的各代表深度层次的3 d平均海流矢量。为便于描述,以200 m以浅的层次代表上层、200~900 m代表中层、900~2 000 m代表中深层、2 000~5 000 m代表深层,MX1的2 096 m和MX2的4 953 m分别代表山顶和山底的近底层。山顶处(图2),上层海流的季节变化明显,且各层次流向的时间变化基本一致;中层和中深层海流变化在2017年的下半年与上层一致,在2018年的上半年与上层的一致性相对较差;近底层海流与其他层次的差异明显,流速较小,为较稳定的南向流。在山底处(图3),潜标MX2观测的上层和中层海流的季节变化明显,且各层次流向的时间变化基本一致;中深层海流较弱;深层和近底层海流流向与上层和中层差异明显,流速比中深层要大。
低频海流的流速流向的时间平均值和流速的标准差如图4所示。在上层和中层,山顶和山底处的平均流速流向接近,在150 m以浅平均流向为东向,平均流速在表层约为8 cm/s,随深度的增加而减小;在150 m以深转为西偏北向,流速随深度的增加而增加,在山顶的200 m层流速达到最大,接近2 cm/s,在山底处的250 m层流速达到最大,接近4 cm/s,之后随着深度的增加流速减小(图4a, 图4b);上层海流在150 m以浅为东向的副热带逆流,在150 m以深的上层和中层则为西向流(图4b)。MX1的中深层的流向为北,近底层的流向为南;中层和中深层的平均流速为1~3 cm/s;MX2的中深层海流为西偏北或西偏南向,平均流速较小,约为1 cm/s;深层和近底层海流为西南向,深层的平均流速约为2 cm/s,近底层平均流速约为3 cm/s。纬向流速和经向流速的标准差均显示海流的变化幅度在上层较大且随深度的增加而减小,在中深层达到最小,之后随着深度的增加而增大;经向流速的变化略大于纬向流速(图4c)。
为进一步分析深海海流的低频变化特征,对日均流速进行小波分析。因为经向流速的变化幅度相比纬向流速略大,因此选取经向流速作为代表。图5是最强振荡所对应的周期(下文称主振荡周期)随深度的变化。由图可见两处海流在各深度层次均表现出80~130 d的振荡周期,并在山顶的中层、中深层(图5a)以及山底的上层、中层和深层均通过了显著性检验。在山顶处,中层和中深层的主振荡周期为94 d,在近底层为83 d;在山底处,上层和深层的主振荡周期均为99 d,中层为94 d和125 d。
图6图7分别是山顶和山底处各代表层次海流的小波谱和全球功率谱,由图可见,在山顶和山底,各深度层次海流100 d左右周期的振荡几乎可持续全年。
为进一步分析海流的100 d左右周期振荡的垂向结构,对经向海流进行80~120 d的带通滤波,结果如图8所示。在山顶处(图8a),海流的100 d振荡在垂向上的位相基本一致,振荡幅度在表层最强、随深度的增加而减小。山底与山顶类似(图8b),2 000 m以浅海流振荡的位相基本一致,幅度随深度的增加而减小;然而,在2 000 m以深的位相与2 000 m以浅相反,振荡幅度在4 000 m左右最大。
以山底处MX2为代表,对各深度层次日平均的海流进行矢量相关分析,计算得到的相关系数和偏角结果如图9所示。图9a显示,上层(200 m以浅)各层次之间的海流变化高度相关,相关系数均在0.8以上;深层(4 000 m以深)各层之间的海流变化强相关,相关系数均在0.7以上;上层、中层和深层的海流的相关性较好,相互间的相关系数均在0.5以上;而中深层(900 m和1 826 m)与其他层次的海流相关性相对较弱,相关系数均在0.5以下。图9b显示,上层和中层各层次海流相互之间的偏角均在10°以内,深层各层次海流相互之间的偏角不大于35°;深层海流与上层和中层海流之间的偏角为154°~178°,说明深层海流与上层和中层海流方向是相反的,与图8的分析结果一致。综合以上分析,我们认为上层和中层海流的一致性较好,深层海流与上层和中层相关性好但流向相反,中深层海流与其他层次的联系相对较弱,可能与中深层流速较小有关。
为了进一步研究各深度层次的海流变化在不同频段上的关系,用各层次的经向流速与表层(19 m)的经向流速进行互谱分析,结果如图10所示。图中,表层、中层和深层的互谱密度在100 d左右的周期达到最大,在该频段深层海流与表层海流的相干系数达到0.5以上,相位差约为π或–π,说明深层海流与表层海流反向的特征在100 d左右周期的频段下最为明显。海流在深层与上层的流向相反以及深层强化的现象在其他海域也有观测到,可能由涡旋出现时第一斜压模态振幅的增加导致[15, 19],也可能与中尺度涡的涡旋中心在垂向上倾斜的三维结构有关[20],还可能是由地形罗斯贝波引起[21-22];由于观测资料相对缺乏,对该现象及其形成机制仍缺乏系统研究。
