Article(id=1212069465227923948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681660800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-17, revisedDate=1696608000000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766909479672, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1703952000000, pubDateStr=2023-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766909479672, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766909479672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766909479672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212069458550583325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766909478080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924871391, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212134022831010623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212069458550583325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=155, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212069465504748022, articleId=1212069465227923948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=An algorithm for extracting airborne LiDAR bathymetric travel time in water column based on seabed echo enhancement, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The airborne LiDAR bathymetry (ALB) technology has the advantages of high precision, high efficiency, strong mobility and dual use of water and land. It is especially suitable for the rapid detection of complex terraforming in shallow waters such as coastal zones, islands and reefs. When the laser penetrates the water, the energy will attenuate rapidly, which makes it difficult to extract part of the seabed echo effectively and distinguish the true position of the sea bottom. Therefore, an airborne LiDAR bathymetric travel time in the water column extraction algorithm based on echo enhancement is proposed in this paper. The Gold deconvolution algorithm was used to restore the cross section shape of the target and determine the initial range of the seabed. Then, the effective range of backscattering was fitted by double exponential function, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd was obtained. Finally, combined with the seabed LiDAR equation, the waveform in the initial range of the seabed is enhanced by Kd value, and the enhanced echo is decomposed by Gaussian function to determine the seabed position parameters, so as to realize the travel time in the water column extraction of ALB waveform. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was verified by using the experimental data of RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB in Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay, and the proposed algorithm was compared with the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution model and the peak detection model. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) between the proposed algorithm and the single-beam point with the same name is 18.5 cm, which is 29.9% and 41.4% lower than the above two algorithms, respectively. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is feasible and can satisfy the high precision extraction of ALB waveform during water column traveling, which can provide certain technical support for the fine processing of airborne LiDAR bathymetry data.

, correspAuthors=Dianpeng Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yiheng Zhang, Xiaolin Yu, Chao Qi, Dianpeng Su, Zhiliang Wang, Guozhen Ren), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212069469720023765, articleId=1212069465227923948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

机载LiDAR测深(Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry, ALB)技术具有高精度、高效率、强机动性、水陆两用等优势,特别适合海岸带、海岛礁等浅水海域复杂地形的快速探测。激光穿透水体时能量将迅速衰减,导致部分海底回波难以有效提取,海底真实位置判别困难。为此,本文提出一种基于回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法。通过Gold去卷积算法来恢复目标横截面形状,确定海底初始回波范围;随后采用双指数函数拟合水体后向散射有效范围,进而求取波形漫衰减系数Kd值;最后结合海底激光雷达方程,利用Kd值对海底初始回波范围内波形进行增强,并利用高斯函数分解增强后回波,确定海底位置参数,从而实现ALB波形的水体旅行时提取。利用青岛胶州湾RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB实验数据对本文算法的可行性进行验证,将本文算法与理查德森-露西(Richardson-Lucy,RL)去卷积模型、峰值探测模型进行了比对,结果表明本文算法与单波束同名点之间高程误差的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)为18.5 cm,较上述两种算法分别降低了29.9%、41.4%。因此,本文算法具有可行性,能够满足ALB波形的水体旅行时高精度提取,可为机载LiDAR测深数据精细化处理提供一定技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=宿殿鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宿殿鹏(1988—),男,山东省莱州市人,副教授,主要从事机载LiDAR测深数据处理与应用方面研究。E-mail:
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张一衡(2000—),男,山东省临沂市人,主要从事机载LiDAR测深数据处理与应用方面研究。E-mail:

