Article(id=1224795036043329676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621958400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-26, revisedDate=1630944000000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943492184, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943492184, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943492184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943492184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795036362096787, articleId=1224795036043329676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the community structure of zooplankton in the sea area near the north operation area in the Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port in spring and autumn, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the investigation data of zooplankton in the sea area near the north operation area in the Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port in May (spring) and October (autumn) 2015, the community structure characteristics of zooplankton was analysed in this paper. The results showed that 20 species and 7 taxa of zooplankton were found in the two seasons, including 12 species and 4 taxa in spring and 19 species and 6 taxa in autumn, the average abundance of zooplankton were 128.1 ind./m3 in spring and 103.3 ind./m3 in autumn, the average biomass (wet weight) were 1 129.9 mg/m3 and 954.3 mg/m3, the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Margalef’s species richness diversity (D) and Pielou’s evenness index (J) were 2.39, 0.85, 0.87 in spring, respectively, and 2.01, 1.21, 0.62 in autumn, respectively. In spring, the dominant species were Sagitta crassa, Calanus sinicus, Labibocera euchaeta, Acartia pacifica, Pleurobrachia globosa, while in autumn, the dominant species were Acartia pacifica, Doliolum denticulatum, Sagitta crassa, Labibocera euchaeta. Cluster analysis showed that the zooplankton in the investigation area could be divided into three groups. This study could provide important basic data for further study of zooplankton community structure in the coastal waters of Rizhao.

, correspAuthors=Yinglu Ji, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liang Zhang, Kai Su, Shaoping Zhang, Bin Sun, Sichao Pu, Junjian Wang, Yinglu Ji), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795039067422946, articleId=1224795036043329676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域春、秋季浮游动物群落结构研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以2015年5月(春季)和10月(秋季)在日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域进行的浮游动物调查数据为例,分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。调查海域两季共发现浮游动物成体20种,浮游幼虫7类,其中春季成体12种,浮游幼虫4类,秋季成体19种,浮游幼虫6类;春、秋两季调查浮游动物平均丰度分别为128.1 ind./m3、103.3 ind./m3;平均生物量(湿重)分别为1 129.9 mg/m3、954.3 mg/m3;平均多样性指数分别为2.39、2.01;平均丰富度指数分别为0.85、1.21;平均均匀度指数分别为0.87、0.62;春季调查优势种为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labibocera euchaeta)、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa),秋季调查优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤、小齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)、强壮箭虫、真刺唇角水蚤;聚类分析表明,调查海域浮游动物可划分为3个群落。本研究可为深入研究该海域浮游动物群落结构提供重要的基础数据。

, correspAuthors=纪莹璐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
纪莹璐(1990—),女,工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:
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张亮(1982—),男,山东省淄博市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:

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张亮(1982—),男,山东省淄博市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:

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张亮(1982—),男,山东省淄博市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:

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List of zooplankton species

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序号中文名拉丁文名或英文名类群春季秋季
  注:+代表出现;−代表未出现。
1半球美螅水母Clytia hemisphaerica腔肠动物+
2薮枝螅水母Obelia spp.腔肠动物++
3黑球真唇水母Eucheilota menoni腔肠动物++
4锡兰和平水母Eirene ceylonensis腔肠动物++
5瓜水母Beroe sp.栉水母++
6球型侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globosa栉水母++
7背针胸刺水蚤Centropages dorsispinatus节肢动物+
8瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis节肢动物+
9双刺唇角水蚤Labibocera bipinnata节肢动物++
10太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartia pacifica节肢动物++
11汤氏长足水蚤Calanopia thompsoni节肢动物+
12近缘大眼剑水蚤Corycaeus affinis节肢动物+
13小拟哲水蚤Paracalanus parvus节肢动物+
14真刺唇角水蚤Labibocera euchaeta节肢动物++
15中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus节肢动物++
16左突唇角水蚤Labibocera sinilobata节肢动物+
17强壮箭虫Sagitta crassa毛颚动物++
18萨利扭鳃樽Thalia democratica尾索动物+
19小齿海樽Doliolum denticulatum尾索动物+
20异体住囊虫Oikopleura dioica尾索动物++
21桡足类幼体Copepoda larva浮游幼虫+
22蔓足类无节幼虫Nauplius larva(Cirripedia)浮游幼虫+
23短尾类溞状幼体Zoea larva(Brachyura)浮游幼虫++
24多毛类幼体Polychaeta larva浮游幼虫++
25腹足类幼体Gastropoda larva浮游幼虫+
26海星幼体Echinopluteus larva浮游幼虫+
27长尾类幼体Macrura larva浮游幼虫++
), ArticleFig(id=1225365913139065041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036043329676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

