Article(id=1212069466087747833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1683820800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-12, revisedDate=1700841600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766909479877, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1703952000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766909479877, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766909479877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766909479877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212069458550583325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766909478080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924871391, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212069466402320657, articleId=1212069466087747833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Detection method of red tide based on the spectral features from HY-1C/D satellite: Take red Noctiluca scintillans blooms as an example, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Red Noctiluca scintillans is the main red tide species in China, which often occurs in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Recently, the red N. scintillans blooms occurred frequently, leading to an urgent need for their monitoring. However, the occurrence of red N. scintillans blooms is characterized by wide distribution range, rapid change and strip distribution. Therefore, the high spatial resolution, large coverage and short revisit period satellites are needed for red N. scintillans blooms monitoring. Although, ocean color satellites have played an important role in red tide detection, they cannot detect the strip distributed red N. scintillans blooms for their low spatial resolution. The Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) onboard HY-1C/D satellite, with high spatial resolution, wide swath and short revisit cycle, has been increasingly used for red tide monitoring. Most existing red N. scintillans blooms detection methods for HY-1C/D CZI are based on deep learning methods, which need a large number of training samples. However, the training samples are difficult to obtain, which affects the accuracy of the models. Therefore, taking red N. scintillans bloom occurred in the Honghai Bay, Guangdong Province in March 2022 as an example, the spectral features of red N. scintillans blooms were analyzed in this paper, the red tide detection method based on the high reflectance features of red N. scintillans blooms in the red and near infrared bands and turbid water in the green band was constructed for HY-1C/D CZI. The experimental results show that based on the method, red N. scintillans blooms can be detected effectively in the turbid water, with precision and F1-Score of 89.72% and 0.90 respectively. Moreover, the method has good applicability, and it is proved to be suitable for the detection of red N. scintillans blooms in different marine environments. Also, it is applicable to different broad band sensors.

, correspAuthors=Rongjie Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yikan Wang, Rongjie Liu, Jianqiang Liu, Jing Ding, Xiaomin Ye, Xin Zhao, Dongmei Song, Yi Ma), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212069471271907827, articleId=1212069466087747833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于光谱特征的HY-1C/D卫星赤潮探测方法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

红夜光藻是我国主要的赤潮优势种,在渤海、黄海、东海和南海均有发生。近年来,红夜光藻赤潮发生频率明显上升,监测需求迫切。但红夜光藻赤潮发生具有分布范围广、变化速度快、多呈条带状分布的特点,其探测对卫星影像空间分辨率、覆盖范围和重访周期要求高。虽然水色卫星在赤潮监测中发挥了重要作用,但其空间分辨率低,无法准确探测条带状分布的红夜光藻赤潮。海洋一号C、D(HY-1C/D)卫星搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)以其高空间分辨率、大幅宽和短重访周期的优势,被越来越多地用于赤潮监测。现有的红夜光藻赤潮HY-1C/D CZI探测模型大多基于深度学习方法,需要大量赤潮样本,但赤潮样本获取困难,影响模型的精度。因此,本文以2022年3月发生在广东省汕尾市红海湾的红夜光藻赤潮为例,分析了红夜光藻赤潮光谱特征,基于红夜光藻赤潮在红光和近红外波段的高反射特性和浑浊水体在绿光波段的高反射特性,构建了一个面向HY-1C/D CZI的红夜光藻赤潮探测方法。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地探测赤潮,并避免浑浊水体的干扰,精确率和F1-Score达到89.72%和0.90。而且,该方法具有较好的适用性,可适用于不同海洋环境、不同宽波段卫星传感器的红夜光藻赤潮探测。

, correspAuthors=刘荣杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘荣杰(1981—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋光学遥感方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5PfiC2PEoV7yldRhUZpWug==, magXml=ZekNxjXgDetimQM8W1bfgA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2CRI0yRSvk/tQccoTCQf8w==, pdfFileSize=5598960, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=84NeYd5au87P948cZkerdQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uOGRnS1YJezoVT8Ud2Wckw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王义衎(1999—),女,山东省潍坊市人,主要从事赤潮遥感探测研究。E-mail:

