Article(id=1224795107552019295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629302400000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-19, revisedDate=1635782400000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943509233, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1645977600000, pubDateStr=2022-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943509233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943509233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943509233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795106042073653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='76', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943508872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995878386, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014759771226150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014759771226151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795106042073653, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795107791094625, articleId=1224795107552019295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Identification of genes related to blind side hypermelanosis of Cynoglossus semilaevis based on skin transcriptome sequencing, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cynoglossus semilaevis as a representative species of Pleuronectiformes, is an important marine economic fish in Chinese coastal areas. The abnormal body color of C. semilaevis has been perplexing the practitioners for a long time. There are many reasons leading to abnormal body color, among which the genetic factors are thought to be the most fundamental reasons. The present researches on hypermelanosis of the blind side of C. semilaevis mainly focus on environment, nutrition, physiology, cloning of known pigmental genes and so on, while the digging of new funtional genes is still lacking. In this study, skin samples with different colors of C. semilaevis are selected for transcriptome sequencing. Through GO and KEGG functional enrichment and comparative analysis of different genes, differential expressed genes are screened in six melanogenesis-related KEGG pathways and the top ten genes are verified by qPCR. In this study, we find five functional genes with significant changes in the hypermelanotic skin on the blind side of C. semilaevis, which refer to txndc, alox15b, ptgs2, ptgis, and atp1a2a (p<0.05). The expression levels of txndc, alox15b, ptgs2, and ptgis genes in the melanization group are higher than those in the control group. In terms of function, three of these five genes are related to arachidonic acid (AA) to some extent. This provides theoretical support for the hypothesis that nutritional regulation related to unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the molecular mechanism of abnormal body color in C. semilaevis.

, correspAuthors=Chunhua Zhu, Bo Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Na Zhao, Xiaoxu He, Lei Jia, Chunhua Zhu, Bo Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795109380735885, articleId=1224795107552019295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于皮肤转录组的半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化相关基因的筛选鉴定, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)作为比目鱼(Pleuronectiformes)中的代表物种,是我国沿海地区重要的海水经济鱼类。半滑舌鳎体色异常的问题长期以来一直困扰着从业者。导致体色变化的原因多种多样,遗传因素是最根本原因。针对半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化的研究多在环境、营养、生理、常见色素基因克隆等方面展开,新的功能基因挖掘工作欠缺。本研究选取半滑舌鳎不同体色皮肤进行转录组测序,通过差异基因GO和KEGG富集比对分析,在可能的6条黑色素相关的KEGG通路中筛查差异基因并对差异表达最为显著的10个基因进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应的验证。本研究找出了半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化表达显著变化的5个功能基因,分别为txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgisPTGIS、atp1a2ap<0.05)。其中txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgis基因在黑化组中表达水平高于对照组;功能方面,有3个基因均与花生四烯酸(AA)有一定的相关性,这为多不饱和脂肪酸参与半滑舌鳎体色异常的分子调控机制提供了一定的理论支持。

, correspAuthors=朱春华, 张博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张博,副研究员,博士,研究方向为遗传育种与生物技术。E-mail:
朱春华,教授,博士,研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=U9h2MvrSTPWs/Ydkx7YkCA==, magXml=UjPfEROmE70yyrCKZbXbJQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NsrZNFV5DgsXsKzlBH6pOQ==, pdfFileSize=1208393, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ffETwM8f9zRJ+H71RPMnRw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=i0OvDKD3ImZYYtd4WY+tYw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵娜(1984—),女,河北省保定市人,副研究员,博士,研究方向为水生动物免疫及代谢调节。E-mail:

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赵娜(1984—),女,河北省保定市人,副研究员,博士,研究方向为水生动物免疫及代谢调节。E-mail:

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a. The red dots represent differential expressed genes, the black dots represent the filtered date, Counts is the measured quantity; b. the vertical one represents genes

