Article(id=1224795036727005782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625846400000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-10, revisedDate=1628438400000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943492347, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943492347, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943492347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943492347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795037268071008, articleId=1224795036727005782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Field investigation of dimethyl sulfur in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea by ion mobility spectrometry, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea are continental shelf areas with high production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Field investigation of DMS in this area is helpful to accurately assess its amount released from the ocean and its negative feedback on global climate change. Both model-based and direct measurement methods are based on DMS concentration in surface seawater and lower atmosphere, respectively, so advanced detection technology plays a decisive role in the accurate flux estimation. Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, chemiluminescence and satellite remote sensing are commonly used observation techniques. At this paper, a method based on benzene-assisted photoionization positive ion mobility spectrometry (BAPI-PIMS) for in-situ observation of DMS in seawater is proposed. Combined with dynamic gas stripping and on-line water removal Nafion tube sampling system, the interference of environmental water vapor is eliminated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range based on the two DMS product ions is 0.10−120 nmol/L, and the detection limit is as low as 0.065 nmol/L. Then the demonstrated method is applied to field detect DMS in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea, and the concentration of DMS in surface seawater ranged from 0.08 nmol/L to 0.96 nmol/L, while the air-sea exchange flux ranged from 0.12 μmol/(m2·d) to 17.75 μmol/(m2·d). Lastly, the difference between DMS detected on field and in lab and the main impact factors are discussed via the correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, and results show that nutrients and phytoplankton community are the main factors during the seawater preservation, indicating the important significance of field observation method established currently for accurate evaluation of DMS release from the ocean.

, correspAuthors=Xing Ma, Jun Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liying Peng, Yu Guo, Tingting Lou, Xudong Cui, Guicheng Zhang, Xiaoting Fu, Ting Gu, Xing Ma, Jun Sun), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795041252659884, articleId=1224795036727005782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

渤海、黄海是高产二甲基硫(Dimethyl Sulfide, DMS)的大陆架海区。该海区DMS的现场调查研究有助于准确评估海洋DMS释放量及其对全球气候变化的负反馈作用。目前,无论是基于模型还是直接测量法的通量估算均以表层海水或低层大气DMS浓度为基础,因此,先进的检测技术对其通量估算的准确度具有决定性作用。气相色谱法、质谱法、化学发光法以及卫星遥感技术是现在常用的观测技术,而本文则基于苯辅助光电离离子迁移谱技术进一步提出了一种可在海域现场观测海水中DMS的方法。通过结合动态气提-Nafion管在线除水进样系统,消除环境水汽的干扰;在最优条件下,基于DMS两个产物离子峰,可以实现0.10~120 nmol/L之间DMS的定量分析,检测限低至0.065 nmol/L;然后将所建方法应用于2019年秋季渤海、北黄海海水中DMS的现场观测。结果表明,表层海水中DMS的浓度为0.080~0.96 nmol/L(平均值为(0.44±0.34)nmol/L),其海气通量为0.12~17.75 μmol/(m2·d)(平均值为( 3.23±4.02)μmol/(m2·d));通过结合实验室检测结果、环境因子和浮游植物群落结构讨论了海水样品低温储存条件下DMS的变化和影响因素,结果显示,营养盐成分及浮游植物群落结构是影响储存样品中DMS浓度显著增加的主要因素,进一步表明了现场观测方法的建立对海洋DMS释放量的准确评估具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=马兴, 孙军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
马兴,男,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学应用研究。E-mail:
孙军,男,教授,主要从事生物海洋学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+Y70b2VM5vFtDwe7jKVZBA==, magXml=/OtubfUgJoxzFYbY4CPemg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5GO1Uc7ESJS8XqPLJwZzng==, pdfFileSize=1364774, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=O05k0Sugjk6GE2oLrGe29w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=S5jfL6kJe6GFC7dqnUfbJg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

