Article(id=1224796541714584331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625587200000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-07, revisedDate=1632412800000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943851164, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1649952000000, pubDateStr=2022-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943851164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943851164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943851164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224796541123187467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943851023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995927739, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014966755934250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014966755934251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224796541123187467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224796542012379917, articleId=1224796541714584331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics and inducing factors of geological hazards around the central rift in the West Philippine Basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the latest measured high-resolution shallow profile and multibeam bathymetric data in the West Philippine Basin in 2018, the marine geological disasters in the central rift and surrounding areas of the West Philippine Basin is analyzed in this paper. In the study area, two types of disaster geological factors are identified: one is destructive geological factors, mainly including landslide, active fault, gully and magma diapir; the second is the restrictive geological factors, mainly seamounts, scarps and trenches. Based on the shallow seismic profile, the type, shape and internal structure characteristics of geological hazards bodies are described in detail. The distribution area and development characteristics are discussed. The main inducing factors and adverse effects of geological hazards are discussed. The identification of geological hazards, the delineation of distribution range and the analysis of causes in the study area can provide important geological basis for marine engineering construction, equipment design and maritime navigation, avoid adverse effects and make risk prediction in advance.

, correspAuthors=Weidong Luo, Hongjun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meijing Sun, Weidong Luo, Hongjun Chen, Xiaosan Hu, Wenkai Huang, Wenbo Du, Jiao Zhou, Yanfei Han, Jie Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224796549427909523, articleId=1224796541714584331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷周缘地质灾害特征及诱发因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2018年在西菲律宾海盆最新实测的高分辨率浅地层剖面和多波束测深数据,对西菲律宾海盆中部的中央裂谷及周缘区域的海洋地质灾害进行分析。在研究区总体识别出两大类灾害地质因素:(1)破坏性地质因素,主要包括滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷和岩浆底辟;(2)限制性地质因素,以海山、陡坎、沟槽为主。利用浅地层剖面资料,精细刻画出灾害地质体的类型、形态、内部结构特征,并论述其分布区域、发育特点,探讨地质灾害产生的主要诱发因素及造成的不利影响。对研究区地质灾害的识别、分布范围的圈定和成因的分析,能够为海洋工程建设、装备预设和海上航行提供重要的地质依据,规避不利影响,提前做好风险预判。

, correspAuthors=罗伟东, 陈泓君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗伟东,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地形地貌学研究。E-mail:
陈泓君,教授级高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害地质学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qQQbrdDpsTdXrblmXj1BPg==, magXml=BSfME1jLohvrJjnTrU2RwQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eWsttWrjc4BIYeJ/fO6qbA==, pdfFileSize=2893196, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jWaCQvuJ+CrZTESQrpb8xg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cyVbYC2qzwq1bF2YRQaW6Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙美静(1986-),女,辽宁省瓦房店市人,高级工程师,主要从事沉积学及海洋地质方面工作。E-mail:

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孙美静(1986-),女,辽宁省瓦房店市人,高级工程师,主要从事沉积学及海洋地质方面工作。E-mail:

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孙美静(1986-),女,辽宁省瓦房店市人,高级工程师,主要从事沉积学及海洋地质方面工作。E-mail:

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Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366192286773533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, companyId=1225366192265802010, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院广州能源研究所 中国科学院天然气水合物重点实验室,广东 广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225366199278678574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The location of the Philippine Sea[2], figureFileSmall=CR8pFMy+dAleNrrzglK/XA==, figureFileBig=bqfRpwWqt4uFZhSTM4ya3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199354176051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菲律宾海地理位置[2], figureFileSmall=CR8pFMy+dAleNrrzglK/XA==, figureFileBig=bqfRpwWqt4uFZhSTM4ya3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199505171000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Topography (see Fig. 1 for location) and shallow seismic profile location map of the study area, figureFileSmall=zQ+6mY/W+78McdUPDhQHqQ==, figureFileBig=cu36nxdvbOTfJeAn1qtsVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199597445693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区地形分布(位置见图1)与浅地层剖面位置, figureFileSmall=zQ+6mY/W+78McdUPDhQHqQ==, figureFileBig=cu36nxdvbOTfJeAn1qtsVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199698108996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of topographic slope in the study area, figureFileSmall=CwZSlr5p1SU12FQtr/o33w==, figureFileBig=6PJC2NPcm9KlK6hVgAwmxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199836521032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区地形坡度分布, figureFileSmall=CwZSlr5p1SU12FQtr/o33w==, figureFileBig=6PJC2NPcm9KlK6hVgAwmxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366199924601422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Reflection characteristics of slump deposits on seamount margin, figureFileSmall=jZ//e/tt8P+Es7jpPL5k0Q==, figureFileBig=+zNurI66z8rXlfLCuCYwrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200037847637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=图4, caption=海山边缘滑塌沉积反射特征, figureFileSmall=jZ//e/tt8P+Es7jpPL5k0Q==, figureFileBig=+zNurI66z8rXlfLCuCYwrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200138510942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Reflection characteristics of landslide depositsin steep slope area, figureFileSmall=xYQdxFb219GLVZZAMJyJTQ==, figureFileBig=mdisIfFr7ThdC7B5NnQR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200293700195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=图5, caption=陡坡区滑坡沉积反射特征, figureFileSmall=xYQdxFb219GLVZZAMJyJTQ==, figureFileBig=mdisIfFr7ThdC7B5NnQR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366200373391977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Reflection characteristics of active faults on shallow seismic profile