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王义衎(1999—),女,山东省潍坊市人,主要从事赤潮遥感探测研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=KWKFxz+yx7S6hQGFRWDDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337936694984721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Red tide detection results of HY-1C CZI images in different marine environments (red indicates red tide), figureFileSmall=D2n266RgsdlnoOST9CBliw==, figureFileBig=1a/ogZnN5yt8njZtciE6Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337936892117009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同海洋环境HY-1C CZI影像赤潮探测结果(红色表示赤潮), figureFileSmall=D2n266RgsdlnoOST9CBliw==, figureFileBig=1a/ogZnN5yt8njZtciE6Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337936971808787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Spectral curves of different types of water bodies with and without thin cloud cover, figureFileSmall=8Afj40TdI0i2E/KWawLwyA==, figureFileBig=CIgITM1IvSPobgPeG0k8ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337937064083475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=图16, caption=有无薄云覆盖下不同类型水体光谱曲线, figureFileSmall=8Afj40TdI0i2E/KWawLwyA==, figureFileBig=CIgITM1IvSPobgPeG0k8ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337937135386645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=GF-1 WFV image red tide detection results (red indicates red tide), figureFileSmall=hM7e7FH/CaHmDKlu5+vc3g==, figureFileBig=v/Y2CEBjMeQ7rQZuWIIfHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337937210884118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=图17, caption=GF-1 WFV影像赤潮探测结果(红色表示赤潮), figureFileSmall=hM7e7FH/CaHmDKlu5+vc3g==, figureFileBig=v/Y2CEBjMeQ7rQZuWIIfHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337937269604376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Spectral curves of different types of water bodies before and after normalization, figureFileSmall=xLVPDH4hHJbpEZ3tg6n9kg==, figureFileBig=vQRq2hJ9t3t5KSLCsX1UAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337937349296153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=图18, caption=归一化处理前后不同类型水体光谱曲线, figureFileSmall=xLVPDH4hHJbpEZ3tg6n9kg==, figureFileBig=vQRq2hJ9t3t5KSLCsX1UAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337938603393051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

HY-1C/D CZI and GF-1 WFV satellite sensor parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器波段光谱范围/
nm
中心波长/
nm
空间分辨率/
m
幅宽/
km
重访周期/
d
HY-1C/D CZI1420~500460509503
2520~600560509503
3610~690650509503
4760~890825509503
GF-1 WFV1450~520485168004
2520~600560168004
3630~690660168004
4760~900830168004
), ArticleFig(id=1215337938695667742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HY-1C/D CZI和GF-1 WFV卫星传感器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器波段光谱范围/
nm
中心波长/
nm
空间分辨率/
m
幅宽/
km
重访周期/
d
HY-1C/D CZI1420~500460509503
2520~600560509503
3610~690650509503
4760~890825509503
GF-1 WFV1450~520485168004
2520~600560168004
3630~690660168004
4760~900830168004
), ArticleFig(id=1215337938762776609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detailed information of satellite images used

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器成像时间纬度经度覆盖区域
HY-1D CZI2022年3月13日19° 29' 44"~24° 33' 38"N108° 00' 00"~118° 09' 04"E广东红海湾
HY-1C CZI2022年3月14日19° 39' 52"~24° 44' 10"N110° 10' 55"~120° 18' 59"E广东红海湾
2020年8月17日31° 38' 33"~34° 44' 11"N124° 14' 34"~135° 27' 05"E东海
2021年2月14日16° 50' 08"~21° 52' 53"N105° 48' 27"~115° 37' 30"E广西北部湾
GF-1 WFV2022年3月13日21° 48' 09"~24° 03' 14"N114° 34' 08"~117° 12' 22"E广东红海湾
), ArticleFig(id=1215337938855051301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

所用卫星影像详细信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器成像时间纬度经度覆盖区域
HY-1D CZI2022年3月13日19° 29' 44"~24° 33' 38"N108° 00' 00"~118° 09' 04"E广东红海湾
HY-1C CZI2022年3月14日19° 39' 52"~24° 44' 10"N110° 10' 55"~120° 18' 59"E广东红海湾
2020年8月17日31° 38' 33"~34° 44' 11"N124° 14' 34"~135° 27' 05"E东海
2021年2月14日16° 50' 08"~21° 52' 53"N105° 48' 27"~115° 37' 30"E广西北部湾
GF-1 WFV2022年3月13日21° 48' 09"~24° 03' 14"N114° 34' 08"~117° 12' 22"E广东红海湾
), ArticleFig(id=1215337938930548774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Accuracy of red tide detection by different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法总体精度/%精确率/%召回率/%F1-ScoreKappa系数
RTSI98.4289.7290.160.900.89
