Article(id=1224796546789692242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625068800000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-01, revisedDate=1633968000000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943852345, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1649952000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943852345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943852345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943852345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796541123187467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943851023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995927739, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014966755934250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014966755934251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796548664546153, articleId=1224796546789692242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Salt characteristics and sedimentary environment analysis of deep soft soil in the Changjiang River Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The salt-containing characteristics of soft soil are an important indicator of foundation design, and salt-containing features are mainly protected by deposition environment, often with strong geographicalism. In the Changjiang River Ekimae, the softener of the Changjiang River Ekimae is a research object, collecting multi-sets of soil samples for indoor trials, and conducts salt-containing characteristics, parameter correlation and deposition environment analysis. The results show that the salt-containing salt is NaCl type, the salt content is 0.613%, mainly based on weak saline soil, accounting for 85.4%. The salt content, Cl content, Na+ content, K+ content peak test meets the regular distribution, but the reputation test value is located in the rejection domain, and does not belong to normal distribution. Other ion assumptions and peak tests do not comply with the right to distribution. The salt content of soft soil is highest in relationship with Clcontent, and is good to ion-relevance to the Ca2+ content and ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $. The content of the soil-solvent Cl content and salt content, the ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ content is equipped with the highest multiplication effect; Cl content is best fitted with Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ contents fitted to polynomial fitting effect. The soft soil is deposited by an alkaline environment. The sodium adsorption ratio of soft soil is 54.35, which is close to the sodium adsorption ratio of seawater, indicating that the salt-containing characteristics retains the seawater characteristics, and with the increase of depth, soft soil sodium adsorption ratio has reduced trend. The soft soil formation time is related, the older the formation of soft soil, the longer the time of penetration. The Sr/ Ba value of the soft soil is much greater than 1, indicating that the soil deposition environment is a marine environment. The γMgCa value in the soft soil leaching solution is much higher than the γMgCa background value, which is subjected to seawater dipping. The seawater mixing model is introduced, and the seawater mixing ratio is calculated. The low value of the seawater mixing ratio is mainly distributed in the west far away from the coast, and the soil deposition in this area is mainly controlled by the water of the Changjiang River. The high value of seawater mixing ratio is mainly distributed in coastal areas, where soil deposits are mainly controlled by transgression, and the marine facies attributes are heavier.

