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Sediment source is a key issue in sedimentology. Although sediment geochemistry is an important tool in sedimentology, the explorations and applications of radionuclides in sediment geochemistry are still limited. In this study, naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K) in sediments were simultaneously measured using a high-purity germanium γ-spectrometer in three typical ecosystems of mangrove, seagrass, and coral reefs. The distribution characteristics of radionuclides in sediments from the these ecosystems were discussed in one-dimensional view of activity level, two-dimensional view of radionuclide pairs and activity ratio, and three-dimensional view of ternary diagram of radionuclides to identify distinct sources of sediments. Ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 in sediments was applied in the China different seas for tracking distinct sediment sources. This study emphasized that the three-dimensional view of ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 comprehensively exhibited the information of activity level, composition, and spatial distribution area of radionuclides. In conclusion, ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 may be an optimized method for source identification in sediments and provide a supplement to the existing tools of geochemical proxies.

, correspAuthors=Kefu Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wuhui Lin, Yunfeng Du, Kefu Yu, Jinqiu Du, Zhenni Mo, Yinghua Li, Xianwen He, Minting Mo), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212069466725290556, articleId=1212069463915106791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于放射性核素的沉积物源识别技术探索与优化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

物质来源是沉积学研究的关键问题。沉积地球化学是沉积学的重要研究手段,放射性核素在沉积地球化学中的应用探索仍较为匮乏。本研究利用高纯锗γ谱仪同时测量红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁三大典型生态系统的沉积物中天然放射性核素(238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K),分析3种生态系统的沉积物中放射性核素分布特征,探索基于放射性核素的一维视角下活度特征、二维视角下核素对与活度比值、三维视角下三角图解的指纹表征技术,识别沉积物中不同物质的来源,并尝试推广至中国不同海域。本研究强调三维指纹表征技术—基于核素活度的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可以综合展示3种放射性核素的活度大小、组成比例、空间分布等信息,指出238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可能是沉积物中物源识别的一种优化方法,可为沉积地球化学研究中的现有代用指标工具库提供有益补充。

, correspAuthors=余克服, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,主要从事珊瑚礁地质与生态环境研究。E-mail:
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林武辉(1987—),男,福建省泉州市人,教授,主要研究海洋过程的同位素示踪、海洋放射性观测与核安全评估。E-mail:

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林武辉(1987—),男,福建省泉州市人,教授,主要研究海洋过程的同位素示踪、海洋放射性观测与核安全评估。E-mail:

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林武辉(1987—),男,福建省泉州市人,教授,主要研究海洋过程的同位素示踪、海洋放射性观测与核安全评估。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, companyId=1215337921448694241, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215337926578328269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Stations of sediments collected from mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems, figureFileSmall=DEENZf6ECJ+FYY1e2O32Gg==, figureFileBig=l8hh+I+1T1u0KlDySlXRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337926658020049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图1, caption=红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁生态系统的沉积物采样站位, figureFileSmall=DEENZf6ECJ+FYY1e2O32Gg==, figureFileBig=l8hh+I+1T1u0KlDySlXRBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337926800626393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Boxplots of 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activities in sediments of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef ecosystems

The dotted lines represent the average activities of radionuclides in all sediments. The inner line of the boxplot depicts the median value. The upper, middle and lower values of the boxplot refer to the maximum activity, average activity, and minimum activity of radionuclides in sediments, respectively

, figureFileSmall=1HvYWiInvm3M5fhPO6Eymw==, figureFileBig=TySXNAFTs253j0uJfs6U2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337926960009951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图2, caption=红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁生态系统沉积物中238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K的活度箱线图

虚线代表所有沉积物中放射性核素的活度均值;箱线图内部横线代表中位数;箱线图上、中、下3个数值分别代表不同生态系统沉积物中放射性核素的最大活度、活度均值和最小活度

, figureFileSmall=1HvYWiInvm3M5fhPO6Eymw==, figureFileBig=TySXNAFTs253j0uJfs6U2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337927043896037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Correlation analysis of 232Th(228Ra)-238U (a), 226Ra-238U (b) and 40K-226Ra/238U (c) in sediments of mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems

The yellow cross represents the average activities of radionuclides in China soil[30]; k means the activity ratio. The cross asterisk represents the average activities of 40K and average activity ratio of 226Ra/238U in sediments from these ecosystems in Figure c

