Article(id=1224795107988226915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625500800000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-06, revisedDate=1634832000000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943509337, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1645977600000, pubDateStr=2022-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943509337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943509337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943509337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795106042073653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='76', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943508872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995878386, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014759771226150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014759771226151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795108248273769, articleId=1224795107988226915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal distribution of Paralichthys olivaceus abundance and its relationship with environmental factors in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the seasonal fishery resource survey data from 2016 to 2017 in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands, two-stage generalized additive model is used to examine the spatio-temporal distribution of Paralichthys olivaceus abundance and its relationships with relevant factors. The results show that the abundance of P. olivaceus exhibites obvious seasonal variation, and the abundances in spring and autumn is higher than those in winter and summer. In spring and autumn, it mainly distributes in the waters of 120.5°−122.5°E; and in summer and winter, it moves to the waters with suitable water temperature. The occurrence probability of P. olivacvacus is mainly affected by season, bottom salinity and bottom temperature. The probability of occurrence is relatively high at the salinity of 31. The relative abundance of P. olivaceus are mainly affected by bottom salinity and depth, and the relative resources is higher at the depth of 33 m. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the abundance distribution of P. olivaceus is affected by multiple factors in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands.

, correspAuthors=Binduo Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaohui Xu, Yupeng Ji, Ying Xue, Chongliang Zhang, Xiaohui Liu, Yiping Ren, Binduo Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795110500615057, articleId=1224795107988226915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文根据2016−2017年在长山列岛邻近海域开展的渔业资源和环境季度调查数据,利用两阶段广义可加模型分析了该海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与相关因子之间的关系。结果表明,长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度具有明显的季节变化,春、秋季资源丰度高于冬、夏季;褐牙鲆春、秋季主要分布在120.5°~122.5°E水域,夏、冬季则向外海适宜水温水域移动;褐牙鲆出现概率主要受季节、底层盐度和底层水温的影响,在盐度31左右时出现概率较大;褐牙鲆相对资源量大小主要受底层盐度及水深影响,在水深33 m上下相对资源量较大。长山列岛邻近水域褐牙鲆资源丰度具有明显时空异质性,受到多重因素的共同影响。

, correspAuthors=徐宾铎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源、渔业生物的多样性和生态学的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oRNdwgAMIB3ttFzOblq1xg==, magXml=qgPbt5+vu9hpjRw1rKXRNQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OXjpfZbATrX4SbPSxyhf7Q==, pdfFileSize=999104, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fCRHkitOEA/7V5uqnHDJwg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UeBCY/npt4+WCh37/yQSaA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐晓卉(1998-),女,山东省济南市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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徐晓卉(1998-),女,山东省济南市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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徐晓卉(1998-),女,山东省济南市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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The solid lines in the figures represent the effect; the area between dotted lines represent the 95% confidence interval of the effect

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图中实线表示影响效应;虚线之间的区域表示影响效应的95%置信区间

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The solid lines in the figures represent the effect; the dotted lines represent the 95% confidence interval of the effect

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图中实线表示影响效应;虚线之间的区域表示影响效应的95%置信区间

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Forward-selection procedure of two-stage generalized additive model for affecting factors on spatio-temporal distribution of resource abundance for Paralichthys olivaceus

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GAM1GAM2
影响因子AIC影响因子AIC
季节207.68季节165.12
底质224.44底质173.90
水深220.16水深170.71
底层盐度221.03底层盐度161.18
底层水温223.26底层水温173.42
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼225.24六丝钝尾虾虎鱼179.52
230.09179.05
口虾蛄233.62口虾蛄176.13
季节+底质203.58底层盐度+季节163.61
季节+水深198.31底层盐度+底质162.68
季节+底层盐度196.11底层盐度+水深160.64
季节+底层水温197.90底层盐度+底层水温167.54
季节+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼208.69底层盐度+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼166.33
季节+鳀213.75底层盐度+鳀168.11
季节+口虾蛄213.99底层盐度+口虾蛄165.52
季节+底层盐度+底质200.32底层盐度+水深+季节161.25
季节+底层盐度+水深198.68底层盐度+水深+底质161.64
季节+底层盐度+底层水温191.81底层盐度+水深+底层水温165.28
季节+底层盐度+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼198.18底层盐度+水深+六丝钝尾
虾虎鱼
167.00
季节+底层盐度+鳀202.86底层盐度+水深+鳀164.20
季节+底层盐度+口虾蛄201.49底层盐度+水深+口虾蛄164.58
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+底质
196.43
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+水深
193.71
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼
194.47
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+鳀
197.57
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+口虾蛄
196.18
), ArticleFig(id=1225373719112102131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107988226915, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