a. Influenced by magmatic diapir and seamount; b. relatively flat area

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a. 受岩浆底辟和海山影响;b. 相对平坦区域

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a. Submarine scour gullies; b. fault scarps and scour channels on the back wall of scarps

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a. 海底冲刷沟谷;b. 断层型陡坎和陡坎后壁的冲刷水道

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a. Through the deepest position of the central rift; b. through the central rift and the east of rift

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a. 穿过中央裂谷最深位置;b. 穿过中央裂谷和裂谷东部

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Classification of geological hazard factors in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别分布深度灾害地质因素类型发育位置地质灾害危害性
  注:斜坡区坡度一般为5°~10°,陡坡区坡度大于10°。
破坏性
地质灾害
海底冲刷沟谷发育较少,局部水动力强区域稳定性差,直接破坏性影响,难以防治,选择规避
海底滑坡分布广泛,海山边缘、斜坡区、断层边界、冲刷沟谷内壁
浅部地层活动断层继承深部断裂、火山活动强烈区
岩浆底辟(也有深部)与海山伴生
限制性
地质灾害
海底陡坎断层边界、海山边缘坡度较大区域、陡坡区不稳定,有产生破坏的可能性,需综合调查评价
浅部地层海底海山成片分布,构造和岩浆活动强烈区
), ArticleFig(id=1225366203129049773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区灾害地质因素分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别分布深度灾害地质因素类型发育位置地质灾害危害性
  注:斜坡区坡度一般为5°~10°,陡坡区坡度大于10°。
破坏性
地质灾害
海底冲刷沟谷发育较少,局部水动力强区域稳定性差,直接破坏性影响,难以防治,选择规避
海底滑坡分布广泛,海山边缘、斜坡区、断层边界、冲刷沟谷内壁
浅部地层活动断层继承深部断裂、火山活动强烈区
岩浆底辟(也有深部)与海山伴生
限制性
地质灾害
海底陡坎断层边界、海山边缘坡度较大区域、陡坡区不稳定,有产生破坏的可能性,需综合调查评价
浅部地层海底海山成片分布,构造和岩浆活动强烈区
), ArticleFig(id=1225366203259073203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of morphological characteristics of geological hazard factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型外形发育或影响长度/km厚度或高度/m显示特征成因
海底滑坡楔状1~6020~67杂乱反射构造活动、沉积作用、地形条件
活动断层排状4~12>40错断沉积层构造活动
岩浆底辟柱状0.8~10较深,未见底部杂乱或空白反射构造活动
冲刷沟谷V型、U型0.3~5下切深度10~28冲刷海底地层,形成下切谷沉积作用
海山柱状、锥状、蘑菇状1~15高出海底50~2 600杂乱或空白反射构造活动
陡坎阶梯状2~13落差5~200强振幅边界构造活动
沟槽条带状293~93810~40地形低洼处地形条件
), ArticleFig(id=1225366203393290937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224796541714584331, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灾害地质因素形态特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型外形发育或影响长度/km厚度或高度/m显示特征成因
海底滑坡楔状1~6020~67杂乱反射构造活动、沉积作用、地形条件
活动断层排状4~12>40错断沉积层构造活动
岩浆底辟柱状0.8~10较深,未见底部杂乱或空白反射构造活动
冲刷沟谷V型、U型0.3~5下切深度10~28冲刷海底地层,形成下切谷沉积作用
海山柱状、锥状、蘑菇状1~15高出海底50~2 600杂乱或空白反射构造活动
陡坎阶梯状2~13落差5~200强振幅边界构造活动
沟槽条带状293~93810~40地形低洼处地形条件
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西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷周缘地质灾害特征及诱发因素
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孙美静 1, 2 , 罗伟东 1, 2, * , 陈泓君 1, 2, * , 胡小三 1, 2 , 黄文凯 1, 2 , 杜文波 1, 2 , 周娇 1, 2 , 韩艳飞 1, 2 , 刘杰 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(4): 23-35
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(4): 23-35
西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷周缘地质灾害特征及诱发因素
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孙美静1, 2 , 罗伟东1, 2, * , 陈泓君1, 2, * , 胡小三1, 2, 黄文凯1, 2, 杜文波1, 2, 周娇1, 2, 韩艳飞1, 2, 刘杰3
作者信息
  • 1.广州海洋地质调查局 自然资源部海底矿产资源重点实验室,广东 广州 510075
  • 2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
  • 3.中国科学院广州能源研究所 中国科学院天然气水合物重点实验室,广东 广州 510640
  • 孙美静(1986-),女,辽宁省瓦房店市人,高级工程师,主要从事沉积学及海洋地质方面工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