, figureFileSmall=6KWBJopLa28h+wmlZoNWHA==, figureFileBig=YN0N0Cnh7IzfA1Dg7jhi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365909653598274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=CN, label=图3, caption=半滑舌鳎正常皮肤与黑化皮肤样品间差异表达基因火山图和差异表达基因丰度热图

a. 红色点代表差异基因,黑色点代表被过滤掉的数据,Count为测得计量数;b. 纵向代表基因类型

, figureFileSmall=6KWBJopLa28h+wmlZoNWHA==, figureFileBig=YN0N0Cnh7IzfA1Dg7jhi9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365909854924880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=GO pathways and KEGG pathways analysis of differential expressed genes enrichment annotations of transcriptome sequencing of normal and hypermelanotic skin of Cynoglossus semilaevis, figureFileSmall=LxS/aRSX0xdcVFpkeAfGNw==, figureFileBig=PL6OcmbqWxn/UlNisR8x5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365909997531227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=CN, label=图4, caption=半滑舌鳎正常与黑化皮肤转录组测序差异基因富集注释的GO通路和KEGG通路, figureFileSmall=LxS/aRSX0xdcVFpkeAfGNw==, figureFileBig=PL6OcmbqWxn/UlNisR8x5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365910324686950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Box plot of qPCR expression results of 6 candidate body color-related mRNAs in 6 sequencing samples of Cynoglossus semilaevis

The CSC represents the relative expression in skin of normal C. semilaevis in the control group, and the CSH represents the relative expression in the skin of hypermelanotic C. semilaevis in the experimental group

, figureFileSmall=W7KbZf5t5BzAvj5HMP2OIw==, figureFileBig=WueCRFLQ44IEJg3qqbK0ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365911515869295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=CN, label=图5, caption=6个候选体色相关mRNA在半滑舌鳎6个测序样品中的qPCR表达检测结果箱线图

蓝色CSC代表半滑舌鳎皮肤正常对照组定量结果,白色CSH代表半滑舌鳎皮肤黑化实验组相对表达结果

, figureFileSmall=W7KbZf5t5BzAvj5HMP2OIw==, figureFileBig=WueCRFLQ44IEJg3qqbK0ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365911662669945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Clean reads output and quality control analysis of six Cynoglossus semilaevis skin transcriptome sequencing samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
名称
总有效读数碱基
数目
Q20质量
分值
Q30质量
分值
GC含量
百分比/%
N碱基
含量
csc165 031 0729 72597.0392.2047.680
csc273 612 17010 98196.8391.9348.190
csc366 089 0049 88696.9591.9648.810
csh179 487 97011 89797.2592.5547.610
csh270 698 40610 57997.3192.7248.380
csh361 545 5229 20897.0292.0448.220
), ArticleFig(id=1225365911771721854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6个半滑舌鳎皮肤转录组测序样品过滤后数据产出及质控分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本
名称
总有效读数碱基
数目
Q20质量
分值
Q30质量
分值
GC含量
百分比/%
N碱基
含量
csc165 031 0729 72597.0392.2047.680
csc273 612 17010 98196.8391.9348.190
csc366 089 0049 88696.9591.9648.810
csh179 487 97011 89797.2592.5547.610
csh270 698 40610 57997.3192.7248.380
csh361 545 5229 20897.0292.0448.220
), ArticleFig(id=1225365911905939590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genomic comparison statistics of six Cynoglossus semilaevis skin transcriptome sequencing samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称总数目唯一比对到参考基因组上的
测得条目数目及占比
比对到参考基因组多处的
测得条目数目及占比
不能比对到参考基因组的
测得条目数目及占比
csh139 743 98532 335 924(81.36%)1 897 171(4.77%)5 510 890(13.87%)
csc132 515 53624 786 485(76.23%)1 145 579(3.52%)6 583 472(20.25%)
csh235 349 20328 571 030(80.83%)1 563 099(4.42%)5 215 074(14.75%)
csc236 806 08528 143 927(76.47%)1 482 619(4.03%)7 179 539(19.51%)
csc333 044 50225 549 970(77.32%)1 369 439(4.14%)6 125 093(18.54%)
csh330 772 76124 553 311(79.79%)1 291 583(4.20%)4 927 867(16.01%)
), ArticleFig(id=1225365912010797196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795107552019295, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