GF1_RI97.0281.9079.760.810.79
), ArticleFig(id=1215337938997657640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069466087747833, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同方法赤潮探测精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法总体精度/%精确率/%召回率/%F1-ScoreKappa系数
RTSI98.4289.7290.160.900.89
GF1_RI97.0281.9079.760.810.79
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基于光谱特征的HY-1C/D卫星赤潮探测方法
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王义衎 1, 2 , 刘荣杰 1, 3, * , 刘建强 4 , 丁静 4 , 叶小敏 4 , 赵鑫 1, 5 , 宋冬梅 2 , 马毅 1, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(12): 166-178
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(12): 166-178
基于光谱特征的HY-1C/D卫星赤潮探测方法
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王义衎1, 2 , 刘荣杰1, 3, * , 刘建强4, 丁静4, 叶小敏4, 赵鑫1, 5, 宋冬梅2, 马毅1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东) 海洋与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266580
  • 3 自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 4 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 5 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 王义衎(1999—),女,山东省潍坊市人,主要从事赤潮遥感探测研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘荣杰(1981—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋光学遥感方面研究。E-mail:
Detection method of red tide based on the spectral features from HY-1C/D satellite: Take red Noctiluca scintillans blooms as an example
Yikan Wang1, 2 , Rongjie Liu1, 3, * , Jianqiang Liu4, Jing Ding4, Xiaomin Ye4, Xin Zhao1, 5, Dongmei Song2, Yi Ma1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3Technology Innovation Center for Ocean Telemetry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
  • 5College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2023-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023179
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红夜光藻是我国主要的赤潮优势种,在渤海、黄海、东海和南海均有发生。近年来,红夜光藻赤潮发生频率明显上升,监测需求迫切。但红夜光藻赤潮发生具有分布范围广、变化速度快、多呈条带状分布的特点,其探测对卫星影像空间分辨率、覆盖范围和重访周期要求高。虽然水色卫星在赤潮监测中发挥了重要作用,但其空间分辨率低,无法准确探测条带状分布的红夜光藻赤潮。海洋一号C、D(HY-1C/D)卫星搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)以其高空间分辨率、大幅宽和短重访周期的优势,被越来越多地用于赤潮监测。现有的红夜光藻赤潮HY-1C/D CZI探测模型大多基于深度学习方法,需要大量赤潮样本,但赤潮样本获取困难,影响模型的精度。因此,本文以2022年3月发生在广东省汕尾市红海湾的红夜光藻赤潮为例,分析了红夜光藻赤潮光谱特征,基于红夜光藻赤潮在红光和近红外波段的高反射特性和浑浊水体在绿光波段的高反射特性,构建了一个面向HY-1C/D CZI的红夜光藻赤潮探测方法。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地探测赤潮,并避免浑浊水体的干扰,精确率和F1-Score达到89.72%和0.90。而且,该方法具有较好的适用性,可适用于不同海洋环境、不同宽波段卫星传感器的红夜光藻赤潮探测。

赤潮  /  红夜光藻  /  遥感探测  /  HY-1C/D CZI  /  光谱特征

Red Noctiluca scintillans is the main red tide species in China, which often occurs in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Recently, the red N. scintillans blooms occurred frequently, leading to an urgent need for their monitoring. However, the occurrence of red N. scintillans blooms is characterized by wide distribution range, rapid change and strip distribution. Therefore, the high spatial resolution, large coverage and short revisit period satellites are needed for red N. scintillans blooms monitoring. Although, ocean color satellites have played an important role in red tide detection, they cannot detect the strip distributed red N. scintillans blooms for their low spatial resolution. The Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) onboard HY-1C/D satellite, with high spatial resolution, wide swath and short revisit cycle, has been increasingly used for red tide monitoring. Most existing red N. scintillans blooms detection methods for HY-1C/D CZI are based on deep learning methods, which need a large number of training samples. However, the training samples are difficult to obtain, which affects the accuracy of the models. Therefore, taking red N. scintillans bloom occurred in the Honghai Bay, Guangdong Province in March 2022 as an example, the spectral features of red N. scintillans blooms were analyzed in this paper, the red tide detection method based on the high reflectance features of red N. scintillans blooms in the red and near infrared bands and turbid water in the green band was constructed for HY-1C/D CZI. The experimental results show that based on the method, red N. scintillans blooms can be detected effectively in the turbid water, with precision and F1-Score of 89.72% and 0.90 respectively. Moreover, the method has good applicability, and it is proved to be suitable for the detection of red N. scintillans blooms in different marine environments. Also, it is applicable to different broad band sensors.