褐牙鲆资源时空分布影响因子的两阶段 广义可加模型筛选过程

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GAM1GAM2
影响因子AIC影响因子AIC
季节207.68季节165.12
底质224.44底质173.90
水深220.16水深170.71
底层盐度221.03底层盐度161.18
底层水温223.26底层水温173.42
六丝钝尾虾虎鱼225.24六丝钝尾虾虎鱼179.52
230.09179.05
口虾蛄233.62口虾蛄176.13
季节+底质203.58底层盐度+季节163.61
季节+水深198.31底层盐度+底质162.68
季节+底层盐度196.11底层盐度+水深160.64
季节+底层水温197.90底层盐度+底层水温167.54
季节+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼208.69底层盐度+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼166.33
季节+鳀213.75底层盐度+鳀168.11
季节+口虾蛄213.99底层盐度+口虾蛄165.52
季节+底层盐度+底质200.32底层盐度+水深+季节161.25
季节+底层盐度+水深198.68底层盐度+水深+底质161.64
季节+底层盐度+底层水温191.81底层盐度+水深+底层水温165.28
季节+底层盐度+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼198.18底层盐度+水深+六丝钝尾
虾虎鱼
167.00
季节+底层盐度+鳀202.86底层盐度+水深+鳀164.20
季节+底层盐度+口虾蛄201.49底层盐度+水深+口虾蛄164.58
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+底质
196.43
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+水深
193.71
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+六丝钝尾虾虎鱼
194.47
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+鳀
197.57
季节+底层盐度+底层
水温+口虾蛄
196.18
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Results from models fitting and analysis of important factors

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模型加入的因子累计偏差解释率/%贡献率/%AIC
GAM1季节11.4011.40207.68
底层盐度22.0910.69196.11
底层水温25.543.45191.81
GAM2底层盐度36.8836.88161.18
水深48.0211.14160.64
), ArticleFig(id=1225373719300845813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107988226915, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型拟合结果及各因子重要性分析

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模型加入的因子累计偏差解释率/%贡献率/%AIC
GAM1季节11.4011.40207.68
底层盐度22.0910.69196.11
底层水温25.543.45191.81
GAM2底层盐度36.8836.88161.18
水深48.0211.14160.64
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长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系
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徐晓卉 1 , 纪毓鹏 1, 3 , 薛莹 1, 2, 3 , 张崇良 1, 2, 3 , 刘晓慧 4 , 任一平 1, 2, 3 , 徐宾铎 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(2): 39-45
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(2): 39-45
长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系
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徐晓卉1 , 纪毓鹏1, 3, 薛莹1, 2, 3, 张崇良1, 2, 3, 刘晓慧4, 任一平1, 2, 3, 徐宾铎1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 4.山东省海洋生物研究院,山东 青岛 266104
  • 徐晓卉(1998-),女,山东省济南市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源、渔业生物的多样性和生态学的研究。E-mail:
Spatio-temporal distribution of Paralichthys olivaceus abundance and its relationship with environmental factors in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands
Xiaohui Xu1 , Yupeng Ji1, 3, Ying Xue1, 2, 3, Chongliang Zhang1, 2, 3, Xiaohui Liu4, Yiping Ren1, 2, 3, Binduo Xu1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 4. Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
出版时间: 2022-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022036
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本文根据2016−2017年在长山列岛邻近海域开展的渔业资源和环境季度调查数据,利用两阶段广义可加模型分析了该海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与相关因子之间的关系。结果表明,长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度具有明显的季节变化,春、秋季资源丰度高于冬、夏季;褐牙鲆春、秋季主要分布在120.5°~122.5°E水域,夏、冬季则向外海适宜水温水域移动;褐牙鲆出现概率主要受季节、底层盐度和底层水温的影响,在盐度31左右时出现概率较大;褐牙鲆相对资源量大小主要受底层盐度及水深影响,在水深33 m上下相对资源量较大。长山列岛邻近水域褐牙鲆资源丰度具有明显时空异质性,受到多重因素的共同影响。