浮游动物种类名录表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号中文名拉丁文名或英文名类群春季秋季
  注:+代表出现;−代表未出现。
1半球美螅水母Clytia hemisphaerica腔肠动物+
2薮枝螅水母Obelia spp.腔肠动物++
3黑球真唇水母Eucheilota menoni腔肠动物++
4锡兰和平水母Eirene ceylonensis腔肠动物++
5瓜水母Beroe sp.栉水母++
6球型侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globosa栉水母++
7背针胸刺水蚤Centropages dorsispinatus节肢动物+
8瘦尾胸刺水蚤Centropages tenuiremis节肢动物+
9双刺唇角水蚤Labibocera bipinnata节肢动物++
10太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartia pacifica节肢动物++
11汤氏长足水蚤Calanopia thompsoni节肢动物+
12近缘大眼剑水蚤Corycaeus affinis节肢动物+
13小拟哲水蚤Paracalanus parvus节肢动物+
14真刺唇角水蚤Labibocera euchaeta节肢动物++
15中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus节肢动物++
16左突唇角水蚤Labibocera sinilobata节肢动物+
17强壮箭虫Sagitta crassa毛颚动物++
18萨利扭鳃樽Thalia democratica尾索动物+
19小齿海樽Doliolum denticulatum尾索动物+
20异体住囊虫Oikopleura dioica尾索动物++
21桡足类幼体Copepoda larva浮游幼虫+
22蔓足类无节幼虫Nauplius larva(Cirripedia)浮游幼虫+
23短尾类溞状幼体Zoea larva(Brachyura)浮游幼虫++
24多毛类幼体Polychaeta larva浮游幼虫++
25腹足类幼体Gastropoda larva浮游幼虫+
26海星幼体Echinopluteus larva浮游幼虫+
27长尾类幼体Macrura larva浮游幼虫++
), ArticleFig(id=1225365913243922649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036043329676, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Taxa composition of zooplankton

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类群春季秋季
种类数百分比/%种类数
百分比/%
节肢动物4251040
腔肠动物319416
栉水母21328
毛颚动物1614
尾索动物21328
浮游幼虫425624
合计1610025100
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浮游动物种类组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类群春季秋季
种类数百分比/%种类数
百分比/%
节肢动物4251040
腔肠动物319416
栉水母21328
毛颚动物1614
尾索动物21328
浮游幼虫425624
合计1610025100
), ArticleFig(id=1225365913533329645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036043329676, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dominant species and its dominances of zooplankton

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优势种春季秋季
出现频率优势度指数(Y出现频率优势度指数(Y
  注:−代表未出现。
球型侧腕水母 Pleurobrachia globosa0.700.03
中华哲水蚤 Calanus sinicus1.000.24
太平洋纺锤水蚤 Acartia pacifica0.700.050.900.34
真刺唇角水蚤 Labibocera euchaeta0.800.151.000.05
强壮箭虫 Sagitta crassa1.000.281.000.14
小齿海樽 Doliolum denticulatum0.900.19
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浮游动物优势种及其优势度

