Article(id=1224795179622744342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795175415857383, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1602000000000, receivedDateStr=2020-10-07, revisedDate=1613491200000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943526416, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1646064000000, pubDateStr=2022-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943526416, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943526416, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943526416, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795175415857383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='146', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943525413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995902698, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014861743145000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795175415857383, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014861747339305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795175415857383, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795179891179807, articleId=1224795179622744342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The impact of artificial island construction on sedimentary characteristics and sediment transport in the Haikou Bay, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, artificial islands have been widely constructed in coastal areas to quickly obtain high-quality land resources. However, the construction of artificial islands may exert substantial effects on the distribution patterns and transport processes of offshore seabed sediments. To understand the changes and transport characteristics of sediments after the construction of artificial islands, this article focuses on the impact of Nanhaimingzhu (NHMZ) artificial island on the properties and distribution of offshore seabed sediments in the Haikou Bay. With surface sediments sampled respectively in the offshore of the Haikou Bay before and after the construction of NHMZ artificial island, the changes in sediment characteristics were analyzed. The impact of NHMZ artificial island on the surface sediments properties and transport trend in the Haikou Bay was discussed with sedimentary dynamic and grain size trends analysis. The results showed that the surface sediment properties changed significantly after the construction of NHMZ artificial island, with the fine-grained sediment composition increased, grain size decreased and the sorting worsen. It was found that the weakening of sedimentary dynamic conditions in the Haikou Bay caused by NHMZ artificial island was an important factor for the changes in seabed surface sediments grain size and the trend of sediment transport.

, correspAuthors=Hongshuai Qi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheyu Xiao, Hongshuai Qi, Feng Cai, Gen Liu, Shaohua Zhao, Jun Zhu, Gang Lei, Hang Yin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795183359869364, articleId=1224795179622744342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=人工岛建设对海口湾沉积特征与泥沙运移的影响, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,人工岛被广泛应用于沿海地区的填海造陆工程以快速获得优质土地,但大面积的人工岛建设会对近岸海底沉积物的分布模式及输运过程产生重要影响。为认识人工岛建设后沉积物变化与运移特征,本文以南海明珠人工岛对海口湾的影响为例,根据人工岛建设前后分别在海口湾近岸采集的底质表层沉积物分析了沉积物特征变化,结合沉积动力分析及粒径趋势分析等方法,讨论了人工岛建设对海口湾表层沉积物性质及运移的影响。研究结果表明,在人工岛建设后,湾内表层沉积物细粒组分增加、粒径减小、分选变差;人工岛修建造成的海口湾沉积动力条件减弱是湾内沉积物变细、泥沙运移方向改变的重要原因。

, correspAuthors=戚洪帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
戚洪帅(1980-),男,山东省日照市人,研究员,主要从事海岸动力地貌研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IE4qrO1xwudh8Jt+OXoE+g==, magXml=vgddfdRs97JSE+KDuz20Cg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=36/+JFNmTcwJ1HudxxpE6Q==, pdfFileSize=1846410, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fqEj3XoPRT+s4jTyKFm74w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z4WSnpLJhCtUCW15ZaKA0Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

肖哲宇(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事海洋地质方面的研究。E-mail:

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肖哲宇(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事海洋地质方面的研究。E-mail:

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肖哲宇(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事海洋地质方面的研究。E-mail:

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Prelimary study on tidally-induced sediment fluxes of the Qiongzhou Strait[J]. 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A special study on the risk of sea using on Nanhaimingzhu artificial island, Haikou Bay[R]. Haikou: Hainan Institute of Marine Development Planning and Design, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366072015110650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=自然资源部第三海洋研究所. 海口市沙滩补砂可行性技术论证——西海岸波浪数学模型专题研究报告[R]. 厦门: 自然资源部第三海洋研究所, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366072094802428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource. Feasibility study on beach sand replenishment technology of Haikou City—research report on numerical wave model of western coast in Haikou City[R]. Xiamen: Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366072174494205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘晓强, 杨燕华. 海口港秀英港区航道泥沙淤积特征研究[J]. 水力发电学报, 2018, 37(8): 64−74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1225366072249991677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xiaoqiang, Yang Yanhua. Characteristics of sediment accumulation in the waterway of Xiuying Harbor District, Haikou Port[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2018, 37(8): 64−74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225366065669128484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, awardId=41930538, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41930538), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225366059394450393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225366059411227611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, companyId=1225366059394450393, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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a, b. Average grain size before and after the construction of artificial island; c, d. sorting coefficient before and after the construction of artificial island