罗伟东,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地形地貌学研究。E-mail:
陈泓君,教授级高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害地质学研究。E-mail:
Characteristics and inducing factors of geological hazards around the central rift in the West Philippine Basin
Meijing Sun1, 2 , Weidong Luo1, 2, * , Hongjun Chen1, 2, * , Xiaosan Hu1, 2, Wenkai Huang1, 2, Wenbo Du1, 2, Jiao Zhou1, 2, Yanfei Han1, 2, Jie Liu3
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China
  • 2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2022-04-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022080
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基于2018年在西菲律宾海盆最新实测的高分辨率浅地层剖面和多波束测深数据,对西菲律宾海盆中部的中央裂谷及周缘区域的海洋地质灾害进行分析。在研究区总体识别出两大类灾害地质因素:(1)破坏性地质因素,主要包括滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷和岩浆底辟;(2)限制性地质因素,以海山、陡坎、沟槽为主。利用浅地层剖面资料,精细刻画出灾害地质体的类型、形态、内部结构特征,并论述其分布区域、发育特点,探讨地质灾害产生的主要诱发因素及造成的不利影响。对研究区地质灾害的识别、分布范围的圈定和成因的分析,能够为海洋工程建设、装备预设和海上航行提供重要的地质依据,规避不利影响,提前做好风险预判。

地质灾害  /  浅地层剖面  /  中央裂谷  /  西菲律宾海盆

Based on the latest measured high-resolution shallow profile and multibeam bathymetric data in the West Philippine Basin in 2018, the marine geological disasters in the central rift and surrounding areas of the West Philippine Basin is analyzed in this paper. In the study area, two types of disaster geological factors are identified: one is destructive geological factors, mainly including landslide, active fault, gully and magma diapir; the second is the restrictive geological factors, mainly seamounts, scarps and trenches. Based on the shallow seismic profile, the type, shape and internal structure characteristics of geological hazards bodies are described in detail. The distribution area and development characteristics are discussed. The main inducing factors and adverse effects of geological hazards are discussed. The identification of geological hazards, the delineation of distribution range and the analysis of causes in the study area can provide important geological basis for marine engineering construction, equipment design and maritime navigation, avoid adverse effects and make risk prediction in advance.