red tide  /  red Noctiluca scintillans  /  remote sensing detection  /  HY-1C/D CZI  /  spectral features
王义衎, 刘荣杰, 刘建强, 丁静, 叶小敏, 赵鑫, 宋冬梅, 马毅. 基于光谱特征的HY-1C/D卫星赤潮探测方法. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (12) : 166 -178 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023179
Yikan Wang, Rongjie Liu, Jianqiang Liu, Jing Ding, Xiaomin Ye, Xin Zhao, Dongmei Song, Yi Ma. Detection method of red tide based on the spectral features from HY-1C/D satellite: Take red Noctiluca scintillans blooms as an example[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (12) : 166 -178 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023179
赤潮是指水体中的浮游植物、原生生物或者细菌在一定环境条件下,短时间内暴发性增殖或聚集而引起的一种水体变色的生态异常现象[1]。赤潮是我国主要的海洋生态灾害之一,其发生会威胁海洋生态环境安全,对海洋渔业和滨海旅游业造成一定影响[2]。夜光藻是我国主要的赤潮优势种,主要有红夜光藻和绿夜光藻两种,其中红夜光藻赤潮在我国发生频率较高,在各个海区均有分布[34]。近年来,红夜光藻赤潮暴发频率增加,分布范围也有明显扩张趋势,其准确监测需求迫切[5]。红夜光藻赤潮发生具有分布范围广、变化速度快、多呈条带状分布的特点,其探测对卫星影像空间分辨率和时空覆盖要求高。一直以来,水色卫星在赤潮探测中发挥了巨大作用,国内外学者围绕水色卫星探测赤潮,开展了大量的研究,发展了系列赤潮探测方法[611]。但水色卫星空间分辨率较低,由于混合像元效应,对呈条带状分布的红夜光藻赤潮易误识别,无法有效探测红夜光藻赤潮[1213]。因此,赤潮监测需要高空间分辨率卫星的支持。
近年来,我国中高空间分辨率卫星技术发展迅速,大批卫星发射升空,包括海洋卫星系列、高分卫星系列等。其中,海洋一号C(HY-1C)卫星是我国自主设计研制的首颗海洋水色业务卫星,搭载的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)具有蓝光、绿光、红光和近红外4个波段,能提供50 m空间分辨率、950 km刈幅的多光谱数据,并可与海洋一号D(HY-1D)卫星组网,实现三天两次的高频次观测,为赤潮探测提供丰富数据支撑,已被越来越多地应用于赤潮监测[4, 14]。与水色卫星相比,HY-1C/D CZI传感器虽然具有较高的空间分辨率,但其光谱分辨率低,只设置了蓝光、绿光、红光和近红外4个宽波段,面向水色卫星的赤潮探测方法无法适用于HY-1C/D CZI数据。针对中高分辨率宽波段卫星赤潮探测,国内外学者开展了基于光谱特征、叶绿素a浓度和深度学习的赤潮探测方法研究。根据赤潮水体光谱特征,Cao等[15]面向Sentinel-2A多光谱成像仪(MultiSpectral Instrument,MSI)数据构建了藻华检测指数(ABDI);Liu等[1213]构建了基于伪色度角的高空间分辨率宽带卫星赤潮探测算法(PHA-RI)和面向高分一号宽幅相机(GF-1 Wide Field of View,GF-1 WFV)数据的赤潮探测指数GF1_RI。基于赤潮水体叶绿素a浓度,Yunus等[16]、陈曦[17]分别面向Landsat8陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)和环境一号CCD(HJ-1 Charge-Coupled Device,HJ-1 CCD)数据构建了叶绿素a浓度反演模型,根据叶绿素a浓度判断是否发生赤潮。深度学习方法也逐渐被用于赤潮探测,Lee等[18]面向Landsat8 OLI数据构建了基于深度神经网络的赤潮探测模型。Zhao等[19]面向HY-1D CZI数据构建了赤潮探测深度学习模型RDU-Net,可在云雾干扰情况下探测赤潮。Cui等[20]基于HY-1C/D CZI数据构建了夜光藻赤潮深度学习识别模型NSBRNet,成功探测到北部湾、大鹏湾和阳江等地暴发的夜光藻赤潮。虽然基于深度学习的赤潮探测方法具有强大的数据挖掘及特征提取能力,但需大量的赤潮样本,而赤潮样本获取困难,影响模型的精度。
基于此,本文以广东省汕尾市红海湾为研究区,针对2022年3月红夜光藻赤潮事件,分析红夜光藻赤潮光谱响应特征,构建面向HY-1C/D CZI数据的简易红夜光藻赤潮探测方法,以期为HY-1C/D CZI赤潮遥感探测提供技术支撑。