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软土的含盐特征是地基设计的一个重要指标,含盐特征主要受沉积环境控制,往往具有较强的地域性。以长江河口北翼海陆交互相软土为研究对象,采集多组土样进行室内试验,进行土体含盐特征、参数相关性及沉积环境分析。研究结果表明,软土含盐特征为NaCl型,含盐量均值为0.613%,以弱盐渍土为主,占比85.4%。含盐量、Cl含量、Na+含量、K+含量峰度检验符合正态分布,但偏度检验值坐落在拒绝域,不属于正态分布。其他离子假设检验偏度和峰度检验均不符合正态分布。软土含盐量与Cl含量相关性最高,与除了Ca2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量之外的离子相关性好。软土Cl含量与含盐量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量拟合以乘幂效果最佳;Cl含量与Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量拟合以多项式拟合效果最佳。软土环境沉积为碱性。软土钠吸附比平均值为54.35,与标准海水的钠吸附比接近,说明软土层含盐特征保留了海水特征。随着深度的增加,软土钠吸附比有减小的趋势,这与软土形成时间有关,软土形成时代越老,渗透淋滤的时间越长。软土中Sr/Ba远大于1,说明土体沉积时受到了海水作用。软土浸出液中的γMgCa远高于地表淡水的γMgCa背景值,说明土体沉积时受到海水入侵。引入海水混合模型,计算了海水混合比例。海水混合比的低值主要分布于西部远离海岸区,该区土体沉积主要受长江河水控制。海水混合比的高值主要分布在滨海地区,该区土体沉积主要受海侵控制,海相属性更重。

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苟富刚(1985-),男,陕西省渭南市人,高级工程师,主要从事环境地质方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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苟富刚(1985-),男,陕西省渭南市人,高级工程师,主要从事环境地质方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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苟富刚(1985-),男,陕西省渭南市人,高级工程师,主要从事环境地质方面的研究工作。E-mail:

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A research on depositional environment of delta by analyzed method of trace elements in Luanhe River[J]. 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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图3, caption=盐分主要离子含量随深度变化特征, figureFileSmall=wYC4dd7CZOIWeI2yEgFgRQ==, figureFileBig=l4ZTlPvw6MZixzIQtxqATg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199169626666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of salt content of soft soil, figureFileSmall=hAcnneVzCs/rbHidQku8ug==, figureFileBig=moDJJPELp+umnpk/CVtHJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199278678576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图4, caption=软土含盐量分布, figureFileSmall=hAcnneVzCs/rbHidQku8ug==, figureFileBig=moDJJPELp+umnpk/CVtHJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199358370355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Fitting relationship between chloride ion and salt content and the content of each ion, figureFileSmall=ES6LDy2etmaGYLWYwNph2g==, figureFileBig=18jneYDygCtPCTGW9Ykc4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199480005175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氯离子与含盐量、各离子含量拟合关系, figureFileSmall=ES6LDy2etmaGYLWYwNph2g==, figureFileBig=18jneYDygCtPCTGW9Ykc4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199597445694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Soft soil sedimentation curve and sea level change curve (drawing based on references [29, 34]), figureFileSmall=xmcu2c7BEQOFkg/z7/uGJA==, figureFileBig=1AP8jlAaNJ0XXs3s7K2hGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199698108994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图6, caption=软土沉积曲线及海平面变化曲线(根据文献[29, 34]绘制), 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label=Fig. 10, caption=Three-line diagram of soft soil pore water, fresh water and sea