Article(id=1224795035338691148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1626710400000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-20, revisedDate=1632585600000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943492015, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943492015, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943492015, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943492015, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795035682624079, articleId=1224795035338691148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction method for determination of 15$ {\bf{NH_4^+}}$ in 15N enrichment sediment slurry incubation samples, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction in marine sediment is one of the key nitrogen loss processes in the ocean. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), unlike denitrification and anammox by which nitrate is reduced to N2 and removed from the environment eventually, directly reduce nitrate to ammonium, could lead to eutrophication and water hypoxia afterwards. 15N labeled technique is the main method to investigate dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in sediments. Accurate determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ in isotope enrichment samples is primarily required to evaluate the potential rate of DNRA. The commonly used method for the determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ at present is the hypobromite iodine oxidation-membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometer determination method. However, 30N2 as the final analyte of the method has two problems which lead to an analysis error: firstly, 30N2 determined can be significantly overestimated due to the O2 interference; secondly, the low equilibrium rate of 30N2 in the detector could influence the precision of the method and low down the analysis speed. To solve the problems mentioned, a sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction method by which 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ is transformed to 29N2 only and detected using membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometer afterwards (Redox-MIMS method) is reported in this article. The results indicate that the optical concentration of sulfamic acid is 80−100 mmol/L; the detection limit is 0.5 μmol/L and the precision (RSD) is 0.8%; the dynamic range of standard curve is 0−150 μmol/L. Comparing with the hypobromite iodine oxidation method, the Redox-MIMS method not only has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and easily obtained reagents, the memory effect of 30N2 in the detector can also be solved effectively for most of the produced 15N2 is 29N2 which improves detection efficiency (2 min per sample) meanwhile. Determination results of rates of DNRA and the contribution of DNRA to all dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in the Laizhou Bay sediments using both hypobromite iodine oxidation and Redox-MIMS methods shows no significant difference. These make the Redox-MIMS method an accurate and high-efficient method for determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ in isotope enrichment samples.

, correspAuthors=Guodong Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haoming Xu, Guodong Song, Sumei Liu, Shengkang Liang, Guiling Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795040141169290, articleId=1224795035338691148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原测定沉积物15N加富培养样品中的15${{\bf{NH}}}^{{\bf{+}}}_{{\bf 4}}$的方法探索, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

沉积物中的异化硝酸盐还原过程是海洋中活性氮转化的关键过程之一。不同于反硝化和厌氧铵氧化,异化硝酸盐还原为铵(DNRA)是将硝酸盐直接还原为铵,而不是以氮气的形态移除,这有可能会加重水体富营养化和缺氧。目前测定沉积物中异化硝酸盐还原过程的主要手段是15N标记培养技术。为了准确评估DNRA的潜在速率,首先要准确测定加富样品中的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $浓度。常用测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的方法为基于次溴酸钠−碘氧化膜进样的四极杆质谱法。然而此方法的分析物之一30N2在分析时容易存在两个问题而导致结果失真:一是易受样品中O2干扰而导致30N2含量被显著高估;二是30N2在检测器中平衡较慢从而导致测试时间较长且精密度较差。为解决上述问题,本研究采用次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原的方法将15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $转化为29N2后通过膜进样的四极杆质谱仪进行测定(简称Redox-MIMS法)。结果表明,Redox-MIMS法在氨基磺酸还原剂浓度为80~100 mmol/L时还原效率最好;方法的检测限约为0.5 μmol/L,精密度为0.8%,工作曲线的线性范围可以达到0~150 μmol/L。相对于次溴酸钠−碘氧化法,Redox-MIMS法反应条件温和,反应试剂相对易得,产物为29N2,有效解决了30N2分析的一系列问题,并显著提高了测定效率(2 min/样品)。分别采用Redox-MIMS法和次溴酸钠−碘氧化法测定莱州湾沉积物实际样品,两种方法所测得的DNRA速率以及DNRA占异化硝酸盐还原的比例均无显著性差异,证明Redox-MIMS法是一种准确、高效地测定15N加富培养样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的方法。

, correspAuthors=宋国栋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋国栋,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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徐颢铭(1998—),男,辽宁省沈阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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徐颢铭(1998—),男,辽宁省沈阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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a1−a3. 15$ {\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ enrichment with 15N2 produced; b1−b3. 15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^{+}$ enrichment with 15N2 produced; c1−c3. 15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$+14$ {\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ enrichment with 15N2 produced; d1−d3. 15$ {\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ enrichment with 15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$ produced

