Article(id=1224795035988808272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1621958400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-26, revisedDate=1630944000000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943492168, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943492168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943492168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943492168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795036693451349, articleId=1224795035988808272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Response of daily increment of statolith of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) for different cohorts to marine environment in the North Pacific, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the relationship between daily increment of statolith and environment of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) for different cohorts in the North Pacific during feeding ground, we explore the relationship between daily increment of statolith microstructure and environmental variables by gradient forest method (GFM) and generalized additive model (GAM) based on the samples collected in the North Pacific from 2010 to 2016. The results show that the life cycle of O. bartramii is about one year. The age of the autumn cohort ranges from 165 d to 345 d, and the age of winter-spring cohort ranges from 95 d to 271 d, respectively. Sea water temperature at the depth of 100 m (Temp_100), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and mixed layer depth (MLD) are the key environmental variables for the daily growth of autumn cohort. Temp_100, MLD, sea surface height (SSH) and chlorophyll a concentration (CHL) are the key environment variables for the daily growth of winter-spring cohort. GAM analysis shows that the daily increment width of statolith is significantly correlated with the key environmental variables selected by GFM (p<0.01). Key environmental variables of different cohorts suggest that the growth of O.bartrarnii is significantly affected by water temperature and prey abundance.

, correspAuthors=Zhou Fang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peiwu Han, Yan Wang, Zhou Fang, Xinjun Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795041391071927, articleId=1224795035988808272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北太平洋柔鱼不同群体耳石日增量对海洋环境的响应研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)索饵场不同群体耳石日增量与环境之间的关系,采用梯度森林法和广义加性模型对2010−2016年在北太平洋采集的柔鱼进行了耳石日增量与海洋环境间的关系的分析。结果表明,柔鱼生命周期大约为1 a,秋生群体柔鱼个体的日龄范围为165~345 d,冬春生群体柔鱼个体的日龄范围为95~271 d。100 m水层海水温度、海表面温度、海表面盐度和混合层深度是影响柔鱼秋生群体耳石日生长的关键环境变量;100 m水层海水温度、海表面高度和叶绿素浓度是影响冬春生群体耳石日生长的关键环境变量。广义加性模型分析表明,耳石日增量宽度与梯度森林法筛选的关键环境变量存在显著关系(p <0.01)。不同群体的关键环境变量表明,温度和饵料丰度的变化对柔鱼生长有着显著的影响。

, correspAuthors=方舟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
方舟(1988-),男,讲师,主要研究方向为头足类渔业生物学。E-mail:
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韩霈武(1996-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要研究方向为大洋性头足类生物学。E-mail:

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韩霈武(1996-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要研究方向为大洋性头足类生物学。E-mail:

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韩霈武(1996-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要研究方向为大洋性头足类生物学。E-mail:

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2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
3. National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
4. Key Laboratory of Ocean Fisheries Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
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2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室, 上海 201306
3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心, 上海 201306
4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室, 上海 201306
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College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
3. National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
4. Key Laboratory of Ocean Fisheries Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
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2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室, 上海 201306
3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心, 上海 201306
4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室, 上海 201306
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a. Autumn cohort; b. winter-spring cohort

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a. 秋生群体;b. 冬春生群体

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a. Autumn cohort; b. winter-spring cohort

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a. 秋生群体;b. 冬春生群体

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a. Autumn cohort; b. winter-spring cohort

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a. 秋生群体;b. 冬春生群体

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Basic information of Ommastrephes bartramii in the North Pacific

