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Article(id=1224795038098543206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620057600000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-04, revisedDate=1626969600000, revisedDateStr=2021-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943492673, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943492673, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943492673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943492673, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795039075816047, articleId=1224795038098543206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evaluation on sediments quality around the Yongxing Island of Xisha, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the investigations of surface sediments at six sampling stations of nine cruises carried out in the sea around the Yongxing Island of Xisha from 2009 to 2017, the background values of seven heavy metals are determined through the process of mathematical statistics, the contents and inter-annual variations of heavy metals are analyzed, and the contents of the heavy metals are evaluated by means of single factor standard index and potential ecological risk index. The results show that the background values of heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are low, the average level of them meet the first class of marine sediment quality, and the quality of sediment is excellent. The inter-annual variations of seven heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are slightly different and generally significant and affected obviously by the development activities on the Yongxing Island. From 2009 to 2017, the contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Hg are to increase first and then decrease, while the content of Pb is to increase. The assessment by means of potential ecological risk index shows that the multi year average of potential ecological risk indexes are in the order of Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cd and Hg are the main potential ecological risk factors of the study area.

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根据2009‒2017年9个航次对西沙永兴岛附近海域共6个站位的沉积物重金属监测结果，应用数理统计法估算了该区域7种重金属元素的背景值，分析了重金属的含量及年际变化，采用单因子标准指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明：研究区域沉积物重金属具有低背景值，均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准，沉积物质量为优。7种重金属含量的年际变化显著，变化规律不尽相同，受岛上开发活动影响较大。从2009年到2017年，重金属Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、As和Hg含量变化的总体趋势先增多后减少，Pb的含量则表现为增多。潜在生态风险评价显示，多年平均潜在生态危害系数由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn，Cd和Hg是该研究海域潜在的生态风险因子。

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徐阁，王德鸿，王诗文，等. 西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价[J]. 海洋学报，2022，44(1)：137–146Xu Ge，Wang Dehong，Wang Shiwen, et al. Evaluation on sediments quality around the Yongxing Island of Xisha[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2022, 44(1)：137–146
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徐阁（1986—），女，湖南省湘潭市人，工程师，从事海洋生态环境监测。E-mail：

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徐阁（1986—），女，湖南省湘潭市人，工程师，从事海洋生态环境监测。E-mail：