HY-1C和HY-1D卫星是我国首个海洋业务卫星星座,分别于2018年和2020年发射,其上搭载了海岸带成像仪、水色水温扫描仪和紫外成像仪等传感器,其中CZI以其高空间分辨率、大幅宽和短重访周期的优势,被越来越多的用于赤潮监测[4, 14],CZI传感器设置详见表1。同时,为检验本文方法对不同宽波段卫星传感器的适用性,本文还获取了GF-1 WFV红夜光藻赤潮数据。GF-1卫星于2013年发射,其配备了4台WFV相机,设置了蓝光、绿光、红光和近红外4个波段,可以获取16 m空间分辨率的多光谱数据[21],具体传感器参数详见表1。GF-1 WFV传感器波段设置与HY-1C/D CZI相似,但4个波段的波段宽度和中心波长设置略有差异,其光谱响应函数也不完全相同[22]图1)。
研究报道显示,2022年3月广东省汕尾市红海湾附近海域暴发红夜光藻赤潮[20]。针对此次赤潮过程,本文从国家卫星海洋应用中心(https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn/)获取了3月13日HY-1D CZI影像和3月14日HY-1C CZI影像各1景。同时,本文从中国资源卫星应用中心(https://data.cresda.cn/#/home)获取了3月13日GF-1 WFV影像1景。另外,为探讨本文方法对不同海洋环境赤潮探测的适用性,本文获取了2020年8月东海红夜光藻赤潮HY-1C CZI影像[19]和2021年2月广西北部湾红夜光藻赤潮HY-1C CZI影像[20]各1景。数据详细情况见表2,数据空间覆盖见图2
本文获取的HY-1C/D CZI L1C产品为经过几何校正的辐亮度数据。为消除陆地和云对赤潮探测的影响,首先对HY-1C/D CZI辐亮度产品进行陆地和云掩膜处理。考虑到成像环境差异导致的辐亮度变化对赤潮探测的影响,本文对四波段辐亮度产品进行了归一化处理,将各波段辐亮度值归一化到0~1。归一化方法采用最大最小值归一化方法[23],具体如下:
$ x' = \frac{{x - \min (x)}}{{\max (x) - \min (x)}} \text{,} $
式中,$x'$为数据归一化处理后的数值;x为数据辐亮度值;min(x)为样本数据辐亮度最小值;max(x)为样本数据辐亮度最大值。
为评估算法的有效性,本文选取了基于光谱指数的赤潮探测方法GF1_RI进行对比,方法详细如下。
GF1_RI 是由Liu等[13]面向GF-1 WFV数据构建的赤潮探测指数,该指数建立在赤潮红光波段响应的基础上,利用绿光、红光以及近红外波段辐亮度计算得到,具体如下:
$ {\mathrm{GF}}1\_{\mathrm{RI}}=L3-(L2+L4)/2 \text{,} $
式中,L2、L3和L4分别代表绿光波段、红光波段以及近红外波段的辐亮度。
本文基于混淆矩阵计算了总体精度(OA)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)、F1-Score以及Kappa系数[2425],以对赤潮探测精度进行评估,计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{OA}} = ({\mathrm{TP}} + {\mathrm{TN}})/N \text{,} $
$ {\mathrm{Precision}} = {\mathrm{TP}}/({\mathrm{TP }}+ {\mathrm{FP}}) \text{,} $
$ {\mathrm{Recall}} = {\mathrm{TP}}/({\mathrm{TP}} + {\mathrm{FN}}) \text{,} $
$ {\mathrm{F1 {\text{-}} Score}} = 2\times({\mathrm{Precision}}\times{\mathrm{ Recall}})/({\mathrm{Precision}} + {\mathrm{Recall}}) \text{,} $
$ \begin{gathered} {\mathrm{Kappa}} = \frac{{{\mathrm{TP}} + {\mathrm{TN}}}}{{({\mathrm{TN}} +{\mathrm{ FP}})\times({\mathrm{TN }}+ {\mathrm{FN}}) + ({\mathrm{FN}} + {\mathrm{TP}})\times({\mathrm{FP}} + {\mathrm{TP}})}} \\ \\ \end{gathered} \text{,} $
式中,TP(True Positive)表示赤潮像元正确识别为赤潮像元的个数;FP(False Positive)表示非赤潮像元被识别为赤潮像元的个数;TN(True Negative)表示非赤潮像元被正确识别为非赤潮像元的个数;FN(False Negative)表示赤潮像元被识别为非赤潮像元的个数;N为样本像元的总数。
考虑到不同类型水体光谱特征的差异,本文在广东省红海湾红夜光藻赤潮发生期间的3月14日HY-1C CZI影像上选取了赤潮水体、浑浊水体和清洁水体样本像元各1 200个,共计3 600个像元,样本的选取兼顾空间分布的均匀性、完整性和数量的一致性(图3a)。在样本选取的基础上,对不同类型水体进行了光谱特征分析(图3b)。
图3b可知,在蓝光和绿光波段,浑浊水体的归一化辐亮度值高于赤潮水体和清洁水体,与其他两类水体的可分性较好,而赤潮水体与清洁水体易在该波段混淆。从动态范围来看,清洁水体和浑浊水体标准差较大,赤潮水体的标准差相对较小。在红光和近红外波段,赤潮水体响应较强,归一化辐亮度值明显大于清洁水体,但与浑浊水体有部分重合。清洁水体和浑浊水体标准差较小,赤潮水体具有较大的动态范围。