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label=图1, caption=目标横截面恢复过程示意图, figureFileSmall=jxyIAPQ6hxQhW6+9caKAww==, figureFileBig=INl1WB3/IFsXbnWzBEYThQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337927060673253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Selection of initial seabed echo range, figureFileSmall=eByjo5nYwmsx0LCtCUyw5Q==, figureFileBig=QWrUIzWAQ2gqU8r1lNzgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930156069608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海底初始回波范围选择, figureFileSmall=eByjo5nYwmsx0LCtCUyw5Q==, figureFileBig=QWrUIzWAQ2gqU8r1lNzgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930273510122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Kd value is solved by backscattered waveforms of water bodies, figureFileSmall=0U84ZxuMvtH6Ye0Li74YBA==, figureFileBig=Ui3nid68nRPg8prNyiVF/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930382562029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水体后向散射波形求解Kd, figureFileSmall=0U84ZxuMvtH6Ye0Li74YBA==, figureFileBig=Ui3nid68nRPg8prNyiVF/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930525168372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Gaussian decomposition enhanced waveform, figureFileSmall=aEExOGMNm4qlnG8i6Rmlwg==, figureFileBig=xu7MiXQbY7sV9ppf2AKdxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930617443062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图4, caption=高斯分解增强波形, figureFileSmall=aEExOGMNm4qlnG8i6Rmlwg==, figureFileBig=xu7MiXQbY7sV9ppf2AKdxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930718106362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Flowchart of the algorithm in this paper, figureFileSmall=SQVLGGs3B1ZuYRcZ4uLWnA==, figureFileBig=V/XZGCsUPj3yXIgjh37HYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930822963967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图5, caption=本文算法流程图, figureFileSmall=SQVLGGs3B1ZuYRcZ4uLWnA==, figureFileBig=V/XZGCsUPj3yXIgjh37HYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930936210186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=General situation of UAV-borne LiDAR bathymetry experiment, figureFileSmall=VF+oHAIta9EuQ6hPlDFqsA==, figureFileBig=LlPddXe7nPL+WfphZ01CVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337931032679179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图6, caption=无人机载LiDAR测深实验概况, figureFileSmall=VF+oHAIta9EuQ6hPlDFqsA==, figureFileBig=LlPddXe7nPL+WfphZ01CVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337931133342482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Target cross section restoration results of three types of typical waveforms

a1–a3. Extremely shallow water waveform, conventional waveform, weak waveform; b1–b3. Gold deconvolution recovered corresponding target cross section; c1–c3. RL deconvolution restores corresponding target cross sections

, figureFileSmall=CiDMMqF8FuZ7JFRuPDP2aQ==, figureFileBig=prPbOj0/86nR1RbgTLOXmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337931225617173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3类典型波形的目标横截面恢复结果

a1–a3为极浅水波形、常规波形、微弱波形;b1–b3为Gold去卷积所恢复对应目标横截面;c1–c3为RL去卷积所恢复对应目标横截面

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Main technical parameters of RIEGL VQ-840-G UAV-borne LiDAR bathymetry system

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参数指标
扫描频率200 kHz(可调节)
最大穿透深度2.5 Secchi @ 50 kHz
视场角40°
测点密度> 100 pts/m2
光斑10 cm @ 100 m航高
重量12 kg
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RIEGL VQ-840-G无人机载LiDAR测深系统主要技术参数指标

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参数指标
扫描频率200 kHz(可调节)
最大穿透深度2.5 Secchi @ 50 kHz
视场角40°
测点密度> 100 pts/m2
光斑10 cm @ 100 m航高
重量12 kg
), ArticleFig(id=1215337932383245131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069465227923948, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Point density statistics of point clouds generated by the three algorithms

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算法平均密度/(point·m−2
本文算法271
RL去卷积192
峰值探测185
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3种算法所生成点云的点密度统计