6个半滑舌鳎皮肤转录组测序样品基因组比对统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称总数目唯一比对到参考基因组上的
测得条目数目及占比
比对到参考基因组多处的
测得条目数目及占比
不能比对到参考基因组的
测得条目数目及占比
csh139 743 98532 335 924(81.36%)1 897 171(4.77%)5 510 890(13.87%)
csc132 515 53624 786 485(76.23%)1 145 579(3.52%)6 583 472(20.25%)
csh235 349 20328 571 030(80.83%)1 563 099(4.42%)5 215 074(14.75%)
csc236 806 08528 143 927(76.47%)1 482 619(4.03%)7 179 539(19.51%)
csc333 044 50225 549 970(77.32%)1 369 439(4.14%)6 125 093(18.54%)
csh330 772 76124 553 311(79.79%)1 291 583(4.20%)4 927 867(16.01%)
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基于皮肤转录组的半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化相关基因的筛选鉴定
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赵娜 1, 3 , 何晓旭 2, 4 , 贾磊 2 , 朱春华 1, * , 张博 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(2): 57-66
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(2): 57-66
基于皮肤转录组的半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化相关基因的筛选鉴定
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赵娜1, 3 , 何晓旭2, 4, 贾磊2, 朱春华1, * , 张博1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学 水产学院,广东 湛江 524025
  • 2.天津市水产研究所,天津 300457
  • 3.上海海洋大学 水产种质资源发掘与利用教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 4.天津市农学院,天津 300384
  • 赵娜(1984—),女,河北省保定市人,副研究员,博士,研究方向为水生动物免疫及代谢调节。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张博,副研究员,博士,研究方向为遗传育种与生物技术。E-mail:
朱春华,教授,博士,研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:
Identification of genes related to blind side hypermelanosis of Cynoglossus semilaevis based on skin transcriptome sequencing
Na Zhao1, 3 , Xiaoxu He2, 4, Lei Jia2, Chunhua Zhu1, * , Bo Zhang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
  • 2. Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4. Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
出版时间: 2022-02-28 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022044
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半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)作为比目鱼(Pleuronectiformes)中的代表物种,是我国沿海地区重要的海水经济鱼类。半滑舌鳎体色异常的问题长期以来一直困扰着从业者。导致体色变化的原因多种多样,遗传因素是最根本原因。针对半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化的研究多在环境、营养、生理、常见色素基因克隆等方面展开,新的功能基因挖掘工作欠缺。本研究选取半滑舌鳎不同体色皮肤进行转录组测序,通过差异基因GO和KEGG富集比对分析,在可能的6条黑色素相关的KEGG通路中筛查差异基因并对差异表达最为显著的10个基因进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应的验证。本研究找出了半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化表达显著变化的5个功能基因,分别为txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgisPTGIS、atp1a2ap<0.05)。其中txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgis基因在黑化组中表达水平高于对照组;功能方面,有3个基因均与花生四烯酸(AA)有一定的相关性,这为多不饱和脂肪酸参与半滑舌鳎体色异常的分子调控机制提供了一定的理论支持。

皮肤  /  半滑舌鳎  /  无眼侧黑化  /  花生四烯酸  /  转录组

Cynoglossus semilaevis as a representative species of Pleuronectiformes, is an important marine economic fish in Chinese coastal areas. The abnormal body color of C. semilaevis has been perplexing the practitioners for a long time. There are many reasons leading to abnormal body color, among which the genetic factors are thought to be the most fundamental reasons. The present researches on hypermelanosis of the blind side of C. semilaevis mainly focus on environment, nutrition, physiology, cloning of known pigmental genes and so on, while the digging of new funtional genes is still lacking. In this study, skin samples with different colors of C. semilaevis are selected for transcriptome sequencing. Through GO and KEGG functional enrichment and comparative analysis of different genes, differential expressed genes are screened in six melanogenesis-related KEGG pathways and the top ten genes are verified by qPCR. In this study, we find five functional genes with significant changes in the hypermelanotic skin on the blind side of C. semilaevis, which refer to txndc, alox15b, ptgs2, ptgis, and atp1a2a (p<0.05). The expression levels of txndc, alox15b, ptgs2, and ptgis genes in the melanization group are higher than those in the control group. In terms of function, three of these five genes are related to arachidonic acid (AA) to some extent. This provides theoretical support for the hypothesis that nutritional regulation related to unsaturated fatty acids may be involved in the molecular mechanism of abnormal body color in C. semilaevis.