彭丽英(1988-),女,江西省赣州市人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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彭丽英(1988-),女,江西省赣州市人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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彭丽英(1988-),女,江西省赣州市人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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Top 15 dominant phytoplankton species during autumn 2019: b1. Paralia sulcate; b2. Diploneis bombus; b3. Nitzschia spp.; b4. Pseudonitzschia delicatissima; c. Dictyocha fibula; b5. Pleurosigma spp.; b6. Guinardia striata; b7. Thalassiosira spp.; b8. Coscinodiscus spp.; b9. Coscinodiscus granii; b10. Coscinodiscus subtilis; b11. Meuniera membranacea; b12. Navicula spp.; b13. Nitzschia lorenziana; b14. Pinnularia spp.; among them, b1−b14 are the dominant diatom and c is the dominant chrysophyta

, figureFileSmall=nG4HIdh3iEWFUbFrSl+qIw==, figureFileBig=T1kIPSW8v9PJBhGGXUKCSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365907883606401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036727005782, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DMS的现场观测值、实验室检测值及两者的比值与浮游植物群落结构(前15种优势种群)和环境因子间的典范对应分析

2019年秋季浮游植物的前15种优势种如下:b1. 具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcate; b2. 蜂腰双壁藻Diploneis bombus; b3. 菱形藻Nitzschia spp.; b4. 柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudonitzschia delicatissima; c. 小等刺硅鞭藻Dictyocha fibula; b5. 曲舟藻Pleurosigma spp.; b6. 斯氏几内亚藻Guinardia striata; b7. 海链藻Thalassiosira spp.; b8. 圆筛藻Coscinodiscus spp.; b9. 格氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus granii; b10. 细弱圆筛藻Coscinodiscus subtilis; b11. 膜状谬氏藻Meuniera membranacea; b12. 舟形藻Navicula spp.; b13. 洛氏菱形藻Nitzschia lorenziana; b14. 羽纹藻Pinnularia spp.;其中b1−b14为硅藻门优势物种,c为金藻门优势物种

, figureFileSmall=nG4HIdh3iEWFUbFrSl+qIw==, figureFileBig=T1kIPSW8v9PJBhGGXUKCSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365908009435527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036727005782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Quantitation results for DMS samples prepared with artificial seawater

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数动态响应曲线R2线性范围/(nmol·L−1)检测限 (信噪比为3, 单位:nmol/L)
  注:DMS 1代表DMS产物离子单体峰;DMS 2代表DMS产物离子二聚体峰;−代表无数据。
DMS 1强度y=61.46x+7.630.99830.10~10.000.065
面积y=2 628.34x+126.600.99710.10~20.000.067
DMS 2强度y=15.46x−49.460.992310.00~80.00
面积y=608.78x2423.340.99615.00~120.00
), ArticleFig(id=1225365908152041867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036727005782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

人工海水中DMS的定量分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数动态响应曲线R2线性范围/(nmol·L−1)检测限 (信噪比为3, 单位:nmol/L)
  注:DMS 1代表DMS产物离子单体峰;DMS 2代表DMS产物离子二聚体峰;−代表无数据。
DMS 1强度y=61.46x+7.630.99830.10~10.000.065
面积y=2 628.34x+126.600.99710.10~20.000.067
DMS 2强度y=15.46x−49.460.992310.00~80.00
面积y=608.78x2423.340.99615.00~120.00
), ArticleFig(id=1225365908231733651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036727005782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlation analysis of DMS concentration detected in field (DMSF) and lab (DMSL) and environmental factors in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea during autumn 2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DMSFDMSLDMSL∶DMSF
  注:* 在0.05级别(双尾)相关性显著;** 在0.01级别(双尾)相关性显著;TIN代表总无机氮。
DMSL0.20610.677**
DMSF10.206−0.536*
DMSL∶DMSF−0.536*0.677**1
Chl a浓度0.082−0.116−0.139
${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} }$浓度−0.808**−0.1870.486*
TIN浓度−0.832**−0.1470.453*
${{\rm{SiO} }_3^{2-}}$浓度−0.852**−0.1910.449*
温度0.356−0.221−0.308
盐度0.0560.1900.052
), ArticleFig(id=1225365908315619735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036727005782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2019年秋季渤海、北黄海海水中DMS浓度的现场观测值(DMSF)、实验室检测值(DMSL)及两者比值与环境因子的相关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DMSFDMSLDMSL∶DMSF
  注:* 在0.05级别(双尾)相关性显著;** 在0.01级别(双尾)相关性显著;TIN代表总无机氮。
DMSL0.20610.677**
DMSF10.206−0.536*
DMSL∶DMSF−0.536*0.677**1
Chl a浓度0.082−0.116−0.139
${{\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} }$浓度−0.808**−0.1870.486*
TIN浓度−0.832**−0.1470.453*