water, figureFileSmall=eDDeoOroCdvxy/xKdQrkpQ==, figureFileBig=TeV8xsfUkxh9P+2oQskXMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200545358450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图10, caption=软土孔隙水、淡水及海水的三线图, figureFileSmall=eDDeoOroCdvxy/xKdQrkpQ==, figureFileBig=TeV8xsfUkxh9P+2oQskXMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200646021750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=ESR variation characteristics with depth, figureFileSmall=Ku+ko1x6b5kdW71VCgem1A==, figureFileBig=+6hfGJYI9Z4l3zOgncPApg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200746685047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图11, caption=ESR随深度变化特征, figureFileSmall=Ku+ko1x6b5kdW71VCgem1A==, 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figureFileBig=44LA6ZUImHvfPZuj+5vh/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366201136755337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同采样点γMg/γCa随深度变化特征, figureFileSmall=UOBxZv7gy6y1EabzIlij6A==, figureFileBig=44LA6ZUImHvfPZuj+5vh/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366201212252814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Salt characteristics statistics and probability distribution of soft soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标含盐量/%Na+含量/
(mg·kg−1
K+含量/
(mg·kg−1
Ca2+含量/
(mg·kg−1
Mg2+含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} } $含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} }$含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $含量/
(mg·kg−1
pH$ {{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量/2${{\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $
含量
最大值1.2264245.0151.0238.0238.0555.0118.06720.01760.09.5891.68
最小值0.10481.04.66.32.697.01.0355.018.27.283.59
平均值0.6132141.3577.6453.4153.23260.168.463256.05277.978.1521.35
样品个数314314314314314314314314314314231
变异系数0.370.390.410.670.670.301.280.400.700.040.61
偏度0.04−0.060.192.411.601.135.710.022.280.372.05
峰度0.430.310.747.323.932.0545.220.4610.901.846.17
u10.320.471.3917.5911.678.2841.730.1216.682.7112.86
u29.439.908.3116.093.533.46156.459.3229.324.2210.24
正态检验拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝
), ArticleFig(id=1225366201312916115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

软土含盐特征统计及概率分布表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标含盐量/%Na+含量/
(mg·kg−1
K+含量/
(mg·kg−1
Ca2+含量/
(mg·kg−1
Mg2+含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} } $含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} }$含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量/
(mg·kg−1
${{\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $含量/
(mg·kg−1
pH$ {{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量/2${{\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}} $
含量
最大值1.2264245.0151.0238.0238.0555.0118.06720.01760.09.5891.68
最小值0.10481.04.66.32.697.01.0355.018.27.283.59
平均值0.6132141.3577.6453.4153.23260.168.463256.05277.978.1521.35
样品个数314314314314314314314314314314231
变异系数0.370.390.410.670.670.301.280.400.700.040.61
偏度0.04−0.060.192.411.601.135.710.022.280.372.05
峰度0.430.310.747.323.932.0545.220.4610.901.846.17
u10.320.471.3917.5911.678.2841.730.1216.682.7112.86
u29.439.908.3116.093.533.46156.459.3229.324.2210.24
正态检验拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝拒绝
), ArticleFig(id=1225366201468105369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of soil salinity index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标含盐量Na+含量K+含量Ca2+含量Mg2+含量${{\rm{HCO}}_3^-} $含量${{\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}} $含量${{\rm{Cl}}^- }$含量${ {\rm{SO} }_4^{2-} }$含量pH
  注:**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。