skin  /  Cynoglossus semilaevis  /  hypermelanosis  /  arachidonic acid  /  transcriptome
赵娜, 何晓旭, 贾磊, 朱春华, 张博. 基于皮肤转录组的半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化相关基因的筛选鉴定. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (2) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022044
Na Zhao, Xiaoxu He, Lei Jia, Chunhua Zhu, Bo Zhang. Identification of genes related to blind side hypermelanosis of Cynoglossus semilaevis based on skin transcriptome sequencing[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (2) : 57 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022044
动物体色具有迷惑或躲避天敌等自我保护功能,不同体色对鱼类的生存也有着特殊的意义。鱼类在生长发育过程中体色的变化主要受遗传因素的影响,此外,外部环境[1-3]、饲料营养[4]和神经内分泌物[5-7]也会影响鱼类的体色变化[8-9]。多数色素细胞的遗传是保守的[10-11],如一些与色素相关的基因先后在小鼠(Mus musculus)的皮肤和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的皮肤中均有发现,而mitftyrdctsox10ednr[12-15]基因在皮肤中的生长发育表达特征也非常相似。此外,在硬骨鱼中发现的slc24a5基因也参与哺乳动物体色或毛发中色素细胞的生长和发育[16]。在鱼类体色生成过程中,黑色素的产生和扩散起主导作用,其中酪氨酸酶基因家族中的酪氨酸酶(TYR)是主效基因[17]。TYR受多个基因控制,酪氨酸酶受体基因1(tyr1)、性别决定区Y-box 10基因(sox10[18]、多巴素异构酶基因(dct[19]、黑皮质素受体-1(mcir)对酪氨酸酶的产生均具有调节作用[20-22]
研究表明,饲养密度[23]、水温[24]、光照强度[24]能显著地影响比目鱼(Pleuronectiformes)无眼侧黑化的发生。科学的养殖管理方法如营养成分的摄入控制和亲本筛选[25]也能有效地减少比目鱼体色异常的发生。Nakamura等[26]认为,缺乏光敏物质会导致黑色素合成不足,如核黄素、类胡萝卜素、维生素A和维生素D,而核黄素被认为是其中最重要的因素。研究表明[27],牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)的白化病是视紫红质缺乏的结果,其产生依赖于DHA。而Devresse等[28]认为,色素沉着似乎与DHA无关,而是与DHA和二十碳五烯酸的比例有关。胰蛋白酶、维甲酸相关酶、维甲酸受体及其结合受体(TR、VDR、PPAR等)的突变及其对仔鱼色素细胞分化的调控,可能影响鱼体两侧色素细胞的命运,进而影响体细胞色素异常[29-30]。不同环境背景色养殖实验中发现,条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)在浅色养殖环境下mch-R2的mRNA表达量低于黑色养殖环境,但是两种环境中mch-R1的mRNA没有变化,表明了mch-R2参与了不同环境背景下体色变化过程,mch-R可能对黑色素聚集激素(MCH)有抑制调节作用[31]。无眼侧黑化消褪的牙鲆垂体MCH mRNA表达水平显著高于无眼侧黑化个体,同时与无眼侧正常个体无显著差异,表明了MCH及其基因均参与了无眼侧黑化消褪的调控过程[32]。在鱼类中,tyr基因突变导致青鳉(Oryzias latipes)的黑色素细胞异常,皮肤呈现橙色[33]。虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)中的tyr基因突变显示嵌合白化(伪白化)和完全白化现象[34]。黄颡(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)的tyr基因突变则显示黑色素缺乏,呈现体色部分白化[35]。综上所述,遗传和环境因素的相互作用影响了鱼类的体色异常。