褐牙鲆  /  两阶段广义可加模型  /  资源丰度  /  环境因子  /  饵料生物

According to the seasonal fishery resource survey data from 2016 to 2017 in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands, two-stage generalized additive model is used to examine the spatio-temporal distribution of Paralichthys olivaceus abundance and its relationships with relevant factors. The results show that the abundance of P. olivaceus exhibites obvious seasonal variation, and the abundances in spring and autumn is higher than those in winter and summer. In spring and autumn, it mainly distributes in the waters of 120.5°−122.5°E; and in summer and winter, it moves to the waters with suitable water temperature. The occurrence probability of P. olivacvacus is mainly affected by season, bottom salinity and bottom temperature. The probability of occurrence is relatively high at the salinity of 31. The relative abundance of P. olivaceus are mainly affected by bottom salinity and depth, and the relative resources is higher at the depth of 33 m. The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the abundance distribution of P. olivaceus is affected by multiple factors in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands.

Paralichthys olivaceus  /  two-stage generalized additive model  /  resources abundance  /  environmental factors  /  prey species
徐晓卉, 纪毓鹏, 薛莹, 张崇良, 刘晓慧, 任一平, 徐宾铎. 长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (2) : 39 -45 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022036
Xiaohui Xu, Yupeng Ji, Ying Xue, Chongliang Zhang, Xiaohui Liu, Yiping Ren, Binduo Xu. Spatio-temporal distribution of Paralichthys olivaceus abundance and its relationship with environmental factors in the adjacent waters of Changshan Islands[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (2) : 39 -45 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022036
褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus),隶属于鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes),牙鲆科(Paralichthyidae),牙鲆属(Paralichthys[1],是我国重要的海洋经济鱼类之一,在黄海、渤海、东海、南海均有分布[2]。褐牙鲆为暖温性底层鱼类,栖息于泥沙底质水域。褐牙鲆对盐度耐受范围广,具有选择底质以及潜沙行为[3]