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算法平均密度/(point·m−2
本文算法271
RL去卷积192
峰值探测185
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基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法
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张一衡 1, 2 , 于孝林 1 , 亓超 1 , 宿殿鹏 1, 2, 3, * , 王志良 2 , 任国贞 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(12): 145-155
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(12): 145-155
基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法
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张一衡1, 2 , 于孝林1, 亓超1, 宿殿鹏1, 2, 3, * , 王志良2, 任国贞4
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 2 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
  • 3 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,上海 201800
  • 4 山东瑞智飞控科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266590
  • 张一衡(2000—),男,山东省临沂市人,主要从事机载LiDAR测深数据处理与应用方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*宿殿鹏(1988—),男,山东省莱州市人,副教授,主要从事机载LiDAR测深数据处理与应用方面研究。E-mail:
An algorithm for extracting airborne LiDAR bathymetric travel time in water column based on seabed echo enhancement
Yiheng Zhang1, 2 , Xiaolin Yu1, Chao Qi1, Dianpeng Su1, 2, 3, * , Zhiliang Wang2, Guozhen Ren4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Exploration Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 3Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Acadeny of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
  • 4Shandong Ruizhi Flight Control Technology Limited Company, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2023-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023167
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机载LiDAR测深(Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry, ALB)技术具有高精度、高效率、强机动性、水陆两用等优势,特别适合海岸带、海岛礁等浅水海域复杂地形的快速探测。激光穿透水体时能量将迅速衰减,导致部分海底回波难以有效提取,海底真实位置判别困难。为此,本文提出一种基于回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法。通过Gold去卷积算法来恢复目标横截面形状,确定海底初始回波范围;随后采用双指数函数拟合水体后向散射有效范围,进而求取波形漫衰减系数Kd值;最后结合海底激光雷达方程,利用Kd值对海底初始回波范围内波形进行增强,并利用高斯函数分解增强后回波,确定海底位置参数,从而实现ALB波形的水体旅行时提取。利用青岛胶州湾RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB实验数据对本文算法的可行性进行验证,将本文算法与理查德森-露西(Richardson-Lucy,RL)去卷积模型、峰值探测模型进行了比对,结果表明本文算法与单波束同名点之间高程误差的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)为18.5 cm,较上述两种算法分别降低了29.9%、41.4%。因此,本文算法具有可行性,能够满足ALB波形的水体旅行时高精度提取,可为机载LiDAR测深数据精细化处理提供一定技术支撑。

机载LiDAR测深  /  水体旅行时提取  /  Gold去卷积  /  漫衰减系数  /  海底回波增强

The airborne LiDAR bathymetry (ALB) technology has the advantages of high precision, high efficiency, strong mobility and dual use of water and land. It is especially suitable for the rapid detection of complex terraforming in shallow waters such as coastal zones, islands and reefs. When the laser penetrates the water, the energy will attenuate rapidly, which makes it difficult to extract part of the seabed echo effectively and distinguish the true position of the sea bottom. Therefore, an airborne LiDAR bathymetric travel time in the water column extraction algorithm based on echo enhancement is proposed in this paper. The Gold deconvolution algorithm was used to restore the cross section shape of the target and determine the initial range of the seabed. Then, the effective range of backscattering was fitted by double exponential function, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd was obtained. Finally, combined with the seabed LiDAR equation, the waveform in the initial range of the seabed is enhanced by Kd value, and the enhanced echo is decomposed by Gaussian function to determine the seabed position parameters, so as to realize the travel time in the water column extraction of ALB waveform. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was verified by using the experimental data of RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB in Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay, and the proposed algorithm was compared with the Richardson-Lucy deconvolution model and the peak detection model. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) between the proposed algorithm and the single-beam point with the same name is 18.5 cm, which is 29.9% and 41.4% lower than the above two algorithms, respectively. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is feasible and can satisfy the high precision extraction of ALB waveform during water column traveling, which can provide certain technical support for the fine processing of airborne LiDAR bathymetry data.