半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的工厂化养殖过程中经常出现高比例体色异常的苗种,即无眼侧出现黑色素的黑化现象[36-37],主要表现为无眼侧部分覆盖斑块色素,有时甚至完全呈黑底,不同的养殖环境会存在不同程度的黑化现象。体色异常极大地影响半滑舌鳎的销售价格,长期困扰养殖企业,却一直未能得到有效解决[38]。针对半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化,影响体色变化的新基因有待挖掘和鉴定。转录组是目前研究基因表达的重要手段,是筛选新功能基因的有效方法。本文选取半滑舌鳎体色异常皮肤样本和正常皮肤样本,进行转录组测序的比较分析。以期找出与半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化相关的表达显著变化的功能基因,为半滑舌鳎体色异常的机制提供分子水平的理论支持。
从天津乾海源水产养殖有限公司获得3尾无眼侧黑化的工厂化养殖半滑舌鳎,平均体重为(0.61±0.02)kg,平均体长为(28.2±0.1)cm。用浓度为120 mg/L的间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)(北京格林恒兴生物科技有限公司)将鱼麻醉后,使用灭菌的手术剪和镊子剪开实验鱼的皮肤并采集样本,获取无眼侧色素沉着的皮肤组织和非色素沉着的正常皮肤组织(图1),并在−80℃下保存,直至提取RNA。
使用Trizol试剂(日本Takara)提取总RNA。安捷伦2100生物分析仪(安捷伦科技公司,美国圣克拉拉)用于评估RNA质量和浓度。无眼侧黑化皮肤组织中的样品标记为csc1、csc2和csc3;正常皮肤样品标记为csh1、csh2和csh3。测序平台为Illumina HiSeq™ 2500(Illumina公司,圣地亚哥,加利福尼亚州,美国)。用带Oligo(dT)的磁珠富集mRNA,再以片段化后的mRNA为模板,用六碱基随机引物合成cDNA第一链,并加入缓冲液、dNTPs(A、U、G、C)、核糖核酸酶H和DNA聚合酶I合成cDNA第二链;再经过磁珠纯化并加EB缓冲液洗脱,对洗脱之后的双链cDNA进行末端修复、加碱基A、加测序接头处理,然后用磁珠进行片段大小选择、降解含U链,并进行PCR扩增,从而完成整个文库制备工作。根据物种的参考基因组和基因信息(GCA_000523025.1),将转录组测序所产生的数据比对到参考基因组上。获得过滤后数据后,将其与参考基因组进行序列比对,获取测得条目的定位信息。
用bowtie2软件将过滤后数据比对到参考转录本序列,而后利用RSEM软件,调用bowtie2的比对结果进行统计,得到每个样品比对到每个转录本上的测得条目数目,并对其进行FPKM转换。FPKM是指每百万测得片段中来自某一基因平均每1 000碱基长度的测得片段数目,其同时考虑了测序深度和基因长度对测得片段计数的影响,是目前最为常用的基因表达水平估算方法。用R语言包edgeR进行差异分析,筛选阈值为错误发现率(False Discovery Rate,FDR)小于0.05,log2FC(FC为实验组与对照组可测量比值)大于1或log2FC小于−1。利用皮尔森相关系数进行相关性分析,相关系数越接近1,表明样品之间表达模式的相似度越高。相关性系数是介于−1~1之间的实数,当相关性系数介于−1~0时,表明变量之间存在负相关关系;当相关性系数介于0~1时,表明变量之间存在正相关关系;当相关性系数为0时,二者之间不存在相关性。
根据分析目的筛选出差异基因后,研究差异基因在Gene Ontology(简称GO,http://www.geneontology.org/)中的分布状况。KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)是有关通路的主要公共数据库。通路显著性富集分析以KEGG通路为单位,应用超几何检验,找出差异基因相对于所有有注释的基因显著富集的通路。GO富集分析方法为Hyper-geometric分布,与KEGG富集分析方法一样,我们选取FDR≤0.05的GO条目作为显著富集的GO条目。FDR≤0.05的通路定义为在差异表达基因中显著富集的通路。我们挑选了富集最显著的20条通路,绘制差异表达基因KEGG富集散点图。KEGG富集程度通过富集因子、Q value和富集到此通路上的基因个数来衡量。其中富集因子指该通路中富集到的差异基因个数与注释基因个数的比值。富集因子越大,表示富集的程度越大。Q value是做过多重假设检验校正之后的P value,Q value的取值范围为0~1,越接近0,表示富集越显著。差异基因功能筛选集中于比目鱼体色异常的相关6条代谢通路,这6条KEGG代谢通路如下:花生四烯酸代谢通路、甲状腺激素合成通路、光转导通路、黑色素生成通路、视黄醇代谢通路和PPAR信号通路。