, figureFileSmall=jZ4zEJY6hdgamTBFYFB6bQ==, figureFileBig=HpTHWwj4UEuYszLlMKB7Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366064482140409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图5, caption=表层沉积物粒度参数变化

a、b. 人工岛建设前后平均粒径;c、d. 人工岛建设前后分选系数

, figureFileSmall=jZ4zEJY6hdgamTBFYFB6bQ==, figureFileBig=HpTHWwj4UEuYszLlMKB7Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366064599580925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Frequency distribution curves of surface sediment grain size before and after the construction of artificial island

a. Two nearby stations in twice samplings; b. all stations in coincidence area in twice samplings

, figureFileSmall=njTQyPTyBwSqreKPDwKZGA==, figureFileBig=Ltgtoqv4gABEt7qOyVDSJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366064712827138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图6, caption=人工岛建设前后表层沉积物粒径频率分布曲线

a. 两次采样位置接近的站位;b. 采样重合区域内所有站位

, figureFileSmall=njTQyPTyBwSqreKPDwKZGA==, figureFileBig=Ltgtoqv4gABEt7qOyVDSJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366064813490437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Flemming’s ternary diagram of surface sediment sample stations, figureFileSmall=A2l8Bi7tINZUqxXpOzbM8Q==, figureFileBig=DQYp72fj3UUx0Bq37SzXRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366064930930952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图7, caption=表层沉积物Flemming三角图, figureFileSmall=A2l8Bi7tINZUqxXpOzbM8Q==, figureFileBig=DQYp72fj3UUx0Bq37SzXRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065056760079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Trend of surface sediment transport in the Haikou Bay

a. Before the construction; b. after the construction; arrows represents the direction of trend of sediment transport

, figureFileSmall=xK8/8aarCtWNxqRFXd2zaw==, figureFileBig=/+5GUfqiPwGmFhBkwaEgxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065170006288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图8, caption=海口湾表层沉积物运移趋势

a. 人工岛建设前;b. 人工岛建设后;箭头代表沉积物运移的趋势方向

, figureFileSmall=xK8/8aarCtWNxqRFXd2zaw==, figureFileBig=/+5GUfqiPwGmFhBkwaEgxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065241309459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Numerical simulation result of flood current (a) and ebb current (b) speed after the construction of artificial island (modified from reference [38]), figureFileSmall=w1iO4JfSqCJiSXfUqsp0Kw==, figureFileBig=qSEdg45hQjbZfK1aUUclxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065333584151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图9, caption=人工岛建设后涨潮流(a)和落潮流(b)流速变化模拟(据文献[38] 修改), figureFileSmall=w1iO4JfSqCJiSXfUqsp0Kw==, figureFileBig=qSEdg45hQjbZfK1aUUclxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065400693019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Changes of water depth and shoreline in shadow zone before and after the construction of artificial island

a. Water depth variation; b. shoreline variation from topographic data in 2010 and 2019