从光谱曲线看,清洁水体和浑浊水体的光谱曲线随着波长的增加呈下降态势,赤潮水体在红光和近红外波段有较大幅度的抬升。由于近岸水体悬浮泥沙浓度较高,浑浊水体在绿光波段有一个明显的反射峰[2627],这一光谱特征有助于区分浑浊水体与其他两类水体。而由于叶绿素a荧光特性[1, 6],赤潮水体在红光波段具有明显的反射峰。
赤潮水体在红光波段的高反射特性可用红光波段反射峰值与绿光波段−近红外波段基线(图4中的虚线)值的差表示,计算公式如下:
$ \Delta {{y}} = {R_{{{\mathrm{Red}}} }} - {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - \frac{{{\lambda _{{{\mathrm{Red}}} }} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}}}}{{{\lambda _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}}}}({R_{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}}) \text{,} $
式中,$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}} $$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}} $$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}} $分别表示像元绿光波段、红光波段和近红外波段的归一化辐亮度值;$ {{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}} $$ {{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}} $$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} $分别表示绿光波段、红光波段和近红外波段的中心波长,即560 nm、650 nm和825 nm。
利用所选取的不同类型水体样本,计算了赤潮集中分布区、赤潮分布边缘区、清洁水体区和浑浊水体区的红光波段基线差值(Δy值),并进行统计分析。结果显示,赤潮集中分布区的Δy值明显高于清洁水体区,但赤潮分布边缘区的Δy值与清洁水体区有部分重合,这主要是因为赤潮发生具有生物量分布不均的特点[1213],赤潮分布边缘生物量明显低于集中分布区域,导致赤潮分布边缘区红光波段反射峰较弱。此外,浑浊水体区Δy值与赤潮集中分布区、赤潮分布边缘区均有重合(图5)。
从以上分析可知,赤潮水体Δy值与部分浑浊水体相近,易误识别。考虑到浑浊水体在绿光波段的高反射特性 [2627],本文构建了绿光波段反射峰值与蓝光波段−红光波段基线(图6a中的虚线)值的差来识别浑浊水体,即Δz,计算公式如下:
$ \Delta {{z}} = {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {R_{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} - \frac{{{\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}}}}{{{\lambda _{{{\mathrm{Re}}} {\mathrm{d}}}} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}}}}({R_{{{\mathrm{Re}}} {\mathrm{d}}}} - {R_{{\mathrm{Blue}}}}) \text{,} $
式中,$ {R_{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} $$ {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}} $$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}} $分别表示像元蓝光波段、绿光波段和红光波段的归一化辐亮度值; $ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Blue}}}} $$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} $$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} $分别表示蓝光波段、绿光波段和红光波段的中心波长。统计结果显示,浑浊水体Δz值大于赤潮水体(图6b)。因此,可利用Δz值将浑浊水体剔除。
由于叶绿素a荧光特性[1, 6],导致赤潮水体在近红外波段也具有明显的响应。本文利用该特征,在基线差的基础上引入了近红外波段。考虑到赤潮水体基线差Δy(−0.06~0.35)与近红外波段归一化辐亮度值(0.09~1)的值域范围,利用3月14日红海湾红夜光藻赤潮影像开展了不同倍数近红外波段的探测实验(图7),最终确定了Δy与0.5倍近红外波段归一化辐亮度值的加和时赤潮探测精度最高(图8)。
