Article(id=1224795035208663169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2022010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1625328000000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-04, revisedDate=1628784000000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769943491985, onlineDateStr=2026-02-01, pubDate=1642176000000, pubDateStr=2022-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769943491985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-01, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769943491985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769943491985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1224795034394968191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2022', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769943491791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769995853907, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1225014657090469924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1225014657094664229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1224795034394968191, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1224795035527430276, articleId=1224795035208663169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of sampling design on estimation of spatial pattern indices of fish population, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study of spatial patterns of fish populations provides reference for reasonable utilization and management of fishery resources, which depends greatly on the quality of data collected from well-designed surveys. So appropriate sampling designs are essential in fishery-independent surveys, which can greatly affect the accuracy and applicability of the survey results. Computer simulation study is conducted to investigate the effects of sampling design on the spatial pattern of fish populations based on the data collected from bottom trawl surveys in the southern waters off Shandong Peninsula in four seasons from 2016 to 2017 in this study. Four sampling methods, including simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling (SYS), stratified random sampling (StRS) and stratified systematic sampling (StSS) with four levels of sample sizes are considered as potential sampling designs in this simulation study. The effects of different sampling designs on the estimation of mean crowding index and poly block index (PBI) for Conger myriaster and Enedrias fangi are examined. Relative estimation error (REE) and relative bias (RB) are used to measure the performances of different sampling designs. The results show that the simulated values of spatial pattern indices from SYS and StSS are closer to the “true” values, and the performances of SRS and StRS are relatively poor. The REE of estimation of spatial pattern indices for target fish populations decreased significantly with sample size. The original spatial pattern of fish populations has a certain effect on the estimation of spatial pattern indices. The precision of estimation of PBI decreased with the increase of the “true” values of spatial pattern indices, with PBI being overestimated when it is high. Different sampling designs have a certain effect on the estimation of spatial pattern indices of fish populations, and the degree of population aggregation also affected the analysis results. Therefore, the spatial pattern indices of target fish populations could be incorporated into the survey goals in sampling designs to improve the fishery-independent surveys with multiple objectives.

, correspAuthors=Binduo Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2022 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yingdong Li, Chongliang Zhang, Yupeng Ji, Ying Xue, Xiaohui Liu, Yiping Ren, Binduo Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1224795038656381129, articleId=1224795035208663169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

查明渔业种群空间格局可为渔业资源的合理利用和管理提供参考依据。在渔业资源调查中,采样设计会影响调查分析结果的准确性和适用性。为查明采样设计对分析种群空间格局的影响,本文根据2016年10月、2017年2月、5月、8月在山东南部近海调查获得的数据,以星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)为目标鱼种,应用计算机模拟重抽样方法,研究了4种样本量下简单随机抽样、系统抽样、分层随机抽样、分层系统抽样对估计目标种群的平均拥挤度和聚块指数的影响。应用相对估计误差和相对偏差衡量不同采样设计的表现。结果表明,系统抽样、分层系统抽样的模拟结果较接近空间格局指数“真值”,简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样表现较差;样本量对空间格局指数估计的影响较大,随着样本量增大,目标鱼种两个空间格局指数的相对估计误差均呈降低趋势。种群原始空间分布对空间格局指数估计具有一定影响,聚块指数估计的精确度随目标种群聚块指数真值的增加而减小,整体出现偏高的估计偏差。不同采样设计影响鱼类种群空间格局分析,种群聚集程度也对分析结果有所影响,因此,在渔业资源调查设计时可以纳入目标种群空间格局指标以完善多目标渔业资源调查方案。

, correspAuthors=徐宾铎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源生态学、调查采样设计及渔业生物多样性等研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lZd6aCOeG0RoT73aVVAqmQ==, magXml=GuUHJ+zGk5ev5rMsjrcc/g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wAFkqxOQCyuAAAJdJ8NzlA==, pdfFileSize=1478922, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=flPV1dpUhCkNPwQ2TAWngw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=MqY2/vpd6uxCEAfUzJlfbA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李迎冬(1997-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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李迎冬(1997-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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李迎冬(1997-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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SRS indicates simple random sampling; StRS indicates stratified random sampling; SYS indicates system atic sampling; StSS indicates stratified system atic sampling; the horizontal dotted line in figures represent the “true” values of initial mean crowding