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域月份数量/尾日龄/d孵化高峰期胴长/mm
东部海域5−6月188165~3458−10月200~501
西部海域7−10月22195~2712−4月162~345
), ArticleFig(id=1225365916410622285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035988808272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北太平洋柔鱼样本基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域月份数量/尾日龄/d孵化高峰期胴长/mm
东部海域5−6月188165~3458−10月200~501
西部海域7−10月22195~2712−4月162~345
), ArticleFig(id=1225365916561617239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035988808272, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The key environment variables on daily increment width in Ommastrephes bartramii based on the generalized additive model (GAM) analyses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群体环境变量偏差解释率/%AICR2Fp显著性
  注:*** (p<0.000 1)。
秋生群体Temp_10096.2−401.704 50.958217.2<0.000 1***
SST94.1−363.818 10.935136.7<0.000 1***
SSS92.4−348.225 30.919144.5<0.000 1***
MLD88.7−317.4380.882134.8<0.000 1***
冬春生群体Temp_10092.6−519.36100.921179.2<0.000 1***
MLD75.2−359.568 40.74159.43<0.000 1***
SSH56−284.356 80.54734.95<0.000 1***
CHL51.5−269.784 20.49825.09<0.000 1***
), ArticleFig(id=1225365916645503325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035988808272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键环境变量对柔鱼耳石日增量宽度的GAM分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群体环境变量偏差解释率/%AICR2Fp显著性
  注:*** (p<0.000 1)。
秋生群体Temp_10096.2−401.704 50.958217.2<0.000 1***
SST94.1−363.818 10.935136.7<0.000 1***
SSS92.4−348.225 30.919144.5<0.000 1***
MLD88.7−317.4380.882134.8<0.000 1***
冬春生群体Temp_10092.6−519.36100.921179.2<0.000 1***
MLD75.2−359.568 40.74159.43<0.000 1***
SSH56−284.356 80.54734.95<0.000 1***
CHL51.5−269.784 20.49825.09<0.000 1***
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北太平洋柔鱼不同群体耳石日增量对海洋环境的响应研究
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韩霈武 1 , 王岩 1 , 方舟 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 陈新军 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(1): 101-112
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(1): 101-112
北太平洋柔鱼不同群体耳石日增量对海洋环境的响应研究
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韩霈武1 , 王岩1, 方舟1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , 陈新军1, 2, 3, 4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院, 上海 201306
  • 2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室, 上海 201306
  • 3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心, 上海 201306
  • 4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室, 上海 201306
  • 5.农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站, 上海 201306
  • 韩霈武(1996-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要研究方向为大洋性头足类生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

方舟(1988-),男,讲师,主要研究方向为头足类渔业生物学。E-mail:
Response of daily increment of statolith of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) for different cohorts to marine environment in the North Pacific
Peiwu Han1 , Yan Wang1, Zhou Fang1, 2, 3, 4, 5, * , Xinjun Chen1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3. National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Ocean Fisheries Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Oceanic Fishery Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022018
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为了研究北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)索饵场不同群体耳石日增量与环境之间的关系,采用梯度森林法和广义加性模型对2010−2016年在北太平洋采集的柔鱼进行了耳石日增量与海洋环境间的关系的分析。结果表明,柔鱼生命周期大约为1 a,秋生群体柔鱼个体的日龄范围为165~345 d,冬春生群体柔鱼个体的日龄范围为95~271 d。100 m水层海水温度、海表面温度、海表面盐度和混合层深度是影响柔鱼秋生群体耳石日生长的关键环境变量;100 m水层海水温度、海表面高度和叶绿素浓度是影响冬春生群体耳石日生长的关键环境变量。广义加性模型分析表明,耳石日增量宽度与梯度森林法筛选的关键环境变量存在显著关系(p <0.01)。不同群体的关键环境变量表明,温度和饵料丰度的变化对柔鱼生长有着显著的影响。

北太平洋  /  柔鱼  /  耳石日增量  /  环境变量  /  不同群体

In order to study the relationship between daily increment of statolith and environment of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) for different cohorts in the North Pacific during feeding ground, we explore the relationship between daily increment of statolith microstructure and environmental variables by gradient forest method (GFM) and generalized additive model (GAM) based on the samples collected in the North Pacific from 2010 to 2016. The results show that the life cycle of O. bartramii is about one year. The age of the autumn cohort ranges from 165 d to 345 d, and the age of winter-spring cohort ranges from 95 d to 271 d, respectively. Sea water temperature at the depth of 100 m (Temp_100), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and mixed layer depth (MLD) are the key environmental variables for the daily growth of autumn cohort. Temp_100, MLD, sea surface height (SSH) and chlorophyll a concentration (CHL) are the key environment variables for the daily growth of winter-spring cohort. GAM analysis shows that the daily increment width of statolith is significantly correlated with the key environmental variables selected by GFM (p<0.01). Key environmental variables of different cohorts suggest that the growth of O.bartrarnii is significantly affected by water temperature and prey abundance.