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优势种春季秋季
出现频率优势度指数(Y出现频率优势度指数(Y
  注:−代表未出现。
球型侧腕水母 Pleurobrachia globosa0.700.03
中华哲水蚤 Calanus sinicus1.000.24
太平洋纺锤水蚤 Acartia pacifica0.700.050.900.34
真刺唇角水蚤 Labibocera euchaeta0.800.151.000.05
强壮箭虫 Sagitta crassa1.000.281.000.14
小齿海樽 Doliolum denticulatum0.900.19
), ArticleFig(id=1225365913810153725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036043329676, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The diversity index of zooplankton in monitoring areas

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站位春季秋季
多样性指数(H')均匀度(J)阈值(Dv)等级描述多样性指数(H')均匀度(J)阈值(Dv)等级描述
L021.860.721.3多样性一般3.030.852.6多样性丰富
L032.100.811.7多样性较好1.070.380.4多样性差
L062.580.812.1多样性较好1.790.641.1多样性一般
L072.690.902.4多样性较好1.570.560.9多样性一般
L09B2.560.812.1多样性较好1.940.561.1多样性一般
L102.650.952.5多样性较好0.850.330.3多样性差
L122.280.982.2多样性较好2.090.631.3多样性一般
L132.370.922.2多样性较好2.400.671.6多样性较好
L142.490.892.2多样性较好2.550.741.9多样性较好
L152.370.922.2多样性较好2.810.842.4多样性较好
平均2.390.872.1多样性较好2.010.621.4多样性一般
), ArticleFig(id=1225365913910817032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795036043329676, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

调查海域浮游动物多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位春季秋季
多样性指数(H')均匀度(J)阈值(Dv)等级描述多样性指数(H')均匀度(J)阈值(Dv)等级描述
L021.860.721.3多样性一般3.030.852.6多样性丰富
L032.100.811.7多样性较好1.070.380.4多样性差
L062.580.812.1多样性较好1.790.641.1多样性一般
L072.690.902.4多样性较好1.570.560.9多样性一般
L09B2.560.812.1多样性较好1.940.561.1多样性一般
L102.650.952.5多样性较好0.850.330.3多样性差
L122.280.982.2多样性较好2.090.631.3多样性一般
L132.370.922.2多样性较好2.400.671.6多样性较好
L142.490.892.2多样性较好2.550.741.9多样性较好
L152.370.922.2多样性较好2.810.842.4多样性较好
平均2.390.872.1多样性较好2.010.621.4多样性一般
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日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域春、秋季浮游动物群落结构研究
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张亮 1, 2 , 宿凯 1, 2 , 张绍萍 1, 2 , 孙滨 1, 2 , 蒲思潮 1, 2 , 王俊健 1, 2 , 纪莹璐 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(1): 79-88
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(1): 79-88
日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域春、秋季浮游动物群落结构研究
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张亮1, 2 , 宿凯1, 2, 张绍萍1, 2, 孙滨1, 2, 蒲思潮1, 2, 王俊健1, 2, 纪莹璐1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 2.国家海洋局北海预报中心, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 张亮(1982—),男,山东省淄博市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

纪莹璐(1990—),女,工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:
Study on the community structure of zooplankton in the sea area near the north operation area in the Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port in spring and autumn
Liang Zhang1, 2 , Kai Su1, 2, Shaoping Zhang1, 2, Bin Sun1, 2, Sichao Pu1, 2, Junjian Wang1, 2, Yinglu Ji1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2. North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022022
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以2015年5月(春季)和10月(秋季)在日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域进行的浮游动物调查数据为例,分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。调查海域两季共发现浮游动物成体20种,浮游幼虫7类,其中春季成体12种,浮游幼虫4类,秋季成体19种,浮游幼虫6类;春、秋两季调查浮游动物平均丰度分别为128.1 ind./m3、103.3 ind./m3;平均生物量(湿重)分别为1 129.9 mg/m3、954.3 mg/m3;平均多样性指数分别为2.39、2.01;平均丰富度指数分别为0.85、1.21;平均均匀度指数分别为0.87、0.62;春季调查优势种为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labibocera euchaeta)、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa),秋季调查优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤、小齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)、强壮箭虫、真刺唇角水蚤;聚类分析表明,调查海域浮游动物可划分为3个群落。本研究可为深入研究该海域浮游动物群落结构提供重要的基础数据。