用qPCR方法检测黑化鱼正常皮肤样本(csh1、csh2和csh3)和黑化皮肤样本(csc1、csc2和csc3)中的候选mRNA的表达。采用北京百奥创新科技有限公司核酸提取试剂盒和PowerUp-SYBR-Green-Master-Mix进行mRNA提取和qPCR。在42℃加热2 min,在冰浴中孵育2 min,加入提取RNA的试剂,在42℃加热15 min,提取总RNA,然后在85℃下保持5 min。将RNA储存在−80℃下。cDNA合成按照PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit试剂盒操作方法进行,cDNA储存在−20℃下备用。使用QuantStudio6 Flex实时PCR系统(美国加利福尼亚州赛默飞世尔科学公司)在96孔板中进行qPCR,反应体积为20 μL:AceQ® qPCR SYBR® Green Master Mix (Without ROX) 10.0 μL,Primer 1 (10 μmol/L) 0.4 μL,Primer 2 (10 μmol/L) 0.4 μL,cDNA 1.0 μL,ddH2O 8.2 μL,配制过程在冰上完成。反应程序包括:50℃预热2 min,95℃预热2 min,随后在95°C下,持续30 s,58°C持续30 s,95°C持续15 s,进行40个循环。选择β-肌动蛋白的表达水平作为正常化的内源性对照。每个样品设置3个技术重复,并使用2−ΔΔCt方法计算mRNA的相对表达量。
通过RNA-seq,6个样本共产生416 464 144个过滤后数据,平均数据量在10 G左右(9 208~11 897 M),Q20和Q30分别在92%和97%左右。数据结果表明,6个样品的测序质量良好,数据量充足,详细数据如表1所示,转录组数据已经上传至美国国立生物技术信息中心,数据获取编号为(PRJNA665385)。
对两组6个样品的RNA-seq的过滤后数据进行基因组比对统计,6个样品的过滤后数据数量分布在30 772 761~39 743 985之间,唯一比对到参考基因组上的测得条目百分比分布在76.47%~81.36%之间,不能比对到参考基因组的测得条目数目(双端统计)普遍低于20%(表2)。以上结果进一步说明6个样品的转录组测序数据质量过关,可作进一步分析。
csc1、csc2和csc3样本之间的相关系数处于0.97~1之间,接近1,表明变量之间存在正相关关系,样品之间表达模式为强相关。csh1、csh2和csch3样本之间的相关系数处于0.76~1之间,表明变量之间存在正相关关系,样品之间表达模式为强相关,但是相关性弱于csc样本。csc1、csc2和csc3样本和csh1、csh2和csch3样本的相关系数处于0.18~0.45之间,表明变量之间存在正相关关系,样品之间表达模式处于弱相关和中度相关(图2)。
图3a显示,样本无眼侧黑化皮肤csc1、csc2、csc3和无眼侧正常皮肤csh1、csh2、csch3之间差异基因总数1 665个,其中上调基因497个,下调基因1 168个。通过转录组测序得到黑化半滑舌鳎的无眼侧正常和无眼侧黑化皮肤的转录组序列信息,对转录组数据分析共得到837 540个位点,其中A/G、C/G、C/T、G/A之间转换数量最多。通过图3b也可以观察到,csc与csh两组之间部分基因的表达量存在明显差异(图3)。
对无眼侧黑化组和无眼侧正常组皮肤进行GO富集分析时发现,在生物过程水平上差异基因主要富集在细胞过程、信号组织过程、代谢过程、生物调控、生物学过程这5个GO 通路;在细胞组分上主要富集在膜、细胞、细胞组分、膜组分、细胞器这5个GO 通路;在细胞功能上主要富集在连接、催化活性这2个GO 通路(图4a)。由KEGG富集散点图(图4b)可见,无眼侧黑化和无眼侧正常皮肤表达差异显著的基因参与的通路主要有:丙酮酸代谢、 C5-支链二元酸代谢、甲烷代谢及苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成等。