, figureFileSmall=vm+bPUTCg5munNix49w7fg==, figureFileBig=Mmbf0nzu7Jy48LJCl6DXRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225366065492967711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795179622744342, language=CN, label=图10, caption=人工岛建设前后水深变化及波影区岸线变化

a. 水深变化;b. 岸线变化,采用2010年、2019年地形

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人工岛建设对海口湾沉积特征与泥沙运移的影响
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肖哲宇 1 , 戚洪帅 1, 2, * , 蔡锋 1, 2 , 刘根 1 , 赵绍华 1, 2 , 朱君 1, 2 , 雷刚 1, 2 , 尹航 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022,44(3): 137-146
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022, 44(3): 137-146
人工岛建设对海口湾沉积特征与泥沙运移的影响
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肖哲宇1 , 戚洪帅1, 2, * , 蔡锋1, 2, 刘根1, 赵绍华1, 2, 朱君1, 2, 雷刚1, 2, 尹航1
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
  • 2.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 肖哲宇(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事海洋地质方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

戚洪帅(1980-),男,山东省日照市人,研究员,主要从事海岸动力地貌研究。E-mail:
The impact of artificial island construction on sedimentary characteristics and sediment transport in the Haikou Bay
Zheyu Xiao1 , Hongshuai Qi1, 2, * , Feng Cai1, 2, Gen Liu1, Shaohua Zhao1, 2, Jun Zhu1, 2, Gang Lei1, 2, Hang Yin1
Affiliations
  • 1. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2022-03-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022001
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近年来,人工岛被广泛应用于沿海地区的填海造陆工程以快速获得优质土地,但大面积的人工岛建设会对近岸海底沉积物的分布模式及输运过程产生重要影响。为认识人工岛建设后沉积物变化与运移特征,本文以南海明珠人工岛对海口湾的影响为例,根据人工岛建设前后分别在海口湾近岸采集的底质表层沉积物分析了沉积物特征变化,结合沉积动力分析及粒径趋势分析等方法,讨论了人工岛建设对海口湾表层沉积物性质及运移的影响。研究结果表明,在人工岛建设后,湾内表层沉积物细粒组分增加、粒径减小、分选变差;人工岛修建造成的海口湾沉积动力条件减弱是湾内沉积物变细、泥沙运移方向改变的重要原因。

人工岛  /  表层沉积物  /  粒径趋势分析  /  沉积特征  /  海口湾

In recent years, artificial islands have been widely constructed in coastal areas to quickly obtain high-quality land resources. However, the construction of artificial islands may exert substantial effects on the distribution patterns and transport processes of offshore seabed sediments. To understand the changes and transport characteristics of sediments after the construction of artificial islands, this article focuses on the impact of Nanhaimingzhu (NHMZ) artificial island on the properties and distribution of offshore seabed sediments in the Haikou Bay. With surface sediments sampled respectively in the offshore of the Haikou Bay before and after the construction of NHMZ artificial island, the changes in sediment characteristics were analyzed. The impact of NHMZ artificial island on the surface sediments properties and transport trend in the Haikou Bay was discussed with sedimentary dynamic and grain size trends analysis. The results showed that the surface sediment properties changed significantly after the construction of NHMZ artificial island, with the fine-grained sediment composition increased, grain size decreased and the sorting worsen. It was found that the weakening of sedimentary dynamic conditions in the Haikou Bay caused by NHMZ artificial island was an important factor for the changes in seabed surface sediments grain size and the trend of sediment transport.