, figureFileSmall=ssclGaR25J1+0TKZTjBprw==, figureFileBig=GRP6vwlTD8X0MEacSzvLZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365912530890932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同采样设计下的目标鱼种平均拥挤度模拟值分布

SRS表示简单随机抽样;StRS表示分层随机抽样;SYS表示系统抽样;StSS表示分层系统抽样;图中水平虚线表示平均拥挤度“真值”

, figureFileSmall=ssclGaR25J1+0TKZTjBprw==, figureFileBig=GRP6vwlTD8X0MEacSzvLZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365912715440316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of simulated poly block index of target fish species for different sampling designs

SRS indicates simple random sampling; SYS indicates system atic sampling; StRS indicates stratified random sampling; StSS indicates stratified system atic sampling; the horizontal dotted line in figures represent the “true” value of initial poly block index

, figureFileSmall=yMHt+X9uY4a7JVOE+qS1Aw==, figureFileBig=K0V9U10r5LRguVVKKqSO8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365912912572611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同采样设计下的目标鱼种聚块指数模拟值分布

SRS表示简单随机抽样;SYS表示系统抽样;StRS表示分层随机抽样;StSS表示分层系统抽样;图中水平虚线表示聚块指数“真值”

, figureFileSmall=yMHt+X9uY4a7JVOE+qS1Aw==, figureFileBig=K0V9U10r5LRguVVKKqSO8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913113899216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The relative estimation error of spatial pattern index for target species for different sampling designs

SRS indicates simple random sampling; SYS indicates system atic sampling; StRS indicates stratified random sampling; StSS indicates stratified system atic sampling; 30, 60, 90, 120 represent sample size

, figureFileSmall=6mQPH0Iob88DWS5Rmpc7iw==, figureFileBig=8yhoX4GmoPKuFPTAFyBZVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913214562519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同采样设计下目标鱼种空间格局指数的相对估计误差

SRS表示简单随机抽样;SYS表示系统抽样;StRS表示分层随机抽样;StSS表示分层系统抽样;30、60、90、120表示样本量

, figureFileSmall=6mQPH0Iob88DWS5Rmpc7iw==, figureFileBig=8yhoX4GmoPKuFPTAFyBZVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913373946080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The relative bias of spatial pattern index for target species for different sampling designs

SRS indicates simple random sampling; SYS indicates system atic sampling; StRS indicates stratified random sampling; StSS indicates stratified system atic sampling; 30, 60, 90, 120 represent sample size

, figureFileSmall=2VvtSgMgxQg7IW1ATMqzDg==, figureFileBig=0GMYhLPgOJimFk+ZOkQ67g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913503969514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同采样设计下目标鱼种空间格局指数的相对偏差