, figureFileSmall=n9tTQSegpPYNzlDt26padA==, figureFileBig=7jXAqjWshl3umRUbfhLmeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913239728344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035338691148, language=CN, label=图7, caption=莱州湾H1-7、S5、H2-7站位沉积物不同15N加富培养体系中15N215$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$浓度随时间变化

a1−a3. 加富15$ {\rm{NO}}_3^-$,产生15N2; b1−b3. 加富15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$,产生15N2; c1−c3. 加富15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$+14$ {\rm{NO}}_3^-$,产生15N2; d1−d3. 加富15$ {\rm{NO}}_3^-$,产生15$ {\rm{NH}}_4^+$

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基于次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原测定沉积物15N加富培养样品中的15${{\bf{NH}}}^{{\bf{+}}}_{{\bf 4}}$的方法探索
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徐颢铭 1, 2, 3 , 宋国栋 1, 2, * , 刘素美 1, 2 , 梁生康 1, 2 , 张桂玲 1, 2
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022,44(1): 147-154
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2022, 44(1): 147-154
基于次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原测定沉积物15N加富培养样品中的15${{\bf{NH}}}^{{\bf{+}}}_{{\bf 4}}$的方法探索
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徐颢铭1, 2, 3 , 宋国栋1, 2, * , 刘素美1, 2, 梁生康1, 2, 张桂玲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心/海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.中国海洋大学 化学化工学院, 山东 青岛 266100
  • 徐颢铭(1998—),男,辽宁省沈阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

宋国栋,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
A sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction method for determination of 15$ {\bf{NH_4^+}}$ in 15N enrichment sediment slurry incubation samples
Haoming Xu1, 2, 3 , Guodong Song1, 2, * , Sumei Liu1, 2, Shengkang Liang1, 2, Guiling Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022024
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沉积物中的异化硝酸盐还原过程是海洋中活性氮转化的关键过程之一。不同于反硝化和厌氧铵氧化,异化硝酸盐还原为铵(DNRA)是将硝酸盐直接还原为铵,而不是以氮气的形态移除,这有可能会加重水体富营养化和缺氧。目前测定沉积物中异化硝酸盐还原过程的主要手段是15N标记培养技术。为了准确评估DNRA的潜在速率,首先要准确测定加富样品中的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $浓度。常用测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的方法为基于次溴酸钠−碘氧化膜进样的四极杆质谱法。然而此方法的分析物之一30N2在分析时容易存在两个问题而导致结果失真:一是易受样品中O2干扰而导致30N2含量被显著高估;二是30N2在检测器中平衡较慢从而导致测试时间较长且精密度较差。为解决上述问题,本研究采用次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原的方法将15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $转化为29N2后通过膜进样的四极杆质谱仪进行测定(简称Redox-MIMS法)。结果表明,Redox-MIMS法在氨基磺酸还原剂浓度为80~100 mmol/L时还原效率最好;方法的检测限约为0.5 μmol/L,精密度为0.8%,工作曲线的线性范围可以达到0~150 μmol/L。相对于次溴酸钠−碘氧化法,Redox-MIMS法反应条件温和,反应试剂相对易得,产物为29N2,有效解决了30N2分析的一系列问题,并显著提高了测定效率(2 min/样品)。分别采用Redox-MIMS法和次溴酸钠−碘氧化法测定莱州湾沉积物实际样品,两种方法所测得的DNRA速率以及DNRA占异化硝酸盐还原的比例均无显著性差异,证明Redox-MIMS法是一种准确、高效地测定15N加富培养样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的方法。

沉积物  /  氮循环  /  异化硝酸盐还原为铵  /  膜进样质谱  /  次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction in marine sediment is one of the key nitrogen loss processes in the ocean. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), unlike denitrification and anammox by which nitrate is reduced to N2 and removed from the environment eventually, directly reduce nitrate to ammonium, could lead to eutrophication and water hypoxia afterwards. 15N labeled technique is the main method to investigate dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in sediments. Accurate determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ in isotope enrichment samples is primarily required to evaluate the potential rate of DNRA. The commonly used method for the determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ at present is the hypobromite iodine oxidation-membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometer determination method. However, 30N2 as the final analyte of the method has two problems which lead to an analysis error: firstly, 30N2 determined can be significantly overestimated due to the O2 interference; secondly, the low equilibrium rate of 30N2 in the detector could influence the precision of the method and low down the analysis speed. To solve the problems mentioned, a sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction method by which 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ is transformed to 29N2 only and detected using membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometer afterwards (Redox-MIMS method) is reported in this article. The results indicate that the optical concentration of sulfamic acid is 80−100 mmol/L; the detection limit is 0.5 μmol/L and the precision (RSD) is 0.8%; the dynamic range of standard curve is 0−150 μmol/L. Comparing with the hypobromite iodine oxidation method, the Redox-MIMS method not only has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and easily obtained reagents, the memory effect of 30N2 in the detector can also be solved effectively for most of the produced 15N2 is 29N2 which improves detection efficiency (2 min per sample) meanwhile. Determination results of rates of DNRA and the contribution of DNRA to all dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in the Laizhou Bay sediments using both hypobromite iodine oxidation and Redox-MIMS methods shows no significant difference. These make the Redox-MIMS method an accurate and high-efficient method for determination of 15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $ in isotope enrichment samples.