在Δy与近红外波段的基础上,本文构建了面向HY-1C/D CZI的红夜光藻赤潮光谱指数RTSI,计算公式如下:
$ {\mathrm{RTSI}} = [{R_{{{\mathrm{Re}}} {\mathrm{d}}}} - {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}} - \frac{{{\lambda _{{{\mathrm{Re}}} {\mathrm{d}}}} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}}}}{{{\lambda _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}}}}({R_{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} - {R_{{\mathrm{Green}}}})] + 0.5\times{R_{\mathrm{NIR}}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}} $$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}} $$ {R_{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} $分别表示像元绿光波段、红光波段和近红外波段的归一化辐亮度值;$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Green}}}} $$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{Red}}}} $$ {\lambda _{{\mathrm{NIR}}}} $分别表示绿光波段、红光波段和近红外波段的中心波长。
在此基础上,本文设计了基于光谱特征的赤潮探测方法,其流程如图9所示。首先对输入的HY-1C/D CZI影像进行陆地、云掩膜处理,并进行最大最小值归一化处理[23],以减少成像环境差异导致的辐亮度变化对赤潮探测的影响。然后,计算Δz值并利用该值进行浑浊水体判别。在此基础上计算RTSI指数,并根据RTSI值判断是否发生赤潮。
基于光谱特征的赤潮探测方法涉及到浑浊水体和赤潮判定阈值T1和T2,为确定阈值T1和T2,本文利用3月13日广东省红海湾HY-1D卫星影像、3月14日广东省红海湾HY-1C卫星影像和广西省北部湾HY-1C卫星影像,每景影像分别选取了赤潮水体和浑浊水体样本像元各1 500个,共计9 000个样本像元,并进行了统计分析。最终确定阈值T1为0.05,阈值T2为0.035。需要特别指出的是,如果卫星成像环境差异过大,会导致阈值失效,需对阈值进行调整。
为评估本文方法赤潮探测效果,本文利用广东省红海湾红夜光藻赤潮发生期间的HY-1C和HY-1D两颗卫星不同成像时间的CZI影像开展了赤潮探测实验。其中,HY-1D CZI影像成像时间为3月13日,HY-1C CZI影像成像时间为3月14日。探测结果显示,本文方法可以有效地探测赤潮。此次赤潮过程主要分布在红海湾北部,且呈条带状分布,条带长度约为20 km,条带宽度约为0.3 km。而且,3月14日赤潮分布有明显东移趋势(图10)。赤潮局部探测结果显示,本文方法能有效探测到窄条带分布赤潮区域和生物量较低的赤潮分布边缘区域(图11)。
从影像上看,红海湾近岸大多为浑浊水体。如图12所示,在浑浊水体区域,本文方法未将浑浊水体误识别为赤潮水体。因此,本文方法在探测到赤潮的同时,能够有效地避免浑浊水体的干扰。
为进一步评估本文方法的有效性,基于目视解译结果,本文对赤潮探测结果进行了定量评估。结果显示,本文方法具有较高的赤潮探测精度,总体精度和召回率均在90%以上,精确率达89.72%,F1-Score和Kappa系数分别达到了0.90和0.89(表3)。
为检验本文方法的有效性,本文选取了基于光谱指数的赤潮探测方法GF1_RI进行对比,利用3月14日红海湾HY-1C CZI影像进行了赤潮探测实验。结果显示,两种方法均能有效探测到集中分布赤潮,探测结果在空间分布上较为一致。相较于GF1_RI,本文方法具有明显的优势,可有效地消除浑浊水体的干扰,误检现象较少(图13)。局部探测结果显示,在赤潮分布边缘区域GF1_RI存在漏分和误分的现象,而本文方法可以有效探测到赤潮分布边缘区域(图14)。
基于目视解译结果进行定量评估,结果显示,本文所提出的方法各项评价指标均优于GF1_RI。与GF1_RI相比,精确率提高了7.82%,召回率提高了10.4%,F1-Score提高了9%,Kappa系数提高了10%(表3)。
为验证本文方法对不同海洋环境红夜光藻赤潮探测的适用性,本文利用2020年8月东海HY-1C CZI影像1景和2021年2月北部湾HY-1C CZI影像1景进行了赤潮探测实验[2829]。从影像可以看出东海红夜光藻赤潮呈条带状分布;北部湾红夜光藻赤潮呈片状分布,分布范围集中,且有薄云覆盖。
结果显示,本文方法对条带状分布和片状分布赤潮均有较好的探测效果,受薄云影响较小(图15)。本文在2021年2月北部湾HY-1C CZI影像上选取薄云区域赤潮水体和清洁水体样本各1 200个,分析其光谱特征。如图16所示,薄云区两类水体归一化辐亮度值整体较高,但光谱形状大致保持不变,两类水体的Δy和近红外波段辐亮度值差异明显。RTSI指数受光谱数值变化的影响小,所以本文方法在探测赤潮时受薄云影响较小。