geological hazards  /  shallow seismic profile  /  central rift  /  West Philippines Basin
孙美静, 罗伟东, 陈泓君, 胡小三, 黄文凯, 杜文波, 周娇, 韩艳飞, 刘杰. 西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷周缘地质灾害特征及诱发因素. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (4) : 23 -35 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022080
Meijing Sun, Weidong Luo, Hongjun Chen, Xiaosan Hu, Wenkai Huang, Wenbo Du, Jiao Zhou, Yanfei Han, Jie Liu. Characteristics and inducing factors of geological hazards around the central rift in the West Philippine Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (4) : 23 -35 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022080
西菲律宾海盆是在板块汇聚、俯冲、碰撞等复杂构造背景下,于45 Ma前形成的西太平洋菲律宾海内最大的盆地构造单元[1-2],直到距今30 Ma时停止扩张[3]。秦蕴珊和尹宏[4]分析了西太平洋对于科学研究和未来战略发展的重要性,认为西太平洋活跃的构造和流体活动、广泛发育的海山系等,可作为海洋科学理论突破和国家探寻海洋战略性资源的天然实验场,是我国实现海洋强国目标的重要战略区。
前人在菲律宾海区域做了很多研究,利用多波束测深、重力、磁力、地震等综合地球物理探测手段,研究大地构造分区[3]、板块运动与构造演化[5-8]、地形地貌特征[2, 9]
由于前人的研究多着手于大构造背景下,聚焦研究构造演化、地形地貌或是浅表层沉积特征等问题,而对于西菲律宾海盆的浅部地层结构、海洋地质灾害问题研究相对薄弱。杨慧良等[10]分析了九州−帕劳海脊两侧海盆的浅部地层结构,揭示了海底滑坡、丘状起伏地形沉积差异等地质特征。
浅地层剖面资料有利于查明海底浅部地层结构特征、掌握海底滑坡等地质灾害情况,可为海底管线布设规划优势路线[10-12]。本文旨在利用最新采集的浅地层剖面资料、多波束测深数据,结合前人区域构造、地形地貌方面的研究基础,从海洋环境灾害角度,明确研究区的灾害地质因素类型,解译其发育特征,进行灾害风险性分析,剖析各灾害因素之间的关联性,并探讨地质灾害发生的诱发因素。本研究有利于探索深海地质灾害问题,为日益增多的海洋工程建设提供科学依据。
西菲律宾海盆属于菲律宾海板块,它是欧亚板块、澳大利亚板块与太平洋板块汇聚地带,板块之间的运动碰撞、俯冲等构造活动强烈,形成复杂的构造单元[13]。西菲律宾海盆的北部紧邻琉球海沟,西面是马尼拉海沟,西南侧是菲律宾海沟,东部靠近九州−帛琉海岭(图1)。菲律宾海板块东部边界是伊豆−博宁−马里亚纳海沟、雅浦海沟、帕劳海沟,太平洋板块沿着伊豆−博宁−马里亚纳海沟向菲律宾海板块之下俯冲,形成了明显的海沟地形,造成了剧烈的火山活动[3, 10]。强烈的构造运动,使得岩浆活动频发,形成了本区复杂的海底地形地貌特征[2],西菲律宾海盆周围被这些复杂的地形地貌环绕,陆源输入沉积物较少,沉积覆盖少,更多地保存了原本形貌特征,为研究深水地质灾害的有利场所。研究区位于西菲律宾海盆中部的中央裂谷及周缘区域,中央裂谷为NW−SE向延伸,横断面呈V型,研究区水深变化范围为3 324~7 749 m,属于深水−超深水环境,中央裂谷内水深为5 751~7 749 m。中央裂谷周围区域地形起伏较大、坡度变化强烈,海底地形多呈现丘陵起伏的形态[9],其中海脊、海岭呈NW−SE向、NNW−SSE向和E−W向延伸并相间排列(图2图3)。
菲律宾海总体是受赤道流系和北太平洋副热带流系影响[14]。北赤道流处于8°~20°N的区域,为信风和浮力通量驱动的风生漂流,终年稳定地向西流动。北赤道流到达菲律宾海岸后在13°N附近分为两支,即向北流动的黑潮和向南流动的棉兰老流[15]。菲律宾海的水团主要包括北太平洋热带水(NPTW)、北太平洋中层水(NPIW)、南极中层水(AAIW)和亚热带模态水(STMW)[16]