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徐阁（1986—），女，湖南省湘潭市人，工程师，从事海洋生态环境监测。E-mail：

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Comparison of test value and standard value of heavy metal contents

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CuPbZnCdCrAsHg
测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%
GBW07314
标准值		(31.0±4.0) μg/g(25.0±4.0) μg/g(87.0±2.0) μg/g(0.20±0.04) μg/g(86.0±4.0) μg/g(10.3±1.4) μg/g(0.048±0.012) μg/g
2009年30.80.624.42.488.41.60.195.087.72.010.201.00.0516.2
2010年31.51.625.20.887.50.60.215.086.40.510.461.60.0492.1
2011年31.51.625.10.486.40.70.1715.088.12.410.340.40.04310.4
2012年28.96.823.36.886.80.20.195.085.50.610.181.20.0504.2
2013年31.41.3244.088.61.80.195.087.72.010.572.60.04310.4
2014年31.31.025.62.488.51.70.2210.087.72.010.673.60.05412.5
2015年29.93.524.80.887.40.50.1715.083.03.510.151.50.04212.5
2016年29.93.524.71.290.13.60.20085.60.510.764.50.0516.2
2017年29.83.924.90.486.70.30.195.086.50.611.087.60.05412.5
检出限0.51.06.00.042.00.060.002
), ArticleFig(id=1225365904989536553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

重金属元素含量测试值与标准值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuPbZnCdCrAsHg
测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%		测定值/
（μg·g−1）		相对
偏差/%
GBW07314
标准值		(31.0±4.0) μg/g(25.0±4.0) μg/g(87.0±2.0) μg/g(0.20±0.04) μg/g(86.0±4.0) μg/g(10.3±1.4) μg/g(0.048±0.012) μg/g
2009年30.80.624.42.488.41.60.195.087.72.010.201.00.0516.2
2010年31.51.625.20.887.50.60.215.086.40.510.461.60.0492.1
2011年31.51.625.10.486.40.70.1715.088.12.410.340.40.04310.4
2012年28.96.823.36.886.80.20.195.085.50.610.181.20.0504.2
2013年31.41.3244.088.61.80.195.087.72.010.572.60.04310.4
2014年31.31.025.62.488.51.70.2210.087.72.010.673.60.05412.5
2015年29.93.524.80.887.40.50.1715.083.03.510.151.50.04212.5
2016年29.93.524.71.290.13.60.20085.60.510.764.50.0516.2
2017年29.83.924.90.486.70.30.195.086.50.611.087.60.05412.5
检出限0.51.06.00.042.00.060.002
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905123754285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The toxicity coefficient of heavy metals[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuPbZnCdCrAsHg
Tri5513021040
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905224417587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重金属的毒性系数[12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuPbZnCdCrAsHg
Tri5513021040
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905341858108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pollution level classification of potential ecological risk index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${E_r}^i $范围单个重金属污染物
生态风险程度分级		RI范围综合潜在生态
风险程度分级
${E_r}^i $<40低RI<130低
40≤${E_r}^i $<80中130≤RI<260中
80≤${E_r}^i $<160较高260≤RI<520较高
160≤${E_r}^i $<320高RI≥520高
${E_r}^i $≥320很高
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905421549889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

潜在生态风险指数法的污染评价等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${E_r}^i $范围单个重金属污染物
生态风险程度分级		RI范围综合潜在生态
风险程度分级
${E_r}^i $<40低RI<130低
40≤${E_r}^i $<80中130≤RI<260中
80≤${E_r}^i $<160较高260≤RI<520较高
160≤${E_r}^i $<320高RI≥520高
${E_r}^i $≥320很高