长山列岛地处黄海、渤海之间,是多种渔业生物种类洄游的必经之地[4]。1959−1982年,褐牙鲆单位捕捞努力量渔获量和资源量迅速增加,1982年以后,由于过度捕捞以及海洋环境变化导致褐牙鲆资源量大幅下降[5]。我国褐牙鲆人工孵化育苗研究始于20世纪50年代末,1981年成功实现产业化育苗并首次进行人工育苗的放流实验[3]。鱼类资源分布对于资源养护和管理极其重要,其与环境因子及饵料生物等密切相关。因此,探究褐牙鲆最适栖息地环境对于保护褐牙鲆栖息地,提高褐牙鲆增殖放流效果具有重要指导意义。
广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Model, GAM)能够处理响应变量与多个解释变量之间的高度非线性以及非单调性关系[6],并评估出不同解释变量对响应变量的重要关系[7],在渔业资源研究中应用广泛[8-9]。然而,常规GAM的概率密度函数常使用对数正态分布或伽马分布,这些概率密度函数不允许存在0的数据,而实际调查中,相对资源量存在大量0值数据,因此需对0值数据进行相应的处理[10]。两阶段广义可加模型(Two-stage GAM)是对GAM的扩展[11],能更好地解决存在较多0值的情况。
本文根据2016−2017年长山列岛邻近海域渔业资源及环境季度调查数据,研究了褐牙鲆资源丰度的时空分布及其影响因素,以期为褐牙鲆资源的合理利用与增殖养护提供参考依据。
褐牙鲆资源丰度及环境数据来源于2016年10月(秋季)、2017年1月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)在长山列岛邻近海域开展的渔业资源及环境调查。调查海域范围为37.5°~38.5°N,120°~122.5°E,共设置58个站位(图1)。调查船为单船底拖网渔船,主机功率为220 kW,设计拖网时间为1 h,拖速为3 kn,拖网网具网口高约7.5 m,网口宽约15 m。同时在各调查站位使用CTD测定水深、温度和盐度等环境数据。采集到的样品冷冻保存,调查及分析按《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)要求进行[12]。在数据分析前,对调查数据进行拖速2 kn和拖曳时间1 h的标准化处理,将获得的褐牙鲆单位网次渔获量作为其相对资源量(单位:g/h)。
利用Two-stage GAM分析褐牙鲆资源数量分布与相关因子之间的关系。该模型构建分为两步:第一阶段模型GAM1分析褐牙鲆出现概率(P)与相关因子的关系,采用逻辑斯蒂(logistic)链接函数,假设误差服从二项分布;第二阶段模型GAM2分析在褐牙鲆出现时其相对资源量Y与相关因子的关系,采用恒等(identity)链接函数,假设误差服从高斯分布,Two-stage GAM表达式[11]
$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{M}1:\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{g}{\rm{it}}\left(P\right)=\alpha +\sum _{i=1}^{n}{s}_{i}\left({\chi }_{i}\right)+\varepsilon \text{,} $
$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{M}2: Y=\alpha +\sum _{i=1}^{n}{s}_{i}\left({\chi }_{i}\right)+\varepsilon \text{,} $
式中,α为截距项;${\ \chi }_{i}$为第i个解释变量;$\varepsilon $为误差项;si(${\chi }_{i}$)为样条平滑函数;${\rm{logit}}(P)$是对$ P $做logit变换,即${\rm{ln}}[P/(1-P)]$。
本研究中共选取8个因子作为解释变量,包括底层水温(X1)、底层盐度(X2)、水深(X3)、底质类型(X4)4个环境因子,其中底质类型包括砂(S)、粉砂(T)和黏土(Y)共3种类型;根据文献[2,13],选取胃含物中出现频率以及重量百分比较高的鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)和口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)丰度(单位:g/h)3个饵料生物因子;季节作为时间因子,包括春、夏、秋、冬4种类型。利用方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor,VIF)分别对两阶段GAM建模的因子进行共线性检验,即对加入模型的变量进行预筛选,去除具有共线性的因子[14]。VIF阈值设为10,即VIF大于10的解释变量在建模之前予以去除[15]。季节和底质类型作为分类变量,共线性检验分析时不予考虑。经共线性检验后,所有因子的VIF值均小于10,因此将初始8个因子全部加入模型中。