本文中使用的多波束测深数据(图2图3)采用挪威康斯伯格海事公司的EM122全水深多波束测深系统采集,测量精度满足水深大于30 m时,误差小于实际水深值的1%;利用加拿大CARIS公司的CARIS HIPS 和 SIPS 7.1处理软件包,按常规处理流程进行数据处理。
文中的高分辨率浅地层剖面数据采用德国ATLAS公司的Parasound P70型深水参量浅地层剖面仪采集,记录分辨率为3~5 m;浅地层剖面资料利用RadExpro地震处理系统、SU地震处理系统软件与自编的浅剖数据预处理软件进行处理,主要处理内容包括坐标转换与位置校正、大值干扰压制、波形处理、带通滤波等。浅地层剖面资料的最大优势是纵深高分辨率[17],能更加清晰地展示浅部地层反射特征。使用的剖面测线在东西方向横切西菲律宾海盆的中央裂谷,反映出裂谷周缘地形及浅部地层结构信息。
前人对灾害地质类型的分类方法不一,侧重方面不同。主要依据:地质灾害危害程度[18-19];引起灾害发生的不同圈层[20];内外不同的动力体系[21-23];具体形态特征[24];成因、空间分布及其活动性[25];灾害地质因素的活动能力等。本文总结前人灾害地质的分类方法,结合研究区地形地貌、浅地层剖面实测资料,以实际应用性为原则,主要参考刘守全等[22]的分类准则,综合考量灾害地质营力、出现部位、危害性质,对本研究区灾害地质因素进行分类研究。
本文研究浅部地质灾害,明确地质灾害的危害性及其危害程度,规避不利影响,服务海洋工程建设,对海洋管道、光缆等建设的选址路径及施工等有重要地质指导意义。以此为思路,将灾害地质因素分为两大类(表1):(1)破坏性地质因素,如海底滑坡、活动断层、岩浆底辟和冲刷沟谷等,这类灾害对海洋工程具有高度危害性,难以防治,只能选择避开;(2)限制性地质因素,如海山、陡坎、沟槽等,其对海洋工程具有一定威胁,但不一定造成实质性危害。这种分类方案的优势是可以分门别类地关注地质灾害的危害程度,选择不同的处理方式,采用不同的应对方案,以减少灾害对人类生命和财产带来的危害。
西菲律宾海盆的中央裂谷及周缘为深水区域,地形变化大,易触发地质灾害,并且地质灾害类型丰富且复杂,主要有滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷、岩浆底辟、海山、陡坎及沟槽等,对海洋工程建设带来诸多风险,需谨慎分析,进行风险评估。对各类地形因素特征统计如表2所示。
(1)海底滑坡
海底滑坡是在地震、海啸、高沉积速率、海山等诱因影响下,结构疏松欠压实的沉积物,在重力的作用下,沿着一定的软弱面或软弱带,整体地或分散地顺坡从高处向低处发生块体搬运的过程,是广泛存在的一种重力流搬运机制,主要包括滑动、滑塌和碎屑流等作用过程[26-29]
研究区地形坡度较陡,如图3所示,坡度大于10°区域分布较广泛,主要包括中央裂谷区域及裂谷两侧,在裂谷南北两侧形成条带状的海脊,以NW−SE走向为主,还有NNW−SSE走向、近E−W走向,坡度均大于10°;同时,研究区还发育了较多的近E−W走向线状海脊,坡度为10°~20°。这些坡度较大区域是形成滑坡的地形优势区。
滑坡灾害地质因素在研究区分布最为广泛。在海山边缘地形较陡,沉积物很难稳定沉积,一般顺延海山边缘滑动或是散落至海山坡脚地形平缓、可容纳空间开阔处杂乱堆积,形成滑塌沉积体(图4);另外在斜坡区,沉积物顺延坡降方向,向下坡滑移堆积(图5)。滑坡沉积呈不规则外形,内部为杂乱反射或变振幅反射,无成层性。能够识别到滑坡发生的滑动面,一般表现出多期次活动特征,呈阶梯状滑移下降。滑坡体的后壁一般为陡峭不稳定区域(图5),如断层、海山侧壁;滑坡主体是滑动的主力军,推动沉积体位移;滑坡前端一般是坡底或较平坦区,滑移主体停止位移,前端多出现褶皱、变形特征。滑坡体的沉积物源一般为海山、海丘、断层等周缘剥蚀、崩塌产生的沉积物质,包括火山碎屑物、深海远洋沉积物。
滑坡与局部岩浆活动、断层、陡坎或陡坡等相关,一般是在地形有一定落差的区域,由局限性的部分沉积物不稳定造成的。如图5所示,在水深约5 100 m的陡坡区发育一滑坡体,在重力作用、断层诱发下,造成沉积层失稳,沿着斜坡或断层向下滑移、塌陷;滑体延伸约800 m,顶底厚度约43 m,越向下坡越厚;具有不对称丘状外形,内部沉积层局部发生褶皱变形,浅地层剖面反射连续性中等或较差、亚平行结构,局部呈弱振幅、局部杂乱反射结构或无反射;每个滑体的后壁可见明显的正断层,导致滑体内部地层错断,后壁表现为陡坎,海底可见小凹槽,推测是滑移过程中,沉积物不稳定,受底流冲刷形成。