含盐量1.0000.991**0.801**0.1100.696**0.164**−0.0630.993**0.564**0.033
Na+含量0.991**1.0000.760**0.0170.612**0.167**−0.0310.986**0.499**0.054
K+含量0.801**0.760**1.0000.195**0.655**0.120*−0.126*0.791**0.539**−0.018
Ca2+含量0.1100.0170.195**1.0000.522**−0.045−0.276**0.116*0.172**−0.391**
Mg2+含量0.696**0.612**0.655**0.522**1.000−0.123*−0.292**0.692**0.641**−0.170**
${ {\rm{HCO} }_3^-} $含量0.164**0.167**0.120*−0.045−0.123*1.0000.281**0.111*0.0650.117*
${ {\rm{CO} }_3^{2-} } $含量−0.063−0.031−0.126*−0.276**−0.292**0.281**1.000−0.088−0.0730.580**
${{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量0.993**0.986**0.791**0.116*0.692**0.111*−0.0881.0000.485**0
${ {\rm{SO} }_4^{2-} } $含量0.564**0.499**0.539**0.172**0.641**0.065−0.0730.485**1.0000.182**
pH0.0330.054−0.018−0.391**−0.170**0.117*0.580**00.182**1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1225366201610711713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796546789692242, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土体盐分指标相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标含盐量Na+含量K+含量Ca2+含量Mg2+含量${{\rm{HCO}}_3^-} $含量${{\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}} $含量${{\rm{Cl}}^- }$含量${ {\rm{SO} }_4^{2-} }$含量pH
  注:**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关。
含盐量1.0000.991**0.801**0.1100.696**0.164**−0.0630.993**0.564**0.033
Na+含量0.991**1.0000.760**0.0170.612**0.167**−0.0310.986**0.499**0.054
K+含量0.801**0.760**1.0000.195**0.655**0.120*−0.126*0.791**0.539**−0.018
Ca2+含量0.1100.0170.195**1.0000.522**−0.045−0.276**0.116*0.172**−0.391**
Mg2+含量0.696**0.612**0.655**0.522**1.000−0.123*−0.292**0.692**0.641**−0.170**
${ {\rm{HCO} }_3^-} $含量0.164**0.167**0.120*−0.045−0.123*1.0000.281**0.111*0.0650.117*
${ {\rm{CO} }_3^{2-} } $含量−0.063−0.031−0.126*−0.276**−0.292**0.281**1.000−0.088−0.0730.580**
${{\rm{Cl}}^- } $含量0.993**0.986**0.791**0.116*0.692**0.111*−0.0881.0000.485**0
${ {\rm{SO} }_4^{2-} } $含量0.564**0.499**0.539**0.172**0.641**0.065−0.0730.485**1.0000.182**
pH0.0330.054−0.018−0.391**−0.170**0.117*0.580**00.182**1.000
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长江河口深层软土含盐特征及其沉积环境分析
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苟富刚 1, 2 , 龚绪龙 1, 2 , 张岩 1, 2 , 杨露梅 1, 2 , 刘彦 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(4): 12-22
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(4): 12-22
长江河口深层软土含盐特征及其沉积环境分析
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苟富刚1, 2 , 龚绪龙1, 2, 张岩1, 2, 杨露梅1, 2, 刘彦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省地质调查研究院,江苏 南京 210049
  • 2.自然资源部地裂缝地质灾害重点实验室,江苏 南京 210049
  • 苟富刚(1985-),男,陕西省渭南市人,高级工程师,主要从事环境地质方面的研究工作。E-mail:

Salt characteristics and sedimentary environment analysis of deep soft soil in the Changjiang River Estuary
Fugang Gou1, 2 , Xulong Gong1, 2, Yan Zhang1, 2, Lumei Yang1, 2, Yan Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210049, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Earth Fissures Geological Disaster, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210049, China
出版时间: 2022-04-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022078
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软土的含盐特征是地基设计的一个重要指标,含盐特征主要受沉积环境控制,往往具有较强的地域性。以长江河口北翼海陆交互相软土为研究对象,采集多组土样进行室内试验,进行土体含盐特征、参数相关性及沉积环境分析。研究结果表明,软土含盐特征为NaCl型,含盐量均值为0.613%,以弱盐渍土为主,占比85.4%。含盐量、Cl含量、Na+含量、K+含量峰度检验符合正态分布,但偏度检验值坐落在拒绝域,不属于正态分布。其他离子假设检验偏度和峰度检验均不符合正态分布。软土含盐量与Cl含量相关性最高,与除了Ca2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量之外的离子相关性好。软土Cl含量与含盐量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量拟合以乘幂效果最佳;Cl含量与Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量拟合以多项式拟合效果最佳。软土环境沉积为碱性。软土钠吸附比平均值为54.35,与标准海水的钠吸附比接近,说明软土层含盐特征保留了海水特征。随着深度的增加,软土钠吸附比有减小的趋势,这与软土形成时间有关,软土形成时代越老,渗透淋滤的时间越长。软土中Sr/Ba远大于1,说明土体沉积时受到了海水作用。软土浸出液中的γMgCa远高于地表淡水的γMgCa背景值,说明土体沉积时受到海水入侵。引入海水混合模型,计算了海水混合比例。海水混合比的低值主要分布于西部远离海岸区,该区土体沉积主要受长江河水控制。海水混合比的高值主要分布在滨海地区,该区土体沉积主要受海侵控制,海相属性更重。