, figureFileSmall=8lsQ+WHZ34kYGg8oNHsn8Q==, figureFileBig=AgIUu6WOlxNAulmkctu6Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930151875302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图3, caption=红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁系统的沉积物中232Th(228Ra)-238U(a)、226Ra-238U(b)、40K-226Ra/238U(c)的关系

黄色十字代表中国土壤[30]k代表放射性核素活度比值;图c十字星号分别代表在不同生态系统沉积物中40K活度均值和226Ra/238U活度比值均值

, figureFileSmall=8lsQ+WHZ34kYGg8oNHsn8Q==, figureFileBig=AgIUu6WOlxNAulmkctu6Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930281898731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Ternary diagrams of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 (a, b, c) and 226Ra-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 (e, f, g) in sediments from mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems and their spatial distribution areas (d, h)

The cross asterisks exhibit the average activities from different ecosystems. The values in the brackets refer to the average activities of 238U, 232Th (228Ra) and 40K/10 in Figures a, b, c. The values in the brackets exhibit the average activities of 226Ra, 232Th (228Ra) and 40K/10 in Figures e, f, g. The color bar quantitatively exhibits the sum of activities of three radionuclides’ endmembers (Bq/kg)

, figureFileSmall=v4nEmxP+g9IqJc+gOBwZEg==, figureFileBig=Vq5XJnj6nhVKNyKNz8A8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930386756334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图4, caption=红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁中沉积物的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解(a,b,c)和226Ra-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解(e,f,g)以及3个生态系统的空间分布特征区域(d,h)

十字星号代表不同生态系统沉积物的活度均值;图a, b, c中括号内数值依次代表238U、232Th(228Ra)、40K/10的活度均值;图e, f, g中括号内数值依次代表226Ra、232Th(228Ra)、40K/10的活度均值。颜色棒代表3个核素端元的活度之和(Bq/kg)

, figureFileSmall=v4nEmxP+g9IqJc+gOBwZEg==, figureFileBig=Vq5XJnj6nhVKNyKNz8A8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930516779760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 of granite[31], basalt[31], global soil[32] and crust[33]

The color bar quantitatively exhibits the sum of activities of three radionuclides’ endmembers (Bq/kg)

, figureFileSmall=3I4QUhr3TVarwRngNTQfeQ==, figureFileBig=dETqEx3GhehtZI30APBGpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930592277236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图5, caption=花岗岩[31]、玄武岩[31]、全球土壤[32]、地壳[33]238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解

颜色棒代表3个核素端元的活度之和(Bq/kg)

, figureFileSmall=3I4QUhr3TVarwRngNTQfeQ==, figureFileBig=dETqEx3GhehtZI30APBGpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930659386104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 in sediments from Bohai Sea (a)[3435], Yellow Sea (b)[3637], East China Sea (c)[29, 38], and South China Sea (d)[12, 3944]

Dashed lines indicate the spatial distribution characteristics of sediments in different sea areas. The color bars represent the sum of the activities of 238U, 232Th(228Ra), and 40K/10 (Bq/kg). The yellow cross represents the average activities of radionuclides in China soil[30]. The cross asterisks exhibit the average activities from different sea areas. The values in the brackets refer to the average activities of 238U, 232Th (228Ra) and 40K/10

, figureFileSmall=Q8AHbx/5wYngitsFNBNffA==, figureFileBig=u1aWz5RpgjbtoEWl+peVuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215337930718106364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212069463915106791, language=CN, label=图6, caption=渤海(a)[3435]、黄海(b)[3637]、东海(c)[29, 38]、南海(d)[12, 3944]沉积物的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解

虚线指示不同海域沉积物的空间分布特征区域;颜色棒代表核素端元的活度之和(Bq/kg);黄色十字代表中国土壤[30];十字星号代表中国不同海域沉积物的活度均值;图中括号内数值依次代表238U、232Th(228Ra)、40K/10的活度均值