海底滑坡是具有巨大危害的海洋地质灾害之一。滑坡体瞬时滑移进入水中,释放的强烈能量可能引发海啸;重力作用下缓慢滑动[27]。由于其不稳定性,往往会造成海上钻井平台、管道、海底电缆等工程设施断裂或倒塌[30],造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。
(2)活动断层
一般将新近纪以来曾发生过活动、正在活动、断续活动或未来还可能发生活动的断裂构造定义为活动断层(断裂)。一般表现为一条或是多条断层将连续的反射波阻产生错断,反射特征存在差异,断层上下盘地层厚度不同,地层有错断或是弯曲变形等。活动断层与地震活动关系密切,可触发海底滑坡等灾害。如图6a显示,上部沉积盖层向上拱起,发生变形,局部薄弱处发育断层,断层穿过海底,使得断层面两侧地层发生错动,分布有一组多条活动断层,分析这是由周围海山和下部岩浆底辟上涌的作用力所致。另外在相对平坦区域,浅部地层错断反射特征更加明显(图6b),可能与深部构造活动有关。从下向上断层继承性发育,断距在逐渐减小,通达海底,在浅地层剖面上能显示出来的断穿地层基本有50~60 ms以下的深度(图6)。
活动断层作用能引发地层错断、滑坡、塌陷等灾害[11]。断层引起的地面错动及其伴生的地面变形,往往会损害跨断层修建或建于附近的建筑物,同时,断层还会导致海底产生过大的差异沉降,对海洋工程危害巨大,沿海底断裂构造带发生的地震,可能会导致海啸的发生, 这些灾害往往会造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。
(3)岩浆底辟
岩浆底辟的发育机制主要与力源条件、沟通幔源岩的深大断裂和沉积围岩性质相关[31]。在一定触发机制作用下,天然地震或大规模构造运动,岩浆可沿深大断裂向上喷发或侵入围岩,带动沉积盖层产状发生变化,形成底辟构造。海山和岩浆底辟是地壳深部岩浆活动的产物,二者均能带来深部物质,区别在于是否喷发出地表,如岩浆喷出海底形成海山,岩浆底辟是岩浆未喷出海底,上涌到一定深度未再向上突破,上部有上拱状沉积层覆盖。岩浆底辟的发育往往与海山相伴生。
岩浆底辟整体上呈锥形或柱状上涌,未刺穿海底,两侧地层见上拉或切割(图7),底辟内部主要以杂乱反射为主,亦有显示呈空白反射,顶部呈丘状、强振幅反射,因岩浆上涌的作用力较大,虽未刺穿上部沉积盖层,但引起了地层发生上拱变形。两侧地层间偶见席状强反射(岩浆侵入)。根据岩浆底辟与周边地层的接触关系,推测岩浆底辟形成时间,如岩浆底辟影响上部和两侧地层产生不同程度的褶皱变形,表明底辟发生在地层形成之后;若底辟周围地层地震反射特征较连续,未发生任何褶皱变形,表明岩浆底辟发生在地层沉积之前。
岩浆底辟是一种潜在的灾害地质因素,底辟岩体与周围地层之间存在密度差异性,会影响其上的建筑物出现不均匀沉降,进而导致海底设施倾斜或是损毁[12]。岩浆底辟的控制因素主要为地幔上涌、断裂活动、沉积盖层厚度等,因此,底辟产生的影响作用亦受多种因素制约,需综合评价底辟的活动性及危害性。
(4)冲刷沟谷
冲刷沟谷是因海洋流体作用对海底沉积地层冲刷侵蚀而形成的海底负地形,如现今海底水道、峡谷等,它们可以延伸几千米到数百千米,下切谷深度有几米至上百米,横剖面形态多呈“V”型、“U”型、“W”型或“VU”复合型,谷壁陡峭。海底峡谷、水道的形成一般是受构造活动、地形条件、沉积作用、海平面变化、地震等多种因素控制,导致滑坡、滑塌,产生强烈沉积物流,并不断发生侵蚀,从而加深、增宽[32-34]。研究区水深多为3 500~7 500 m,属于深海环境,且沉积速率相对较低,多发生构造活动,因此,中央裂谷周缘区域的冲刷沟谷的发育与构造作用相关。
研究区的海底峡谷、水道零散分布,如在海山之间的低洼沉积区(图8a),或是在地形较平坦区域,或是在斜坡区的滑坡上(图5图8a)。峡谷的横剖面下切谷多呈“V”型、“U”型(图8a),峡谷形态为“U”型,下切深度可达17 ms,谷顶宽2.4 km左右,谷底宽约1 km,谷壁较陡,并受断层控制,沿着断层边界沉积物不断受到水流冲刷,发生垮塌,剥蚀堆积到谷底就地沉积或随水流搬运再沉积,多以侵蚀作用为主,局部发生沉积充填作用。一般在海山之间有限空间区,因水流流动空间受限,流态改变,冲刷能力变强,多发育“V”型深谷。另外,部分沟谷发育在断层附近(图5),斜坡上发育了多个滑坡体,在它的后壁多为断层,紧邻断层的后壁出现沟谷,其是由受底流冲刷的局部滑坡沉积层形成。因断层型陡坎的发育,导致地层不稳定,易受到冲刷剥蚀或是垮塌,从而形成下切谷(图8b)。海底峡谷、水道两侧多发育断层,易发生滑坡,稳定性较差,不利于工程建设的稳固性。
(1)海底海山