沉积环境  /  含盐特征  /  软土  /  海水入侵  /  弱透水层

The salt-containing characteristics of soft soil are an important indicator of foundation design, and salt-containing features are mainly protected by deposition environment, often with strong geographicalism. In the Changjiang River Ekimae, the softener of the Changjiang River Ekimae is a research object, collecting multi-sets of soil samples for indoor trials, and conducts salt-containing characteristics, parameter correlation and deposition environment analysis. The results show that the salt-containing salt is NaCl type, the salt content is 0.613%, mainly based on weak saline soil, accounting for 85.4%. The salt content, Cl content, Na+ content, K+ content peak test meets the regular distribution, but the reputation test value is located in the rejection domain, and does not belong to normal distribution. Other ion assumptions and peak tests do not comply with the right to distribution. The salt content of soft soil is highest in relationship with Clcontent, and is good to ion-relevance to the Ca2+ content and ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $. The content of the soil-solvent Cl content and salt content, the ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ content is equipped with the highest multiplication effect; Cl content is best fitted with Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ contents fitted to polynomial fitting effect. The soft soil is deposited by an alkaline environment. The sodium adsorption ratio of soft soil is 54.35, which is close to the sodium adsorption ratio of seawater, indicating that the salt-containing characteristics retains the seawater characteristics, and with the increase of depth, soft soil sodium adsorption ratio has reduced trend. The soft soil formation time is related, the older the formation of soft soil, the longer the time of penetration. The Sr/ Ba value of the soft soil is much greater than 1, indicating that the soil deposition environment is a marine environment. The γMgCa value in the soft soil leaching solution is much higher than the γMgCa background value, which is subjected to seawater dipping. The seawater mixing model is introduced, and the seawater mixing ratio is calculated. The low value of the seawater mixing ratio is mainly distributed in the west far away from the coast, and the soil deposition in this area is mainly controlled by the water of the Changjiang River. The high value of seawater mixing ratio is mainly distributed in coastal areas, where soil deposits are mainly controlled by transgression, and the marine facies attributes are heavier.

sedimentary environment  /  salt characteristics  /  soft soil  /  seawater invasion  /  impermeable aquifer
苟富刚, 龚绪龙, 张岩, 杨露梅, 刘彦. 长江河口深层软土含盐特征及其沉积环境分析. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (4) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022078
Fugang Gou, Xulong Gong, Yan Zhang, Lumei Yang, Yan Liu. Salt characteristics and sedimentary environment analysis of deep soft soil in the Changjiang River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (4) : 12 -22 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022078