North Pacific  /  Ommastrephes bartramii  /  daily increment of statolith  /  environmental variables  /  different cohorts
韩霈武, 王岩, 方舟, 陈新军. 北太平洋柔鱼不同群体耳石日增量对海洋环境的响应研究. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022018
Peiwu Han, Yan Wang, Zhou Fang, Xinjun Chen. Response of daily increment of statolith of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) for different cohorts to marine environment in the North Pacific[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022018
柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)广泛分布于北太平洋亚热带海域[1-2],是我国主要捕捞的大洋性鱿鱼之一[3]。作为重要的大洋性经济头足类,柔鱼在海洋生态系统中占有重要地位,日本于1974年开始商业性捕捞[2],我国于1994年进行规模性捕捞,年产量基本稳定在6×104~10×104 t[4]。目前,依据地理分布和产卵时间的不同,以170°E为界限,北太平洋柔鱼可分为两个地理产卵群体:170°E以东的东部群体(秋生群体),产卵高峰期为9−11月,捕捞作业时期在5−6月;170°E以西的西部群体(冬春生群体),产卵高峰期为2−4月,捕捞作业时期在7−10月[5]。作为一种短生命周期的海洋物种,不同群体个体差异较大,其生长易受到外界因素的影响[6-7]。其中,海洋环境的变化被认为是影响大洋性鱿鱼生长的最主要因素[8-9],但目前其对不同柔鱼群体的影响机制尚不明确。
年龄估算和生长分析可以为种群结构和生长差异提供重要信息[10]。头足类耳石是位于平衡囊中的一对硬组织,是头足类生态信息的良好载体[11],具有结构稳定、生长纹清晰规则等特性,并且其生长贯穿头足类整个生命历程,一旦沉积,其成分不会被重吸收或改变[12-14],因而其微结构和生长特性可以用于揭示个体生命周期及生长规律[15]。耳石增量生长一般是指通过碳酸钙和蛋白质的差异以基本恒定速率进行沉积[16]。当其受到环境条件的影响时,会表现出一定的种内差异[16-17]。目前,针对环境变化对头足类耳石影响的研究较少,而在海洋鱼类耳石中,Maillet和Checkley[18]及Gallego等[19]证实了一些物理因素(如风暴和湍流)与鱼类耳石增量宽度减小有关,其认为风暴和湍流会导致营养物质的分散,从而影响其生长和补充率。Sun等[20]研究发现,一些环境因素(如温度和混合层深度等)也会对耳石日增量宽度产生一定的影响。因此,耳石日增量宽度的变化能够很好地反映海洋环境对其所产生的影响。
柔鱼分布广泛,洄游距离长,尽管目前对柔鱼的洄游路线有所了解,但对其每个生长阶段的栖息位置仍无法准确判断。近年来,通过硬组织微量元素与环境所建立的关系,可以基本推测出具备足够游泳能力的成鱼期柔鱼个体在其被捕获前的栖息分布范围[21]。因此,本文选取北太平洋不同海域采集的柔鱼成鱼期样本,选取柔鱼个体在捕捞前30 d的耳石轮纹日增长信息,结合梯度森林法(Gradient Forest Method, GFM)找出影响耳石日增量的关键因子;同时使用广义加性模型(Generalized Additive Model, GAM),以耳石日增量宽度为自变量,筛选出的产生影响的关键环境因子为因变量,从而探究不同群体柔鱼在索饵时期个体生长对关键环境因子的响应方式,以期为北太平洋柔鱼的种群生长差异及资源评估与管理提供数据支撑和参考依据。
柔鱼样本来源于2010−2016年的5−10月,采样地点集中于北太平洋海域(40°~46°N,150°~161°E;38°~41°N,170°E~171°W)(图1)。柔鱼样本由舟山宁泰远洋渔业有限公司的“宁泰61”号鱿钓船采集,每年往返一个航次。渔船在作业时,一般5−6月会在东部进行作业,7月后进入西部海域作业,其作业时间连续,均遵循随机采样的相关原则,并按照《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.3−2007)进行[22]。采集的柔鱼样本经冷冻保存运回实验室进行生物学分析。详细信息见表1