airborne LiDAR bathymetry  /  travel time in the water column  /  Gold deconvolution  /  diffuse attenuation coefficient  /  seabed echo enhancement
张一衡, 于孝林, 亓超, 宿殿鹏, 王志良, 任国贞. 基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (12) : 145 -155 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023167
Yiheng Zhang, Xiaolin Yu, Chao Qi, Dianpeng Su, Zhiliang Wang, Guozhen Ren. An algorithm for extracting airborne LiDAR bathymetric travel time in water column based on seabed echo enhancement[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (12) : 145 -155 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023167
近年来,全波形机载LiDAR测深(Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry, ALB)技术的出现与迅速发展,为海岸带、海岛礁等浅水海域复杂地形的探测提供了一种新的技术手段[14]。对于ALB系统,水体旅行时的提取是计算水下斜距的基础,其中水体旅行时指激光传输过程,海面界面至海底界面传输时间差的2倍,即激光在水下传输的往返时间。因此,实现水体旅行时的高精度提取是提高机载LiDAR测深精度的关键步骤。
水体旅行时的提取通过机载LiDAR波形分解方式进行,利用所获取的回波波形进行相应波形处理,便可提取水面至水底信号的传输时间差。为获取准确的机载LiDAR测深旅行时,国内外学者对波形处理算法进行了相关研究。目前,已有的波形处理方法可大致分为3类:峰值探测法、数学函数分解法及去卷积算法[58]。(1)峰值探测法是通过识别回波信号中能量的突变点来获取时间节点,其目的是探测目标的位置。该算法效率较高,但易受到粗差和噪声的影响,旅行时提取精度较低[911]。(2)数学函数分解法的主要思想为将激光回波信号理解为多个数学函数的叠加,采用数学函数的形式拟合波形。常见的数学函数有高斯函数、对数正态分布函数、广义高斯函数等[1213]。其中,高斯函数作为经典的函数之一被广泛应用于拟合水面及水底信号[14];由于水体的后向散射信号为非对称波形,因此亓超等[15]采用双指数函数对此进行拟合。数学函数分解法可实现对回波信号的总体拟合,可是由于波形拖尾等现象难以完成对波形的理想拟合,进而对旅行时提取造成一定影响。(3)去卷积算法将接收波形视为激光发射脉冲与目标横截面的卷积[5, 16],利用脉冲响应函数去恢复真正的目标横截面形状。常用去卷积算法包括维纳滤波去卷积、理查德森–露西(Richardson-Lucy, RL)去卷积[1718]、黄金(Gold)去卷积[19]等。RL算法最初由Richardson和Lucy提出并用于图像复原,后经Wu等[20]应用于激光雷达波形的数据处理;Gold算法最初是由Morháč等[19]提出并用于γ射线的处理,Zhou等[21]和Zhou等[22]验证了Gold算法在陆地波形信号处理中的可行性。Wang等[5]和王丹菂等[16]已证明RL去卷积算法作为较理想的去卷积算法在波形分解算法中被广泛应用,相比于峰值探测法和数学函数分解法更适合于测深信号的提取。然而,现有算法处理部分复杂波形时,所恢复的目标横截面存在震荡现象,难以准确确定目标的真实位置。除此之外,国内外相关学者还利用其他思路对测深波形进行了处理,也取得了较好的效果,为测深激光在水体中的旅行时计算提供了参考。例如Schwarz等[23]所提出的SVB波形分解模型有效解决了极浅水“混叠波形”问题;Mader等[24]依据相邻波形特征相似特性实现了邻域回波叠加,一定程度上解决了海底微弱波形难以计算旅行时问题;Richter等[25]依据水体衰减系数对海底回波进行了增强,然而该算法不仅增强了海底回波,同样增强了噪声信号。