${{\rm{SiO} }_3^{2-}}$浓度−0.852**−0.1910.449*
温度0.356−0.221−0.308
盐度0.0560.1900.052
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离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究
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彭丽英 1, 2 , 郭雨 1 , 娄婷婷 3 , 崔旭东 1 , 张桂成 1, 2 , 傅晓婷 1 , 谷挺 1 , 马兴 3, * , 孙军 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(1): 1-10
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(1): 1-10
离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究
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彭丽英1, 2 , 郭雨1, 娄婷婷3, 崔旭东1, 张桂成1, 2, 傅晓婷1, 谷挺1, 马兴3, * , 孙军4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津 300457
  • 2.天津科技大学 天津市海洋资源与化学重点实验室,天津 300457
  • 3.天津海关动植物与食品检测中心,天津 300461
  • 4.中国地质大学(武汉) 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 5.中国地质大学(武汉) 生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 彭丽英(1988-),女,江西省赣州市人,主要从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马兴,男,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学应用研究。E-mail:
孙军,男,教授,主要从事生物海洋学研究。E-mail:
Field investigation of dimethyl sulfur in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea by ion mobility spectrometry
Liying Peng1, 2 , Yu Guo1, Tingting Lou3, Xudong Cui1, Guicheng Zhang1, 2, Xiaoting Fu1, Ting Gu1, Xing Ma3, * , Jun Sun4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Animal, Plant and Foodstuffs Inspection Center, Tianjin Customs, Tianjin 300461, China
  • 4. College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 5. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022008
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渤海、黄海是高产二甲基硫(Dimethyl Sulfide, DMS)的大陆架海区。该海区DMS的现场调查研究有助于准确评估海洋DMS释放量及其对全球气候变化的负反馈作用。目前,无论是基于模型还是直接测量法的通量估算均以表层海水或低层大气DMS浓度为基础,因此,先进的检测技术对其通量估算的准确度具有决定性作用。气相色谱法、质谱法、化学发光法以及卫星遥感技术是现在常用的观测技术,而本文则基于苯辅助光电离离子迁移谱技术进一步提出了一种可在海域现场观测海水中DMS的方法。通过结合动态气提-Nafion管在线除水进样系统,消除环境水汽的干扰;在最优条件下,基于DMS两个产物离子峰,可以实现0.10~120 nmol/L之间DMS的定量分析,检测限低至0.065 nmol/L;然后将所建方法应用于2019年秋季渤海、北黄海海水中DMS的现场观测。结果表明,表层海水中DMS的浓度为0.080~0.96 nmol/L(平均值为(0.44±0.34)nmol/L),其海气通量为0.12~17.75 μmol/(m2·d)(平均值为( 3.23±4.02)μmol/(m2·d));通过结合实验室检测结果、环境因子和浮游植物群落结构讨论了海水样品低温储存条件下DMS的变化和影响因素,结果显示,营养盐成分及浮游植物群落结构是影响储存样品中DMS浓度显著增加的主要因素,进一步表明了现场观测方法的建立对海洋DMS释放量的准确评估具有重要意义。

离子迁移谱  /  二甲基硫  /  现场观测  /  海−气交换通量  /  全球气候变化

The Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea are continental shelf areas with high production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Field investigation of DMS in this area is helpful to accurately assess its amount released from the ocean and its negative feedback on global climate change. Both model-based and direct measurement methods are based on DMS concentration in surface seawater and lower atmosphere, respectively, so advanced detection technology plays a decisive role in the accurate flux estimation. Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, chemiluminescence and satellite remote sensing are commonly used observation techniques. At this paper, a method based on benzene-assisted photoionization positive ion mobility spectrometry (BAPI-PIMS) for in-situ observation of DMS in seawater is proposed. Combined with dynamic gas stripping and on-line water removal Nafion tube sampling system, the interference of environmental water vapor is eliminated. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range based on the two DMS product ions is 0.10−120 nmol/L, and the detection limit is as low as 0.065 nmol/L. Then the demonstrated method is applied to field detect DMS in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea, and the concentration of DMS in surface seawater ranged from 0.08 nmol/L to 0.96 nmol/L, while the air-sea exchange flux ranged from 0.12 μmol/(m2·d) to 17.75 μmol/(m2·d). Lastly, the difference between DMS detected on field and in lab and the main impact factors are discussed via the correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, and results show that nutrients and phytoplankton community are the main factors during the seawater preservation, indicating the important significance of field observation method established currently for accurate evaluation of DMS release from the ocean.