artificial island  /  surface sediment  /  grain size trends analysis  /  sedimentary characteristics  /  Haikou Bay
肖哲宇, 戚洪帅, 蔡锋, 刘根, 赵绍华, 朱君, 雷刚, 尹航. 人工岛建设对海口湾沉积特征与泥沙运移的影响. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (3) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022001
Zheyu Xiao, Hongshuai Qi, Feng Cai, Gen Liu, Shaohua Zhao, Jun Zhu, Gang Lei, Hang Yin. The impact of artificial island construction on sedimentary characteristics and sediment transport in the Haikou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (3) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022001
沿海城市承载着我国25%以上的人口,创造了55%以上的国民生产总值[1]。随着城镇化程度和人口的增加,沿海城市不断扩张,现有土地已难以满足城市建设的需要。人工岛是为拓展陆地空间而建造的构筑物,在建设港口、机场、桥梁等基础设施时能发挥重要作用,可以填补城市建设用地缺口,满足经济发展对土地的大量需求。近年来国内人工岛建设大幅增加,先后建造了大连金州湾海上机场、龙口人工岛群、漳州双鱼岛、海南凤凰岛、海花岛、南海明珠岛等大量人工岛。但随之而来的是一系列环境问题,如施工过程中产生的悬浮泥沙使水体浑浊度上升,对工程区生态环境以及邻近海域的珊瑚礁产生不利影响[2-3],海床采砂也会影响浮游及底栖生物种类的多样性[4];建设迎水面长度过大的人工岛会减弱水体交换速率,影响海域污染的消散速度[5];人工岛建设会改变邻近动力环境,使海岸及航道出现不均匀的侵淤[6-7],影响岸线景观和生态环境。
近年来,人工岛建设对近岸环境的影响已逐渐成为热点问题。目前研究主要集中在人工岛对潮流、波浪及泥沙冲淤的影响预测[8-10]、人工岛邻近海岸海滩形态以及岸线的监测[11-13]、人工岛建设后表层沉积物中黏土矿物组分变化[14]等方面,其中对人工岛建设导致环境变化的模拟预测较多,对人工岛建成后建设区域沉积特征的实测分析较少。沉积物作为沉积环境的最直观表现,反映了区域内物源、动力条件的变化,对人工岛建设前后沉积物特征进行比对分析,有助于深入理解人工岛对周边区域沉积动力环境的影响。
本文以南海明珠人工岛为例,通过研究建设前后的表层沉积物变化,计算相关粒度参数并结合沉积动力分析、粒径趋势分析,探讨了人工岛建设对附近海域沉积动力条件和沉积物运移的影响。
海口湾北临琼州海峡,东部邻近南渡江,为向北敞开的螺线型海湾。湾内海滩发育,岸线长约20 km,东西两端被海甸岛及后海基岩岬角所限制。近海地貌主要为水下浅滩,多发育在海湾东部和中部,后海附近离岸500 m处有一平行岸线的潮流冲刷槽,深4~8 m,宽约2 km。湾内底质以砂–粉砂质为主,坡度平缓,水深多在5 m以内。人工岛拟建设区域水深较浅,其上部发育的浅滩水深仅0.7~1.3 m。南渡江在新埠岛分汊,经北干流、横沟河、海甸溪3条支流入海,其中北干流为主要水沙排泄通道[15]。受20世纪70年代以来上游水坝建设和河道采砂的影响,南渡江三角洲逐渐停止增长,入海泥沙减少导致岸线发生侵蚀[16]