海相软土在空间上与滨海相盐渍土高度重合,滨海相盐渍土沿着我国大陆1.8×104 km海岸线呈带状分布,向内陆延伸可以达到几十千米,与沿海经济发达地区高度重合[1-2]。滨海相盐渍土的学术关注度在2008年前后达到顶峰,这与当时耕地面积日益减少和国家滩涂围垦政策等有关。滨海相盐渍土面积大约为2.895×104 km2,在人口、资源、环境压力下的东部沿海地区,滨海相盐渍土分布地区可以作为宝贵的后备土地资源[3-4]
本研究土体位于长江河口北翼,土体为全新世以来沉积物,为海陆交互相土层,埋藏深度大于10 m,最大深度达到62 m[5]。浅部土体已基本脱盐,盐渍土主要分布在东部临海区域,分布面积小。长江河口地区地形广阔平坦,土体长期遭受海水入侵及高矿化度潜水共同作用。研究区是较早发现海水入侵的地区[6-7],海水入侵受多种因素影响,比如河势、风应力、海平面上升和人类活动等[8-9]。1980−2010年中国近海冬季海平面平均上升速率为3.1 mm/a[10-11]。相关数值模拟结果显示,海水入侵由分比流和潮差控制[12-13]。三峡调蓄对长江口土体盐分也有显著影响,蓄水后0~20 cm土体盐分含量增加约为10%[14-15]。海水入侵后,水土易盐化,土壤盐渍化已经演化为一个生态问题[16]
目前,还没有较为系统的对长江河口深层软土层位的含盐特征进行分析,目前的研究仅局限于深度0~1 m[13-15, 17]的土体,个别达到了5 m[18]。本研究土层埋深大,土体渗透系数低,土体盐分受自然因素控制,土体含盐特征对其形成环境具有指示作用。90%盐渍土的成因是自然因素,10%是由于人类进行不恰当活动造成的次生盐渍化[19]。本研究土层埋深较大,土体盐分含量基本上不受人类活动影响。海水浸渍是滨海相盐渍土形成的最主要的原因,土体含盐特征与海水含盐特征基本一致[20]。本研究土体以粉粒为主,约占土体的72%;其次为黏粒,约占土体的26%;含有少量砂粒,约占土体的2%[5]。土体渗透系数为10−7~10−6 cm/s,为弱透水层,该层是下伏含水层的天然保护屏障。通过分析孔隙水中的主要离子,比如Cl、Na+、${\rm{SO}}_4^2 $、Mg2+以及Cl/Br等变化特征,进行了水化学演变以及沉积环境分析[21-22]。研究区20世纪90年代由于开采了大量地下水,导致越流补给,水质动态总体呈咸化趋势,而水土含盐特征有着一致性[23]。对水土进行耦合分析,研究对象为含水砂层及其孔隙水,得出了水、土体含盐指标呈线性正相关,构建了孔隙水溶解性固体总量(Total Dissolved Solid, TDS)与土体含盐量、Na+含量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量、Cl含量、Mg2+含量5个指标的多元线性回归模型,其中土体中Cl含量与孔隙水TDS回归分析建立的模型相关性最高[18]。本次通过采集多组样品并进行测试,进行土体含盐特征和沉积环境系统分析。
研究区位于长江三角洲北翼,隶属扬子地层区下扬子地层分区。地面标高一般为3~4 m。研究区全新世土层可以划分为4个工程层组,共14个亚层,文献[24-25]分析了软土沉积环境、工程特性及其工程应用。本研究土体为全新世以来沉积物,为海陆交互相土层,埋藏深度大于10 m,最大深度达到62 m,软土层分布不连续,多夹粉砂或粉土薄层,有的以互层土的形式存在,岩性空间变异特征较为明显。为了研究软土的含盐特征及沉积环境,采集样品314件,采样深度为10~62 m(图1)。
根据软土易溶盐测试结果进行统计分析。参数分布数理统计与假设检验:对于异常数据采用3σ法则。频数分布可以直观地展示样本的分布情况,据测试样品数量n,可以根据式(1)计算区间个数M。再根据最大值a和最小值b,可以根据式(2)计算区间长度$\varDelta $[26],公式分别为
$ M=1+3.3\lg n\text{,} $
$ \varDelta =(a-b)/M.$
假设检验:H0数据来自正态总体,取α=0.1,n=314。当n充分大,一般大于100,则
$ {\sigma _1}{\text{ = }}\sqrt {{\text{6}}(n - 2){\text{/[(}}n{\text{ + 1)/(}}n{\text{ + 3)]}}}, $
$ {\sigma _2}{\text{ = }}\sqrt {{\text{24}}n(n - 2){\text{(}}n{{ - 3)/[(}}n{\text{ + 1}}{{\text{)}}^{\text{2}}}/(n + 3)/(n + 5)]}, $
$ U_{2}=3-6/(n+1).$
PH0{·}表示当H0真实事件{·}的概率,则有拒绝域为式(6)或式(7)。
$ \left| {{u_1}} \right|{\text{ = }}\left| {{g_1}/{\sigma _1}} \right| \geqslant {\textit{z}_{\alpha /4}} = {\textit{z}_{0.025}} = 1.96\text{,} $
$ \left| {{u_2}} \right|{{ = }}\left| {{\text{(}}{g_2}{{ - }}{{{U}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}/{\sigma _2}} \right| \geqslant {\textit{z}_{\alpha /4}} = {\textit{z}_{0.025}} = 1.96\text{,} $
式中,u1u2为偏度检验值;g1为样本偏度的观察值;g2为样本峰度的观察值;z为拒绝域界限值。
通过对软土易溶盐统计分析和相关性分析,确定软土含盐化学组分及其空间展布特征。
根据314个软土样本测试结果可知,软土Cl含量与2倍${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $的摩尔含量比值介于3.59~91.68,平均值为21.35,比值均大于2,参考文献[27],得出研究土体盐渍土类型为氯盐渍土。软土含盐量介于0.104%~1.226%,平均值为0.613%(表1)。盐渍土类型以弱盐渍土为主,占比85.4%;中盐渍土占比6.4%;非盐渍土占比8.3%。
表1显示,土体中Cl的含量最高,平均值为3 256.05 mg/kg;Na+含量次之,平均值为2 141.35 mg/kg;其他离子含量由多到少依次为${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $。含盐量及其主要离子(Na+、Cl)与深度的关系如图2图3所示,可以看出主要离子含量随深度的变化与含盐量类似,即随着深度的增加,含量有减小的趋势。软土pH介于7.28~9.58,平均值为8.15,土体呈碱性。
根据表1,含盐量的偏度为0.04,属于右偏态(图4)。Cl含量的偏度为0.02,属于右偏态。Na+含量的偏度为−0.06,属于左偏态。其他离子偏度都大于0,${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量的偏度最大,为5.71。含盐量、Cl含量、Na+含量、K+含量、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量的峰度均小于3,正态分布曲线平坦。Mg2+含量、Ca2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量的峰度值均大于3,正态分布曲线陡峭。
这里对软土中易溶盐各离子指标进行偏度和峰度的正态分布检验,根据表1可以看出,含盐量、Cl含量、Na+含量、K+含量峰度检验符合正态分布,但偏度检验值坐落在拒绝域,所以拒绝原假设,不属于正态分布。其他离子假设检验偏度和峰度检验均不符合正态分布。
本文选择土体易溶盐8大离子、含盐量、pH两两分别进行相关性分析,相关性结果见表2