ion mobility spectrometry  /  dimethyl sulfide  /  field observation  /  air-sea exchange flux  /  global climate change
彭丽英, 郭雨, 娄婷婷, 崔旭东, 张桂成, 傅晓婷, 谷挺, 马兴, 孙军. 离子迁移谱现场观测渤海和北黄海二甲基硫的研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022008
Liying Peng, Yu Guo, Tingting Lou, Xudong Cui, Guicheng Zhang, Xiaoting Fu, Ting Gu, Xing Ma, Jun Sun. Field investigation of dimethyl sulfur in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea by ion mobility spectrometry[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022008
全球海洋二甲基硫(Dimethyl Sulfide, DMS)每年释放通量(以硫计)约为28.1 Tg/a,相当于人类活动输入硫含量的50%,对全球气候变化产生重要的负反馈作用[1-2],开展各海域DMS释放通量的调查研究对加深认识其与全球气候变化的相互作用具有重要意义[3-5]。黄、渤海是大陆架海区,亦是DMS的高产区域,开展该海区的调查研究有助于准确评估全球硫的释放量[6]。基于模型估算和直接测量法的海−气交换通量分析分别以表层海水和低层大气中DMS浓度为基础,对观测技术的响应频率和灵敏度要求较高[7-8]。目前,国内外测量DMS浓度的方法主要有气相色谱法[9-11]、质谱法(MS)[12]、化学发光法[13-14]和基于联用技术的方法[15]等,这些方法均能实现痕量DMS的分析并得到广泛应用,但它们或多或少仍受限于较大的设备体积、较复杂的检测过程及较长的分析时间。另一方面,海水中DMS浓度较低、性质不稳定且它的生产与生物活动密切相关,长时间的样品保存对DMS浓度影响较大[16-17],为避免这种不利影响,通常要求对海水样品进行现场观测。因此,操作简单、便携、快速、准确的现场观测技术与方法对DMS释放量的研究具有重要意义。
离子迁移谱(Ion Mobility Spectrometry, IMS)是20世纪70年代发展起来的一种大气压条件下的气相离子分离分析技术,具有体积小、易便携、快速灵敏、可连续在线监测等特点。近年来,IMS已广泛应用于公共安全稽查、食品安全筛查、环境监测、临床诊断及生物医药等领域中[18-22]。本文基于苯辅助光电离离子迁移谱技术(Benzene-assisted Photoionization Positive Ion Mobility Spectrometry,BAPI-PIMS),结合动态气提-Nafion管在线除水进样系统,消除背景水汽对检测的干扰,建立了可现场检测海水中DMS的方法,并应用于2019年秋季渤海、北黄海海域DMS的现场观测,探究了海水样品储存过程中DMS浓度的变化及主要影响因素。
本文所采用的动态气提-Nafion管在线除水苯辅助光电离离子迁移谱(Nafion-BAPI-PIMS)检测平台的主要结构与之前报道的相似[23],主要由动态气提系统、Nafion管及离子迁移谱仪组成,如图1a所示。动态气提系统主要由2个三通电磁阀和1个动态气提瓶组成。离子迁移谱仪主要由VUV灯电离源离子迁移管、气体净化和流量控制系统、试剂分子发生装置、数据采集与处理系统组成,其中气体净化系统主要包括硅胶、活性炭和分子筛。Nafion管可将潮湿样品气流中的水汽在线转移到动态干燥空气氛围中,去除环境水汽对检测的干扰。该检测平台采用单向气流模式,并以苯为试剂分子通入VUV灯电离源中,苯分子在紫外光的照射下电离产生试剂离子${\rm{C}}_6{\rm{H}}_6^+ $。在测定样品时,取5 mL海水(5 m以浅水层获取)注入气提瓶内;然后输送一定流量净化空气进入水样中,在该气体的鼓泡剥离提取作用下,海水中的DMS动态释放至气流中。该气流进一步经过Nafion管在线除水后进入迁移管反应区中,与试剂离子${\rm{C}}_6{\rm{H}}_6^+ $发生电离反应生成相应的产物离子,然后在电场力的作用下进入迁移区后,因迁移率差异被分离并由法拉第盘接收。