南海明珠人工岛位于海口湾西侧(图1),于2010年开工建设,2016年竣工,围海面积约为4.6 km²。人工岛外缘轮廓呈圆形,直径约为2.4 km,离岸距离约为2 km,人工岛南部围填于水下浅滩之上,造陆面积约为2.2 km²,北部为环抱式防波堤及游艇港池,港池内最大水深约为16 m。
研究区受北部湾潮波以及琼州海峡东口传入的南海潮波控制,潮汐类型为不正规全日潮,潮流主要为往复流形式,优势流向为东西向。波浪以风浪为主,常浪向为ENE,频率为30%,次常浪向为NE向,频率为23%。研究海域波高不大,浪高小于0.6 m的年均频率约为60%,小于1.5 m的频率达96%;年平均波周期为3 s,夏半年波周期略小于冬半年。研究区受风暴事件影响频繁,年均2~3个热带气旋登陆或影响研究海域。
分别于人工岛建设前后在研究海域进行表层沉积物采样。2009年12月在拟建人工岛区域共采集70个样品,采样网格为1.0 km×1.0 km;2019年9月共采集151个样品,采样网格为0.5 km×1.0 km(图2)。分别将2009年、2019年采样结果作为人工岛建设前后典型的底质分布状态以便于讨论。
人工岛建设前水深地形数据由2010年海道测量局出版的《海口湾》海图数字化获得(图2a);人工岛建设后水深地形数据综合了2018年与2019年海图以及2019年8月的单波束测深结果(图2b)。本文通过两期次水深地形的对比分析,利用ArcGIS生成海口湾冲淤变化图。
沉积物样品中的砾石采用筛析法分析,使用孔径间隔为0.5Φ的筛网过筛;细粒沉积物经离心、清洗及超声波震荡、加入六偏磷酸钠充分分散后使用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度仪进行粒度测试,粒度仪分析范围为0.02~2 000 μm,同时使用双氧水及稀盐酸以去除沉积物中的生物碳酸钙与其他有机质。沉积物分类采用Shepard三角图[17],分级标准采用Udden-Wentworth粒度分级[18]。粒度参数计算采用Folk-Ward方法[19]。由于两次采样范围不同(图2),因此选择重合区域内的站位(2009年59个,2019年98个)经克里金插值作图后对比沉积物组分及粒度参数变化。
本文采用Flemming三角图分析人工岛建设前后海口湾水动力条件以及沉积环境的变化。Flemming三角图中划分了25个小区域,对应不同的沉积动力条件[20]。以沉积物中砂含量95%、75%、50%、25%、5%的值作为区域分界线,将三角图划分为S、A、B、C、D、E共6个区域,从S区到E区,砂含量逐渐减少,沉积物粒径变细;以粉砂及黏土含量10%、25%、50%、75%、90%为界限,划分为I~VI共6个水动力区,从I区到VI区,动力条件逐渐减弱。此方法已在海湾[21]、三角洲[22]、河口[23]等不同沉积环境中有较好的应用。
在沉积物搬运过程中,沉积物的粒度参数会沿搬运方向发生变化,因此可以利用粒度特征的空间差异来确定沉积物的运移方向。本文采用基于Gao-Collins方法的Fortran程序[24]对海口湾人工岛建设前后沉积物运移进行分析。Gao和Collins[25-26]在Mclaren等研究的一维泥沙运移模型的基础上建立了二维沉积物运移趋势分析方法(GSTA),其采用粒度参数计算采样点与相邻各点间的多个粒径趋势矢量,最终合成单一的趋势向量。目前Gao-Collins方法已经被广泛应用于海滩[27]、陆架[28]等环境中。
海口湾人工岛建设前后表层沉积物类型主要有黏土质粉砂、砂–粉砂–黏土、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂以及砾质砂(图3a)。人工岛建设前海口湾以砂和粉砂质砂为主,主要分布于海湾西北部以及中部人工岛拟建设区域;其次为砂质粉砂和黏土质粉砂,主要分布于海甸岛与人工岛建设区域之间以及近岸区域;砾质砂主要分布于海口湾西侧深水区,湾内含量少。人工岛建设后湾内沉积物类型以黏土质粉砂为主,主要分布于海口湾东南侧、人工岛西侧以及近岸区域。在人工岛建设后,海口湾西北部砂及粉砂质砂明显减少,砾质砂消失,东南部黏土质粉砂的分布区域由海甸岛附近扩大到整个海口湾内(图3b)。