SRS表示简单随机抽样;SYS表示系统抽样;StRS表示分层随机抽样;StSS表示分层系统抽样;30、60、90、120表示样本量

, figureFileSmall=2VvtSgMgxQg7IW1ATMqzDg==, figureFileBig=0GMYhLPgOJimFk+ZOkQ67g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913633992947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The effects of original spatial pattern on the estimation of spatial pattern indices, figureFileSmall=fmN2udM7VaMIv5tbnisp3w==, figureFileBig=bgMPww3brdH9YrIwlFNicg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913759822074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=图6, caption=空间格局指数初始值对空间格局指数估计的影响, figureFileSmall=fmN2udM7VaMIv5tbnisp3w==, figureFileBig=bgMPww3brdH9YrIwlFNicg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225365913873068290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The relative abundance and spatial pattern indices of two target fish species in the southern waters off Shandong Peninsula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节星康吉鳗方氏云鳚
相对资源量(均值±标准差)/(kg·h−1平均拥挤度聚块指数相对资源量(均值±标准差)/(kg·h−1平均拥挤度聚块指数
3.628±2.7754.7561.3116.945±1.7776.3990.921
3.666±2.0613.8251.0436.576±1.6806.0060.913
3.023±0.9182.3030.7623.368±1.7893.3240.987
1.808±1.9142.8361.5694.000±1.1303.3180.830
), ArticleFig(id=1225365914003091722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1224795035208663169, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山东半岛南部海域目标鱼种的相对资源量及空间格局指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节星康吉鳗方氏云鳚
相对资源量(均值±标准差)/(kg·h−1平均拥挤度聚块指数相对资源量(均值±标准差)/(kg·h−1平均拥挤度聚块指数
3.628±2.7754.7561.3116.945±1.7776.3990.921
3.666±2.0613.8251.0436.576±1.6806.0060.913
3.023±0.9182.3030.7623.368±1.7893.3240.987
1.808±1.9142.8361.5694.000±1.1303.3180.830
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不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响
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李迎冬 1 , 张崇良 1, 2, 3 , 纪毓鹏 1, 3 , 薛莹 1, 2, 3 , 刘晓慧 4 , 任一平 1, 2, 3 , 徐宾铎 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2022,44(1): 36-47
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海洋学报 | 论文 2022, 44(1): 36-47
不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响
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李迎冬1 , 张崇良1, 2, 3, 纪毓鹏1, 3, 薛莹1, 2, 3, 刘晓慧4, 任一平1, 2, 3, 徐宾铎1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3.海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 4.山东省海洋生物研究院,山东 青岛 266104
  • 李迎冬(1997-),女,山东省烟台市人,主要从事渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源生态学、调查采样设计及渔业生物多样性等研究。E-mail:
Effects of sampling design on estimation of spatial pattern indices of fish population
Yingdong Li1 , Chongliang Zhang1, 2, 3, Yupeng Ji1, 3, Ying Xue1, 2, 3, Xiaohui Liu4, Yiping Ren1, 2, 3, Binduo Xu1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2. Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3. Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 4. Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
出版时间: 2022-01-15 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022010
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查明渔业种群空间格局可为渔业资源的合理利用和管理提供参考依据。在渔业资源调查中,采样设计会影响调查分析结果的准确性和适用性。为查明采样设计对分析种群空间格局的影响,本文根据2016年10月、2017年2月、5月、8月在山东南部近海调查获得的数据,以星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)为目标鱼种,应用计算机模拟重抽样方法,研究了4种样本量下简单随机抽样、系统抽样、分层随机抽样、分层系统抽样对估计目标种群的平均拥挤度和聚块指数的影响。应用相对估计误差和相对偏差衡量不同采样设计的表现。结果表明,系统抽样、分层系统抽样的模拟结果较接近空间格局指数“真值”,简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样表现较差;样本量对空间格局指数估计的影响较大,随着样本量增大,目标鱼种两个空间格局指数的相对估计误差均呈降低趋势。种群原始空间分布对空间格局指数估计具有一定影响,聚块指数估计的精确度随目标种群聚块指数真值的增加而减小,整体出现偏高的估计偏差。不同采样设计影响鱼类种群空间格局分析,种群聚集程度也对分析结果有所影响,因此,在渔业资源调查设计时可以纳入目标种群空间格局指标以完善多目标渔业资源调查方案。

采样设计  /  鱼类种群  /  空间格局  /  计算机模拟

The study of spatial patterns of fish populations provides reference for reasonable utilization and management of fishery resources, which depends greatly on the quality of data collected from well-designed surveys. So appropriate sampling designs are essential in fishery-independent surveys, which can greatly affect the accuracy and applicability of the survey results. Computer simulation study is conducted to investigate the effects of sampling design on the spatial pattern of fish populations based on the data collected from bottom trawl surveys in the southern waters off Shandong Peninsula in four seasons from 2016 to 2017 in this study. Four sampling methods, including simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling (SYS), stratified random sampling (StRS) and stratified systematic sampling (StSS) with four levels of sample sizes are considered as potential sampling designs in this simulation study. The effects of different sampling designs on the estimation of mean crowding index and poly block index (PBI) for Conger myriaster and Enedrias fangi are examined. Relative estimation error (REE) and relative bias (RB) are used to measure the performances of different sampling designs. The results show that the simulated values of spatial pattern indices from SYS and StSS are closer to the “true” values, and the performances of SRS and StRS are relatively poor. The REE of estimation of spatial pattern indices for target fish populations decreased significantly with sample size. The original spatial pattern of fish populations has a certain effect on the estimation of spatial pattern indices. The precision of estimation of PBI decreased with the increase of the “true” values of spatial pattern indices, with PBI being overestimated when it is high. Different sampling designs have a certain effect on the estimation of spatial pattern indices of fish populations, and the degree of population aggregation also affected the analysis results. Therefore, the spatial pattern indices of target fish populations could be incorporated into the survey goals in sampling designs to improve the fishery-independent surveys with multiple objectives.