日照岚山港  /  浮游动物  /  群落结构  /  多样性  /  优势种

Based on the investigation data of zooplankton in the sea area near the north operation area in the Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port in May (spring) and October (autumn) 2015, the community structure characteristics of zooplankton was analysed in this paper. The results showed that 20 species and 7 taxa of zooplankton were found in the two seasons, including 12 species and 4 taxa in spring and 19 species and 6 taxa in autumn, the average abundance of zooplankton were 128.1 ind./m3 in spring and 103.3 ind./m3 in autumn, the average biomass (wet weight) were 1 129.9 mg/m3 and 954.3 mg/m3, the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Margalef’s species richness diversity (D) and Pielou’s evenness index (J) were 2.39, 0.85, 0.87 in spring, respectively, and 2.01, 1.21, 0.62 in autumn, respectively. In spring, the dominant species were Sagitta crassa, Calanus sinicus, Labibocera euchaeta, Acartia pacifica, Pleurobrachia globosa, while in autumn, the dominant species were Acartia pacifica, Doliolum denticulatum, Sagitta crassa, Labibocera euchaeta. Cluster analysis showed that the zooplankton in the investigation area could be divided into three groups. This study could provide important basic data for further study of zooplankton community structure in the coastal waters of Rizhao.

Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port  /  zooplankton  /  community structure  /  diversity  /  dominant species
张亮, 宿凯, 张绍萍, 孙滨, 蒲思潮, 王俊健, 纪莹璐. 日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域春、秋季浮游动物群落结构研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 79 -88 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022022
Liang Zhang, Kai Su, Shaoping Zhang, Bin Sun, Sichao Pu, Junjian Wang, Yinglu Ji. Study on the community structure of zooplankton in the sea area near the north operation area in the Lanshan Port of Rizhao Port in spring and autumn[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 79 -88 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022022