人工岛修建后湾内砂组分以减少为主(图4a),海湾东部最大变化量为–50%,在人工岛西侧出现–90%的极大值;在海口湾北侧深水区以及人工岛与海口港之间,砂含量增加了10%~40%。与砂含量的变化相反,人工岛西侧的粉砂含量增加了20%~60%,黏土含量增加了10%~30%;海口湾东侧粉砂和黏土的增加量分别在10%~30%、10%~20%之间(图4b图4c)。人工岛建设后海口湾表层沉积物组分发生明显变化,大部分区域砂含量降低,粉砂和黏土含量增加。人工岛建设前海口湾内砾石含量低,仅个别站位高于10%,建设后未见砾石组分。
人工岛建设前海口湾表层沉积物平均粒径(Mz)均值为2.69Φ,极值范围在–0.52Φ至6.41Φ之间(图5a)。海口湾西北部潮流流速较大[29],表层沉积物以中–粗砂为主,平均粒径普遍小于3.00Φ;海口湾中部浅滩水深小于5 m,以1.07Φ~2.94Φ的细砂和中砂为主;在海口湾的东侧存在平行于岸线并向西延伸的舌状细粒沉积区,主要为4.05Φ~6.40Φ的粉砂。总体上人工岛建设前海口湾以粒径小于4.00Φ的砂质沉积物为主,仅在海口湾东北侧及近岸部分区域有粉砂、黏土质沉积物分布。
人工岛建设后海口湾表层沉积物平均粒径范围在–0.10Φ~7.48Φ之间,均值为4.71Φ,湾内沉积物粒径大面积变细(图5b)。海口湾东部粉砂质沉积物平均粒径由4.05Φ~6.40Φ上升至4.01Φ~7.47Φ,原有的舌状细粒沉积区扩大到整个海口湾东部。同时人工岛西侧及海口港附近的沉积物粒径也不同程度变细。
人工岛修建前海口湾绝大部分区域沉积物的分选系数(σi)小于0.40,均值为0.36,分选良好,仅在北部潮流通道及湾内个别含砾站位分选较差(图5c)。海口湾砂质沉积物主要为潮流侵蚀产物,经波浪与潮流持续搬运分选后在湾内形成较稳定的浅滩堆积体[12],其沉积物分选普遍较好。人工岛修建后海口湾表层沉积物分选系数范围在0.40~3.37之间,均值为2.30,分选明显变差(图5d)。海口湾东北部与人工岛南部近岸区域分选系数增加,绝大部分区域大于2.00,这与湾内工程建设等人类活动直接相关。
人工岛建设前沉积物粒度曲线为双峰,粒径为1Φ~3Φ的砂质沉积物频率较高(图6b);建设后粒径曲线中粗粒组分峰值降低,细粒组分峰态变宽,总体明显变细。工程建设后表层沉积物中砂质组分明显减少,但湾内不同位置沉积物变细的程度存在差异(图6a),这说明人工岛可能一定程度上影响了细粒沉积物在湾内的分布。工程建设前表层沉积物较低的分选系数表明当时湾内动力条件稳定,沉积物能持续接受分选,水动力和物源处于动态平衡之中,而人工岛建设影响湾内潮流流速及波浪强度,使海湾东侧和人工岛波影区内动力减弱,悬移质更易在湾内沉积,导致分选系数普遍增大。
人工岛修建前海口湾表层沉积物在II区和III区均有分布(图7),约60%的站位位于S、A、B区,显示了建设前海口湾较强的水动力环境。人工岛建设后所有表层沉积物只分布于III区,多数站位黏土与粉砂含量的比值增大,更靠近粉砂与黏土端元,分别有约15%、30%、15%的站位分布于C、D、E区。结合沉积物各组分含量变化(图4),整体上海口湾内细粒组分增加,人工岛东西侧区域是黏土和粉砂增加的主要位置,说明人工岛建设后沉积动力减弱,且以人工岛东西侧最为明显。
海口湾表层沉积物分布受到长期物源变化与填海工程建设的影响。海口湾内主要有两种物源,砂质表层沉积物主要来自海底侵蚀的湛江组地层,海湾东部的粉砂及黏土质沉积物主要来源于南渡江入海泥沙。潮流侵蚀产生的碎屑物质经波浪分选形成平行于岸线的沙坝堆积体及浅滩[12],而南渡江输入的粉砂及黏土沉积物由NE向波浪及西向沿岸流搬运至湾内[30-31]。20世纪末以来,南渡江因水坝建设入海沉积通量逐年降低,三角洲前缘侵蚀后退。根据南渡江下游龙塘站实测数据,南渡江年均悬移质输沙量和含沙量均呈减小趋势[32],导致海口湾东部的细粒沉积物来源减少。通过分析1963–2003年多期次等深线可知,近年来海口湾海底地形总体稳定,但湾内局部呈略微侵蚀状态[12]。因此在人工岛建设前,海口湾物源相对不足并维持着缓慢的侵蚀过程。近年来,填海项目建设一定程度上影响了海口湾的平衡过程。海甸岛、新埠岛、海口港工程固化三角洲和湾顶的岸线,减少了南渡江三角洲侵蚀产物的输入;位于海口湾中部的人工岛影响波浪及往复潮流流速,与其他工程共同作用使海口湾遮蔽程度增强。