海底海山具有圆形、椭圆形或锥形顶面,是深部岩浆上涌出露海底形成的火成岩山体[12]。西菲律宾海盆属于全球最复杂构造活动区域之一,岩浆活动活跃[3, 8],海山分布非常广泛,呈现海山林立、地形高低起伏的特征。海底海山形态多样,如形似蘑菇状、锥状,下大上小,顶部呈丘状或尖锥形,高出海底50~2 500 m不等。海山内部呈弱振或空白反射的杂乱结构特征,局部显示为强振幅反射。根据海山的组合,可分为单峰海山(图7)、双峰海山(图9a)及多峰海山(图9b),组合规模反映了深部岩浆活动的强弱。
因海山与周围地层的接触关系不同,能推测出海山的发育时代,如海山周缘地层发生褶皱变形,向上拱起,表明海山在地层形成之后发育;如局部海山周围地层平整,无变形褶皱,为连续反射特征,表明海山的发育要早于该处的地层沉积。
海山是一种限制性的地质灾害因素,它可能与断层、陡坎、滑坡、岩浆底辟等多种地质因素关联。海山周围地层褶皱变形,稳定性变差,容易发生滑塌,海山侧壁坡度陡,不利于海底光缆铺设,施工应尽量避开。同时海底海山可能成为暗礁,或是部分海山高耸,地形起伏变化较大,可能对水下航行器或是大型船舶航行造成一定阻碍,容易发生事故,需提前备航掌握地形分布情况。
(2)陡坎
陡坎处海底地形急剧变化,形成高角度陡坡、陡崖,常见多个下降台阶的陡坡,称为阶梯状陡坎。陡坎的分布受到区域构造作用控制。研究区陡坎发育与断层、滑坡、岩浆底辟及海山等密切相关。陡坎主要分为两种类型:断层型陡坎和海山型陡坎。
断层型陡坎与浅断层活动密切相关。浅断层切割到海底,通常在断层下盘形成坡度较陡的负地形。如图8b所示,沉积层呈断崖式堆积,顺延地势向下呈多级断崖,高差一般为10~50 m,陡坎边界受断层控制,且向下坡度逐级的变缓。
海山型陡坎受火山活动影响,海山规模越大,坡度越陡。因海山分布较广,所以海山型陡坎发育较多。如在中央裂谷两侧分布较多的条带状海山(图3),坡度一般较陡,大部分为1°~13°,在海山边侧易形成阶梯状陡坎,其高差不等,大型的陡坎高差达几百米,小型陡坎高差亦有几米到十几米,并且向下坡坡度逐渐变陡(图10)。
陡坎及其周边土体的物理和土工性质差异较大,陡坎地形变化也大,进行海底桩基、管道铺设难度增加,所以陡坎分布区域的地质基础条件差,施工建设应尽量规避。
(3)沟槽
该沟槽为地形地貌型大型沟槽,如海山之间分布的低洼区域,主要成因是构造,而冲刷沟谷则是由沉积和水动力作用形成。沟槽与海山的高耸形成鲜明的地形高差,与地形地貌特征直接相关,这类灾害因素吴时国等[29]称之为凹凸地貌。研究区受到强烈的构造断裂切割,海底地形起伏的幅度较大[9]。如海山林立,尤其在中央裂谷东南侧和西北侧,海山分布范围更广、规模更大,尤以海山之间发育的一系列沟槽为特点(图4图7图9)。中央裂谷是呈NW-SE走向的特大型负地形沟槽,裂谷南部和北部亦有分布NW-SE走向的条带状沟槽,较中央裂谷区规模要小,沟槽与地形地貌单元分布有较好的对应关系。中央裂谷沟槽的最大宽度约为28.4 km,平均宽度约为20 km,槽深范围为1 095~3 035 m;南北两侧沟槽的宽度一般为1~4 km,槽深分布范围为293~937 m(图11),呈宽而浅的特征。所以中央裂谷相对周缘其他区域是规模最大海槽发育区。
管线铺设的时候遇到研究区海山与沟槽相间分布的情况,不利于走线,一是地形的起伏较大,二是火成岩体很坚硬施工困难;另外对于水下航行要注意地形的起伏变化,设定最优航行水深区段。
研究区发育的地质灾害活动,往往出现数种因素联合制动现象。图12显示,靠近海山边缘,地形陡峭(坡度大),沉积物多发生滑坡、崩塌,边界呈陡坎地形,斜坡上部的沉积层继续顺延地形由高向低处滑移堆积,沉积层内部发生挤压变形,形成丘状体,其稳定性变弱[35],易受水流冲刷侵蚀,形成沟谷地形。滑塌体或是沟谷边界多受断层控制影响。
综上分析,西菲律宾海盆中部属于火山活动活跃区,海山广泛发育;在海山边缘或是岩浆底辟上覆地层破裂多发育活动断层;海山之间的低洼沉积区形成沟槽,呈现高低起伏波动较大的地形特征;海山侧壁地形坡度较陡峭,易于发生滑坡、陡坎,其次在斜坡区重力作用下也可发育滑坡;在水动力条件较强或沉积不稳定的局部区域,受底流冲刷可形成峡谷、水道等冲刷沟谷,一般冲刷沟谷类灾害地质因素在研究区发现的较少。
海洋地质灾害的发生是多种因素引起的海底稳定性失衡。下面从构造活动、海底地貌等方面讨论研究区海洋地质灾害发育的影响因素。
沿着断裂薄弱带岩浆上涌或发育海底海山或底辟,海底海山边界即是断层边界,岩浆底辟上拱造成上部地层破裂形成一系列活动断层[36],在斜坡上,由多个断层边界控制下发育多级阶梯状陡坎。断裂发育,破坏地层稳定性,产生欠稳定裂隙,裂隙可能成为底流作用的突破口,对地层不断剥蚀冲刷,形成海底冲刷沟谷。因此,活动断层、海底海山、岩浆底辟、陡坎和海底冲刷沟谷等灾害地质因素均与构造作用密切相关。