ALB所发射的激光能量在穿透水体时被水中杂质大量吸收,导致部分海底回波无法有效识别,难以选取准确的海底位置,水体旅行时提取困难。针对目前ALB波形难以实现水体旅行时高精度提取问题,本文提出一种基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取方法。通过构建Gold去卷积模型确定海底回波初始范围,并利用双指数函数拟合水体后向散射有效范围来求取波形漫衰减系数Kd值,结合激光雷达方程对海底初始回波范围进行增强,进而实现ALB波形水体旅行时精确提取。
基于海底回波增强的ALB水体旅行时提取算法目的在于获取高精度的海面至海底传输时间差,为水下地形位置归算提供数据基础,其核心步骤为通过构建Gold去卷积模型确定海底初始回波范围,并利用漫衰减系数Kd值对该范围进行增强,进而确定准确海底位置参数。
由于水体旅行时通过提取海面、海底的实际位置参数进行,选取准确初始位置参数是计算旅行时的前提。然而,系统噪声和背景噪声会对海面、海底位置的识别产生一定影响,因此本文采用一种小波自适应阈值去噪算法对原始回波信号进行平滑去噪[2627],利用小波变换后的小波系数与可导阈值函数进行比较,进而得到去噪信号。可导阈值函数表达式如下:
$ p = \left\{ \begin{gathered} \mu x + (1 - \mu ) \cdot {{\mathrm{sgn}}} (x)\left[|x| - \frac{\lambda }{{\exp {{(|x|/\lambda - 1)}^n}}}\right],\;|x| \geqslant \lambda\text{,} \\ 0,\;|x| < \lambda \text{,} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
式中,p为阈值函数去噪后的小波系数;x为原始信号的小波系数;λ为自适应阈值;n为分解层数,可根据实际的波形信号进行灵活调节;μ为尺度因子。对去噪后的小波系数进行小波重构便可得到去噪后的回波信号。
激光回波信号的分辨率主要取决于系统脉冲宽度,脉冲越窄说明回波信号分辨率越高,海面与海底位置更容易识别[16]。去卷积能够从接收波形中消除发射波形影响,恢复目标横截面形状,使接收波形脉宽变窄、能量变强,是增大波形分辨率的过程,如图1所示。然而由于系统噪声的影响,直接去卷积难以恢复准确的目标横截面,对此,Gold去卷积通过引入正则化来改善去卷积反解不稳定问题[28],同时避免去卷积结果出现负值解。因此,该算法较适宜于波形处理,其基本形式如下:
$ k_n^{(m+1)}=\frac{y_n'}{\displaystyle\sum_{j\ =\ 0}^{N-1}A_{nj}k_j^{(m)}}k_n^{(m)}\text{,} $
式中,AHTHy’ = HTyH代表发射波形,y代表接收波形;NH的样本数量; j代表发射波形的样本点;m代表第m次迭代;kn代表第n处波形的目标横截面;n为波形中的第n处位置。
将Gold去卷积确定的海底初始位置作为起始位置,双向遍历接收波形的上升沿及下降沿,采用线性插值法并设置振幅阈值(如海底初始位置所对应振幅值的10%等)确定海底初始回波范围,如式(3)所示,为后续海底回波增强奠定基础。海底初始回波范围选择如图2所示。
$ \mathit{y}=z(s)+[z(s+1)-z(s)]\times[x-x(s)]/[x(s+1)-x(s)]\text{,} $
式中,zs)为第s点对应的纵坐标;zs + 1)为第s + 1点对应的纵坐标;xs)为第s点对应的横坐标;xs + 1)为第s + 1点对应的横坐标;xs + 1)> x > xs);xy为海面及海底初始回波范围的起始点与结束点横坐标、纵坐标。
漫衰减系数(Kd)是水体的固有光学性质,其不仅可代表海域水质情况,还是决定海底回波信号强度的重要参数[29]。由于ALB脉冲回波强度随水深和漫衰减系数的增加呈指数衰减,利用水体后向散射回波可进行Kd值的反演。然而从原始回波中剔除拟合后海面及海底信号所得的初始水体回波中掺杂着部分海面及海底信号,直接求取Kd值存在一定误差,如图3a所示。
对于初始水体回波,选择有效范围来求取Kd值是旅行时提取的关键步骤。文中寻找接收波形与初始水体波形的首个交点作为有效范围起始点(图3bA),海底初始回波范围的最左侧点作为有效范围的结束点(图3bC),并以图3bB为节点,在此范围内采用双指数函数进行水体有效波形的拟合[15],并结合水体散射回波强度方程[28],构建漫衰减系数模型[15],分别求取AB段、BCKd值,
加权平均[式(4)]获取此波形最终的漫衰减系数Kd值,其中漫衰减系数提取公式如下所示:
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {K_d}_1 = \frac{{{n_w}(\ln {E_B} - \ln {E_A})}}{{2c(A - B)}}\text{,} \\ {K_d}_2 = \frac{{{n_w}(\ln {E_C} - \ln {E_B})}}{{2c(B - C)}}\text{,} \\ {K_d} = \frac{{\Delta {t_1}{K_d}_1 + \Delta {t_2}{K_d}_2}}{{\Delta {t_1} + \Delta {t_2}}}\text{,} \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
式中, ABC代表指数函数的3个端点;EAEBEC为3个端点的振幅值;Kd1ABKd值,Kd2BCKd值;nw为水体折射率;c为激光在空气中的传播速度。
系统硬件及环境条件等影响对ALB海底回波信号的贡献可以表示为[30]
$ {P_b}\left( D \right) = \frac{{{P_e}T_{{\mathrm{atm}}}^{\text{2}}{A_R}{\eta _e}{\eta _R}F{{{\text{(}}1 - {L_S}{\text{)}}}^{\text{2}}}{R_b}{\text{co}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\theta }}{{{\text{π }}{{\left( {{n_w}H + D} \right)}^{\text{2}}}}}{\text{exp}}\left( {\frac{{ - {\text{2}}{K_d}D}}{{{\text{cos}}\;{\theta _w}}}} \right) \text{,} $
式中,Pb(D)表示深度D时的海底反射回波强度;Pe表示激光发射强度;$T^2_{\mathrm{atm}} $表示大气双程损失因子;AR表示激光接收器的视场面积;ηeηR分别表示激光发射器的光学效率和激光接收器的光学效率;F表示接收视场角损失因子;LS表示表面反照率;Rb表示底部反射率;θ表示激光传入水体时的入射角;θw表示激光射入水体后的折射角;H表示飞机航高。
由于大多数外业实验过程中飞机航高较为稳定,激光发射器的天底角及接收视场角保持恒定,且所有损耗因素均能得到较好控制,为此对海底回波强度方程进行简化:
$ \left\{ \begin{gathered} {P_b}\left( D \right) = {W_q}{\text{exp}}\left( {\frac{{ - {\text{2}}{K_d}D}}{{{\text{cos}}\;{\theta _w}}}} \right)\text{,} \\ {W_q} = \frac{{{P_e}T^2_{{\mathrm{atm}}}{A_R}{\eta _e}{\eta _R}F{{{\text{(}}1 - {L_S}{\text{)}}}^{\text{2}}}{R_b}{\text{co}}{{\text{s}}^{\text{2}}}\theta }}{{{\text{π }}{{\left( {{n_w}H + D} \right)}^{\text{2}}}}}. \\ \end{gathered} \right. $
在相对较浅的水域,水深的影响暂可忽略不计[31],因此文中假设Wq为常数[对于水深小于5 m的水域,式(6)中的Wq认为是一常量]。通过对公式Pb(D)进行公式变换,复原激光传输过程中不受水质(Kd)和水深(D)影响直接到达海底时的激光能量大小。利用所求取每个波形漫衰减系数Kd值修正因环境等因素对海底回波造成的影响,并同时增强海底回波,进而提高波形信噪比,如下式所示,
$ P_b^*\left( D \right) = \frac{{{P_b}\left( D \right)}}{{{\text{exp}}\left( {\dfrac{{ - {\text{2}}{K_d}D}}{{{\text{cos}}\;{\theta _w}}}} \right)}} \text{,} $
式中,Pb*(D)表示海底增强后的海底回波信号;D表示海底反射波形每个采样时刻所对应的深度值。
随后对增强后的海底回波采用高斯分解,以获取海底位置参数,并对海面及海底位置参数采用LM(Levenberg-Marquardt)方法进行优化[32],进而提取高精度水体旅行时,如图4所示。
本文ALB波形水体旅行时提取算法的流程如图5所示,其主要步骤如下:
(1)数据预处理。对原始回波信号进行小波自适应阈值去噪,减小噪声干扰。
(2)初始回波范围确定。采用发射波形作为脉冲响应函数进行Gold去卷积,以恢复目标横截面形状,进而确定海底初始回波范围。