海口湾表层沉积物受到潮流、波浪、径流、沿岸流等多动力因素的综合控制,上述结果表明,在琼州海峡水动力总体稳定及南渡江物源供给减少的背景条件下,人工岛与其他填海工程的建设导致海口湾内沉积动力下降,表层沉积物变细。
本文使用2009年70个站位及2019年77个站位进行粒径趋势分析。在计算过程中,采样间距过小将产生噪声[33],且规则的采样网格计算结果较为可靠[34],因此去除2019年南北方向上部分过密的站位,使采样网格间距为1.0 km(与2009年一致),同时采用贾建军等[34]的方式计算特征距离。结果表明,人工岛修建前海口湾表层沉积物总体运移趋势是从湾外向湾内输运,在海湾西部以东南向输运为主,海湾东部以西南向输运为主(图8a)。在人工岛拟建设区域,海口湾西部向湾内搬运的沉积物有汇聚的趋势,形成该处较浅的砂质浅滩。海口湾东部是南渡江细粒物质进入湾内沉积的主要区域,由于具有多种物源,其粒径趋势更为复杂,但整体仍表现为由深水区向湾顶及近岸的港口、岬角遮蔽段等弱动力区域运移。人工岛修建后,海口湾表层沉积物总体保持了由湾外到湾内的运移趋势,但局部运移方向明显改变,海湾西部主要的运移趋势由东南向转变为南向,海口湾东侧人工岛与海甸岛之间出现局部汇集(图8b)。在人工岛西侧附近的站位,建设前输运箭头的汇集趋势消失,沉积物绕过人工岛向岸运移;在人工岛波浪遮蔽区,输运箭头有向岸汇聚的趋势。
由于琼州海峡受到两端传入的不同类型潮波影响,海峡南岸余流、悬沙及底质输运均以东向为主[35-36]。海口湾潮流主要为往复流,人工岛修建前东向涨潮流作为该区域的优势流向将后海附近琼州海峡产生的泥沙向东带入湾内[12],控制着海湾西部的沉积物运移趋势;NE向的波浪将湾口附近的沉积物向近岸搬运,使湾内浅水区沉积物向西南运移。人工岛修建后海口湾动力条件减弱,湾内沉积物输运方向受到影响。
数值模拟结果显示,由于人工岛减少了过水断面,东西向潮流通过海口湾时发生环岛绕流[37-38]。工程建设后,潮流经过人工岛时在背流面形成低流速区,岛南北侧流速稍有增加(图9),同时人工岛遮挡了NE向波浪,在岛与海岸之间形成波影区[39]。人工岛建设较大地减弱了东向流,南渡江物源更易在海口湾内沉积,使人工岛东西两侧表层沉积物变细;人工岛南部为水深小于5 m的近岸浅水区域,受波浪作用明显,岛对波浪的遮蔽作用使人工岛南侧沉积物变细,观测结果显示该区域内海岸线向海淤进(图10b),未来会形成向海突出的堆积体[12]。结果表明,海口湾水动力与沉积物粒度特征变化有较好的相关性。
此外,人工岛完工后海口湾10 m、20 m等深线仍然保持稳定,只有5 m等深线变化较明显(图2)。5 m等深线总体在海口湾东侧淤进,西侧侵蚀,海甸岛西侧以及人工岛南部潮流通道明显淤浅,人工岛西北部双滩地形处侵蚀变深。两期水深变化量显示(图10a),工程建设后海口湾东侧及近岸浅水区域以淤积为主,与表层沉积物变细区域基本一致。等深线及水深变化表明,研究区由建设前的轻微侵蚀向淤积状态转变,海口湾东侧大片区域淤积,但淤积量不高。