表2显示,软土含盐量与Cl含量相关性最高,相关系数R高达0.993,说明软土含盐量与Cl含量呈线性正相关。软土含盐量与Na+含量、K+含量、Mg2+含量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量相关性好,相关性在 0.01层上显著,相关系数分别为0.991、0.801、0.696、0.564、0.164。软土含盐量与Ca2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量线性关系不明显。
Cl是海水中最主要的稳定常量元素,是反映土体是否被海水浸染最为敏感的因素[18, 28],具有重要的指示意义。可以根据Cl含量来推算含盐量、Na+含量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量、K+含量、Ca2+含量、Mg2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量,可以节约大量的人力、物力及时间。这里选择与Cl含量相关性好的指标进行拟合分析。曲线拟合根据本次试验数据进行,构造近似函数,该函数能反映Cl含量与其他指标的基本变化趋势,不局限于线性关系,还有多项式、对数型、指数型和幂型。
图5a显示,软土中Cl含量与含盐量拟合效果好,乘幂效果最佳,相关系数为0.992 7,乘幂、多项式和直线型3个类型拟合关系式相关系数接近;图5b显示,Cl含量与Na+含量拟合效果好,多项式拟合效果最佳,相关系数为0.986 2;图5c显示,软土中Cl含量与Mg2+含量拟合效果较好,多项式拟合效果最佳,相关系数为0.725 3;图5d显示,Cl含量与Ca2+含量拟合效果较好,多项式拟合效果最佳,相关系数为0.470 5。图5e显示,Cl含量与K+含量拟合效果好,多项式拟合效果最佳,相关系数为0.7977图5f显示,Cl含量与${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量拟合效果较好,乘幂拟合效果最佳,相关系数为0.546 8;图5g图5h显示Cl含量与${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量、${\rm{CO}}_{3}^{2-} $含量拟合效果一般。
软土层为全新世以来形成,最晚距今约10 000 a。研究软土形成时代主要发生在距今(10 909±177)cal a 至距今(5 628±37)cal a [29]。海面升降是研究土体沉积的主要控制因素。
晚更新世晚期晚时,全球海平面明显下降,海水退却,海岸线东移。距今15~20 ka,海平面下降达到最大幅度,此时长江河流侵蚀下切作用加强,在长江河道形成深切谷,也致使河谷区河道两侧晚更新世晚期中时沉积物遭受侵蚀缺失,造成全新世基底(古地面)起伏较大,最大深度超过了70 m。长江谷河谷宽度自10~20 km至60~70 km不等,发育在100~400 m厚的第四纪沉积层中,长江南北两翼均以最大海侵线为界[30]
全新世的起点通常对应新仙女木事件,起始时间距今约11.5 ka [31],至此气温开始回暖,全球冰盖和冰川融化,引发全球性的海平面上升。在距今10 ka前后,海水首先沿低洼地区侵入,随着海面继续上升,古海平面上升高度最大达65 m[32],长江古河道渐渐沉溺于海面以下,河床比降减小,流速降低,长江古河谷开始产生溯源堆积,在河谷区沉积灰色粉细砂及其上覆淤泥质粉质黏土,形成下粗上细的海侵河流充填层序[33],长江口继续后退至镇江、扬州一带,形成了一个以长江古河谷为主体的巨大河口湾,研究区处于滨海-浅海环境。全新世以来,海平面在距今10 cal ka至距今7 cal ka期间为海平面快速上升期(图6),距今7 cal ka以后海平面为缓慢上升期,大约在距今7.0 cal ka至距今6.5 cal ka海侵达到最大范围[34],海面高度与现今海面位置相当。在距今8.5 cal ka至距今5.4 cal ka期间,长江北部的海平面变化曲线较南部低5~6 m[35]。此阶段长江挟持的大量泥沙受到海水和江水的顶托和絮凝作用,以较高的沉积速率沉积,形成本研究土层(海陆交互相软土层),软土层含盐特征与海水含盐特征一致,本研究土层以粉粒为主,形成的土体原始含盐量为0.4%~0.9%(图6)。此后,由于河流作用增强,长江流域来沙量增加,使岸线逐渐东移的同时,长江河口湾内开始发育河口坝,长江三角洲从此进入发育期,形成多条砂坝,此阶段的沉积物以较粗颗粒的砂体为主,其中前三角洲相沉积物以泥质沉积为主,也是本研究土体之一(图7)。
本研究土层多夹有粉砂薄层,局部出现了互层土,说明土层沉积时受到了潮流的控制。在距今4.6 cal ka 至距今2.1 cal ka还出现较大规模的海水侵入,这也是土体盐分的主要来源之一[36]。全新世晚期,三角洲前缘相沉积物至地表土层颗粒组成逐渐变细。
基于软土层形成时的沉积环境认识,可知本研究软土层经历海水千年浸渍,盐分主要来自海水,其实在软土沉积之前,盐分已经在沉积母质之中积累,这也是滨海软土独有的特点。由于土体渗透性差,盐分离子随水分大量留存在成土母质中,形成了含盐量非常高的盐渍化土层,如图8中所示的高盐土分布区域。软土含盐量低的区域与土体沉积时及后期的海侵程度、时长及长江水的补给等因素有关。
本研究土层具有大孔隙,天然含水率平均值为42.50%,土体饱和,土体孔隙被水充填,这部分孔隙水为土体沉积过程中保留在软土孔隙中的。软土垂直渗透系数为1.72×10−7~4.09×10−6 cm/s,平均值为7.10×10−7 cm/s;水平渗透系数为2.63×10−7~2.98×10−6 cm/s,平均值为8.13×10−7 cm/s;对比水平渗透和垂直渗透系数数值,水平渗透系数为垂直渗透系数的1.15~1.63倍,这与研究区软土层普遍夹薄层粉砂有关。但整体来看,土体渗透系数非常小,土体沉积后土层含盐量特征变化小。软土是一种低渗透介质,物理结构复杂,表面带有一定量的负电,由于离子间的排斥作用,有效孔隙度略小。受大气降水或河流侧向补给降盐的可能性非常低。文献[28]采用物理模型和数值模拟的方法,以Cl为示踪剂,假设达西流速不大于0.1 m/ka时,模拟结果与实测数据吻合度高。证实了弱透水层孔隙水溶质运移的主要方式是扩散,垂向对流作用对弱透水层中Cl溶质运移作用可以忽略不计。软土层要通过新补给的淡水淋滤,则必须通过无数个孔隙体积的水,这甚至要几百万年时间才能完成。
假设研究区软土中孔隙水不发生其他的水文地球化学作用,仅发生混合作用,以Cl为示踪剂,根据式(8)混合模型[37-38]计算海水与淡水的混合比例,其公式为
$ {{f}}_{{i}}=({{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{samp}}}-{{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{d}}})/({{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{sea}}}-{{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{d}}}) \text{,} $
式中,fi(%)为实际混合比例(海水与淡水混合比例);${{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{samp}}} $为孔隙水中Cl浓度(mg/L);${{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{d}}} $为研究区淡水端元的Cl浓度(mg/L),这里取40.9 mg/L;${{C}}_{{\rm{Cl}}^-,\;{\rm{sea}}} $为标准海水中Cl浓度(mg/L),根据文献[39]取值,数值为17 530 mg/L。