浮游动物是指一类被动地漂浮于水层中的、本身不能制造有机物的异养型无脊椎动物和脊索动物幼体的总称,海洋浮游动物数量大、种类多、分布广,是海洋生物多样性的重要组成部分,浮游动物种类组成、种群动态变化对于整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能都有着十分重要的影响,分析浮游动物群落结构及其变化是了解相应海区生态系统功能的重要方法[1]。全面准确地了解海洋浮游动物种类组成、分布和数量变化能够加深对海洋生态系统结构与功能的认知,提升海洋环境监测能力。
日照港是我国重点发展的沿海港口,现拥有石臼、岚山两大港区,日照岚山港北作业区位于岚山港区北部,是岚山港的重要组成部分。目前,关于日照邻近海域特别是日照港邻近海域浮游动物的研究报道很少,于洋等[2]利用2016年和2017年5月、8月的调查资料分析了绿潮暴发对日照近岸浮游动物群落结构的影响;毕晓欣等[3]利用2015年春季在山东省近岸海域18个调查站位的监测资料,对山东省近岸海域浮游动物的群落结构与水质理化因子的关系进行了探讨,但日照近岸海域仅有1个调查站位;张亮等[4]曾就2019年11月在日照岚山港区附近海域的浮游动物调查数据,结合2010年9月、2013年9月、2016年11月的调查资料,分析了该海域秋季浮游动物的群落结构特征及变化情况,并初步探讨该海域浮游动物群落结构特征与围填海工程的关系。为了解日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域浮游动物的群落结构特征,本文以2015年5月(春季)和10月(秋季)调查数据为基础,分析了日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域浮游动物群落结构及两季变化情况,为深入研究该海域浮游动物群落结构提供了重要的基础数据。
本研究所用的浮游动物样品为2015年5月(春季)和10月(秋季)在日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域调查采集,共布设10个采样站位,采样站位布设情况见图1,浮游动物采用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网(网口面积为0.20 m2,材质为CQ14筛绢)采集,样品自底(距离海底2 m)至表垂直拖网获得。采集样品采用5%(V∶V)甲醛海水溶液进行固定,带回实验室后按照《海洋监测规范 第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测》(GB/T 17378.7−2007)[5]关于浮游生物生态调查中的相关要求,采用体视显微镜以个体计数法进行分析,分析包括种类鉴定、计数,并采用电子天平进行湿重生物量的测定。
丰度、生物量和优势度按照常规方法[4]进行计算。公式为
$ C = \frac{n}{V} \text{,} $
$ M = \frac{m}{V} \text{,} $
$ Y = \frac{{n_i}}{N} \times f_i \text{,} $
式中,C为某种类的丰度(单位:ind./m3);n为该站位浮游动物某种类的个数(单位:ind.);V为该站位滤水量(单位:m3);M为某种类的生物量(单位:mg/m3);m为该站位浮游动物某种类的重量(单位:mg);Y为某种类的优势度;ni为第i种浮游动物的个体数;N为浮游动物的总个体数;fi为第i种浮游动物在调查站位中出现的频率。当优势度Y不小于0.02时,认定该物种为优势种[6]
采用香农−韦弗(Shannon-Weaver)多样性指数(H'[7]、Margalef种类丰富度指数(D[8]和Pielou均匀度指数(J[9]进行浮游动物群落生物多样性分析,公式为
$ {H'} = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^S {Pi{{\log }_2}Pi} \text{,} $
$ D = \frac{{S - 1}}{{\log_2 N}} \text{,} $
$ J = \frac{{H'}}{{{{\log }_2}S}} \text{,} $
式中,Pi为第i种浮游动物的个体数(ni)与总个体数(N)的比值(ni/N);S为样品中的种类总数。
采用Surfer 7.0软件对获得的浮游动物丰度、生物量及多样性的平面分布情况进行图件绘制。
采用PRIMER 6.0中的CLUSTER模块对浮游动物群落进行聚类分析。