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905497047367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Background values of heavy metals contents in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area（unit: μg/g）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
　　注：−代表无此结果。
样品数6666666
测值范围9.1～15.5未检出～0.045.9～9.20.7～1.14.8～7.30.78～1.510.006～0.009
算术平均值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
算术标准差2.40.011.20.11.00.290.001
平均背景值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
背景值范围8.5～13.40.02～0.046.9～9.30.7～1.05.4～7.50.73～1.320.006～0.009
南海陆架区沉积物背景值[21]54.40.1815.67.4339.39.710.020
中国浅海沉积物背景值[22]650.0652015607.70.025
南海北部陆架区沉积物背景值[23]16.90.7923.09.025.5−−
南海深海区沉积物背景值[24]149.00.2122.454.169.37.240.089
), ArticleFig(id=1225365905601904968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

永兴岛周边海域表层沉积物中重金属含量的背景值（单位：μg/g）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
　　注：−代表无此结果。
样品数6666666
测值范围9.1～15.5未检出～0.045.9～9.20.7～1.14.8～7.30.78～1.510.006～0.009
算术平均值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
算术标准差2.40.011.20.11.00.290.001
平均背景值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
背景值范围8.5～13.40.02～0.046.9～9.30.7～1.05.4～7.50.73～1.320.006～0.009
南海陆架区沉积物背景值[21]54.40.1815.67.4339.39.710.020
中国浅海沉积物背景值[22]650.0652015607.70.025
南海北部陆架区沉积物背景值[23]16.90.7923.09.025.5−−
南海深海区沉积物背景值[24]149.00.2122.454.169.37.240.089
), ArticleFig(id=1225365906969248083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contents of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area from 2009 to 2017（unit: μg/g）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
2009年范围9.1～15.5未检出～0.045.9～9.20.7～1.14.8～7.30.78～1.510.006～0.009
平均值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
变异系数0.20.30.10.20.50.30.2
2010年范围9.5～ 14.2未检出～ 0.1110.4～ 32.90.6～ 2.5未检出～ 9.31.64～ 3.330.010～ 0.020
平均值11.70.0621.01.65.82.450.015
变异系数0.20.60.50.40.50.30.3
2011年范围未检出～14.4未检出～ 0.284.6～ 29.31.5～ 4.52.4～ 6.72.59～ 3.580.002～ 0.033
平均值10.60.1615.72.54.33.060.008
变异系数0.40.70.70.40.40.11.5
2012年范围未检出～ 128.30.05～0.323.1～ 27.61.4～ 8.83.1～ 12.91.11～ 2.570.004～ 0.016
平均值33.70.1212.14.16.51.870.007
变异系数1.40.80.70.70.60.40.7
2013年范围16.6～ 25.50.12～ 0.443.5～ 8.01.0～ 5.83.6～ 40.02.06～ 10.320.008～ 0.015
平均值19.50.255.83.322.65.420.011
变异系数0.20.60.30.50.70.60.3
2014年范围未检出～ 6.10.12～ 0.205.4～ 13.9未检出～ 2.64.2～ 10.12.70～ 4.270.024～ 0.035
平均值2.30.158.91.66.73.620.030
变异系数0.80.20.40.50.30.20.1
2015年范围22.9～ 29.3未检出～ 0.153.2～ 24.81.6～ 3.5未检出～ 4.10.20～ 0.780.002～ 0.009
平均值26.10.0813.82.31.50.420.004
变异系数0.10.70.70.31.10.50.6
2016年范围10.1～ 35.60.04～ 0.0723.7～ 52.40.8～ 3.6未检出2.88～ 4.550.015～ 0.020
平均值22.90.0642.81.50.53.600.018
变异系数0.60.20.30.80.00.20.1
2017年范围6.2～ 10.9未检出～ 0.0614.9～ 38.60.5～ 1.2未检出～ 2.21.27～ 2.900.004～ 0.011
平均值8.50.0326.10.90.81.890.008
变异系数0.20.50.30.30.90.30.3
多年变化范围未检出～ 128.3未检出～0.443.1～52.4未检出～8.8未检出 ～40.00.20～10.320.002～0.035
多年平均值16.20.1117.12.16.12.590.012
《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准值[25]150.00.5060.035.080.020.00.20
中国浅海沉积物
元素丰度[21−22]		650.0651520607.70.025
), ArticleFig(id=1225365907082494293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2009−2017年永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量（单位：μg/g）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