sediment  /  nitrogen cycling  /  dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium  /  membrane inlet mass spectrometer  /  sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction
徐颢铭, 宋国栋, 刘素美, 梁生康, 张桂玲. 基于次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原测定沉积物15N加富培养样品中的15${{\bf{NH}}}^{{\bf{+}}}_{{\bf 4}}$的方法探索. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022024
Haoming Xu, Guodong Song, Sumei Liu, Shengkang Liang, Guiling Zhang. A sodium hypobromite oxidation-sulfamic acid reduction method for determination of 15$ {\bf{NH_4^+}}$ in 15N enrichment sediment slurry incubation samples[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 147 -154 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022024
沉积物中的异化硝酸盐还原过程是氮元素从海洋环境中移除和转化的主要途径之一,主要包括反硝化(Denitrification)、厌氧铵氧化(Anammox)和异化硝酸盐还原为铵(Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium, DNRA)3种过程。不同于执行氮气移除的反硝化和厌氧铵氧化,DNRA过程直接将硝酸盐还原为铵,而不是以氮气的形式移除[1-2],氮元素将继续以化合态的形式存在于海洋环境中,有可能进一步加重富营养化和缺氧等环境问题[3]。近年来对于海洋沉积物中DNRA过程的关注呈现显著上升的趋势[2, 4-6]。因而有必要准确评估DNRA速率,从而更准确地评估海洋中氮的收支情况。
目前学术界广泛认可的用于DNRA速率测定的方法是基于15${\rm {NO}}_3^- $加富的受控培养,即向培养体系中加入一定量的15${\rm {NO}}_3^- $,在不同的时间点获取培养样品,检测样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的含量,以15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $浓度随时间的增加速率计算DNRA的速率。因而准确测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的含量就成为量化DNRA速率的关键。在早期的方法中,一般需要通过蒸馏[7]、扩散[8]以及离子交换[9]等手段将${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $先从体系中分离,再进一步将${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $盐烘干结晶后通过氧化或燃烧法转化为N2后采用同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)进行测定。这些方法一般不可避免地具有样品需求量大、操作繁琐、耗时耗力等缺点。Zhang等[10]首创了无需分离${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $,即采用次溴酸钠氧化−叠氮酸还原直接测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的分析方法。然而这种方法在将15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $转化为15N2O测定时采用了具有爆炸性的叠氮化钠和剧毒性的亚砷酸钠,且测试15N2O需要使用成本较高的IRMS,不太适合具有大量样品的DNRA速率研究,在一定程度上限定了该方法的适用范围[11-12]
由于IRMS设备使用成本较高,因而低成本的膜进样质谱仪(MIMS)在15N加富样品的测试中的使用逐渐广泛。Yin等[13]采用次溴酸钠−碘氧化法与膜进样质谱进行耦合(简记为OX-MIMS法),首先将15${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $氧化为29N230N2,然后利用MIMS进行测定,该法因具有操作简单、分析效率较高等优点而得到广泛应用[14-15]。笔者所在的实验室也装备了膜进样质谱仪并成功实现15N加富实验中基本参数的测定[16]。在15N加富培养实验中,DNRA产物${\rm{NH}}_4^+ $中15N丰度一般较高,因而采用OX-MIMS法处理产生的15N2绝大部分为30N2,而作为一种MIMS分析物,30N2具有许多难以避免的缺陷:(1)样品中O2的干扰导致30N2值被显著高估。尽管目前一些MIMS系统在膜进样器和质谱间加装铜还原炉以去除O2干扰[16],但仍会有部分残留O2与N2进入质谱后在离子源形成质量数同为30的NO+离子[17],产生干扰信号。此外,不同O2条件下30N2产生的信号值会有一定的偏差并且波动较大[18],据其计算的异化硝酸盐还原速率也会产生较大误差;(2)30N2质量数较大,在检测器中平衡的时间也更长,测试样品时所需时间较长,且精密度较差。另外,OX-MIMS法使用的次溴酸钠−碘氧化剂的配制比较冗繁,其反应需要在低温条件下进行1周[19],并且需要使用液溴这一购买、使用与保存流程繁琐的有毒试剂。因此,我们尝试采用一种新的方法避免产生30N2,并尽可能不采用液溴这一试剂。