春、秋两季调查共发现浮游动物成体20种(表1),其中节肢动物10种,占总种数的50%;腔肠动物4种,占总种数的20%;栉水母2种,占总种数的10%;毛颚动物1种,占总种数的5%;尾索动物3种,占总种数的15%;另外,发现浮游幼虫7类。秋季调查发现浮游动物种类数多于春季,秋季调查发现成体19种、浮游幼虫6类;春季调查发现成体12种、浮游幼虫4类(表2),春、秋两季调查均出现的浮游动物成体有11种,浮游幼虫有3类;种类组成方面,春、秋两季调查结果表明,节肢动物在种类组成上占优势,其次为浮游幼虫,再次为腔肠动物。
春、秋两季浮游动物调查共出现优势种6种(表3),其中节肢动物3种,腔肠动物、毛颚动物、尾索动物各1种,节肢动物在种类组成上占优势。春季调查出现优势种5种,秋季调查出现优势种4种,春、秋季调查出现的优势种有所不同,太平洋纺锤水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤和强壮箭虫是春、秋两季调查出现的共同优势种。春季调查第一优势种强壮箭虫出现频率为1.00,优势度指数(Y)为0.28,第二优势种中华哲水蚤出现频率为1.00,优势度指数(Y)为0.24,两种优势种在春季调查中占据绝对优势;秋季调查第一优势种太平洋纺锤水蚤和第二优势种小齿海樽出现频率均为0.90,优势度指数(Y)分别为0.34和0.19。
春季调查海域浮游动物生物量(湿重)范围为378.2~1 948.0 mg/m3,平均为1 129.9 mg/m3,最低生物量出现在L09B号站,最高生物量出现在L14号站(图2)。秋季调查海域浮游动物生物量(湿重)范围为409.1~1 892.9 mg/m3,平均为954.3 mg/m3,最低生物量出现在L15号站,最高生物量出现在L02号站(图2)。从平面分布看,两季调查浮游动物生物量总体呈近岸高于外海,呈现由近岸向外海逐渐降低的趋势。春季调查浮游动物生物量高于秋季。
春季调查海域浮游动物丰度范围为78.2~210.3 ind./m3,平均为128.1 ind./m3,最低丰度出现在L12号站,最高丰度出现在L03号站(图3)。秋季调查海域浮游动物丰度范围为32.3~207.1 ind./m3,平均为103.3 ind./m3,最低丰度出现在L15号站,最高丰度出现在L13号站(图3)。从平面分布看,调查海域浮游动物丰度平面分布呈近岸高、远岸低的趋势,与生物量分布趋势基本一致。总体上,调查海域浮游动物的生物量和丰度分布呈现岚山港北作业区港区外高于港区内的总体分布趋势。
对春、秋两季调查的浮游动物数据进行多样性指数计算,春季调查浮游动物多样性指数(H')为1.86~2.69,平均为2.39;秋季为0.85~3.03,平均为2.01,平面分布情况见图4。春季调查浮游动物均匀度指数(J)为0.72~0.98,平均为0.87;秋季为0.33~0.85,平均为0.62,平面分布情况见图5。春季调查浮游动物丰富度指数(D)为0.64~1.18,平均为0.85;秋季为0.67~1.69,平均为1.21,平面分布情况见图6
总体上,春季调查丰富度指数(D)低于秋季,春季调查多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)高于秋季。水平分布上春季调查多样性指数(H')南部海域高于北部,秋季调查多样性指数近岸高于远海;春、秋两季调查均匀度指数(J)水平分布呈近岸高于远海的趋势;春季调查丰富度指数(D)中部海域高,秋季调查丰富度指数南部海域高于北部。
多样性指数是海洋生态环境评价中常用的指标,可作为评价海洋生态系统健康程度的指标[10]。陈清潮等[11]根据多样性指数的大小将生物多样性阈值(Dv=H'×J)分为5个等级。根据春、秋两季调查的结果,对日照岚山港北作业区邻近海域浮游动物的多样性指数进行统计学评价分析,依据陈清潮等[11]对群落丰富程度的分级,春季调查海域浮游动物多样性阈值平均为2.1,多样性评价等级为III 级,等级描述多样性较好;秋季调查浮游动物多样性阈值平均为1.4,多样性评价等级为II 级,等级描述多样性一般,各站位评价结果见表4
对春、秋两季各调查站位浮游动物种类组成进行CLUSTER聚类分析,结果见图7。在52%的相似度上,春季调查海域10个调查站位浮游动物被划分为3个群落,群落I 包含L03站位、L10站位、L12站位,群落II 包含L06站位、L13站位、L15站位、L09B站位,群落III包含L02站位、L07站位、L14站位。造成群落间差异的主要成体种有薮枝螅水母、黑球真唇水母、瓜水母、异体住囊虫、萨利扭鳃樽,浮游幼虫类有短尾类溞状幼体。