法拉第盘接收到的离子流进一步被放大成相应的产物离子信号峰。加权平均每20次离子信号得到一个IMS图,而单谱图所需要的响应时间仅为0.3 s。IMS分析平台的工作条件如下:迁移管电压约为270 V,试剂分子发生装置的温度为30℃,迁移管温度为100℃,单个水样分析时间周期约2 min;经空气净化系统除去原有DMS等物质的空气在质量流量控制器的作用下分为漂气,即迁移管内的反向吹扫气(600 mL/min)、试剂分子发生载气(50 mL/min)、鼓泡气(200 mL/min)及Nafion管内的反向吹扫气(1000 mL/min)。在单向气流模式下,电离源中紫外光照射产生的臭氧可由漂气和载气吹扫并载带出迁移管,从而消除其对DMS的影响。
本次调查依托国家自然科学基金委2017−2020年黄海中部春季浮游植物水华进程及其对生物碳汇贡献研究,于2019年10月12−22日搭乘“北斗号”科学考察船对渤海、北黄海海域进行调查,具体调查站位如图1b所示,调查区域为37°~39.50°N,118.50°~124.50°E,共28个站位。各调查站位的现场水温、盐度、水深等信息由直读式CTD获取,离海平面10 m高处的真实风速由船载自动气象站同步测得。DMS海水样品由5 L CTD采水器采集,然后用经过酸洗的T型硅胶管一端连接CTD采水器,另两端插入2个40 mL棕色采样瓶底缓慢盛接海水,待海水溢出量达到瓶体积一半时,缓慢抽出硅胶管并加盖拧紧。其中一瓶立即运回船舱采用IMS检测平台进行现场检测,从盛接水样到完成检测约需30 min;另一瓶则在瓶口缠上Parafilm膜封口,放置在4℃下密封避光保存[24],待运回实验室后立即检测,整个过程约需1个月。
浮游植物水样为CTD采水器中的海水直接倒入250 mL PE宽口瓶中,然后加入中性甲醛溶液固定(最终体积分数为2%),避光保存。待运回实验室后,浮游植物样品利用MoticAE2000型倒置显微镜并基于Utermöhl方法[25]进行镜检计数,其中物种鉴定参照山路勇[26]和金德祥等[27]的书目,记录中所用物种中文名称和拉丁文名称参照孙军和刘东艳[28]的研究。营养盐样品为罩杯式滤器过滤(GF/F膜)后的100 mL海水滤液, 存放于酸(盐酸∶纯水=1∶5)洗过的100 mL PE瓶中,于−20℃保存,然后基于J-GOFS标准,使用SEAL Analytical AA3仪器对营养盐样品(磷酸盐、硅酸盐、铵盐、硝酸盐)进行测定[29]
Nafion管购买于美国博纯责任有限公司,型号为MD-070-24。试剂分子苯(分析纯,国药化学试剂天津有限公司)密封在5 mL的棕色小瓶中(安捷伦科技有限公司),并将其存放于6 mL的不锈钢发生装置中,小瓶中的苯蒸汽可通过瓶盖上的PDMS膜渗透到50 mL/min的吹扫气流中,最终得到含30×10−6苯的气流进入离子迁移谱中。含772.80×10−9 DMS的标准母气由30 mL/min的干净空气连续吹扫稀释60 mL玻璃瓶内的DMS标准品(存于2 mL棕色瓶)蒸汽得到。不同浓度的DMS气态标准样品用不同流量的净化空气或湿空气依次稀释母气获得。不同湿度的潮湿空气由不同量水蒸汽与干燥空气混合配制产生。另外,采用乙二醇(分析纯,国药化学试剂天津有限公司)稀释标准品配制得到2.30 mmol/L DMS标准母液,然后通过逐级稀释该母液得到二级、三级母液,最后用不同体积的人工海水稀释三级母液得到系列浓度的DMS标准溶液。
DMS产物离子峰的约化迁移率K0计算公式为
$ {K_0} = {K_{{\rm{0s}}}} \times \frac{{{t_{\rm{s}}}}}{{{t_{{\rm{DMS}}}}}}{\rm{,}}$
式中,tstDMS分别为校准物和分析物DMS的迁移时间;校准物甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)的约化迁移率K0s为1.40 cm2/(V·s),它在相同条件下检测得到的迁移时间ts为6.02 ms。
本文采用滞膜模型及相关经验公式进行DMS海−气交换通量估算[3, 30],公式为
$ F = {k_{{\rm{DMS}}}}\left( {{c_{\rm{w}}} - \frac{{{c_{\rm{g}}}}}{H}} \right), $
$F = {k_{{\rm{DMS}}}}\times{c_{\rm{w}}},$