从转录组富集结果中选取的6条KEGG代谢通路如下:花生四烯酸代谢通路、甲状腺激素合成通路、光转导通路、黑色素生成通路、视黄醇代谢通路和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路。在以上6条通路中选取差异最显著的前10个基因进行定量表达验证。对黑化半滑舌鳎皮肤中差异表达基因进行相对表达水平定量分析发现,黑化半滑舌鳎皮肤差异表达基因的表达趋势与RNA-seq定量结果一致,表明转录组测序结果可靠。针对6个测序样本,对6个候选体色相关mRNA定量qPCR表达检测结果绘制箱线图(图5)。其中5个基因txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgis、atp1a2a在两组样本中均有显著差异(p<0.05),且有4个基因在黑化组中表达均高于对照组,只有atp1a2a表达在黑化组表达较低,而acbd7基因则在两组中无显著差异(p>0.05)。
色素的异常沉着是比目鱼养殖过程中的一个主要问题,体色异常显著降低了比目鱼的市场价值[39]。近年来,关于半滑舌鳎体色异常的研究多有文献报道[40-41],其主要集中于已知体色调控基因的表达模式、着色剂饲料增色效果、理化因子对体色的影响等[42-43],而从组学角度挖掘半滑舌鳎体色调控新基因的研究则比较缺乏。本研究运用二代测序技术对黑化半滑舌鳎的皮肤转录组进行测序分析,得到了半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化皮肤组织和非色素沉着的正常皮肤组织的转录组数据,从6条代谢通路(花生四烯酸代谢通路、甲状腺激素合成通路、光转导通路、黑色素生成通路、视黄醇代谢通路和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路)中筛选出半滑舌鳎体色异常相关的差异基因,为今后半滑舌鳎进行体色异常排查提供了参考。选取其中差异最显著的10个基因进行验证后发现有5个差异基因与测序结果趋势相一致,分别为txndc、alox15b、ptgs2、ptgis、atp1a2a,且前4个基因均在黑化组中上调,只有atp1a2a在黑化组中下调表达,暗示了这5个差异基因可能参与了无眼侧皮肤黑化的调控。
TXNDC是含硫氧还原蛋白,此基因编码内质网蛋白质的二硫键异构酶家族成员,该酶催化蛋白质折叠和巯基−二硫键互换反应。硫氧还原蛋白5(TXNDCS),是近年发现的PDI家族成员之一,具有抗凋亡、抗氧化损伤和促进细胞增殖、促进血管形成、参与细胞炎症、能量代谢等多种生物功能[44-45]。ALOX15B是花生四烯酸15脂氧合酶,编码该酶的基因编码参与脂肪酸氢过氧化物生产的结构相关的非血红素铁双加氧酶的脂氧合酶家族成员,其所编码的蛋白质仅将花生四烯酸转化为15S−氢过氧二十碳四烯酸[46-47]。PTGS2是前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2,又称环加氧酶2,是花生四烯酸(AA)转化为前列腺素(PGs)的关键酶。在前列腺素合成初期起催化作用,可将AA代谢成各种PGs类产物[48],这些PGs参与维持机体内多种生理过程,是胚胎移植初期时胚胎和子宫信息交流的重要介质之一,在调节发情周期、妊娠维持和分娩中起着关键作用[49-50]。PTGIS是前列环素合酶,是细胞色素P450(CYP450)超家族的8族(CYP8)成员,也是AA的主要产物[51]。研究发现,PTGIS在许多生理和病理过程中起着重要作用,该基因编码前列腺素12合酶,并催化前列腺素I2(PGI2)的合成[52]。atp1a2是ATP酶A2亚单位,该基因编码的蛋白质属于P型阳离子,转运ATP酶家族和Na+/K+-ATP酶亚家族[53]