在39%的相似度上,将秋季调查海域10个调查站位的浮游动物划分为3个群落,群落I 包含L02站位、L12站位、L14站位、L15站位、L09B站位,群落II 包含L03站位、L06站位、L07站位,群落III包含L13站位、L10站位。造成群落间差异的主要成体种有黑球真唇水母、薮枝螅水母、锡兰和平水母、小拟哲水蚤、汤氏长足水蚤、左突唇角水蚤,浮游幼虫类有海星幼体、桡足类幼体、短尾类溞状幼体、腹足类幼体。
春、秋两季调查共发现浮游动物成体20种,隶属于节肢动物、腔肠动物、栉水母、毛颚动物、尾索动物,浮游幼虫7类,秋季调查发现浮游动物成体19种,多于春季的12种,秋季调查发现浮游幼虫6类,多于春季的4类。
毕晓欣等[3]利用2015年春季山东省近岸海域浮游动物的调查资料对其生态特征进行分析,在日照近岸海域调查站位发现浮游动物10种/类(成体5种,幼虫5类),种类组成上,节肢动物和浮游幼虫类占优势,其次为腔肠动物和毛颚动物。于洋等[2]2016年和2017年5月、8月在日照近岸海域的浮游动物调查结果显示,2016年5月调查发现浮游动物24种/类(成体17种,幼虫7类),种类组成上,节肢动物占优势,其次为浮游幼虫类,再次为腔肠动物和毛颚动物,8月发现36种/类(成体22种,幼虫14类),种类组成上,浮游幼虫类占优势,其次为节肢动物,再次为腔肠动物;2017年5月调查共发现浮游动物22种/类(成体16种,幼虫6类),种类组成上,节肢动物占优势,其次为浮游幼虫类,再次为被囊动物和毛颚动物;8月发现43种/类(成体27种,幼虫16类),种类组成上,浮游幼虫类占优势,其次为节肢动物,再次为腔肠动物。本研究结果与于洋等[2]研究日照近岸海域秋季调查浮游动物种类数多于春季的结果一致,同时与左涛[12]和王云龙等[13]研究所得结论一致,黄海海区浮游动物种类数在夏季和秋季会相对较多,冬季和春季相对较少。本研究中春季调查浮游动物种类数高于毕晓欣等[3]的结果,分析原因,可能与调查站位数量的多少有关系;低于于洋等[2]的结果,原因是于洋等[2]的调查采用浅水II型浮游生物网采集浮游动物,该型网的网孔更小,小型浮游动物也被同时采集。种类组成方面,本研究发现调查海域节肢动物、浮游幼虫类及腔肠动物在种类组成上占优势,和以往研究结果[23]基本一致,说明调查海域浮游动物种类结构组成比较稳定。
春、秋两季浮游动物调查共出现优势种6种,春季5种,秋季4种,太平洋纺锤水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、强壮箭虫为两季共同优势种。由于季节差别,春、秋季调查中出现的优势种有一定的差异。于洋等[2]在日照近岸浮游动物群落结构研究中发现,强壮箭虫是2016年、2017年8月调查的优势种,中华哲水蚤是2016年、2017年5月调查的优势种。强壮箭虫隶属于毛颚类动物,是暖温带的近岸优势种,强壮箭虫也是我国黄海、渤海以及近岸海域的常年优势种类[14]。王晓等[15]分析了2007年秋季南黄海浮游动物的种类组成,发现中华哲水蚤、强壮箭虫、磷虾幼体和小齿海樽是秋季优势种;本研究结果与上述调查结果基本一致,说明该海域浮游动物优势种未发生明显变化。
本研究春、秋两季调查发现,春季调查浮游动物生物量和丰度均高于秋季。姜会超等[16]在对烟台四十里湾海域浮游动物群落研究中发现,浮游动物丰度和生物量在5月达到最高,高于同年10月的结果;于洋等[2]在日照近岸海域的浮游动物调查结果显示,在2016年和2017年4个航次的调查中,调查海域5月航次的浮游动物平均丰度均明显高于当年8月航次的平均丰度,两年度5月航次浮游动物湿重生物量平均值都高于8月航次。本研究结果与以上学者[2, 16]的研究结果相一致,春季调查浮游动物生物量和丰度均高于秋季的结果是因为3−5月春季表层水温升高,光度增强,营养盐类丰富,在良好的环境条件下,浮游植物(主要是硅藻)迅速繁殖,数量激增,而浮游动物由于水温适宜和饵料充足也开始大量繁殖[17],其丰度和生物量在5月份达到最高值;10月后气温开始逐渐下降,浮游动物生物量也开始降低。从本研究结果和以往研究结果[2, 16]来看,调查海域春季浮游动物的生物量和丰度均高于秋季,因此,调查海域浮游动物的季节变化情况未发生明显改变。
春季调查L02站位,秋季调查L06站位、L07站位、L10站位多样性指数(H')较低,多样性描述为多样性差和多样性一般,原因可能是这些站位邻近岚山港北作业区一期码头工程,调查时正值该项目工程建设期间,受陆域吹填和船舶通行扰动的影响,导致这几个站位多样性指数偏低。两季调查丰富度指数(D)秋季大于春季,多样性指数(H')与均匀度指数(J)都是春季大于秋季。就物种丰度来看,秋季种类最多,组成最复杂,因此秋季丰富度指数(D)高于春季;而春季调查和秋季调查均匀度指数(J)有一定的变化,说明春、秋两季站位种类组成存在差异,调查站位之间分布不均匀,这与调查结果中秋季调查物种数量明显高于春季的实际相符合。