式中,F为DMS海−气交换通量(单位:μmol/(m2·d));kDMS为海−气传输速率常数;cwcg分别为表层海水和低层大气中DMS浓度;H为亨利常数,由于海水中DMS浓度远大于大气中的浓度,故大气DMS的贡献可忽略不计,得式(3)。速率常数kDMS采用N2000进行估算[31-32],公式为
$ {k_{{\rm{DMS}}}} = \left( {0.22{u^2} + 0.33u} \right) \times {\left( {660/{S_{{c}}}} \right)^{1/2}},$
$ {S_{ c}} = 2\;674.0 - 147.12T + 3.726{T^2} - 0.038{T^3},$
式中,u为各调查站位的真实风速;Sc为DMS气体在温度T时的Schmidt常数;T为海水温度。
型号为MD-070-24的Nafion管可以将1 L/min湿空气的湿度稳定在26%湿度以下,并且随着流速减小,湿度进一步呈现指数下降[33]。因此,可利用该Nafion管在线去除环境水汽对BAPI-PIMS检测DMS的干扰。图2a为5 mL人工海水中浓度为10 nmol/L DMS样品的离子迁移谱图。从DMS迁移谱图中可以得到DMS的两个产物离子峰DMS 1和DMS 2的约化迁移率K0值分别为2.27 cm2/(V·s)和1.85 cm2/(V·s),与已报道的结果相一致,并可归属这两个产物离子分别为DMS离子的单体${\rm{CH}}_3{\rm{SCH}}_3^+ $和二聚体$({\rm{CH}}_3{\rm{SCH}}_3)_2^+ $[23]。随着对5 mL海水样品进行连续鼓泡气提并进样检测,可以获得两个产物离子峰的监测曲线,如图2b所示。图中结果显示,虽然200 mL/min气流完全鼓泡提取出单个海水样品中的DMS并获得相应连续监测曲线大约需要3 min,但信号强度达到最大值则仅需0.5 min。如果依据最高信号强度进行定量分析,那么完成单个水样的分析时间比已报道的时间分辨进样BAPI-PIMS[23]所需的分析时间快4倍。
为了获得最优检测条件,我们探究了鼓泡气流速和水样体积对Nafion管在线除水及检测结果的影响,结果如图3所示。图3a表明,随着鼓泡气流速从50 mL/min增加到300 mL/min,DMS两个产物离子峰强度分别由330 mV和47 mV增加至663 mV和229 mV,而最高强度处的分析时间则从80 s缩短至33 s。出现这种现象的原因可能是随着鼓泡气流速增加,单位时间进入水样中的气体量增多,提升了对DMS的提取量及进样量,使得峰强度增强,与此同时缩短了定量水样提取分析所需要的时间。最终综合操作方便性、分析速度和灵敏度,选择200 mL/min为后续实验的鼓泡气流速。图3b为鼓泡气流速为200 mL/min时,海水进样体积对检测的影响结果,从图中可以看到,随着水样体积从2 mL增加至8 mL,DMS两个产物离子峰分别从376 mV和50 mV增加至712 mV和321 mV,同时相应分析时间亦从26 s均逐渐增加至34 s,原因可能是由于水样中DMS浓度随体积增加而增加,故其产物离子峰的信号强度增强,而在鼓泡气流一定时,完成提取所需要的时间亦增加,综合考虑信号强度和分析时间,选择5 mL为单次进样的水样体积。对于5 mL水样,200 mL/min鼓泡流速下的分析时间约为0.5 min。
在最优条件下,基于人工海水配制的系列浓度DMS标准水样,我们分别根据DMS的两个产物离子峰的监测曲线(图2b)的峰面积和最高峰强度进行定量分析,可以得到相应的动态响应曲线及其线性范围,结果如表1所示。从表中可以得到基于两个产物离子峰监测曲线的最高强度,可以实现0.10~80.00 nmol/L之间的定量分析,而基于两者的峰面积则可实现0.10~120.00 nmol/L范围内的定量分析。两者对应的最低检测限分别为0.065 nmol/L和0.067 nmol/L,它们9次重复检测的相对标准偏差(Relative Standard Deviation, RSD)分别为2.19%和1.43%。从以上结果可知,基于峰面积的定量分析具有较宽的线性范围,精密度亦相对较高,但要求水样中的DMS被完全鼓泡气提,会适当延长单个样品的分析时间。故在现场应用中依据最高峰强度的定量分析可以获得较快的检测速度,而依据峰面积的定量分析则可获得重现性相对较好的浓度值。我们在后续的海水样品分析中则是依据峰面积进行定量分析。