由于OX-MIMS法存在上述的系列问题,我们尝试开发一种不以30N2为最终分析物的测试方法。Zhang等[10]的方法将15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $氧化为15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $,而氨基磺酸恰好可以快速地将15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $还原为29N2[19-20]— 一种非常适合MIMS的分析物。因此,本研究探索了一种次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原的测定沉积物15N加富样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的方法(简记为Redox-MIMS法)并应用于莱州湾沉积物样品的DNRA潜在速率测定,为15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的分析方法提供了一种新的选择。
15N同位素标记样品中15N215${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的测定采用自组装MIMS,仪器具体结构可参考本课题组前期发表的成果[16];${\rm {NO}}_3^- $、${\rm {NO}}_2^- $、${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $等营养盐的测定使用AA3营养盐自动分析仪。
实验试剂包括经过Elix高纯水系统处理的高纯水、(15NH4)2SO4、氨基磺酸、NaOH、KBrO3、KBr、KI、浓盐酸(36%)、Br2,上述试剂均为分析纯。实验所用陈化海水于2016年采自南海海域,经过孔径为0.4 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤后避光陈化待用(${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的本底小于0.2 μmol/L),主要用于本实验中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $标准溶液配制。
15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $储备溶液:称取0.0671 g烘干后的(15NH4)2SO4固体溶于100 mL高纯水中得到15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $储备溶液(浓度为10 mmol/L,以N计)。此储备溶液用陈化海水稀释后可配制一系列的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $标准溶液。
NaBrO-I2氧化剂:NaBrO-I2氧化剂的配制方法参考文献[618]。
NaBrO氧化剂:NaBrO氧化剂的配制方法参考文献[10]。该试剂需要临用前配制。
氨基磺酸还原剂:称取0.776 7 g氨基磺酸,溶于100 mL 1∶1 HCl溶液中,得到氨基磺酸还原剂(浓度为80 mmol/L)。
Redox-MIMS法的操作流程如图1b所示:首先在6 mL Exetainer瓶中加入1 mL样品,加入4 mL高纯水稀释,再加入0.5 mL NaBrO氧化剂,氧化30 min,将15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $氧化为15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $。然后加入0.5 mL氨基磺酸还原剂,将15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $还原为15N2。立即盖紧瓶盖后,用MIMS进行测定。为防止原样品中异化硝酸盐还原过程产生的15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $对15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $测定的高估影响,测定15${\rm {NO}}_3^- $加富样品中的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $时需要将样品中的15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $扣除,15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $的测定采用氨基磺酸还原法,将15${\rm {NO}}_2^- $还原为15N2后用MIMS测定[21]
为与目前常用的OX-MIMS法进行比较,所有的标准溶液和样品同时也采用了OX-MIMS法进行测定。OX-MIMS法的操作流程参考文献[13]的方法,如图1a所示:在6 mL Exetainer瓶中加入1 mL样品,加入4.8 mL高纯水进行稀释后,加入0.2 mL NaBrO-I2氧化剂,直接将15NH4+氧化为15N2。立即盖紧瓶盖后,用MIMS仪进行测定。
为确定氨基磺酸还原剂的最佳浓度,本实验中配制了浓度分别为20 mmol/L、40 mmol/L、50 mmol/L、60 mmol/L、70 mmol/L、80 mmol/L、90 mmol/L、100 mmol/L的氨基磺酸还原剂,分别用Redox-MIMS法对浓度为0 μmol/L、10 μmol/L、25 μmol/L、50 μmol/L、100 μmol/L的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $标准溶液进行测定,并绘制标准曲线。各标准溶液同时用OX-MIMS法测定并绘制标准曲线以进行比较和计算反应相对回收率。相对回收率的计算为