多样性指数除了可以用来描述生物群落的多样性特征,还可以用于评价海洋环境质量、判定海洋环境受污染程度。一般分为以下几个层次,H'值小于1,属于重污染;H'值为1~2,属于中等污染;H'值为2~3,属于轻度污染;H'值大于3,属于清洁[11]。春、秋两季调查平均H'分别为2.39和2.01,根据评判标准,调查海域春、秋季环境为轻度污染,春季调查除L02站多样性指数低于2,其余调查站位均在2~3之间。秋季调查L10站多样性指数小于1,为重污染,但该站位生物量和丰度却较高,原因是该站位浮游动物种类较少,但出现大量优势度非常高的太平洋纺锤水蚤。有研究表明,当生物群落中的单一或某几个物种优势度越明显,种类的多样性就会降低[18],优势种过于显著是导致某些站位浮游动物多样性指数低的直接原因[19]。可见,仅通过多样性指数尚不足以判定该海域环境的污染情况,还需要结合其他环境监测数据来进行综合的判定[20]
根据聚类分析结果(图7)可知,结合调查站位的地理位置以及环境因子等因素,可将研究海域的调查站位划分为3个聚类群落,虽然春、秋两季10个调查站位的浮游动物均可划分为3个群落,但两季调查划分的3个群落所包含的站位有所不同,这可能是由于季节和环境变化,各浮游动物群落间的界限不断变迁所导致的[21],有研究表明[22],浮游动物的群落组成有非常明显的季节特性,另外,优势种的不均匀分布对其也具有一定影响[23]。L15站位和L09B站位在春、秋两季调查中均划为一个群落,L02站位和L14站位在春、秋两季调查中均划为一个群落,分析原因是水深对浮游动物群组聚类的影响较大[24]。研究结果显示,水深是影响浮游动物群落结构的关键环境因子[25],L02站位和L14站位同属靠近岸线的站位,水深均在5.5~9.0 m之间,L15站位和L09B站位同属远离岸线的站位,水深均在13.0~17.0 m之间,站位所处海域水深相当。水深的不同导致所在海域的水温、透明度、溶解氧浓度、盐度及叶绿素a浓度等环境因子不同,各种环境因子不同最终综合影响了浮游动物聚类群落结构。
(1)2015年春季和秋季调查海域共发现浮游动物成体20种,其中春季12种,秋季19种,分别属于节肢动物、腔肠动物、栉水母、毛颚动物、尾索动物;另外发现浮游幼虫7类,其中春季4类,秋季6类。
(2)春、秋两季调查浮游动物优势种有所不同,春季调查优势种为强壮箭虫、中华哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、球型侧腕水母,秋季调查优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤、小齿海樽、强壮箭虫、真刺唇角水蚤。
(3)春季调查浮游动物平均丰度和生物量均高于秋季。
(4)春季调查浮游动物平均多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于秋季,平均丰富度指数则低于秋季。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC1404000)
  • 山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室开放基金(202002)
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2022年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022022
  • 接收时间:2021-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-26
  • 修回日期:2021-09-07
基金
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC1404000)
山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室开放基金(202002)
作者信息
    1.山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
    2.国家海洋局北海预报中心, 山东 青岛 266061

通讯作者:

纪莹璐(1990—),女,工程师,主要从事海洋环境监测和评价研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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