2009年范围9.1～15.5未检出～0.045.9～9.20.7～1.14.8～7.30.78～1.510.006～0.009
平均值11.00.038.10.96.51.020.008
变异系数0.20.30.10.20.50.30.2
2010年范围9.5～ 14.2未检出～ 0.1110.4～ 32.90.6～ 2.5未检出～ 9.31.64～ 3.330.010～ 0.020
平均值11.70.0621.01.65.82.450.015
变异系数0.20.60.50.40.50.30.3
2011年范围未检出～14.4未检出～ 0.284.6～ 29.31.5～ 4.52.4～ 6.72.59～ 3.580.002～ 0.033
平均值10.60.1615.72.54.33.060.008
变异系数0.40.70.70.40.40.11.5
2012年范围未检出～ 128.30.05～0.323.1～ 27.61.4～ 8.83.1～ 12.91.11～ 2.570.004～ 0.016
平均值33.70.1212.14.16.51.870.007
变异系数1.40.80.70.70.60.40.7
2013年范围16.6～ 25.50.12～ 0.443.5～ 8.01.0～ 5.83.6～ 40.02.06～ 10.320.008～ 0.015
平均值19.50.255.83.322.65.420.011
变异系数0.20.60.30.50.70.60.3
2014年范围未检出～ 6.10.12～ 0.205.4～ 13.9未检出～ 2.64.2～ 10.12.70～ 4.270.024～ 0.035
平均值2.30.158.91.66.73.620.030
变异系数0.80.20.40.50.30.20.1
2015年范围22.9～ 29.3未检出～ 0.153.2～ 24.81.6～ 3.5未检出～ 4.10.20～ 0.780.002～ 0.009
平均值26.10.0813.82.31.50.420.004
变异系数0.10.70.70.31.10.50.6
2016年范围10.1～ 35.60.04～ 0.0723.7～ 52.40.8～ 3.6未检出2.88～ 4.550.015～ 0.020
平均值22.90.0642.81.50.53.600.018
变异系数0.60.20.30.80.00.20.1
2017年范围6.2～ 10.9未检出～ 0.0614.9～ 38.60.5～ 1.2未检出～ 2.21.27～ 2.900.004～ 0.011
平均值8.50.0326.10.90.81.890.008
变异系数0.20.50.30.30.90.30.3
多年变化范围未检出～ 128.3未检出～0.443.1～52.4未检出～8.8未检出 ～40.00.20～10.320.002～0.035
多年平均值16.20.1117.12.16.12.590.012
《海洋沉积物质量》第一类标准值[25]150.00.5060.035.080.020.00.20
中国浅海沉积物
元素丰度[21−22]		650.0651520607.70.025
), ArticleFig(id=1225365907195740508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The risk index of potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Yongxing Island and its surrounding sea area from 2009 to 2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份EriRI
ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
2009最小值0.8320.003.643.891.487.6530.0071.36
最大值1.4140.005.686.112.2514.8045.00106.85
平均值1.0033.335.014.911.9910.0238.3394.59
2010最小值0.8620.006.423.330.3116.0550.00130.10
最大值1.29110.0020.3113.892.8632.65100.00266.41
平均值1.0661.6712.978.981.7824.0474.17184.67
2011最小值0.2720.002.848.330.7425.3910.0086.12
最大值1.31280.0018.0925.002.0635.10165.00353.65
平均值0.96160.009.6713.981.3329.9741.25257.17
2012最小值0.2750.001.917.780.9510.8817.50107.24
最大值11.66320.0017.0448.893.9725.2080.00441.13
平均值3.07123.337.4822.592.0118.3333.33210.15
2013最小值1.51120.002.165.561.1120.2040.00264.70
最大值2.32440.004.9432.2212.31101.1875.00549.72
平均值1.77251.673.6018.336.9653.1253.33388.78
2014最小值0.14120.003.331.391.2926.47120.00315.24
最大值0.55200.008.5814.443.1141.86175.00396.07
平均值0.21151.675.509.122.0535.47148.33352.36
2015最小值2.0820.001.988.890.151.9610.0051.56
最大值2.66150.0015.3119.441.267.6545.00230.70
平均值2.3778.338.5212.870.454.1020.00126.64
2016最小值0.9242.6814.614.360.1528.2475.00201.20
最大值3.2472.4932.3520.140.1544.6197.50232.85
平均值2.0855.4226.398.110.1535.3287.92215.40
2017年最小值0.5720.009.172.630.1512.4520.0081.43
最大值0.9955.9123.846.410.6928.4355.00130.12
平均值0.7833.9216.124.900.2418.5538.33112.84
多年变化最小值0.1420.001.911.390.151.9610.0051.56
最大值2.08120.0014.618.891.4828.24120.00315.24
平均值1.48105.4810.5911.531.8925.4459.44215.84
), ArticleFig(id=1225365907346735458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795038098543206, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2009−2017年永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物重金属潜在生态危害风险指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份EriRI