多种灾害地质因素均与构造活动密切相关。火山活动与海山、岩浆底辟直接相关,为它们提供了深部岩浆物质基础与动力的源泉,岩浆沿着断裂薄弱带上涌,形成出露海底的火成岩体,或是藏于沉积层之下的底辟岩体,造成沉积地层不稳定。海底滑坡、浅断层、陡坎与火山活动具有内在相关性。在研究区的地形地貌和浅地层剖面资料中均发现大量海山和岩浆底辟(基于浅地层剖面)。海山边界即是断层位置,海山边缘是滑坡的多发地带[37]。岩浆底辟上供作用使得上覆地层变形[29],岩浆侵入体上部地层破碎可能产生浅部断层;或侵入体周缘地层因上拱作用力影响,地层稳定性变差,可能成为底流作用的突破口,对地层不断剥蚀冲刷,形成冲刷沟谷。所以构造活动是地质灾害发育的根本性诱发因素。海山边缘多发育一系列相关灾害地质因素,如阶梯状陡坎、断层、滑坡、沟谷等,属于稳定性较差区域[29],因此,研究区的火山活动引发地质灾害的几率是非常大的[38]
在中央裂谷及周缘研究区,地形地貌上最显著的特征是海山林立、成片分布,发生沉积的区域有限,沉积层厚度较薄[39]。陡峭型海山侧壁的坡度为10°~20°,坡度稍缓和的区域坡度为5°~10°,大部分相对平缓海山的侧壁坡度一般为2°~5°,所以研究区整体坡度都较陡,具备发育海底滑坡的有利地形基础[29],同时,因海山分布广泛,在它们之间发育了大量沟槽地形。
(1)西菲律宾海盆中部区域发育了多种灾害地质因素类型,一为破坏性地质因素:海底滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷和岩浆底辟等;二为限制型地质因素:海山、陡坎、沟槽。其中,海底滑坡、海山、陡坎、沟槽类因素在研究区分布最为广泛。
(2)海底滑坡、活动断层、岩浆底辟、冲刷沟谷、海山、陡坎和地形沟槽发育的根本原因是构造活动,其中岩浆底辟和海山形成的直接影响是火山活动;海山地貌是发育滑坡和沟槽的地形基础,同时断层活动和重力作用是海底滑坡、陡坎发育的动力条件;海底冲刷沟谷的形成受构造活动、沉积作用的综合影响。
(3)地质灾害风险评价中,海底滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷和岩浆底辟属于破坏性高风险灾害地质因素,海上施工建设时一定要避开;海山、陡坎、沟槽为潜在性灾害地质因素,海底工程实施可能存在风险,不是必定发生,但一定要重视,若要在此施工需实施进一步风险等级评估。
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)重大专项(GML2019ZD0207)
  • 中国地质调查局项目(DD20191002)
  • 国家重点基金(91958212)
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2022年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022080
  • 接收时间:2021-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-07
  • 修回日期:2021-09-24
基金
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)重大专项(GML2019ZD0207)
中国地质调查局项目(DD20191002)
国家重点基金(91958212)
作者信息
    1.广州海洋地质调查局 自然资源部海底矿产资源重点实验室,广东 广州 510075
    2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
    3.中国科学院广州能源研究所 中国科学院天然气水合物重点实验室,广东 广州 510640

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罗伟东,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地形地貌学研究。E-mail:
陈泓君,教授级高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害地质学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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