sampling design  /  fish population  /  spatial pattern  /  computer simulation
李迎冬, 张崇良, 纪毓鹏, 薛莹, 刘晓慧, 任一平, 徐宾铎. 不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响. 海洋学报, 2022 , 44 (1) : 36 -47 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022010
Yingdong Li, Chongliang Zhang, Yupeng Ji, Ying Xue, Xiaohui Liu, Yiping Ren, Binduo Xu. Effects of sampling design on estimation of spatial pattern indices of fish population[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022 , 44 (1) : 36 -47 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2022010
不同鱼类种群因受种群内其他个体和环境的影响而呈现不同的集散特征,从而形成不同的种群空间格局[1]。查明鱼类种群空间格局可以为渔业资源评估、管理和资源合理利用提供重要依据。物种空间格局研究常用指标有聚块指数(Poly Block Index, PBI)、负二项分布参数和平均拥挤度(Mean Crowding, M) 等,被广泛应用于植物、昆虫、浮游生物、虾类等种群空间格局研究[2-4]
自20世纪60年代末以来,渔业资源调查更加重视采样设计,对研究海域进行合理的采样调查可以使资源评估更加经济、灵活[5]。基础的抽样方法有简单随机抽样(Simple Random Sampling, SRS)、系统抽样(Systematic Sampling, SYS)、整群抽样(Cluster Sampling, CS)和分层抽样(Stratified Sampling, StS)等[6]。目前,在对渔业种群进行空间格局分析时,所依据的数据一般来自于渔业资源科学调查,不同的采样设计对于其评估可能会有影响。关于不同采样设计在渔业资源调查中的表现和优化,国内外学者针对不同指标已开展大量研究,如物种出现率[7]、种群资源丰度[8-9]和群落多样性指标等[10],但采样设计对鱼类种群空间格局分析的影响研究较为匮乏。
山东半岛南部海域是许多鱼类的产卵场、索饵场[11-12]。本文以山东近海星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)和方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)两种底层鱼类为目标鱼种[13-14],根据2016−2017年在山东半岛南部海域进行的渔业资源季度调查数据,应用计算机模拟方法,探究了不同抽样方法和样本量对分析鱼类种群空间格局的影响,以期为后续鱼类种群空间格局分析及采样设计的选择和优化提供建议,为该海域鱼类资源养护和管理提供基础资料。
本文中星康吉鳗、方氏云鳚的相对资源量数据来自2016年10月、2017年2月、5月和8月在山东半岛南部海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查。调查范围为35.0°~37.0°N,119.0°~124.0°E海域,共设置了63个站位(图1),调查海域水深范围为1~83 m。调查船为功率220 kW的底拖网渔船,拖网网具网口高约7.5 m,网口宽约15 m,囊网网目为17 mm。调查在白天进行,设定拖速为3.0 kn,每站拖网时间为1 h。调查及样品分析按《海洋调查规范 第6部分:海洋生物调查》(GB/T 12763.6−2007)[15]进行。依据拖网时间1.0 h和拖速为3.0 kn进行标准化,得到目标鱼种在各调查站位相对资源量(单位:kg/h)。
星康吉鳗为长距离洄游性鱼类,其资源分布范围较广。在该海域其分布水深主要在30~50 m,春、夏季多集中于近岸水域索饵,冬季向黄海中部深水区进行越冬洄游[16]。方氏云鳚为近岸季节性洄游鱼类,在黄海区域分布多集中于15~40 m水深范围内[13],春季幼鱼在偏北海域进行索饵,夏、秋季广泛分布于黄海、渤海,冬季北移产卵后向深水区移动[17]
本文利用普通克里金插值法[18]预测各个季节目标鱼种相对资源量在未调查站点的“真值”,以此为基础进行模拟抽样,插值数据的空间分辨率是3′×3′,共获得3 333个潜在调查网格单元作为本研究的潜在调查站位。