ZnCdPbCuCrAsHg
2009最小值0.8320.003.643.891.487.6530.0071.36
最大值1.4140.005.686.112.2514.8045.00106.85
平均值1.0033.335.014.911.9910.0238.3394.59
2010最小值0.8620.006.423.330.3116.0550.00130.10
最大值1.29110.0020.3113.892.8632.65100.00266.41
平均值1.0661.6712.978.981.7824.0474.17184.67
2011最小值0.2720.002.848.330.7425.3910.0086.12
最大值1.31280.0018.0925.002.0635.10165.00353.65
平均值0.96160.009.6713.981.3329.9741.25257.17
2012最小值0.2750.001.917.780.9510.8817.50107.24
最大值11.66320.0017.0448.893.9725.2080.00441.13
平均值3.07123.337.4822.592.0118.3333.33210.15
2013最小值1.51120.002.165.561.1120.2040.00264.70
最大值2.32440.004.9432.2212.31101.1875.00549.72
平均值1.77251.673.6018.336.9653.1253.33388.78
2014最小值0.14120.003.331.391.2926.47120.00315.24
最大值0.55200.008.5814.443.1141.86175.00396.07
平均值0.21151.675.509.122.0535.47148.33352.36
2015最小值2.0820.001.988.890.151.9610.0051.56
最大值2.66150.0015.3119.441.267.6545.00230.70
平均值2.3778.338.5212.870.454.1020.00126.64
2016最小值0.9242.6814.614.360.1528.2475.00201.20
最大值3.2472.4932.3520.140.1544.6197.50232.85
平均值2.0855.4226.398.110.1535.3287.92215.40
2017年最小值0.5720.009.172.630.1512.4520.0081.43
最大值0.9955.9123.846.410.6928.4355.00130.12
平均值0.7833.9216.124.900.2418.5538.33112.84
多年变化最小值0.1420.001.911.390.151.9610.0051.56
最大值2.08120.0014.618.891.4828.24120.00315.24
平均值1.48105.4810.5911.531.8925.4459.44215.84
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西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价
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徐阁 1 , 王德鸿 1 , 王诗文 1 , 石军 1 , 袁超 1 , 韩留玉 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022,44(1): 137-146
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022, 44(1): 137-146
西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价
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徐阁1 , 王德鸿1, 王诗文1, 石军1, 袁超1, 韩留玉1
作者信息
  • 1.国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站，海南 海口 570311

    • 徐阁（1986—），女，湖南省湘潭市人，工程师，从事海洋生态环境监测。E-mail：

Evaluation on sediments quality around the Yongxing Island of Xisha
Ge Xu1 , Dehong Wang1, Shiwen Wang1, Jun Shi1, Chao Yuan1, Liuyu Han1
Affiliations
  • 1. Haikou Marine Environmental Monitoring Center Station, State Oceanic Administration, Haikou 570311, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022004
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摘要
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根据2009‒2017年9个航次对西沙永兴岛附近海域共6个站位的沉积物重金属监测结果，应用数理统计法估算了该区域7种重金属元素的背景值，分析了重金属的含量及年际变化，采用单因子标准指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明：研究区域沉积物重金属具有低背景值，均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准，沉积物质量为优。7种重金属含量的年际变化显著，变化规律不尽相同，受岛上开发活动影响较大。从2009年到2017年，重金属Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、As和Hg含量变化的总体趋势先增多后减少，Pb的含量则表现为增多。潜在生态风险评价显示，多年平均潜在生态危害系数由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn，Cd和Hg是该研究海域潜在的生态风险因子。

永兴岛  /  沉积物  /  重金属  /  背景值  /  年际变化  /  生态风险