头足类的生活史阶段可分为胚胎期、仔鱼期、稚鱼期、亚成鱼期和成鱼期[1]。经相关研究表明,东部海域个体基本为秋生群体,其优势日龄分布范围在180~320 d,一般认为大于6个月(180 d)的个体即达到成鱼期;西部海域个体基本为冬春生群体,其优势日龄分布范围在110~240 d,一般认为大于4个月(120 d)的个体即达到成鱼期[6,9]。为保证不同群体个体处在同一生长阶段,使得数据具有可比性,本文只挑选两个群体的成鱼个体进行后续耳石日生长分析。共计秋生群个体184尾,冬春生群个体204尾。
根据柔鱼短生命周期和“产完卵即死”的生物学特性[5],本研究所选取的成鱼均为性成熟个体,基本处于个体生长中后期阶段,具有良好的游泳能力。此外,研究表明,柔鱼的最大游泳速度为20 km/d[23],同时由于受到黑潮及其延伸海流的影响,其洄游方向通常为自西向东,自南向北[21]。因此,根据其游泳速度和方向确定了柔鱼个体捕捞前30 d的活动范围。其研究范围为34°~46°N,144°~161°E(西部海域)和32°~41°N,164°E~171°W(东部海域)(图2)。
北太平洋海域广阔,具有独特的地理位置和复杂的海流系统[24]。其中,高温高盐的黑潮和低温低盐的亲潮是该海域的两大流系[4]。寒暖流的交汇使得大量的营养盐在此富集,成为许多浮游生物的聚集地,为渔场的形成提供了条件[25]。两股海流一般在35°~40°N处交汇,汇集后继续向东延伸,在160°E以西的海域其交汇势力较强,锋面明显,等温线分布密集,而在160°E以东的海域仅受黑潮和亲潮续流的影响,交汇势力较弱,锋面不明显,等温线分布较为稀疏[25]图2)。因此,不同群体所处区域不同,其环境状况也不同,对其年龄结构、生长特征的影响也会存在着不同。
耳石的研磨参照文献[26],将研磨好的耳石切片置于连有电荷耦合元件(Charge-Coupled Device, CCD)的光学显微镜下进行拍照,利用Photoshop图像处理软件对图片进行叠加处理。在计数过程中,每个耳石的日轮分别计数两次,每次计数的日轮数与均值的差值低于5%,则认为日轮计数准确,否则重新计数[26],最后根据捕捞日期与所得日龄相减得到孵化时间。所得的日龄和孵化高峰期如表1所示。利用ImageJ测量每个耳石最后30 d的日增量宽度,在读取的过程中,每个耳石的日增量宽度分别读取两次,以确保准确性。以往耳石日龄主要沿长轴方向进行读取,但由于其纹路的走向及宽度差异大,且末端的生长纹并不清晰,并不利于研究近期生长情况,因此,本研究中所有的日轮计数和日轮宽度测量均沿短轴进行(图3)。
温度是影响头足类种群生长和繁殖的重要因素[21],不同水层温度也影响种群的分布与迁移[27]。相关研究发现[28],柔鱼的资源丰度与100 m水层水温的相关性较好。混合层深度(Mixed Layer Depth, MLD)的变化反映了湍流混合强度的变化,可以影响着种群饵料生物的分布以及丰度[29]。叶绿素a浓度(Chlorophyll a Concentrations, CHL)是衡量水体中浮游植物生物量的主要指标,可以表征该海域的生产力[30]。海表面高度(Sea Surface Height, SSH)则反映了海水流速、流向等海洋环境状况,其值大于平均海面高度则代表着海流的辐合或涌升,海流的辐合和涌升使得该海域的营养盐丰富[31]。此外,海流是影响着个体的洄游距离和游泳方向的环境变量之一[21],而海表面盐度(Sea Surface Salinity, SSS)的变化会对个体的渗透压产生影响,从而影响个体的新陈代谢、生长等[32]。因此选择这些环境变量作为研究耳石日增量的指标(表2)。
环境数据中海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)、100 m水层海水温度(Sea water temperature at the depth of 100 m, Temp_100)、SSS、MLD、SSH、水平流速(Zonal Current Velocity, ZV)和垂直流速(Vertical Current Velocity, VV)的数据来自美国大学夏威夷研究中心(http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/las/v6),空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°;CHL数据来自Ocean Watch官方网站(https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/),空间分辨率为0.05°×0.05°。将所有日环境变量平均值和柔鱼个体耳石日增量宽度平均值按时间顺序一一对应。所有下载的环境变量的空间分辨率均由Matlab软件处理为0.5°×0.5°。