在模型拟合过程中,利用逐步回归方法将解释变量逐个加入到模型中,利用赤池信息量准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)和偏差解释率作为模型拟合效果的指标,当AIC值下降到最低,偏差解释率最高时,则模型中解释变量组合的拟合效果最好,选择该变量组合的模型作为最优模型。其中AIC的公式为[16]
$ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}=2k-2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}L \text{,} $
式中,k为参数个数;L为似然函数。
以上模型构建过程均在R 4.1.0软件中实现,其中两阶段 GAM由gam包构建[17]。并利用Sufer13软件绘制长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆相对资源量空间分布图。
长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆相对资源量呈现季节变化,秋季相对资源量最高,平均相对资源量为2 061.12 g/h;其次是春季,平均相对资源量为67.19 g/h;冬季和夏季较低,分别为30.50 g/h和1.52 g/h。
褐牙鲆相对资源量的空间分布具有一定季节差异。春季褐牙鲆主要分布在37.5°~38°N,121.5°~122.5°E的海域内;夏季仅在个别调查站位出现;秋季褐牙鲆分布范围增大,向较深水域移动,主要分布在38°N以北,120.5°E以东海域;冬季褐牙鲆的空间分布范围与秋季大致相同,但资源丰度较秋季低(图2)。
结合AIC最小原则和偏差解释率对两阶段GAM中的因子分别进行筛选(表1),GAM1得出褐牙鲆出现概率与相关因子的关系,GAM2表示非0站位的褐牙鲆相对资源量与相关因子的关系,其最优模型表达式分别为
$ \begin{split}{\rm{GAM1}}:\;{\rm{logit}}\left(P\right)=\alpha +\mathrm{季}\mathrm{节}+{s}_{1}\left(X_1\right)+{s}_{2}(X_2)+\varepsilon \text{,} \end{split}$
$ {\rm{GAM2}}:\;Y=\alpha +s_2\left(X_2\right)+s_3\left(X_3\right)+\varepsilon . $
GAM1表明,影响褐牙鲆出现概率的因子有季节、底层水温、底层盐度,累计偏差解释率为25.54%,其中,贡献率较大的因子是季节(11.40%)、底层盐度(10.69%),较小的因子是底层水温(3.45%);GAM2表明,影响褐牙鲆相对资源量的因子有底层盐度和水深,累计偏差解释率为48.02%,其中贡献率较大的因子是底层盐度(36.88%),其次是水深(11.14%)(表2)。
GAM显示,褐牙鲆出现概率在春、秋季较高,夏季较低;且随底层水温的升高呈先平稳再下降后上升的趋势,水温为10~15℃时,保持平稳,水温为15~20℃时,褐牙鲆出现的概率下降,水温超过20℃,底层水温对褐牙鲆出现概率具有明显的正效应;褐牙鲆出现概率随底层盐度增大呈上升趋势,盐度值在30.6~32时具有明显的正效应(图3)。
褐牙鲆相对资源量在秋季最高,其次是春季。GAM2 显示,褐牙鲆相对资源量随底层盐度上升呈先上升再下降后上升的趋势,底层盐度值在30.8~32 时具有正效应;随水深增加呈先下降再上升后下降的趋势,水深在 33 m 上下时褐牙鲆相对资源量较高(图4)。
褐牙鲆在长山列岛邻近海域存在季节性空间移动,这可能与其产卵、索饵和越冬洄游等有关。春季褐牙鲆主要分布在121.5°E以东的近岸海域,121.5°E以西的海域分布较少。研究表明[18],褐牙鲆有两大群体,分别为北群和南群,北群为黄海、渤海海域褐牙鲆群体,南群为东海海域褐牙鲆群体。北群褐牙鲆产卵盛期为4−6月,褐牙鲆在4月北上,5月开始进入渤海海域进行产卵,产卵区一般分布在河口区以及入海径流较大的沿海区。山东近海褐牙鲆主要在渤海中部、烟台外海、成山头东北部产卵繁殖[13]。因此,推测在春季达到性成熟的褐牙鲆群体会洄游至近岸产卵繁殖。夏季可能由于温度较高,褐牙鲆游至外海适宜温度区域。而秋季主要分布在38°N以北,120.5°E以东的区域,分布范围较春季有向北延伸的趋势,为进入较深水域越冬做准备。秋季随着水温的下降,褐牙鲆游向较深的海域,随后离开渤海,鱼群逐渐南移[18]。在冬季,一部分褐牙鲆在调查海域深水区越冬,一部分褐牙鲆游至石岛东南部、黄海中部越冬区越冬[2]