本研究选取简单随机抽样、系统抽样、分层随机抽样(Stratified Random Sampling, StRS)、分层系统抽样(Stratified Systematic Sampling, StSS)4种抽样方法[6],同时设置30、60、90、120个调查站位,即共16种采样设计。
(1)简单随机抽样:在全部潜在调查站位中无放回地随机选取调查站位。
(2)系统抽样:使用常规系统抽样方法,依据样本量将所有站位方格化后进行抽样,如样本量为30时,将潜在站位划分为30个等大方格,在第一格内随机抽取1个调查站位。
(3)分层随机抽样:依据水深将研究区域分为3层,30 m水深以浅区域共1 116个潜在站位,30~50 m水深区域共853个站位,50 m水深以深区域共1 364个站位。各层中样本量的分配采用比例法,各层分配比例为10∶8∶12。在各层内采用无放回随机抽样选取调查站位,并保证每层最少选取3个站位。
(4)分层系统抽样:分层依据与分层随机抽样相同,每层内样本量分配采用比例法,调查站位选取采用常规系统抽样的方法。
应用平均拥挤度衡量种群空间分布的集群程度[19],公式为
$ M= (S^{2}–X+X^{2})/X, $
式中,X为目标种群各站位相对资源量的均值;X2为各站位相对资源量均值的平方;S2为相对资源量的方差。M值越高,表明该物种分布聚集程度越高。
应用聚块指数衡量种群的聚集程度[20],公式为
$ {\rm{PBI}}=M/X, $
PBI值大,表明种群由少数的聚集群组成。
模拟过程中,4个季节分开进行。以单一鱼种、一个季节的相对资源量为例,重抽样模拟研究流程如下:
(1)将该季节普通克里金插值法预测的目标鱼种相对资源量作为初始数据,以此分别计算其平均拥挤度和聚块指数,作为目标鱼种平均拥挤度和聚块指数“真值”。
(2)对初始相对资源量数据进行模拟重采样,抽样方法见2.2节,假设抽样方法记作ii=1,2,3,4),样本量梯度记作jj=1,2,3,4),重抽样次数记作kk=1,2,···,1 000),则得到某一次模拟重抽样数据,记作Dataijk
(3)使用Dataijk分别计算该次抽样的平均拥挤度Mijk、聚块指数PBIijk
(4)根据1 000次重抽样模拟,分析平均拥挤度、聚块指数估计的相对估计误差(Relative Estimation Error, REE)和相对偏差(Relative Bias, RB)随不同采样设计的变化。
不同采样设计下种群空间格局指数估计的准确度和精确度采用相对估计误差(Relative Estimation Error, REE)衡量[21]。计算公式为
$ {\rm{REE}} = \frac{{\sqrt {\dfrac{{\text{1}}}{N}\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{{({M_i} - {M_0})}^2}} } }}{{{M_0}}} \times {{100{\text \%}}}\text{,} $
式中,N为模拟抽样次数;Mi为第i次模拟数据计算的平均拥挤度或聚块指数模拟值;M0为该季节平均拥挤度或聚块指数“真值”,本研究中N=1 000。
不同采样设计下种群空间格局指数估计的准确度采用相对偏差(Relative Bias, RB)进行衡量[22]。计算公式为
${\rm{ RB }}= \frac{{\dfrac{{\text{1}}}{N}\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{M_i}} - {M_0}}}{{{M_{\text{0}}}}} \text{.}$
表1列出了本研究中该海域各季节中星康吉鳗和方氏云鳚两鱼种的相对资源量、平均拥挤度和聚块指数。星康吉鳗在春季的平均拥挤度最大,夏季次之,秋季和冬季的平均拥挤度较小;聚块指数则在冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小。方氏云鳚在各季节的平均拥挤度均大于星康吉鳗,同样呈现春、夏季高,秋、冬季低的空间分布格局;各季节聚块指数相近,除秋季外皆低于星康吉鳗。聚块指数与各季节相对资源量的标准差有关,而平均拥挤度受到相对资源量标准差和均值的共同影响。