Based on the investigations of surface sediments at six sampling stations of nine cruises carried out in the sea around the Yongxing Island of Xisha from 2009 to 2017, the background values of seven heavy metals are determined through the process of mathematical statistics, the contents and inter-annual variations of heavy metals are analyzed, and the contents of the heavy metals are evaluated by means of single factor standard index and potential ecological risk index. The results show that the background values of heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are low, the average level of them meet the first class of marine sediment quality, and the quality of sediment is excellent. The inter-annual variations of seven heavy metals in the sediments of the study area are slightly different and generally significant and affected obviously by the development activities on the Yongxing Island. From 2009 to 2017, the contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Hg are to increase first and then decrease, while the content of Pb is to increase. The assessment by means of potential ecological risk index shows that the multi year average of potential ecological risk indexes are in the order of Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cd and Hg are the main potential ecological risk factors of the study area.

Yongxing Island  /  sediment  /  heavy metals  /  background values  /  inter-annual variations  /  ecological risk
徐阁, 王德鸿, 王诗文, 石军, 袁超, 韩留玉. 西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022004
Ge Xu, Dehong Wang, Shiwen Wang, Jun Shi, Chao Yuan, Liuyu Han. Evaluation on sediments quality around the Yongxing Island of Xisha[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 137 -146 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022004
正文
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1 引言
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重金属污染具有来源广、残毒时间长、蓄积性、污染后不易被发现等特点，且易通过吸附、络合、离子交换、沉淀和生物作用等过程在沉积物中富集。由于重金属不能被微生物降解[1]，还可在生物体中积累并通过食物链危害人类健康[2]。海洋中的生物资源是人类食物的重要来源之一，因此，开展海洋环境中重金属的研究具有重要意义。
西沙永兴岛位于16°50′N，112°20′E，属于南海西沙群岛东部的宣德群岛的一个岛屿，是一座由白色珊瑚贝壳沙堆积在礁平台上而形成的珊瑚岛，呈椭圆形，四周被沙堤所包围，中间较低，是潟湖干涸后形成的洼地。永兴岛是西沙群岛陆地面积最大的岛屿，是三沙市人民政府和众多上级派出机构、市级单位以及永兴工委管委驻地。2012年6月经国务院正式批准，撤销海南省西沙群岛、南沙群岛、中沙群岛办事处，建立地级三沙市，政府驻西沙永兴岛。2013年秋冬至2014年填海造陆，增加了岛屿面积，由原来的2.13 km2扩建到约4 km2。
目前，对西沙永兴岛附近海域重金属的研究多集中于水体以及珊瑚体[3-6]。如彭加喜等[4]发现，永兴岛珊瑚骨骼中Zn、Mn、Cu的污染比较严重，Ni与Cd的污染较轻；王璐[5]指出，永兴岛北部部分站点的海水Cu质量浓度超过了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的慢性安全浓度，且接近珊瑚的生物性安全浓度；孙万龙等[6]研究发现，永兴岛的建设和开发对其海洋环境产生了一定的影响。重金属易于积累在沉积物中，沉积物中的重金属含量能真实地反映一个地区的环境质量现状，更具环境指示意义。但尚未有人对西沙永兴岛在大规模开发建设前后的海洋沉积环境质量进行对比研究。本文通过对2009−2017年西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物重金属含量分布的调查，旨在了解该区域小尺度范围的化学要素背景值以及人类活动对重金属含量分布的影响和潜在生态风险，以期为三沙市的环境本底状况、开发建设、水产养殖、生态环境保护和可持续发展提供理论依据。
2 材料和方法
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2.1 样品采集与测试
2009−2017年，每年8月或9月采集一次研究海域的表层沉积物样品，调查区域为永兴岛周边海域，综合考虑水体功能、潜在污染源、站点周围的航行安全程度，共布设6个取样站位（图1）。利用抓斗式采泥器采集沉积物，用塑料勺取顶部0～5 cm表层沉积物样品，混匀后装入聚乙烯密封袋中，低温保存带回实验室。研究重金属的样品经80～100°C烘干（其中研究Hg的样品经40～60°C烘干）后，研磨过160目尼龙筛；研究有机碳的样品经风干研磨后过80目金属筛，混匀后用四分法缩分分取所需试样。
研究重金属的样品的消化采用微波消解法[7]。称取约（0.2±0.000 1）g的沉积物干样于消解罐中，先加少许水润湿，再加入9 mL优级纯硝酸和3 mL优级纯盐酸，待反应平稳后加盖旋紧，放入微波消解仪中，按选定的工作条件消解（设置温度程序为梯度升温，目标温度为180℃，升温时间25 min，并在180℃恒温50 min）。待消解罐内温度与室温平衡后，取出并放气，再进行赶酸和定容操作，定容体积为50 mL。
沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量采用美国瓦里安AA240DUO原子吸收分光光度计测定，砷和总汞含量采用北京吉天AFS-933原子荧光光度计测定，有机碳含量采用重铬酸钾氧化−还原容量法测定，沉积物粒度采用筛析法测定。样品的采集、贮存、运输和测定均严格参照《海洋监测规范 第5部分：沉积物分析》（ GB 17378.5−2007）[8]和《海洋调查规范 第1部分：总则》（GB/T 12763.1−2007）[9]进行。为了监控测试的准确度，以近海海洋沉积物成分分析标准物质GBW07314作为质控标准，结果见表1。
由表1可见，标准物质的测量值与标准值吻合良好，除了Cd的相对偏差最大为15.0%、Hg的相对偏差最大为12.5%以外，其他重金属的相对偏差均小于10%，准确度较高。此外，测定各重金属含量的标准工作曲线的相关系数均大于0.999，线性关系良好。因此，本文建立的重金属含量测定方法可靠性高。
2.2 研究方法
2.2.1 环境背景值的计算方法
对于采用全样分析数据探讨其沉积物重金属环境背景值时，根据化学要素的分布类型：正态分布、对数正态分布和偏态分布，分别采用以下方法求算背景值[10]。
（1）若数据符合正态分布，则平均背景值为算术平均值$\overline X$，背景范围为$\overline X\pm {\rm{S}} $，S为算术标准差。
（2）若数据符合对数正态分布，则平均背景值为几何均值$\overline {X'}$，背景范围为$\overline {X'}$/S'和$\overline {X'}$−S'，其中$\overline {X'}$=explg$\overline X$，S'=expSlg，lg$\overline X$为对数算术均值，Slg为对数算术标准差。
（3）对于不满足（1）和（2）的判别为偏态分布，则平均背景值为几何均值，背景范围用10%及90%百分数的实测值表示。
2.2.2 单因子标准指数评价
根据《海洋沉积物质量》（GB 18668−2002）中第一类标准值，调查海域表层沉积物重金属的质量状况采用单因子标准指数法进行评价，其计算公式为
${I_i} = {C_i}/{S_i},$
式中，Ii为第i种重金属的标准指数；Ci为第i种重金属的实测值；Si为第i种重金属的第一类标准值。当Ii不大于1时，符合第一类沉积物质量标准；当Ii大于1时，沉积物重金属含量超过第一类标准。
2.2.3 潜在生态危害指数法
潜在生态危害指数（ERI）是瑞典科学家Hakanson[11]应用沉积学原理来评价重金属污染和潜在生态危害的一种方法。它能综合反映重金属对生态环境的影响程度，能综合评价沉积物中重金属潜在的生态危害，并用定量的方法划分出潜在的生态风险程度，是沉积物质量评价应用公认的方法之一[12-13]，被我国学者广泛应用于重金属污染评价[14-16]。单个重金属的潜在生态危害系数为Eri，计算公式为
${E_r}^i = {T_r}^{i} \times {C_f}^i,$
式中，Tri为第i种重金属的毒性系数（表2），反映重金属的毒性水平及水体对重金属污染的敏感程度；Cfi为第i种重金属的污染系数，计算公式为
${C_f}^i= {C_s}^i/{C_n}^i,$
式中，Csi为沉积物中第i种重金属实测含量（单位：μg/g）；Cni为第i种重金属评价的参比值；本文采用2.1节计算的背景值作为评价参比值。
多种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为RI，计算公式为
$RI = \sum {E_r}^i.$
由于Hakanson[11]提出的生态风险指数法所包括的监测项目有多氯联苯（PCB）、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn和As共8种。而本研究未考虑PCB，主要针对其他7种重金属进行分析评价。因此，需要对Hakanson 提出的综合潜在风险指数值RI范围进行调整[17]，将各等级阈值150、300和600分别调整为130、260和520。单个重金属的潜在生态危害系数Eri和多种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数RI所对应的污染评价等级划分见表3。
3 结果与讨论
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3.1 沉积物中各要素的背景值
本文采用2009年测得的永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物数据进行数理统计分析，确定其背景值。此时还未设立三沙市，该岛屿远离大陆，岛上常驻人口较少，与大陆之间的来往较少，亦没有大型建筑和排污入海，受人类活动影响较少，沉积物中重金属含量具有自然性。根据表4可知，以2009年重金属元素含量估算的该区域背景值均低于中国浅海沉积物元素丰度；与2009−2017年重金属的多年平均含量（表5）相比，该背景值也基本低于多年平均值，这也证明了本文估算的背景值能够代表西沙永兴岛附近海域污染物的背景状况（即处于自然本底状况）。
通过统计分布类型的计算发现，所测定的重金属元素（Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、As、Hg）含量均呈正态分布，背景值由算术平均值和算术标准差获得，估算结果见表4。目前，还没有确定海洋表层沉积物中污染物的最高允许含量，通过国内外报道的现代海洋沉积物资料对比，可以了解所研究区域表层沉积物中污染物背景值水平。由表4可知，各重金属含量在不同海区的背景值有显著差异，永兴岛周边海域沉积物中重金属含量的背景值远低于南海陆架区、深海盆区的，仅为南海陆架区重金属含量的10.5%～51.9%。这与陈泓君等[18]的研究结论一致，在南海西北部表层沉积物中，重金属Cu、Zn、Cr等的含量最低值均出现在西沙群岛海域。
永兴岛表层沉积物重金属含量的这一低背景值主要与其生物成因有关，该区域为珊瑚骨架沉积、珊瑚碎块沉积和生物碎屑沉积，几乎没有陆源碎屑组分，黏土含量低[19-20]。此外，沉积物的粒度和有机质对沉积物重金属含量有显著影响[18-20]。根据同步测定的沉积物粒度和有机碳含量，永兴岛周边海域沉积物类型为砂，其中砂质组分质量分数大于98%，粉砂和黏土组分质量分数基本小于1%；2009−2017年沉积物有机碳含量介于0.06%～ 0.77%，多年平均值为0.27%。这表明了研究区域的沉积物具有粒度较大、有机质含量较低的特征，相比于细粒沉积物具有更小的比表面积，不利于重金属的吸附和积累。
3.2 沉积物重金属含量及年际变化
由表5可以看出，西沙永兴岛附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量均较低，2009−2017年重金属含量变化范围分别为Zn（未检出～128.3 μg/g）、Cd（未检出～0.44 μg/g）、Pb（3.1～52.4 μg/g）、Cu（未检出～8.8μg/g）、Cr（未检出～40.0 μg/g）、As（0.20～10.32 μg/g）、Hg（0.002～0.035 μg/g）。与《海洋沉积物质量》（GB 18668−2002）[25]中第一类标准值相比，均低于海洋沉积物质量第一类标准值，单因子标准指数均小于1，沉积物质量为优。
在空间分布上，沉积物中重金属含量表现出由近岸向外海方向降低的趋势，其中Pb、Hg、Zn和Cd的含量变化相对明显；在含量上，由多到少依次为Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Cu、Cd、Hg。Pb通常被认为是典型的工业污染源[24]，而永兴岛上并没有显著的工业活动，所以Pb相对较高的含量可能是受到渔船和岛屿开发工程作业船只的影响或者其他含铅物质经大气传输最终沉降至该海域导致的。将重金属的多年平均含量与中国浅海沉积物元素丰度进行比较，由表5可知，研究区域重金属元素Cd和Pb平均含量出现不同程度的超标，超标倍数分别为1.69和1.14。