(1)根据捕捞日期往前推30 d,测量耳石日龄最后30 d的每日轮纹增量宽度。在不同群体中,将样本的每日增量宽度和相应的环境变量取平均值,以获得给定日期的生长和环境数据。利用方差分析检验不同群体的每日增量宽度是否存在差异。
(2)采用GFM对所有环境变量进行筛选,选出影响耳石日增量宽度的关键环境变量,其中,以平均日增量宽度作为相应变量,将环境变量作为预测变量[20]。模型的构建采用“gradientForest”软件包进行分析[33]
(3)利用GAM对梯度森林法中选取的前4个关键环境变量进行进一步分析,以表明耳石日增量宽度与环境因子的定量关系。把影响因子引入GAM模型之前,对前4个环境变量进行方差膨胀因子分析[34],发现环境变量间存在共线性。为避免这一现象,将不同群体的耳石日增量宽度建模为单个环境变量的平滑函数。因此,GAM模型的表达式为
$ {\rm {ln}}W_t=S(V_t)+ \varepsilon, $
式中,lnWt是表示第t天耳石增量宽度的响应变量;Vt是表征关键环境变量的预测变量;S为自然立方样条平滑;ε为误差项。对数变换后的日增量宽度数据服从正态分布。以赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)来衡量模型拟合优度,其值越小,表明模型的拟合效果越好[35],同时利用F检验评估各因子的显著性[36]。模型的构建采用“mgcv”软件包进行分析。
方差分析表明,不同群体间耳石日增量宽度存在显著性差异(F=103.17, p<0.01)。在秋生群体中,耳石的日增量宽度范围为0.57~0.85 μm,平均值为0.75 μm,在4月18日达到最大值,随后在5月中旬开始下降(图4a)。冬春生群体中,耳石的日增量宽度范围为0.61~1.06 μm,平均值为0.88 μm,在7月17日达到最大值,随后在8月初开始下降(图4b)。总体而言,无论哪种群体,柔鱼在索饵期耳石日增量宽度随着时间的推移,均先增加后减小(图4);冬春生柔鱼耳石的日增量宽度要比秋生群体的日增量宽度宽(图5)。
根据GFM筛选环境变量,结果表明,对于秋生群体,选择Temp_100、SST、SSS和MLD作为影响耳石日增量宽度变化的关键环境变量(图6a);其中耳石日增量宽度分别对Temp_100(14.2~14.3℃)、SST(15.5~16℃)、SSS(34.20~34.25)和MLD(50~100 m)存在较强的阈值响应(图7a)。对于冬春生群体,选择Temp_100、MLD、SSH和CHL作为影响耳石日增量宽度变化的关键环境变量(图6b);其中耳石日增量宽度分别对Temp_100(11.0~11.5℃)、MLD(25~35 m)、SSH(20~22 cm)和CHL(0.4~0.5 mg/L)存在较强的阈值响应(图7b)。
GAM分析表明,耳石日增量宽度与GFM筛选的关键环境变量存在显著关系(p<0.01),这表明GAM与GFM对关键变量的选取具有一致性。对于秋生群体,GAM结果认为Temp_100为最重要的环境变量,其AIC为−401.7045,R2为0.958,总体偏差解释率为96.2%;对于冬春生群体,也选取了Temp_100作为解释耳石增量生长的最佳模型,其AIC为−519.3610,R2为0.921,总体偏差解释率为92.6%(表2)。
对于秋生群体,当Temp_100在14.1~14.4℃范围内,随着温度的增加,耳石日增量宽度逐渐减小;当SST为15~18℃时,耳石日增量宽度逐渐减小;当SSS低于34.15时,耳石日增量宽度随着SSS的增加先增加后略微减小,而当SSS大于34.15时,耳石日增量宽度迅速增加;当MLD在50~150 m范围内,耳石日增量宽度随着MLD的增加逐渐增加,在150 m以深,耳石日增量宽度呈下降趋势(图8a)。
对于冬春生群体,当Temp_100在10.5~11.5℃范围内,随着温度的增加,耳石日增量宽度逐渐减小。当MLD在20~60 m范围内,随着MLD的增加,耳石日增量宽度逐渐减小。当SSH在16~19 cm范围内,耳石日增量宽度随着SSH的增加逐渐增加,大于19 cm后,耳石日增量宽度呈下降趋势。当CHL在0.2~0.6 mg/L范围内,耳石日增量宽度随浓度增加呈下降趋势,大于0.6 mg/L时,耳石日增量略微上升,大于0.8 mg/L时,耳石日增量又呈下降趋势(图8b)。