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基于放射性核素的沉积物源识别技术探索与优化
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林武辉 1, 5 , 杜陨峰 1 , 余克服 1, * , 杜金秋 2 , 莫珍妮 3 , 李英花 3 , 何贤文 4 , 莫敏婷 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(12): 58-66
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(12): 58-66
基于放射性核素的沉积物源识别技术探索与优化
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林武辉1, 5 , 杜陨峰1, 余克服1, * , 杜金秋2, 莫珍妮3, 李英花3, 何贤文4, 莫敏婷1
作者信息
  • 1 广西大学 海洋学院/广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
  • 2 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 3 广西海洋研究院,广西 南宁 530022
  • 4 广西壮族自治区辐射环境监督管理站,广西 南宁 530022
  • 5 集美大学 极地与海洋研究院,福建 厦门 361021
  • 林武辉(1987—),男,福建省泉州市人,教授,主要研究海洋过程的同位素示踪、海洋放射性观测与核安全评估。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,主要从事珊瑚礁地质与生态环境研究。E-mail:
Exploring and optimizing characterization of radionuclide fingerprint for tracking sediment source: Comparison of mangrove, seagrass,and coral reef ecosystems
Wuhui Lin1, 5 , Yunfeng Du1, Kefu Yu1, * , Jinqiu Du2, Zhenni Mo3, Yinghua Li3, Xianwen He4, Minting Mo1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University/Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3Guangxi Academy of Oceanography, Nanning 530022, China
  • 4Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530022, China
  • 5Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2023-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023175
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物质来源是沉积学研究的关键问题。沉积地球化学是沉积学的重要研究手段,放射性核素在沉积地球化学中的应用探索仍较为匮乏。本研究利用高纯锗γ谱仪同时测量红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁三大典型生态系统的沉积物中天然放射性核素(238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K),分析3种生态系统的沉积物中放射性核素分布特征,探索基于放射性核素的一维视角下活度特征、二维视角下核素对与活度比值、三维视角下三角图解的指纹表征技术,识别沉积物中不同物质的来源,并尝试推广至中国不同海域。本研究强调三维指纹表征技术—基于核素活度的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可以综合展示3种放射性核素的活度大小、组成比例、空间分布等信息,指出238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可能是沉积物中物源识别的一种优化方法,可为沉积地球化学研究中的现有代用指标工具库提供有益补充。

放射性核素  /  地球化学指标  /  沉积物源  /  红树林  /  珊瑚礁  /  海草床

Sediment source is a key issue in sedimentology. Although sediment geochemistry is an important tool in sedimentology, the explorations and applications of radionuclides in sediment geochemistry are still limited. In this study, naturally occurring radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K) in sediments were simultaneously measured using a high-purity germanium γ-spectrometer in three typical ecosystems of mangrove, seagrass, and coral reefs. The distribution characteristics of radionuclides in sediments from the these ecosystems were discussed in one-dimensional view of activity level, two-dimensional view of radionuclide pairs and activity ratio, and three-dimensional view of ternary diagram of radionuclides to identify distinct sources of sediments. Ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 in sediments was applied in the China different seas for tracking distinct sediment sources. This study emphasized that the three-dimensional view of ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 comprehensively exhibited the information of activity level, composition, and spatial distribution area of radionuclides. In conclusion, ternary diagram of 238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10 may be an optimized method for source identification in sediments and provide a supplement to the existing tools of geochemical proxies.