由于河道采砂和上游水坝建设的影响,20世纪80年代后南渡江入海沉积通量逐渐下降,海口湾沉积物供应减少,在此背景下海口湾地形较为稳定,南渡江三角洲岸线侵蚀后退。2000年后,海口市开展的一系列填海项目一定程度上影响了南渡江三角洲及海口湾的水动力和沉积物运移。2007–2011年间,新埠岛、海甸岛等工程已建设完毕,在此之后南海明珠岛是海口湾内最主要的填海工程。新埠岛是南渡江三角洲西北侧重要的泥沙来源[16],其填海形成的人工岸线向海前进约1 km,减少了南渡江泥沙的西向沿岸输运;海甸岛工程向海口湾内延伸,形成硬岬角并增加了海湾的遮蔽程度;海口港拦截沿岸输运的沉积物,使湾顶更加封闭;南海明珠岛挤压湾内过水断面、减弱潮流及波浪,进一步降低了海口湾动力条件。人工岛位于海湾中部、占地面积较大,对区域流场的影响相比于海甸岛等基于海岸的围堰填海更加明显。水动力、沉积物、水下地形均显示海口湾东侧变化较大,这与人工岛遮挡东向优势流,在海湾东部形成弱动力区有直接的关系。总体上,人工岛建设是研究区沉积物发生变化的主要原因。
刘晓强和杨燕华[40]的研究中, 2016年5月和12月的底质采样显示海口湾东部均以粉砂、黏土为主,沉积物粒度参数分布与本文2019年采样结果类似,说明海口湾表层沉积物变细是一个长期的持续过程。由于填海工程的影响未来将持续存在,海口湾沉积过程将逐渐向新的平衡转化,细粒陆源沉积物在海湾内将继续增多。
对南海明珠人工岛建设前后的表层沉积物、运移趋势、动力环境变化的分析结果表明,南海明珠人工岛的建设减弱了海口湾内波浪以及东西向潮流,导致南渡江泥沙更易在湾内堆积,海口湾表层沉积物明显变细,输运方向改变。具体如下:
(1)南海明珠人工岛建设前,海口湾表层沉积物主要有砂、粉砂、黏土3种组分,人工岛完工后,海口湾表层沉积物组分中砂质组分减少,粉砂及黏土组分增加,湾内沉积物的粒径变小,分选变差。
(2)南海明珠人工岛建设前后,海口湾表层沉积物粒度自东向西均由细变粗,但南海明珠人工岛建设后细粒沉积物分布范围更广。在陆源沉积物供给减少的背景下,南海明珠人工岛建设后海口湾的沉积动力明显减弱,沉积物更偏向粉砂及黏土端元。
(3)南海明珠人工岛建设减弱了海口湾局部潮流及波浪强度,是湾内沉积物特征变化的主要原因。南海明珠人工岛建设后,由湾外向湾内的沉积物运移趋势不变,但海湾西部沉积物向东南的运移趋势减弱,而海湾东部西南向的沉积物运移趋势增强。在海口湾东部以及人工岛波影区,存在汇集的运移趋势;在人工岛西侧,沉积物绕过人工岛向岸输运。
人工岛建设通常直接引起沉积环境变化,使周边区域沉积物特征发生改变,而被影响的沉积物输运平衡可能诱发海岸侵蚀、港湾淤积等诸多问题。在人工岛建设工程中应合理规划布局,减少工程项目对海域动力的影响以保护附近港口航道、海岸及海湾系统的稳定性。
致谢:感谢海南省海洋开发设计研究院、海口市海洋环境监测中心的数据支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41930538)
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2022年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022001
  • 接收时间:2020-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2020-10-07
  • 修回日期:2021-02-17
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国家自然科学基金(41930538)
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    1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
    2.福建省海洋生态保护与修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005

通讯作者:

戚洪帅(1980-),男,山东省日照市人,研究员,主要从事海岸动力地貌研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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