$ R = \frac{{{S_{ {\text{Redox}}}}}}{{{S_{ {\rm{OX}}}}}} \times 100{\text{% }} \text{,} $
式中,SRedox表示采用Redox-MIMS法测定的标准曲线的斜率;SOX表示采用OX-MIMS法测定的标准曲线的斜率。
为进行实际样品的测试,于2020年8月在莱州湾附近海域的3个站位(H1-7、S5、H2-7)采取沉积物和底层水样品进行15N加富泥浆培养,采样站位如图2所示。沉积物样品用箱式采泥器采集后,取0~5 cm表层沉积物装入密封袋中,立刻放入冰箱冷藏保存,24 h内带回陆地实验室进行实验;底层水样品用Niskin采水器采集并过滤后同样放入冰箱中冷藏保存。
样品带回实验室后进行厌氧条件下的15N加富泥浆培养。取部分混匀后的沉积物分别加入3个培养袋中,加入氦气除氧后的相同站位的底层水。排净培养袋中的空气后,在常温下进行24 h左右的预培养,除去体系中原有的O2、${\rm {NO}}_3^- $和${\rm {NO}}_2^- $。预培养后用注射器分别向3个培养袋中加入3种不同的15N标记物:15${\rm {NO}}_3^- $、15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $、15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $+14${\rm {NO}}_3^- $,使体系中各个标记物浓度最终为100 μmol/L左右。各培养袋在常温下培养8 h,并分别在0 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h时取样。取样时首先将培养袋摇匀,用注射器取一定量泥浆样品,一部分直接转入提前加好0.1 mL HgCl2饱和溶液的6 mL Exetainer瓶中,采用MIMS测定15N2[16];剩余部分转入50 mL离心管中,经过离心后取上清液,用0.2 μm孔径的滤膜过滤后转入另一离心管中冷冻保存,用于后续测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $和营养盐,其中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $分别采用Redox-MIMS和OX-MIMS两种方法进行测定并进行比较。
15N2的浓度计算采用文献[16]的计算方法;15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的浓度采用测定出的15N2浓度反算得到。15N215${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的产生速率由各自浓度随时间变化曲线的斜率表示。反硝化、厌氧铵氧化和DNRA速率的计算方法采用文献[22]的计算公式。沉积物中的DNRA在所有硝酸盐异化还原过程中所占的比例(xDNRA)公式为
$ {x}_{{\rm{DNRA}}} = \frac{{{V_{{\rm{DNRA}}}}}}{{\left( {{V_{{\rm{DNRA}}}} + {V_{\rm{D}}} + {V_{\rm{A}}}} \right)}} \text{,} $
式中,VD代表反硝化速率;VA代表厌氧铵氧化速率;VDNRA代表DNRA速率。本实验中方法线性范围的确定以及两种方法的比较等统计学检验均使用Sigmaplot软件完成。
图3所示,当氨基磺酸的浓度达到80~100 mmol/L时,15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的相对回收率达到最高,为(93.5±0.8)%。Redox-MIMS法使用的次溴酸钠氧化剂相较于OX-MIMS法使用的次溴酸钠−碘是一种比较温和的试剂,氧化效率通常在90%~97%[10,12,23],与本文中的实验结果吻合。因此,后续实验中使用的氨基磺酸还原剂浓度均为80 mmol/L。
实验同时对3组相同的标准溶液进行测定并绘制标准曲线,检测限采用IUPAC规定的标准方法进行计算,公式为
$ {\rm{LOD}} = KS_{{\rm{b}}}/{m} \text{,} $
式中,LOD表示检测限;K为与置信浓度有关的常数(本实验中K为3,置信度为99.6%);Sb为空白标准偏差;m为标准曲线斜率。以标准曲线斜率的相对标准偏差(RSD)代表方法的精密度。
实验结果表明,Redox-MIMS法的检测限为0.5 μmol/L,精密度为0.8%,在一定程度上本研究建立的Redox-MIMS法略显优势[13]。如图4所示,当标准溶液系列最高浓度超过150 μmol/L时,标准曲线的斜率发生显著性降低(p<0.001),因此该法的线性范围为0~150 μmol/L,这与次溴酸钠氧化剂的氧化能力有关,按照本研究的操作流程,Exetainer瓶内150 μmol/L的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $标准溶液最终的浓度约为25 μmol/L,这与次溴酸钠氧化剂的氧化能力的上限相吻合[10,23],可以满足目前对于沉积物加富样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $测定的要求。
为将Redox-MIMS法与目前广泛使用的OX-MIMS法进行比较,将同一组标准溶液采用上述两种方法测定并绘制工作曲线进行比较。实验结果显示,Redox-MIMS法的工作曲线斜率相对较低,约为OX-MIMS法的96%,这也与上文所述的实验结果相符,即与次溴酸钠氧化剂的氧化效率有关。
为计算两种方法产生的30N215N2的比例,我们分别对使用两种方法测定的标准溶液产生的29N230N215N215N2=29N2+2×30N2)对15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $浓度作图进行比较(图5)。采用OX-MIMS法测定的标准溶液产生的15N2几乎全部为30N2,而采用Redox-MIMS法产生的几乎全部为29N2。这说明Redox-MIMS法能够有效避免产生30N2。另外,在实际测样中29N2相对于30N2能够更快的在检测器中达到平衡,在进样量更少的情况下29N2的曲线也可以出现测定的峰值平台以完成定量分析。因此,采用Redox-MIMS法的测样时间在笔者所用的MIMS上被缩短至2 min/样品(图6),而一般采用MIMS进行29N230N2同时测定需要3~5 min的时间,由此可知,Redox-MIMS法进一步提高了测样效率。