radionuclide  /  geochemical proxy  /  sediment source  /  mangrove  /  coral reefs  /  seagrass
林武辉, 杜陨峰, 余克服, 杜金秋, 莫珍妮, 李英花, 何贤文, 莫敏婷. 基于放射性核素的沉积物源识别技术探索与优化. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (12) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023175
Wuhui Lin, Yunfeng Du, Kefu Yu, Jinqiu Du, Zhenni Mo, Yinghua Li, Xianwen He, Minting Mo. Exploring and optimizing characterization of radionuclide fingerprint for tracking sediment source: Comparison of mangrove, seagrass,and coral reef ecosystems[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (12) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023175
物质来源是沉积物“源−汇”过程研究的关键科学问题[13],也是沉积学的重要研究范畴[46]。沉积地球化学作为沉积学研究的重要手段[7],已经逐步构建了包含常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素、稳定同位素、有机标志物等一系列地球化学代用指标[78]
放射性核素是地球化学研究中重要的工具,被广泛应用于年代学研究[911];也可用于指示沉积物的物质来源、搬运、沉积、扰动、再悬浮等过程[1217]。虽然放射性核素在地球化学和沉积学中都有一定的应用,但是放射性核素在沉积地球化学代用指标体系中的相关探索仍然较为缺乏[8]
海洋沉积物是放射性核素的重要储库和归宿,在特定条件下也可以通过间隙水扩散和再悬浮过程成为海水中放射性核素的来源[10]。国内外学者尝试利用40K、226Ra等一维特征核素[1719]226Ra/238U、232Th/238U、226Ra/228Ra、40K/238U、7Be/210Pbex、234Thex/210Pbex、228Th/232Th等二维核素对与活度比值[12, 1924],U-Th-K三角图解[25]等放射性核素代用指标体系示踪海洋沉积物的源汇过程。然而,目前海洋沉积物中放射性核素示踪研究不同程度的存在研究区域较窄、放射性核素种类较少、表征技术较单一、适用范围较局限等问题,并进一步限制了放射性核素在沉积地球化学工具库中的探索和应用。
本研究系统测定南海3种典型海洋生态系统(广西红树林、广西海草床、南海珊瑚礁)的沉积物中放射性核素含量水平,探索基于放射性核素的多维特征指纹的表征技术,识别海洋沉积物的不同物质来源,尝试提出基于核素活度的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解的表征技术,应用于中国不同海域,以期为沉积地球化学研究中代用指标工具库提供有益补充。
本研究以2017年5月在广西红树林采集的13个表层沉积物、2015年7月至2017年7月期间在南海珊瑚礁区采集的17个表层沉积物、2017年3月在广西贵明海草床采集的7个沉积物样品为研究对象,采样站位见图1。所有样品采集后置于密封袋内,并带回实验室冷冻保存。实验前取出沉积物,在60℃烘箱内烘干至衡重,剔除贝壳、树叶、砂砾等杂物,研磨过筛(100~120目)。取20 g或45 g沉积物粉末装入样品盒并密封放置30 d以上,保证226Ra及其222Rn等子体核素达到平衡状态后进行测量。
所有沉积物样品采用高纯锗γ谱仪(Canberra Be6530)进行测量,相对探测效率为63.4%,1.332 MeV峰处的分辨率小于1.58 keV。238U 和228Ra 分别选择其子体234Th(63.3 keV)和228Ac(911.1 keV)的γ射线进行计算,226Ra采用其子体214Pb(351.9 keV)和214Bi(609.3 keV)进行分析,40K选择1 460.8 keV的能量区间计算。放射性核素的活度(A)和不确定度(δA)由式(1)和式(2)计算。
$ {A}=\frac{\left({n}_{T}-{n}_{0}\right)}{\varepsilon m}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{\lambda \left({t}_{1}-{t}_{0}\right)} \text{,} $
$ \mathrm{\delta }{A}={A}\times \sqrt{\frac{\left({n}_{GT}+{n}_{G0}\right)}{T{\left({n}_{T}-{n}_{0}\right)}^{2}}} \text{,} $
式中,nTn0分别代表核素对应的γ全能峰的样品净计数率和仪器本底净计数率;nGTnG0分别代表样品谱图中核素γ全能峰的总计数率和本底计数率;λ代表衰变常数;εm分别代表相对探测效率和样品质量;t1t0分别代表测量时刻和采样时刻;T代表仪器的测量时间。不确定度主要来源于衰变过程中γ粒子计数统计涨落,并用1个标准差(1δ)展示。
质量控制方面,实验室定期测量仪器本底和中国计量科学研究院提供的混合源(241Am、228Ra、137Cs、60Co)探测效率,并制作质量控制图以保证仪器的稳定性;同时定期测量国际原子能机构(IAEA-384、IAEA-385、IAEA-314、IAEA-448)和中国计量科学研究院提供的不同沉积物标准源进行交叉验证,以保证数据的可靠性。实验室多次参加并顺利通过国家海洋环境监测中心和国家核电厂安全及可靠性工程技术研究中心组织的全国范围内海洋沉积物与土壤中多种放射性核素(238U、226Ra、232Th、40K、137Cs、210Pb、228Ra等)的实验室间比对活动。测量方法和部分数据亦可参见研究团队的相关报道[2628]