本文利用两阶段 GAM分别对褐牙鲆出现与否以及相对资源量与解释变量的关系进行分析。GAM1分析表明,不同调查站位褐牙鲆出现与否主要受季节、底层水温、底层盐度影响,这可能与褐牙鲆的洄游习性有关,在夏季,褐牙鲆产卵后洄游至适温海域分散索饵,在冬季洄游至水深较大、水温适宜的越冬场进行越冬[19]。在春、秋季,褐牙鲆出现海域的底层水温、底层盐度都比邻近海域高[13],可能的原因是褐牙鲆在春、秋季分别进行产卵以及索饵越冬[19]。GAM2分析表明,当褐牙鲆出现时,其相对资源量大小主要受水深、盐度影响。这也主要与褐牙鲆的产卵、索饵以及越冬习性有关。春季褐牙鲆洄游至水深较小、盐度较高海域产卵繁殖,秋季洄游至水深较大、温度较高海域为越冬做准备[20]。褐牙鲆相对资源量主要受季节、底层盐度、底层水温以及水深的影响;在不同生长阶段,鱼类最适宜的环境条件不同[21]
盐度通过调节渗透压对鱼体的各项生理机能产生影响[22],鱼类作为低等的脊椎动物,其体内渗透压会随海水环境盐度变化而产生较大波动。在春季,渤海南部沿岸盐度减弱,烟威渔场近岸盐度升高;到了冬季,外海高盐水自黄海南部向渤海海峡延伸,盐度随离岸距离的增加而增加[13]。褐牙鲆大量分布的海域,盐度较邻近海域高[13],推测原因是褐牙鲆虽然是广盐性鱼类,但其不同生活史阶段对盐度有特定的需求。在春季,褐牙鲆群体分布在盐度较高水域,可能与其在该时期产卵繁殖需要有关,研究表明,在盐度31左右时褐牙鲆受精卵孵化率较高,有利于其产卵后受精卵孵化[23]。此外,近岸海域受淡水径流、海流水团的影响,营养盐丰富,不仅能为成鱼繁殖提供场所和营养,还能为幼体的生长发育提供良好的饵料供给[19]
水温是影响鱼类生存、发育和繁殖最重要的环境因子之一,水温不仅能够影响鱼类的胚胎发育、孵化时间以及鱼体新陈代谢,还能通过影响饵料生物的资源分布间接对鱼类分布产生影响[21, 24-26]。根据长山列岛邻近水域水温的分布规律,春季沿岸水域温度高,离岸水域温度低,春季是产卵季节,产卵盛期最适水温为12~16℃[25],因此,春季褐牙鲆主要分布在沿岸水温较高的海域,离岸水域褐牙鲆资源较少;在秋、冬季,沿岸水温低于外海,褐牙鲆在秋、冬季洄游至水温17~23℃海域越冬[18]
水深作为一个综合性的环境因子,其变化会使水温、盐度、溶解氧等发生相应的变化。本研究中,春季褐牙鲆主要分布在近岸水深较浅的海域,原因可能是达到性成熟的褐牙鲆在水深为15~25 m的生殖场产卵繁殖[20]。在秋、冬季,褐牙鲆洄游至水深较大的水域,原因可能是随着水温的降低,褐牙鲆洄游至水深较大、水温较高的海域为越冬做准备[1]。此外,在本研究中,褐牙鲆资源分布受饵料生物影响较小的原因可能是褐牙鲆为广食性鱼类,且饵料组合随季节变化而变化[19],在不同季节会受到不同饵料生物的影响。
长山列岛邻近海域褐牙鲆相对资源量在春、秋季较高,夏、冬季较低;其出现的概率主要受季节、底层盐度、底层水温的影响,相对资源量大小主要受底层盐度以及水深的影响。
GAM广泛应用于研究物种分布与环境因子之间的关系[27]。GAM研究要求具备准确、可信并且全面的调查数据,数据尽可能包含影响物种分布的所有因素,以使研究结果更加贴合实际[28]。而在实际研究中,不同物种对不同环境的适应性不同,因此相对资源量常出现大量0值的现象。研究表明,两阶段 GAM能较好地处理生物调查数据中0值较多的问题,在渔业研究中被广泛应用[29-31]。本研究中未包含捕食者、竞争者、溶解氧等因素;褐牙鲆作为底层鱼类,本研究只将底质类型分为细砂、粉砂和黏土3种,而没有进一步细化。因此,在进一步研究中,应更加充分考虑以上因素。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901204)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022036
  • 接收时间:2021-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-06
  • 修回日期:2021-10-22
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国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901204)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
    4.山东省海洋生物研究院,山东 青岛 266104

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徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源、渔业生物的多样性和生态学的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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