莱州湾3个站位的沉积物中15N加富培养实验结果如图7所示。对于加富15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的实验组,15N2并没有显著增加(图7b1图7b3p>0.05),说明预培养已经将大部分的O2和${\rm {NO}}_3^- $去除;对于加富15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $+14${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的实验组,样品培养过程中29N2随时间显著增加(图7c1图7c3p<0.05),说明各站位的沉积物中均发生厌氧铵氧化过程;对于加富15${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的实验组,样品培养过程中30N215${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $均随时间显著增加(图7a1图7a3图7d1图7d3p<0.05),说明各站位沉积物中均存在反硝化和DNRA过程。进一步采用文献[22]的方法计算3种异化硝酸盐还原速率(以N计)。结果表明(图8),莱州湾3个站位的沉积物中的异化硝酸盐还原过程均以反硝化为主,占比为88.5%~90.2%;其次为DNRA,占比为7.0%~9.5%;厌氧铵氧化占比最低,为0.4%~2.8%。
采用Redox-MIMS法和OX-MIMS法两种方法测得的DNRA速率(以N计)以及DNRA占异化硝酸盐还原的比例(xDNRA)并无显著性差异(图9p>0.05)。说明Redox-MIMS法在对OX-MIMS进行优化的基础上,同样适用于15N加富沉积物泥浆培养样品中的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的测定。
本研究探索建立了一种次溴酸钠氧化−氨基磺酸还原测定沉积物15N加富样品中15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的新方法(Redox-MIMS法)。方法检测限为0.5 μmol/L,精密度为0.8%,线性范围为0~150 μmol/L。相对于目前广泛使用的OX-MIMS法,Redox-MIMS法反应条件更加温和,试剂相对易得,并且产生的15N2绝大部分为29N2,有效避免了30N2带来的受O2影响、在检测器中平衡较慢且测试波动较大的一系列问题,同时进一步显著提升了测定效率(2 min/样品),且具有样品消耗少(1 mL)、操作简单等优点。本研究同时对莱州湾3个站位的沉积物样品进行了15N加富培养,证实莱州湾沉积物中同时存在反硝化、厌氧铵氧化以及DNRA 3种异化硝酸盐还原过程,并且以反硝化过程为主导,DNRA次之,厌氧铵氧化最弱。通过两种不同方法测定15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $并计算DNRA速率的对照实验结果表明,采用Redox-MIMS法测定的DNRA潜在速率与采用OX-MIMS法测定的结果并无显著性差异,说明Redox-MIMS法同样适用于15N加富沉积物泥浆培养样品中的15${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $的测定,有望未来在沉积物氮循环领域得到广泛应用。
致谢:感谢海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室张国玲实验师在营养盐自动分析仪的使用方面提供的指导。感谢许泽浩同学在样品采集方面提供的帮助。感谢实验室罗畅同学在实验操作以及MIMS仪器使用方面的帮助和指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076035,U1806211,41606093)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFA0601302)
  • 中国海洋大学中央高校基本科研业务(202072002)
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2022年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022024
  • 接收时间:2021-07-20
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-20
  • 修回日期:2021-09-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076035,U1806211,41606093)
国家重点研发计划(2016YFA0601302)
中国海洋大学中央高校基本科研业务(202072002)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心/海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266100
    2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东 青岛 266237
    3.中国海洋大学 化学化工学院, 山东 青岛 266100

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宋国栋,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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