(3)漫衰减系数Kd提取。对剔除海面及海底信号影响的水体有效范围进行双指数函数拟合,求取每一段Kd值,并进行加权平均获取最终Kd值。
(4)海底波形增强。基于Gold去卷积的海底初始回波范围及双指数函数所得Kd值,根据ALB海底回波能量方程进行海底波形增强,对增强后的海底回波采用高斯函数分解,进而获取水体旅行时。
为充分验证本文算法的可行性,采用青岛胶州湾海域RIEGL VQ-840-G无人机载LiDAR测深数据进行验证。实验区域位于青岛胶州湾入海口南侧海岸,该测区水质相对清澈(实测塞奇盘平均深度为2.6 m)。本次实验使用RIEGL VQ-840-G无人机载LiDAR测深系统进行海岸带水陆地形测绘,该系统采集频率为50 kHz,飞机航高为50 m,航速为5 m/s,激光发射角为1 mrad,扫描天底角为20°,实验采集实验为2021年10月22日,共采集了两个航次的数据,该系统主要技术参数指标见表1所示。其中,实验所获取的波形数据的回波采样间隔为0.5 ns,如图6所示。
为验证本文算法可行性,从图6a中红色虚框条带中随机挑选5万个波形进行实验,并展示所恢复目标横截面的性能。RIEGL VQ-840-G 系统所获取的接收波形的采样维度包含960和952两种(采样间隔为0.5 ns),文中波形均采用局部展示形式。
图7展示了Gold去卷积与典型RL去卷积对极浅水波形(图7a1)、常规波形(图7a2)、微弱波形(图7a3)所恢复目标横截面的结果,可以看出,对于极浅水波形与常规波形,两种去卷积方法均能恢复较好的目标横截面,然而对于微弱波形来说,RL去卷积易恢复较明显的噪声信号所对应的目标横截面,对海底真实位置的选取造成影响,相反Gold去卷积便可恢复较为准确的目标横截面形状。另外,图8展示了利用本文算法对所挑选的5万个波形进行目标横截面恢复,并利用恢复结果来提取水下旅行时,进而计算水下斜距的分布结果。
事实上,由于噪声无法完全剔除,导致Gold去卷积的结果并不总是正确的。图9展示了Gold去卷积处理两种波形所恢复目标横截面的结果(图9b1图9b2)。可以看出,对于图9a1波形,Gold去卷积可恢复较好的目标横截面,选取峰值位置便可代表波形实际位置;然而Gold去卷积所恢复的目标横截面形状并不总会达到较好结果,如图9b2,原因在于噪声的影响导致去卷积过程产生“震荡”现象,影响海底位置的确定。
因此,为准确确定海底位置参数,实现水体旅行时提取,文中通过提取目标横截面所对应的峰值位置来暂定海底初始位置,随后通过此参数对接收波形进行遍历,设置振幅阈值来确定海底初始回波范围,为波形增强奠定基础,同时可避免波形增强过程中噪声的增强。
为验证本文算法提取水下旅行时的可行性与优势性,选取与所测单波束数据重叠度较高的一个完整ALB条带作为实验数据,如图6a红色虚框所示。以单波束数据为真值,将本文算法所提取的水下旅行时转为水下斜距,考虑折射改正后进行了海底点坐标归算[33],并统计了点云的密度信息,将计算结果与RL去卷积模型、峰值探测模型的计算结果进行了比对。其中,RL去卷积模型与峰值探测模型均为确定海面、海底初始参数后,采用高斯函数进行海面、海底波形的拟合。
图10a展示了本文算法处理与单波束重叠度较高的单条带DEM,可以明显看出海底礁石等海底地形,验证了本文算法服务于ALB海底地形测量的可行性,图10b展示了RL去卷积模型处理单条带的DEM,图10c展示了峰值探测模型处理单条带的DEM,从图中可以看中,海底目标物主要存在于高程–1~4 m范围内,其中高程是指大地高,两种算法处理的DEM中海底目标物的特征均不及本文算法显著。另外,针对该条带实验数据,文中解算了本文算法、RL去卷积模型、峰值探测模型3种方法的点云,并选取同一片区域进行了剖面图展示,如图10d,海面点云的粗略高程约为2.8 m。可以发现本文算法所解海底点云的噪点较少,更符合海底地形变化趋势;RL去卷积模型因存在“震荡现象”导致海底点分布较为杂乱;因峰值探测模型更易选取错误的海底点位置,导致所解海底点存在部分错解。
为更清楚地展示本文算法的优越性,对图10中粉红色虚框中的点云进行局部展示,结果如图11所示,图中可以明显看出本文算法所解点云的海底特征地物更为显著。随后,统计了该单条带海底局部点云的平均密度,其中本文算法所解平均密度达到271个/m2,比其余两种算法的点密度更高,说明本文进行的海底回波增强算法解出了更多的海底点,并且从图11看出,在高程z为0 m左右的范围内,本文算法所解的点云图颜色更蓝。综上,本文算法确优于其余两种算法。