本研究结果表明,柔鱼的最大日龄为345 d,约为1 a。不同群体柔鱼的日龄组成存在较大的差异,秋生群体柔鱼的最大日龄和平均日龄分别为345 d和263 d,而冬春生群体的最大日龄和平均日龄较小,分别为271 d和166 d。Liu等[37]研究发现,哥达斯加海域的茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)寿命小于智利和秘鲁海域茎柔鱼的寿命,并认为这是由空间分布引起的。柔鱼为短生命周期物种,因此不同群体空间分布不同、栖息水域的环境不同均可能导致其日龄组成存在较大的差异。
耳石的日增量宽度可以作为表征个体生长发育的指标[16],随着个体的发育,耳石日增量宽度会逐渐增加再降低[38-39]。本研究中,秋生和冬春生群体耳石日增量宽度都呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势(图4)。此变化趋势体现了柔鱼个体的生长历程:性未成熟期,生长迅速,性成熟后生长逐渐缓慢。同时栖息水域温度的升高也会使得日增量宽度增加[20]。秋生群体雌性个体于5月份洄游至亚北极边界海域,6−7月继续向北洄游,到达42°~46°N的南部海域;而冬春生群体个体在5−8月到达亲潮、黑潮混合区(35°~40°N),8−10月洄游至40°~46°N的海域[23]。秋生和冬春生群体柔鱼都是从低纬度洄游至高纬度,其栖息水域的温度也由高渐低(图9)。此外,相比于秋生群体,冬春生群体耳石日增量宽度更宽。研究表明[40],摄食强度的增加也会使得日增量宽度增大。在亲潮、黑潮的交汇区,海水垂直移动加强,营养盐富集,初级生产力较高,有更多的饵料生物在此聚集,本研究中的混合层深度在不同群体重要性上差异也有所体现(图6),从而造成冬春生群体柔鱼的摄食强度高于秋生群体[7],即冬春生群体柔鱼的生长快于秋生群体。Yatsu等[6]也发现,太平洋西部海域柔鱼的生长速度快于中东部海域。
北太平洋柔鱼在副热带产卵场和亚北极索饵场之间进行季节性洄游,不同群体洄游时期和洄游路线不同[41],导致其同一时期所处的栖息水域环境也不同。因此,导致影响耳石增量宽度的环境因素也不尽相同。其中,Temp_100被认为是影响秋生和冬春生群体耳石日增量宽度的最重要的环境变量。柔鱼具有垂直洄游移动现象,其栖息水层一般在0~300 m,仔鱼时期,柔鱼通常分布于0~25 m,成体后的柔鱼则会下潜到更深的水层中[42]。Zumholz[43]发现黵乌贼(Gonatus fabricii)也具有这一现象,幼体生活在海水表层,而成体则向具有较冷水温的深水海域移动。因此,较深层的水温对索饵时期的柔鱼生长影响更为显著。MLD的分布与表层温盐有着密切的联系,并且存在较大的季节性变化。在北太平洋,MLD最大可以达到300 m,并且从1月维持到4月,而从春季到夏季MLD逐渐变浅,秋季到冬季又会逐渐变深[44]。不同群体柔鱼的洄游时间具有季节性差异,导致个体生长在洄游过程中受MLD的影响较为明显。此外,Chen和Chiu[45]研究表明,北太平洋中部海域柔鱼的分布受SST和SSS的影响较大。这与本文秋生群体的结果一致。SSH表征着海水动力学,代表着海水的涌升和辐射[31];而CHL则表征饵料的丰富程度,代表着该水域的初级生产力[30]。冬春生群体所处海域的黑潮、亲潮交汇势力强,使得海水发生扰动,海水中深层的营养盐被带到上层,使得该海域的饵料丰富[23],因此对冬春生群体柔鱼产生显著影响。头足类幼体游泳能力弱,使得群体随海流进行移动[21],而到达亚成鱼期和成鱼期时,其游泳能力较强,受到海流的影响较弱。本研究的对象为索饵时期的柔鱼,其生活史大多数处于中后期阶段,拥有较强的游泳能力,因此个体生长与流速(ZV与VV)关系不大。
柔鱼具有昼夜垂直洄游习性,其生长不仅受到SST的影响,还会受到水温垂直结构的影响[28,46]。水温影响着个体的生长与繁殖,过高的水温会影响海洋生物的新陈代谢,使得代谢速率和活动水平下降[47]。GAM分析表明,秋生和冬春生群体耳石日增量与水温呈负相关性,表明此区域水温会减缓柔鱼的生长,柔鱼可能会往更适合其生存的水层移动。MLD表征着大气和海洋之间的动量、能量、物质的交换[29]。较浅的混合层通过物理生物过程获得更强的光照和更多的浮游生物[48],提高该海域的饵料丰富度,因此,对于秋生群体,当MLD在50~150 m范围内时,光照较强,饵料也较多,有助于柔鱼的生长;当MLD的深度过高(大于150 m),光照较弱,饵料也较少,对柔鱼的生长产生了抑制作用。而对于冬春生群体,160°E以西海域的寒暖流交汇剧烈,海表面温度较高,较浅的水层就存在着温跃层,大约在20~50 m之间[49],当MLD在20~60 m时,受到温跃层的影响,导致上下水层对流受到阻碍,使得下层水溶解氧下降,多数饵料生物生长受到影响,而饵料生物的减少也限制了柔鱼生长[50]。Yu等[51]研究也表明,冬春生群体柔鱼更倾向生存在MLD较浅(15.5~18.5 m)的海域。