不同抽样方法对两个目标鱼种的平均拥挤度模拟值的中位数影响较小,但对其波动范围有一定的影响。两目标鱼种的平均拥挤度中位数与初始真值基本相同,模拟值分布以初始真值为轴,基本呈上下对称分布。样本量相同时,系统抽样和分层系统抽样的模拟值波动范围小于简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样,异常值较少。对于方氏云鳚,系统抽样在各季节中的波动范围均小于分层系统抽样,星康吉鳗在冬季也有此趋势,在其他季节表现不明显。相同抽样方法下,随着样本量增加,平均拥挤度模拟值波动范围均逐渐减小,整体趋于稳定,在样本量增大至60个站位后变化速度变缓。在样本量较低时,两目标鱼种均出现了较多的低估异常值(图2)。
不同抽样方法对目标鱼种的聚块指数模拟值的影响与平均拥挤度基本相同。各抽样方法的模拟值分布,均以初始真值为轴呈上下对称分布。与平均拥挤度不同的是,聚块指数的偏高异常值较多,除秋季外,其他季节偏低异常值的数量均少于偏高异常值(图3)。
样本量对目标鱼种空间格局指数估计的影响较大。对于两个目标鱼种,各抽样方法的平均拥挤度、聚块指数的REE均随着样本量增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势。在两种系统抽样中,当样本量超过60个站位时,REE的下降趋势逐渐变缓。当样本量相同时,简单随机抽样的REE最高,其次是分层随机抽样,分层系统抽样和系统抽样的REE较低(图4)。
在各采样设计中,聚块指数的REE均高于平均拥挤度的REE。不同采样设计的聚块指数REE值的季节变化一致,对于星康吉鳗,冬季最高,春季次之,夏季、秋季较低;对于方氏云鳚,则秋季最高,春季其次,夏季和冬季较低。对于平均拥挤度,简单随机抽样下冬季目标鱼种的REE高于春季,而系统抽样则相反(图4)。
两目标鱼种的空间格局分布情况有所不同,除秋季方氏云鳚的平均拥挤度、聚块指数的REE整体略高外,其他季节中星康吉鳗的两种指标的REE均高于方氏云鳚(图4)。
在不同采样设计下两目标鱼种平均拥挤度估计值的RB在−1.5%~3.0%的范围内,大多在0值附近波动。对于星康吉鳗,在简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样中,平均拥挤度估计值的RB值基本在0值上下波动,无明显变化趋势;在系统抽样和分层系统抽样中,冬季和夏季平均拥挤度估计值的RB呈现随样本量增加而减小的趋势。对于方氏云鳚,秋季各采样设计中平均拥挤度估计值的RB值均出现随样本量增加而减少的趋势,其他季节的RB值波动趋势不明显。
星康吉鳗聚块指数估计值的RB在−0.5%~4.0%之间波动,波动范围较平均拥挤度的RB大;方氏云鳚聚块指数估计值的RB波动范围仅为−0.1%~0.7%,低于平均拥挤度的RB波动范围,受样本量影响的变化趋势与平均拥挤度基本相似。
相同抽样方法下,随着样本量增加,各指数估计值的RB值大多趋向0。在相同样本量时,系统抽样和分层系统抽样下,平均拥挤度和聚块指数的RB值大多高于简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样,但对秋季方氏云鳚的平均拥挤度的结果相反。当样本量超过90个站位后,除个别抽样方法的RB值高于0.5%外,平均拥挤度的RB值大多在0值附近,而星康吉鳗聚块指数则存在较为明显的偏差。除秋季外,在其他季节两种系统抽样方法的RB值波动范围高于两种随机抽样方法(图5)。
图6为样本量为60个站位时,不考虑其他因素影响,不同抽样方法下的目标鱼种空间格局指数估计精确度和准确度与空间格局指数初始“真值”的关系,其中空间格局指数初始值为两个目标鱼种在4个季节的对应值。
随着初始平均拥挤度的增加,模拟抽样后平均拥挤度指数估计的REE总体上呈现波动下降的趋势,不同抽样方法的变化趋势相近;RB整体呈现围绕0值上下较大的波动幅度,无一致性变化规律,随着初始平均拥挤度增加,RB更趋向于0。
聚块指数估计的精确度与聚块指数初始值呈现一定的正相关性,随着初始聚块指数的增加,指数估计的REE逐渐增大,4种抽样方法变化规律一致。RB也呈现波动增加的趋势,且大部分大于0,整体呈现偏高估计。
通常进行采样设计时,按水深、底质等对物种分布影响显著的环境因素进行合理分层,能够提高对目标鱼种资源量指数估计的精度[23-24]。水深是影响星康吉鳗和方氏云鳚数量分布的重要环境因子[25],因此,本研究中采取了以水深为依据的分层方式。在本研究中,对于目标鱼种空间格局指数估计,基于水深分层的两种抽样方法并未明显优于其他两种抽样方法,仅在样本量较低时,分层随机抽样和分层系统抽样相对略优于简单随机抽样和系统抽样,这表明对于单鱼种空间格局指数估计,按水深为依据的分层抽样方法未能提高估计值的精确度和准确度,这与以往以资源量指数为评价指标时,分层随机抽样能提高抽样结果准确度的研究结论有所差异[7-8, 26]。本研究中的两种空间格局指数受资源量指数和种群聚集情况影响[2],即不仅反映各调查站位之间的差异,也受平均值的影响,因此对资源量指标有显著优化效果的分层方式并不适用于空间格局指标。此外,本研究初始真值由克里金插值法获得,依据空间自相关插值过程中可能降低了各站位之间的差异,导致分层的优化效果不显著。