采用土样易溶盐中Cl含量换算软土孔隙水中Cl的含量,软土孔隙水中Cl的含量(mg/L)与土中易溶盐Cl含量(mg/kg)呈线性关系,过原点的比例系数为1.259[18]。计算结果显示,fi数值介于2.3%~48.1%,平均值为23.2%,峰度为0.02,偏度为0.46。fi的低值主要分布在西部远离海岸区,fi的高值主要分布在滨海地带(图9)。说明滨海地区土体沉积主要受海侵控制,海相属性更重。西部地区混合比低的区主要受长江河水控制,陆相属性更重一些。
图10显示,软土孔隙水的阴离子以Cl为主,Cl的毫克当量百分比平均值为88.82%,大多数软土孔隙水Cl位于当地淡水与海水的理论混合曲线附近。阳离子Ca2+及Ca2++Mg2+基本位于当地淡水与海水的理论混合曲线下方,说明土体含盐特征沉积除了混合作用外,还进行Na−Ca、Na−Mg交换等水岩作用。
Na−Ca交换是一种进行得最广泛的阳离子交换。采样海水钠吸附比(SAR)平均值为50.00,范围值为48.64~51.37。当地的地下淡水的SAR范围值为1.8~12,平均值为5.80。基于土体易溶盐计算的离子交换性钠值(ESR)平均值为54.35,范围值为8~154。ESR的偏度为0.02,属于右偏态。ESR的峰度接近3,正态分布曲线较为平坦。ESR偏度检验值符合正态分布,但ESR峰度检验值坐落在拒绝域,所以拒绝原假设。标准海水的SAR值为58.51,对比ESR与海水的SAR数值,两者较为接近,证实了软土的形成环境,说明研究土层含盐特征保留了海水特征。根据图11可以看出,随着深度的增加,ESR值有减小的趋势,这与软土形成时间有关,软土形成时代越老,渗透淋滤的时间越长,Na−Ca交换也最频繁。
$ 2{\rm{Na}}^+ +{\rm{Ca}}\chi\leftrightarrows {\rm{Ca}}^{2+}+2{\rm{Na}}\chi\text{,} $
$ {\rm{SAR}}{\text{ = }}\gamma {}_{{\text{Na}}}/{\left[ {\left( {\gamma {}_{{\text{Ca}}} + {\gamma _{{\text{Mg}}}}} \right)/2} \right]^{1/2}}\text{,} $
$ {\rm{ESR}}=k\times {\rm{SAR}}\text{,} $
式中,$\ \chi $代表阴离子;γNaγCaγMg单位为meq/L;k为交换平衡常数;钠吸附比SAR是Na−Ca交换的一个重要参数;ESR为土壤交换性钠值,可以采用式(10)计算[18]
软土孔隙水溶质运移受分子扩散控制[40],土壤孔隙水可反映土壤沉积时的原始溶液[41],可以根据孔隙水的地球化学特征来分析研究土层的沉积环境。下面主要通过比例系数法来分析软土浸出液与当地淡水、海水中各离子间的关系。
Cl是海水中最主要的稳定常量元素,是反映土体是否被海水浸染最为敏感的元素。软土中Cl含量平均值为4 096 mg/L;当地淡水Cl的含量平均值仅为32 mg/L,说明软土受到了海水的絮凝和顶托作用。
软土中Sr的含量平均值为2.30×10–2‰,范围值为1.00×10–2‰~2.95×10–2‰,偏度为–1.12,峰度为1.29;Ba的含量平均值为3.62×10–3‰,范围值为1.3×10–3‰~6.4×10–3‰,偏度为0.38,峰度为0.30;Sr/Ba平均值为6.19,范围值为2.5~10.9,偏度为–0.10,峰度为0.46。Sr是海水中较富集的微量元素,Ba在陆源碎屑溶滤水中含量较高[42]。一般而言,淡水环境Sr/Ba小于1;Sr是海水中的主要离子,含量约为7.9 mg/L,海相环境水体Sr/Ba大于1[43]。土体浸出液体Sr/Ba平均值为6.45,范围值为2.5~10.9,偏度为–0.03,峰度为0.38;Sr/Ba值远大于1(图12),说明土体沉积时受到海水作用。
可以根据γMg/γCa来判断海水入侵范围和程度。因为海水中Mg2+含量比Ca2+含量高,γMg/γCa约为5.5。ZK4与ZK5采样点孔软土易溶盐,γMg/γCa平均值为2.83,范围值为1.4~4.9,偏度为0.50,峰度为0.25。ZK3与ZK2采样点孔软土易溶盐γMg/γCa平均值为1.42,范围值为0.6~2.0,偏度为–0.34,峰度为0.86。图13显示,ZK4与ZK5采样点孔软土随着深度的增加,γMg/γCa值有着减小的趋势,但最终趋于稳定。ZK4采样点γMg/γCa值与ZK3和ZK2采样点相比,上部软土γMg/γCa明显偏高,这可能与现代海水入侵有关。东部盐渍土的γMg/γCa值与地表淡水的γMg/γCa背景值0.24相比,明显偏高,可以看出土体受到了海侵的影响。
基于长江口北翼深层软土的多组测试数据,系统地分析了软土的含盐特征及其8大离子间的相关性,其中拟合关系式对于推算其他参数具有重要的参考价值。同时圈定了高盐土(以含盐量0.3%为界)的分布范围,研究成果对于区内沉积环境演化和工程建设具有重要意义。主要有以下结论:
(1)研究土体盐分主要为NaCl。土体中Cl的含量最高,Na+含量次之,其他离子含量由多到少依次为${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、 ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $。易溶盐及其主要离子随深度的增加有减少的趋势。盐渍土类型为氯盐渍土,盐渍土类型以弱盐渍土为主,占比85.4%。
(2)软土含盐量与Cl含量相关性最高,相关系数R高达0.993。软土含盐量与Na+、K+、Mg2+、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $相关性好。软土含盐量与Ca2+含量、${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $含量线性关系不明显。软土中易溶盐Cl含量与含盐量、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $含量拟合以乘幂效果最佳;Cl含量与Na+含量、Ca2+含量、Mg2+含量、K+含量、${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $含量拟合以多项式拟合效果最佳。
(3)以软土易溶盐中Cl为示踪剂,计算了海水混合比海水混合比的低值主要分布在西部远离海岸区,该区土体沉积主要受长江河水控制。海水混合比的高值主要分布在滨海地区,该区土体沉积主要受海侵控制,海相属性更重。软土中γNa/γCl、ESR、Sr/Ba及γMg/γCa与当地淡水、标准海水对比分析结果显示,土体沉积受到海水浸渍且后期受到了海水入侵。
  • 中国地质调查局地质大调查项目(1212011220005);国家自然科学基金(41772327)
  • 江苏省自然资源厅项目(JSZRHYKJ202106)
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2022年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022078
  • 接收时间:2021-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-01
  • 修回日期:2021-10-12
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中国地质调查局地质大调查项目(1212011220005);国家自然科学基金(41772327)
江苏省自然资源厅项目(JSZRHYKJ202106)
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    1.江苏省地质调查研究院,江苏 南京 210049
    2.自然资源部地裂缝地质灾害重点实验室,江苏 南京 210049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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