为进一步验证本文算法的正确性,文中通过搜寻海底平面最邻近点,将3种算法所解海底点与15对单波束同名点的高程进行了比对,图10a图10c中红色离散点代表单波束采样点在本条带的位置,并另外展示了3种算法的高程误差值,如图12所示。根据《海洋工程地形测量规范》(GB/T 17501−2017)[34],水深0~15 m范围内,单波束的主、检点位水深对比时重合深度点的不符值限差小于0.3 m,且超过的点数不超过参加对比点总数的25%。本文算法、RL去卷积模型、峰值探测模型与单波束同名点误差最大值分别为32.8 cm、61.6 cm、44.3 cm,最小值分别为3.4 cm、3.7 cm、10.2 cm,误差的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)分别为18.5 cm、26.4 cm、31.6 cm,说明本文算法的误差更低,并且从图中可以看出,本文算法的误差绝大多数分布在–0.2~0.2 m范围内,误差分布较为密集,证明较RL去卷积模型、峰值探测模型来说,本文算法具有更好的水下地形测量精度。
综上所述,利用本文算法所提取的水下旅行时转换为水下斜距,进行点位归算后,与单波束同名点的比对符合《海洋工程地形测量规范》(GB/T 17501−2017),证明利用Gold去卷积来确定海底初始回波范围,选取水体有效回波计算漫衰减系数Kd值来对海底初始回波增强,获取水体旅行时的算法是可靠且准确的。因此本文算法在沿岸浅海水域的机载LiDAR数据处理中具有可推广性。
针对当前已有方法难以实现旅行时高精度提取问题,本文提出了一种基于海底回波增强的机载LiDAR测深水体旅行时提取算法,利用RIEGL VQ-840-G ALB 系统实测数据进行水体旅行时提取验证,通过对实验结果进行分析,可得到以下结论:
(1)本文实验结果验证了利用漫衰减系数Kd值对海底回波初始范围进行增强来获取高精度水体旅行时,并考虑折射改正后进行三维海底坐标点归算的可行性,可为水体旅行时的精确提取提供新的研究思路。
(2)本文所面向对象主要为微弱海底波形,通过对微弱海底回波进行增强进而确定海底位置,所提水体旅行时转换为海底坐标后,与单波束同名点对比的RMSE较RL去卷积模型、峰值探测模型分别降低了29.9%、41.4%。
  • 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(MESTA-2020-B004);青岛市关键技术攻关及产业化示范类项目(23-1-3-hygg-1-hy);国家自然科学基金项目(41930535,52001189,42304051); 山东省高等学校青创科技支持计划项目(2023KJ088);自然资源部渤海生态预警与保护修复重点实验室开放基金项目(2023107);中国博士后科学基金项目(2021M700155);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划项目(2019TDJH103)。
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2023年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023167
  • 接收时间:2023-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-17
  • 修回日期:2023-10-07
基金
自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(MESTA-2020-B004);青岛市关键技术攻关及产业化示范类项目(23-1-3-hygg-1-hy);国家自然科学基金项目(41930535,52001189,42304051); 山东省高等学校青创科技支持计划项目(2023KJ088);自然资源部渤海生态预警与保护修复重点实验室开放基金项目(2023107);中国博士后科学基金项目(2021M700155);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划项目(2019TDJH103)。
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
    2 自然资源部海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
    3 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所,上海 201800
    4 山东瑞智飞控科技有限公司,山东 青岛 266590

通讯作者:

*宿殿鹏(1988—),男,山东省莱州市人,副教授,主要从事机载LiDAR测深数据处理与应用方面研究。E-mail:
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