本次的潜标观测表明深层海流与表层海流具有接近的变化周期、位相相反,且在2 000 m上下的海流较弱、深层较强,似乎符合第一斜压模的垂向特征。为进一步研究海流分布的正斜压特性,我们对经向流速进行垂直模态分解。各垂直模态使用的海水层结(即N2)由WOA2013资料的温度和盐度数据计算得到。分解结果中,第零阶模态为正压模态;第一模态为第一斜压模态(Mode 1),速度方向沿深度出现一次变换;第二模态为第二斜压模态(Mode 2), 速度方向沿深度出现两次变换。以此类推, 越高阶的斜压模态沿水深方向越复杂, 其信号也通常越弱。本研究借鉴前人的研究方法,选取正压模态和前4个斜压模态进行分析[16],标准化之后的各模态的垂向结构如图11所示。图12为经向流速的观测值以及正压模态与前4个斜压模态的重构值,可以发现重构值可表征经向流速的主要特征。图13是正压模态和前4个斜压模态振幅的时间序列,如图所示,经向流速整体由第一斜压模态主导,其次为正压模态;正压模态和第一斜压模态至第四斜压模态的时间平均振幅分别为3.21 cm/s、6.79 cm/s、2.48 cm/s、1.88 cm/s和1.20 cm/s,也说明最大模态为第一斜压模态;另外,第一斜压模态振幅的时间序列也表现出显著的100 d左右的振荡周期(图略)。综合以上分析,深层海流与上层海流的流向相反且出现深层强化,主要是受第一斜压模态的主导。
通过计算MX1和MX2邻近深度层次的低频海流(3 d低通滤波后再进行逐日平均)的矢量相关系数来分析两处海流的相互关系,其中1 000 m层MX1和MX2的邻近层次的深度分别为1 071 m和948 m,2 000 m层MX1和MX2的邻近层次的深度分别为2 096 m和1 826 m。计算结果如表1所示,可见1 000 m层以浅两处海流的相关性均较好,相关系数大部分在0.5以上,500 m层以浅的偏角不超过11°,1 000 m层的流向偏角不超过30°。2 000 m层二者的相关性较弱,因为MX1位于海山山顶,2 000 m层距底约500 m,海流变化可能受局地地形的影响,而与MX2(山底处)相应深度层次的海流变化有所差异。
通过本文的分析可得到以下结论:
(1)平均海流及其变化幅度在上层最大、中层和深层次之、中深层最小。150 m以浅为东向的副热带逆流,150 m以深和中层为西向流;上层和中层海流的时间变化明显,且各深度层次的流向变化基本一致;深层海流也表现出明显的时间变化特征;在山顶处近底层海流为较稳定的弱南向流,在山底处近底层海流为西南向流。
(2)在山顶和山底,各深度层次的海流在全年均表现出100 d左右的周期振荡;在2 000 m以浅,各深度层次海流振荡的位相基本一致,振荡幅度在表层最强、随深度的增加而减小;在2 000 m以深,海流变化的位相与2 000 m以浅相反,振荡幅度在4 000 m最强。
(3)两处海流在大部分深度层次的相关性均较好,山顶近底层的海流可能受局地地形的影响,而与山底处相应深度层次的海流有所差异。
已有研究表明,在西太平洋以20°N 为中心的纬度带内, 海面高度和表层海流都表现出明显的准90 d 振荡[10-11]。我们的观测进一步表明,该海域海流的主振荡周期为100 d,该振荡不仅出现在表层,同时也出现在深层,在2 000 m以深海流振荡的位相与2 000 m以浅相反且出现深层强化现象,这主要是受第一斜压模态的主导。另外,由于在近底层观测的海流层次较少,目前还不能判断深层海流是否还受到地形罗斯贝波的影响,有待于将来的进一步研究。
  • 大洋“十三五”环境项目(DY135-E2-5-01);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01)
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2022年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022085
  • 接收时间:2021-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-18
  • 修回日期:2021-11-17
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大洋“十三五”环境项目(DY135-E2-5-01);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01)
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    1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋动力学研究室, 福建 厦门 361005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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