基于目视解译结果进行定量评估,从结果来看,总体精度和精确率均在90%以上,召回率达87%,F1-Score和Kappa系数分别为0.88和0.87。上述结果显示,本文方法具有较好的区域适用性,可以用于探测不同海洋环境中的红夜光藻赤潮。
为进一步验证本文方法对不同宽波段卫星传感器的适用性,本文以GF-1 WFV传感器为例,开展了赤潮探测适用性分析。本文利用3月13日红海湾GF-1 WFV影像进行了赤潮探测实验,并进行定性和定量评估。结果显示,虽然HY-1C CZI与GF-1 WFV的波段设置不完全相同,但本文方法仍可用于GF-1 WFV赤潮探测,有效避免浑浊水体的干扰(图17)。基于目视解译结果进行定量评估,结果显示,本文方法针对GF-1 WFV赤潮探测具有较高的探测精度,总体精度和精确率均在90%以上,召回率达86%,F1-Score和Kappa系数均达0.90。
上述结果表明,本文方法能够较好的应用于GF-1 WFV的赤潮探测,受卫星传感器波段宽度和中心波长的影响较小,可以广泛应用于具有蓝光、绿光、红光和近红外4个波段的宽波段卫星。
在数据预处理部分,本文对陆地和云掩膜处理后的四波段辐亮度产品进行了归一化处理,归一化方法采用最大最小值归一化方法[23]。最大最小值归一化方法根据样本数据的最大值和最小值将数据缩放到0~1。为探讨归一化处理对本文方法赤潮探测的影响,利用在3月14日红海湾HY-1C CZI影像上选取的样本,进行了不同类型水体归一化前后光谱特征分析。
图18可知,最大最小值归一化后赤潮水体、清洁水体和浑浊水体的光谱曲线发生改变。从数值上看,在蓝光和绿光波段,归一化处理后浑浊水体与赤潮水体和清洁水体的可分性增强;在红光和近红外波段,赤潮水体和清洁水体的数值差距增大。从光谱曲线来看,在归一化处理前,三类水体的光谱曲线均随波长的增加呈下降态势,浑浊水体在绿光波段有一反射峰,在归一化处理后,赤潮水体在红光波段和近红外波段有明显抬升,赤潮水体在红光波段有一明显反射峰。
本文方法利用赤潮水体在红光和近红外波段抬升的特征区别于其他类型水体,根据上述光谱特征分析表明,归一化处理后赤潮水体与清洁水体的Δy和近红外波段归一化辐亮度值差距增加,增强了二者的可分性。
本文针对HY-1C/D CZI红夜光藻赤潮快速探测需求,分析了红夜光藻赤潮的光谱特征,基于红夜光藻赤潮在红光和近红外波段的高反射光谱特征,构建了面向HY-1C/D CZI的红夜光藻赤潮光谱指数RTSI。针对浑浊水体常被误识为赤潮水体的问题,本文利用浑浊水体在绿光波段高反射特性,对浑浊水体进行剔除。在此基础上,构建了基于光谱特征的赤潮探测方法。结果表明,本文方法可以有效探测到赤潮分布边缘区域和窄条带分布赤潮区域,精确率达89.72%,F1-Score达0.90。而且,本文方法具有较好的适用性,可适用于不同海洋环境、不同宽波段卫星传感器的赤潮探测。与现有面向HY-1C/D CZI的赤潮深度学习探测算法相比,本文方法不需要大量赤潮样本构建模型,计算简单。
需要指出的是,受不同优势种赤潮样本量不足的限制,本文在方法构建时仅选取了红夜光藻赤潮样本进行光谱特征分析,本文赤潮探测方法能否用于探测其他优势种赤潮尚未可知,后续将收集不同优势种赤潮HY-1C/D CZI卫星数据,开展不同优势种赤潮探测效果的应用评估。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3105101);国家自然科学基金重大项目(61890964);中韩海洋科学共同研究中心项目(PI-2022-1)。
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2023年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023179
  • 接收时间:2023-05-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-12
  • 修回日期:2023-11-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3105101);国家自然科学基金重大项目(61890964);中韩海洋科学共同研究中心项目(PI-2022-1)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    2 中国石油大学(华东) 海洋与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266580
    3 自然资源部海洋遥测技术创新中心,山东 青岛 266061
    4 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
    5 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590

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*刘荣杰(1981—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋光学遥感方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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