我们利用Nafion-BAPI-PIMS检测平台现场观测了秋季渤海、北黄海海域的28个站位表层海水中的DMS。根据DMS产物离子峰监测曲线的峰面积回归动态响应曲线分析得到表层海水中DMS的浓度分布如图4a所示,从图中可知,现场检测得到的表层海水DMS的浓度范围为0.080~0.96 nmol/L,平均值为(0.44±0.34) nmol/L。其中,由于B9站位、B20站位、B22站位和B24站位海水中DMS离子峰监测曲线的峰面积低于3倍背景噪音,所得浓度值均低于检测限,存在较大的不确定性,故未纳入该浓度范围。表层海水中DMS整体分布呈现由渤海向北黄海逐渐递增的趋势,且在北黄海海域呈现高值分布。虽然基于Nafion-BAPI-PIMS现场观测的DMS浓度值低于2014年和2015年Yang等[34-35]基于GC-FPD得到的浓度值1.86~6.52 nmol/L和0.75~6.69 nmol/L,但是整体变化趋势及最高值分布与2015年Yang等[35]报道的秋季分布结果相一致,均在北黄海中东部海区出现最高值。与此同时,调查发现,该区域叶绿素含量(0.87~4.02 μg/L)、浮游植物总量、硅藻和金藻丰度均出现高值分布[36],因此,该海区高浓度DMS分布可能与浮游植物总量及群落结构密切相关,而浮游植物丰度及群落结构则与海表温度(17.77~20.72℃)、盐度(29.85~32.07)及营养盐(未发表数据)等的分布密不可分。另外,我们基于各调查站位表层海水温度及风速,利用滞膜模型及式(2)至式(5)估算了2019年秋季渤海、北黄海DMS的海−气交换通量,其分布情况如图4b所示。从图中可以看到,除去浓度值低于检测限的站位,DMS的海−气交换通量范围为0.12~17.75 μmol/(m2·d),平均值为(3.23±4.02)μmol/(m2·d),最高值出现在北黄海东部靠近山东半岛海区,且整体呈现由渤海向北黄海逐渐递增的趋势,这与DMS的分布趋势大体相同,但是在北黄海中部海域未出现通量较高值,可能是因为通量不仅与DMS浓度有关,还与该海域的风速和海表水温有关。
DMS海水样品保存中,Simth等[17]及Andreae和Barnard[16]均认为样品低温保存是非常必要的,前者认为过滤操作可有效防止海水中浮游植物藻细胞进一步生产二甲基硫丙酸内盐(DMSP),但操作不当亦有可能导致藻细胞破裂,增大海水中DMS浓度,而酸化措施则可有效抑制DMSP裂解酶的活性,进而有效维持海水样品保存过程中DMS的浓度;然而后者却认为,GF/C膜过滤和酸化处理对海水DMS样品的保存没有明显帮助。为了探究海水样品低温储存过程中DMS浓度的变化及影响因素,我们同步采集了相应站位的海水样品,置于4℃下密封避光储存,待运回实验室后,立即使用Nafion-BAPI-PIMS进行检测,整个过程大约需1个月。将所得结果与现场观测(完成时间约为30 min)结果进行对比分析,结果如图5所示。从图中可以发现,实验室检测得到的DMS浓度值(DMSL)整体明显高于现场观测值(DMSF),前者平均是后者的(7.85±8.89)倍,其中B24站位的差距最大,且渤海海域两者的差异整体高于北黄海海域。为探究造成该差异的原因,我们分别对DMS的实验室检测值、现场观测值及两者的比值与环境因子之间进行了双变量相关性分析,结果如表2所示。从该表可以得到现场观测的DMS浓度与${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $、TIN和${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $(未发表数据)浓度呈现显著的高度负相关性,而与海表水温、盐度及叶绿素浓度分布相关性不显著;实验室检测结果与营养盐浓度则未表现出显著相关性;两者的比值均与${\rm {PO}}_4^{3-} $、TIN和${\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-} $浓度均呈现极显著的正相关性。综上所述,营养盐是影响现场海水中DMS分布的主要环境因子,但样品在4℃下冷藏存放的过程中,海水中DMS浓度会发生明显增加,而促进DMS浓度增加的原因还需进一步综合考虑环境因素和生物因素。