这5个差异基因中有3个基因均与AA有一定的相关性,即ALOX15B是AA15脂氧合酶,PTGS2是AA转化为PGs的关键酶,PTGIS是AA的主要产物。AA是一种不饱和脂肪酸,由磷脂酶 A2(Phospholipase A2,PLA2)催化而来,可通过环氧合酶(Cyclooxygenase,COX)、脂氧合酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)与CYP450途径生成多种代谢产物。在海水鱼类中,AA主要在生长、存活、调节免疫、抗应激及繁育等方面发挥重要作用[54-56]。目前,关于AA在鱼类方面的研究主要集中在饲料中改变AA含量,分析其对鱼类的生长性能、脂质代谢、脂肪酸营养、肠道组织、色素沉积等方面的影响。Sargent 等[55]指出,在比目鱼的开口饵料中添加一定量的AA,将对背部皮肤色素沉积产生较大影响。Estévez等[57]认为,饮食中增加的AA含量对色素沉积有负面影响。McEvoy等[58]、Copeman等[59]、Bell等[60]的研究均表明,高AA水平与各种比目鱼的色素沉着有关[58-60]。Willey等[61]用富含AA的轮虫(Rotifer)和卤虫(Artemia)喂养大西洋牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus),发现增加AA饲料和色素沉着发生率存在剂量依赖效应。Villalta等[62]改变了塞内加尔舌鳎(Cynoglossus senegalensis)日粮中AA的含量,发现随着AA的增多伴随着PG含量的升高,并且PG含量与色素沉积存在着紧密的相关性。Lund等[63]在欧洲鳎(Solea solea)中发现,体色异常只与AA的绝对量相关,而与AA和其他多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid,PUFA)的比例无关。Boglino等[64]研究发现,PGE2在塞内加尔舌鳎中也引起了体色异常的结果。以上研究都表明AA的变化会影响比目鱼类体表色素沉着。导致AA诱导比目鱼色素沉着的确切机制尚不清楚,但已存在3种假说:第一,改变饲料中AA含量可能导致神经组织膜的次优生化组成,而神经组织参与控制变态、黑色素合成和色素团分化[57];第二,AA衍生的二十碳五烯酸的过量产生会导致鱼类经历非生物化学诱导的应激,从而导致色素失调[55];第三,酪氨酸酶的合成和降解是调节色素沉着所必需的,饮食中n-6多不饱和脂肪酸可以改变酪氨酸酶的合成和降解[65]。有研究将正常体色个体与由AA修饰引起的变色日本牙鲆进行对比研究,发现黑素皮质激素(a-黑素细胞刺激激素a-MSH和肾上腺皮质激素ACTH)在色素形成过程中起重要作用[66]。而MSH的作用主要为激活酪氨酸酶,并促进酪氨酸酶合成,从而促进黑色素合成,使皮肤颜色加深。
本研究筛选出半滑舌鳎体色异常相关的5个差异基因,其中alox15b、ptgs2可以将AA转变或者使其代谢为其他物质,从而改变半滑舌鳎中AA的含量。而ptgis不仅是AA的主要产物,还是CYP450中的成员,饲料中营养素对鱼类体色的影响主要就是通过鱼体色素细胞或色素体起作用的。因此,本文推测alox15bptgs2ptgis基因是通过影响AA进而影响了半滑舌鳎无眼侧体色的色素沉积。本研究为半滑舌鳎无眼侧体色异常的进一步研究提供了分子线索,关于AA影响鱼类体色异常的分子机制仍有待进一步研究。
  • 天津市自然科学基金(17JCQNJC15000)
  • 国家海水鱼产业技术体系项目(CARS-47-Z01)
  • 天津市水产产业技术体系项目(ITTFRS2017011)
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2022年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022044
  • 接收时间:2021-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-19
  • 修回日期:2021-11-02
基金
天津市自然科学基金(17JCQNJC15000)
国家海水鱼产业技术体系项目(CARS-47-Z01)
天津市水产产业技术体系项目(ITTFRS2017011)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学 水产学院,广东 湛江 524025
    2.天津市水产研究所,天津 300457
    3.上海海洋大学 水产种质资源发掘与利用教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
    4.天津市农学院,天津 300384

通讯作者:

张博,副研究员,博士,研究方向为遗传育种与生物技术。E-mail:
朱春华,教授,博士,研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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