对于渔业种群资源量指数估计,样本量增加往往对估计结果的精确度和准确度影响显著[27]。本研究以平均拥挤度和聚块指数为空间格局指数,在各个季节中,不同抽样方法下估计结果受样本量的影响一致,均表现为指数估计精确度和准确度随样本量增加而提高;当样本量超过60个站位后,随样本量继续增加,简单随机抽样的估计精确度提高幅度较小,而系统抽样的估计精度几乎不再提高。因此,对于估计空间格局指数,本研究中系统抽样在站位数为60时即可获得较好的估计,而简单随机抽样在站位数达到90时可获得较高的估计精度。
平均拥挤度指标反映了个体之间的拥挤程度,其受到平均资源量的影响;聚块指数则反映了种群的聚集模式,其值越大表明该群体是由越少的斑块组成的[20-21]。在资源量较低时,平均拥挤度一般较低,但由于鱼类的集群行为,聚块指数可能反而较大,两指标相结合可基本反映鱼类种群的空间格局。在本研究中,冬季星康吉鳗和秋季方氏云鳚的平均拥挤度均较低,而聚块指数较高,这可能与两鱼种秋、冬季在该海域的资源量均较低有关。季节性洄游活动导致了不同季节的初始分布情况有所差异,星康吉鳗成鱼秋季开始向深水区进行越冬洄游,在研究海域分布较少[28-29],方氏云鳚为近岸集群性冷温性鱼类,秋、冬季产卵后向深水区移动[17]。因此,冬季星康吉鳗和秋季方氏云鳚的PBI均为目标种类最高,造成对应的模拟抽样的指数估计值精确度和准确度最低。
相同采样设计下,聚块指数估计RB值随着初始均值增大而呈现一致性增大的趋势,平均拥挤度则呈现相对无偏估计(图6)。普通克里金插值法获得的相对资源量分布的空间自相关性较高[30],使得初始空间格局分析更偏向于分散且低聚集,导致指数整体偏高估。当初始聚集程度较低时,4种抽样方法间无明显差异,随着初始聚集程度增强,两种系统抽样方法的精确度明显高于两种随机抽样方法,而准确度则偶尔略低于随机抽样方法。
除平均拥挤度和聚块指数外,对于鱼类种群空间格局研究,可使用其他空间格局指数,如扩散系数、丛生指标[31]等,进一步进行综合分析。空间格局指数分析仅需相对资源量数据,较为简便,但不同采样设计对种群空间格局指标的估计会产生较大影响。因此,未来调查设计中可以将种群空间格局指数估计作为调查目标之一,综合多个调查目标考虑合理的调查设计。本研究选取星康吉鳗和方氏云鳚两种底层鱼种作为目标鱼种,其空间格局相近但略有不同,对于相似空间格局指标的鱼种而言,本研究的结果基本适用,但对于其他分布格局的鱼种则需要进一步研究以做补充。
不同的采样设计对鱼类种群空间格局指数估计会产生影响,对研究海域星康吉鳗和方氏云鳚而言,系统抽样所获数据对估计种群空间格局指数的精确度更高,但在样本量不足90个站位时,估计准确度往往稍低于简单随机抽样和分层随机抽样。对于聚集程度较弱的鱼种,4种抽样方法无太大差距,当物种聚集程度较强时,系统抽样方法略优于简单随机抽样方法。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901205)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31772852)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2022010
  • 接收时间:2021-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-01
  • 出版时间:2022-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-04
  • 修回日期:2021-08-13
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFD0901205)
国家自然科学基金(31772852)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3.海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
    4.山东省海洋生物研究院,山东 青岛 266104

通讯作者:

徐宾铎,副教授,主要从事渔业资源生态学、调查采样设计及渔业生物多样性等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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