本研究结果显示,红树林的13个沉积物中238U、226Ra、228Ra和40K活度范围(活度均值)分别为(6.16 ± 2.34)~(70.7 ± 6.40) Bq/kg [(27.8 ± 19.1) Bq/kg]、(7.33 ± 0.46)~(55.3 ± 1.67) Bq/kg [(21.2 ± 13.4) Bq/kg]、(10.0 ± 1.25)~(94.1 ± 3.48) Bq/kg [(35.8 ± 23.8) Bq/kg]和(26.5 ±1.23)~(479 ± 12.4) Bq/kg [(177 ± 125) Bq/kg];海草床的7个沉积物中238U、226Ra、228Ra和40K活度范围(活度均值)分别为(36.3 ± 5.25)~(85.6 ± 5.57) Bq/kg[(57.4 ± 14.4) Bq/kg]、(22.5 ± 0.59)~(30.9 ± 1.24) Bq/kg[(27.2 ± 3.02)Bq/kg]、(29.2 ± 2.56)~(40.3 ± 2.47) Bq/kg[(35.2 ± 3.59) Bq/kg]和(144 ± 6.16)~(231 ± 7.54) Bq/kg[(196 ± 32.9) Bq/kg];珊瑚礁的17个沉积物中238U、226Ra、228Ra和40K活度范围(活度均值)分别为(23.0 ± 2.00)~(38.2 ± 4.83) Bq/kg [(28.3 ± 4.74) Bq/kg]、(1.06 ± 0.07)~(4.99 ± 0.44) Bq/kg [(2.54 ± 1.04) Bq/kg]、(0.51 ± 0.26)~(5.52 ± 0.97) Bq/kg [(2.42 ± 1.58) Bq/kg]和(2.15 ± 0.71)~(23.1 ± 2.13) Bq/kg [(9.02 ± 4.99) Bq/kg]。本研究所有37个沉积物样品中238U、226Ra、228Ra和40K活度均值分别为(33.6 ± 17.5) Bq/kg、(13.7 ± 13.3) Bq/kg、(20.4 ± 21.8) Bq/kg和(103 ± 115) Bq/kg。3种生态系统的沉积物中放射性核素活度水平如图2所示。
图2显示一维视角下放射性核素的活度特征对比情况,在考虑标准差的情况下红树林和海草床的放射性核素活度水平总体较为接近,而珊瑚礁系统中226Ra、228Ra和40K活度均显著低于红树林和海草床系统的结果。该结果与本团队提出的珊瑚礁系统拥有极低放射性核素水平的结果一致[13, 28]。珊瑚礁系统中造礁生物按照一定的生物富集因子选择性吸收海水中放射性核素进入生物骨骼,导致随后形成的珊瑚礁区生源沉积物中极低的226Ra、228Ra和40K活度水平[2728]。因此,226Ra、228Ra和40K活度可以作为特征核素指示珊瑚礁区生源沉积物的独特端元,而238U的指示效果不理想。
226Ra-238U和 232Th(228Ra)-238U的核素对与活度比值已被应用于识别沉积物中不同物质的来源[12, 19, 25, 29]。本研究探索3种生态系统中232Th(228Ra)-238U和226Ra-238U核素对的特征(图3),并进一步结合40K信息提出40K-226Ra/238U核素对(图3c),指示海洋沉积物中不同物质来源。
图3展示二维视角下3组放射性核素对的空间分布特征,红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁的空间分布特征均存在一定的差别。特别指出,珊瑚礁区沉积物拥有极低的226Ra/238U和228Ra/238U活度比值(均为0.1左右),显著低于红树林和海草床的结果(大部分在0.5~2之间,均显著大于0.1,t检验的p < 0.05)。二维视角下放射性核素对更加明显地展示了珊瑚礁区生源沉积物区不同于广西近岸红树林和海草床的陆源沉积物[13, 27]。珊瑚礁区生源沉积物中放射性核素来源于造礁生物对海水中放射性核素的选择性吸收以及所记录保存的相应指纹特征,而近岸红树林和海草床的陆源沉积物最终来自于地球内部岩浆冷却形成岩石,并发生一系列风化、搬运、沉积等过程[27]图3的中国陆地土壤中放射性核素信号也与近岸红树林和海草床的陆源沉积物的结果更为接近,指示陆地土壤和近岸陆源沉积物之间的源汇关联。
沉积地球化学中元素三角图解是识别不同物质来源的重要工具[8]。U-Th-K 3种元素的三角图解也曾被用于判断物质来源[25]。本研究基于红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁系统的沉积物中238U、226Ra、232Th(228Ra)和40K活度,尝试提出238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解和226Ra-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解(图4),综合展示放射性核素的活度大小、组成比例、空间特征等信息,识别沉积物中不同物质来源。
三维视角下放射性核素的三角图解可以展示3种放射性核素的端元比例组成,颜色棒的数值则反映基于高纯锗γ谱仪测量的3种放射性核素(238U、228Ra、40K/10或者226Ra、228Ra、40K/10)的活度总和(AT,单位为Bq/kg),定量反映沉积物中3种核素的总体活度水平,具体计算方法如式(3)。值得注意的是,由于沉积物中40K活度通常比238U和232Th活度高一个数量级[12],本文发现将40K活度除以10处理后的展示效果更好。
$ {A}_{{\mathrm{T}}}={A}_{{^{238}}{\mathrm{U}}/{^{226}}{\mathrm{Ra}}}+{A}_{{^{228}}{\mathrm{Ra}}}+{A}_{{^{40}}{\mathrm{K}}}/10 $