2009−2017年重金属含量的年平均值的年际变化情况如图2至图4所示。由图可知，不同重金属含量的年际变化规律不尽相同。除Pb外，其余各元素基本表现为：在永兴岛大规模开发建设活动期间，重金属含量出现较大的波动，在2012年或者2013年前后达到最高，尤其是Cd含量增加到环境背景值的7.6倍；随着岛上开发建设项目的稳定以及生态环境意识的增强，重金属含量逐渐降低并趋于稳定，在2017年基本都回落到环境背景值水平。重金属Pb的含量变化表现为：以2013年为界，在此之前和之后均有一个增多和降低的过程，且在2013年，Pb含量与背景值相当；但将2017年的Pb含量与2009年的相比，总体趋势是Pb含量有所上升。2017年的Pb含量为背景值的3.2倍，未能完全恢复到开发利用之前的生态环境。
随着三沙市的建立，人工填海、机场和防波堤等基础设施的建设、旅游业的推广以及供水、污水、垃圾处理等一系列项目的建设，必然会产生污染问题从而影响环境，重金属含量的变化较好地反映了人类的这一开发利用过程。这也与李雪瑞等[26]对三沙市成立前后永兴岛及周边海域的生态环境质量遥感解译结果一致：在人类活动驱动下，1989−2013年永兴岛及周边海域生态环境质量不断下降，特别是在2012年三沙市建市后下降明显，但到2014年又有所恢复。其中，Pb含量在2017年时未能恢复至背景值水平，可能是因为其主要来源的特殊性—来自汽油、煤炭燃烧和工业过程释放的Pb通过大气沉降进入海洋[27]，这些人为活动一方面可能来自于永兴岛上，如渔船、岛屿开发工程作业船只等；另一方面，在大气环流作用下，周边局地范围内的人为活动也可能会对其产生影响。此外，也可能与重金属Pb的性质有关，在海洋中Pb表现为吸附−清扫型元素，在沿海低能环境中，Pb由吸附或清扫作用能迅速沉积、聚集到海底沉积物中[28]，而重金属的释放、恢复过程为一个缓慢过程。关于Pb的具体来源、转移路径、沉积原理等有待结合永兴岛周边区域的环境特征进一步研究确认。
3.3 重金属潜在生态危害评价
利用重金属的潜在生态风险指数法对各航次表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价（表6）。由表6可知，2009−2017年，调查海域重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr和As的年平均潜在生态风险系数Eri均小于40，根据污染评价等级划分（表3），属于低生态风险水平。重金属Cd和Hg在2009年和2017年时均属于低生态风险水平，而在2010−2016年，Cd具有中程度至高程度的潜在生态风险，Hg具有低程度至较高程度的潜在生态风险。
2009−2017年，西沙永兴岛附近海域共计9个航次7种重金属的多年平均潜在生态风险系数Eri的大小顺序为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn，其中Cd的多年平均潜在生态风险系数Eri为105.48，属于较高生态风险水平，是研究区主要的潜在生态风险因子；其次是Hg，属中生态风险水平。与重金属多年平均含量大小排序相比，潜在生态风险系数Eri的排序基本呈逆序排列，原因可能是永兴岛附近海域较低的重金属背景值，且Cd和Hg的毒性响应系数Tri比较大，其毒性水平以及生物对其敏感程度较高。虽然Pb、Zn含量相对较高，但由于其较低的生态毒性，潜在生态风险相对较低；而Cd、Hg由于其较高的生态毒性，虽然其含量较低，其潜在生态风险明显大于其他重金属。
2009−2017年，西沙永兴岛附近海域综合潜在风险指数RI的变化趋势如图5所示，总体上表现为先增大后降低，在2013年前后综合潜在生态风险较高，到2017年时综合潜在生态风险恢复到低水平。分析2013年的综合潜在风险指数，Cd和Hg分别贡献了64.7%和13.7%，说明Cd和Hg是该研究海域潜在的生态风险因子。因此，在对西沙永兴岛进行后续开发、旅游发展以及生态修复过程中，要注重对这两种生态风险因子的控制，以更好地保证三沙市的海洋生态环境质量。
4 结论
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（1）西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物7种重金属元素含量（Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、As、Hg）均呈正态分布，环境背景值较低。
（2）2009−2017年西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物重金属含量处于较低水平，含量由多到少依次为Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Cu、Cd、Hg，均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准，沉积物质量为优。
（3）7种重金属含量的年际变化显著，变化规律不尽相同。重金属Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr、As和Hg含量变化的总体趋势是先增多后降低，在2012−2013年永兴岛大规模开发建设活动期间达到最高值，在2017年基本都回落到环境背景值水平。重金属Pb含量变化的总体趋势自2009−2017年有所上升，2017年时的含量为该区域背景值的3.2倍。
（4）对研究海域表层沉积物重金属采用潜在生态风险进行评价后发现，多年平均Eri由大到小依次为Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。2009−2017年，综合潜在风险指数总体上表现为先增大后降低，在经历2013年较高水平的综合潜在风险后在2017年恢复到低水平，Cd和Hg是该研究海域潜在的生态风险因子。
基金
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  • 国家海洋局南海分局海洋科学技术局长基金(1542)
文献
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022004
  • 接收时间：2021-05-04
  • 首发时间：2026-02-01
  • 出版时间：2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期：2021-05-04
  • 修回日期：2021-07-23
基金
国家海洋局南海分局海洋科学技术局长基金(1542)
作者信息
    1.国家海洋局海口海洋环境监测中心站，海南 海口 570311
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2022004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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