为了进一步探究低温储存过程影响海水中DMS浓度的原因,我们基于2019年秋季同航次渤、黄海浮游植物群落结构[36],分别对DMS现场观测值和实验室检测值与前15种浮游植物优势种群及主要环境因子进行了典范对应分析,结果如图6所示。图6a表明,现场观测值与金藻及其优势种小等刺硅鞭藻(Dictyocha fibula),硅藻优势种中的柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)、斯氏几内亚藻(Guinardia striata)及羽纹藻(Pinnularia spp.)等相关性很大,说明控制秋季DMS生产的主要生物因素是金藻及某些硅藻优势种。另外,图6b显示了DMS实验室观测值与金藻的相关性减弱,而与硅藻优势种柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)、斯氏几内亚藻(Guinardia striata)和膜状谬氏藻(Meuniera membranacea)的相关性增强,说明海水样品在低温储存过程中,硅藻优势种对DMS的生产消耗过程起着主导作用。结合浮游植物群落分析结果,在渤海海域出现了丰富的硅藻群体,而典范对应分析结果亦显示硅藻和营养盐相关性很大。渤海较丰富的营养盐,造就了该海域丰富的硅藻类群,该类群低生产DMS的能力最终导致渤海低浓度的DMS分布。此外,结果亦说明,样品低温储存对硅藻藻细胞进一步生产DMS的影响更大,进而造成渤海海域中DMS实验室检测值相对于北黄海海域更明显地高于现场观测值。因此,在DMS非现场(实验室检测)调查中,尽管海水样品是低温储存,但如果时间过长,存储过程中海水中的浮游植物尤其是硅藻细胞可释放大量的DMS,会导致储存样品的DMS浓度显著高于现场观测值。
本文基于苯辅助光电离离子迁移谱技术并结合在线除水Nafion管提出了一种可在海域现场观测海水中DMS的方法。通过结合动态气提-Nafion管在线除水进样系统,消除环境水汽的干扰,保证灵敏度的同时,优化检测过程。在最优条件下,基于DMS两个产物离子峰峰面积,可实现0.10~120.00 nmol/L之间的定量分析,检测限低至0.067 nmol/L;最后将所建方法应用于2019年秋季渤海、北黄海海水中DMS的现场观测和实验室检测,并通过探究现场观测和实验室检测值的差异可知,样品长时间的低温储存会引起海水中DMS浓度显著增高,导致该现象的主要因素是表层海水中营养盐成分及浮游植物群落结构,尤其是硅藻对低温储存中DMS的生产消费情况有重要影响。
致谢:本研究得到国家自然科学基金委2017−2020黄海中部春季浮游植物水华进程及其对生物碳汇贡献研究的支持(项目编号:41849901,航次编号:NORC2019-01),“北斗号”科考船提供采样平台及温度、盐度和水深等CTD数据,谨致谢忱!
  • 天津市教委科研计划(2017KJ013)
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2022年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022008
  • 接收时间:2021-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-10
  • 修回日期:2021-08-09
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天津市教委科研计划(2017KJ013)
作者信息
    1.天津科技大学 海洋与环境学院,天津 300457
    2.天津科技大学 天津市海洋资源与化学重点实验室,天津 300457
    3.天津海关动植物与食品检测中心,天津 300461
    4.中国地质大学(武汉) 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    5.中国地质大学(武汉) 生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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马兴,男,高级工程师,主要从事分析化学应用研究。E-mail:
孙军,男,教授,主要从事生物海洋学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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