226Ra和238U同属铀系放射性核素,本研究选择铀系的一种放射性核素作为端元,结合钍系(228Ra)和40K另外两个端元,对比238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10和226Ra-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10的三角图解在物质来源识别中的效果。图4结果显示,238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可以更好的区分红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床的空间分布特征;红树林、珊瑚礁、海草床的226Ra-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解则存在更多的重叠区域。因此,本研究的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可以更好识别物质来源。
为进一步探索238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解的适用范围,本研究利用花岗岩[31]、玄武岩[31]、土壤[32]、地壳[33]中3种放射性核素(238U、228Ra、40K)端元的平均活度绘制三角图解(图5)。图5显示,地壳中放射性核素的比例组成、活度水平、空间特征的综合结果均较好分布在花岗岩、玄武岩、土壤3种端元的中心。地壳包含以花岗岩为主的陆壳和以玄武岩为主的洋壳,土壤来源于地壳表层岩石的风化。因此,地壳中3种放射性核素在经过一系列的岩浆冷却、放射性核素结晶分异、风化、搬运迁移、沉积等地质过程后,活度大小、比例组成、空间特征将在238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解中发生不同程度的变化和偏移。
本研究进一步收集渤海、黄海、东海和南海沉积物中放射性核素活度数据[12, 3444],探索238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解在中国近海应用的可行性。图6显示,渤海、黄海和东海沉积物238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解的空间特征与中国土壤中核素均值的空间分布存在较好的一致性;南海部分海区沉积物中放射性核素的空间特征与中国土壤的核素均值分布一致,而南海珊瑚礁区的生源沉积物中放射性核素的空间分布特征则存在较大偏离。渤海、黄海和东海沉积物主要来源于河流和大气沉降等途径输入的中国土壤,导致3个海域的海洋沉积物和中国土壤中放射性核素存在较好的一致性。南海沉积物则源于中国和周边东南亚多个国家的河流输入,以及发育广泛的南海珊瑚岛礁“碳酸岩工厂”产生的生源沉积物,均可能导致南海部分海区与中国土壤的较大偏离特征。
相比前人提出的U-Th-K三角图解中所给出的组成信息,本研究优化提出的238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10核素活度的三角图解可以同时给出比例组成(空间位置)和活度水平(颜色棒),并展示空间分布特征,用于中国不同海域识别不同物质来源。此外,3个放射核素(比如,238U、232Th、40K)在二维视角下需要同时给出核素对的3种组合方式(238U-232Th、232Th-40K、238U-40K)才能全面展示核素信息,而三维视角下238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解只需一个图即可综合展示所有核素信息。
本研究利用高纯锗γ谱仪测定红树林、海草床、珊瑚礁系统的沉积物中天然放射性核素(238U、226Ra、228Ra、40K)的含量,探索和优化基于放射性核素的一维活度大小、二维核素对、三维核素三角图解的指纹表征技术,并尝试用于中国不同海域的沉积物源识别。本文强调三维指纹表征技术—238U-232Th(228Ra)-40K/10三角图解可以综合展示放射性核素的活度水平、组成比例、空间特征等信息,识别沉积物的不同物质来源,为放射性核素在沉积地球化学研究中的应用提供一定的借鉴。
致谢:感谢广西中医药大学刘昕明副研究员在部分样品采集中所提供的帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42276044);广西自然科学基金项目(2021GXNSFAA220053);广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室开放基金项目(GXLSCRSCS2023003)。
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2023年第45卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023175
  • 接收时间:2023-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-21
  • 修回日期:2023-06-30
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42276044);广西自然科学基金项目(2021GXNSFAA220053);广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室开放基金项目(GXLSCRSCS2023003)。
作者信息
    1 广西大学 海洋学院/广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
    2 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
    3 广西海洋研究院,广西 南宁 530022
    4 广西壮族自治区辐射环境监督管理站,广西 南宁 530022
    5 集美大学 极地与海洋研究院,福建 厦门 361021

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*余克服(1969—),男,湖北省公安县人,教授,主要从事珊瑚礁地质与生态环境研究。E-mail:
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