盐度是影响柔鱼生长的另一重要环境变量。研究表明,盐度对鱿鱼的影响往往表现在间接方面,其间接影响是通过水团、海流等来表现的[4]。本研究发现,SSS与秋生群体耳石日增量宽度基本呈正相关,表明此区域的SSS适合秋生群体的生长。SSH主要与海流、水团等海水动力学信息有关[31]。随着SSH的增加,海流会辐合和涌升,使得深层的营养盐上升,海水表层的初级生产力增加,浮游生物密度增加[52],加速柔鱼的生长,当SSH大于19 m时,GAM表明SSH与耳石日增量呈负相关,这可能是由于初级生产力过高,浮游生物过度繁殖,使得水体中的氧气消耗过多[53-54],从而抑制了柔鱼的生长。较低的CHL表明此区域饵料较低,从而抑制柔鱼个体的生长,而当CHL达到一定量后,饵料丰富,使得个体生长较快。因此,北太平洋不同区域环境的差异导致影响柔鱼不同群体的环境因子存在差异,其影响机理也有所不同。
本文通耳石日增量宽度与环境变量的结合,探究了不同群体柔鱼个体成鱼期生长对主要环境变量的响应方式,比较了不同群体柔鱼所受环境的影响,得到了较好的结果。这也证实了利用耳石这一硬组织研究柔鱼个体生长与环境间的关系是可行的。同时,也应该注意到,由于目前对其每个生长阶段的栖息位置并不确定,因此本文只分析了其成鱼期对环境变量的响应,未能分析柔鱼早期与环境变量的关系。为此,在今后的研究中应采集产卵场的柔鱼样本,利用耳石生长纹探究柔鱼生长与海洋环境的关系,从而分析个体早期生长规律的影响因素。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901404)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41876141)
  • 农业部外海渔业开发重点实验室开放基金(LOF 2021-01)
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2022年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022018
  • 接收时间:2021-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-26
  • 修回日期:2021-09-07
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901404)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41876141)
农业部外海渔业开发重点实验室开放基金(LOF 2021-01)
作者信息
    1.上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院, 上海 201306
    2.大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室, 上海 201306
    3.国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心, 上海 201306
    4.农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室, 上海 201306
    5.农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站, 上海 201306

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方舟(1988-),男,讲师,主要研究方向为头足类渔业生物学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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