Article(id=1212062660363940676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062657901892140, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680710400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-06, revisedDate=1690214400000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907857266, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1701273600000, pubDateStr=2023-11-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907857266, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907857266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907857266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062657901892140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='87', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907856679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924796702, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133709554258162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062657901892140, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133709554258163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062657901892140, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062660586238789, articleId=1212062660363940676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Investigating the anticyclonic eddy merger process in southeastern Gulf of Mexico using altimeter and drifting buoy, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Combining satellite altimetry and drifter data, the method of sea surface height to discover and track an anticyclonic eddy merger event that occurred near the southeastern Gulf of Mexico was used in this study. By studying this typical anticyclonic eddy merger process, the mode of eddy merging is preliminarily revealed, which helps to further understand the complex eddy mechanism. The Eulerian eddy results show that pairs of anticyclonic eddies attract each other and propagate together for more than three weeks before merging into a unified eddy structure and continuing to propagate westward. The Lagrangian vortex trajectories captured by drifters provide evidence of water exchange between the vortices before the merger, as one drifter exchanged its original anticyclonic eddy on November 15, indicating significant water exchange between the vortices before being observed by the altimeter. Before and after the merger, the radii of the Eulerian and Lagrangian vortices both increased significantly with the Eulerian radius improving by 96.2% and the Lagrangian radius of the drifting buoys pulled by two anticyclonic eddies improving by 49.1% and 115.6%, respectively. The sea surface temperature field also exhibited different environmental responses due to the merging effect, further verifying the occurrence of the merger process. Finally, the analysis of the dynamic evolution of kinematics such as kinetic energy, vorticity, and divergence before and after the merger, as well as the morphological changes such as radius, amplitude, and shape, showes that the merger roughly experienced processes such as vortex asymptote, water exchange, contour compression and deformation, elongated elliptical vortex generation, and boundary reshaping. The vertical structure of the plane where the vortex is located mainly shows evolution from bimodal to unimodal. After the vortex merger, energy is transferred to the mesoscale through inverse cascade. Due to the single-core vortex structure, some statistical properties are biased during the merging process, which may have led to abrupt changes before and after the event.

, correspAuthors=Zhenhua Wei, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhonghao Yuan, Mingming Zhu, Jianping Wang, Kaili Han, Chunlei Luan, Zhenhua Wei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062661844530015, articleId=1212062660363940676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于高度计和漂流浮标数据的墨西哥湾东南部暖涡融合过程研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文结合卫星高度计和漂流浮标数据,采取海表面高度法发现并跟踪了墨西哥湾东南部附近发生的一次暖涡融合事件,通过该典型暖涡融合过程的研究初步揭示了涡间融合作用模式,有助于进一步理解复杂涡旋作用机制。欧拉涡旋结果显示,一对暖涡彼此吸引并伴随传播3周以上,随后融合为统一涡旋结构并继续向西传播。被其捕获的浮标提供了融合前后的拉格朗日涡旋轨迹,在融合发生前8天时,一个浮标随水流交换切换了原本追随的暖涡,表明融合事件被高度计观测到之前,涡间水体交流作用已经比较显著。融合前后,欧拉涡旋和拉格朗日涡旋半径均存在较大改变,其中欧拉半径提升了96.2%,受两个暖涡牵引的漂流浮标的拉格朗日半径分别提升了49.1%和115.6%。受融合效应影响,海表面温度场也表现出不同的环境响应,进一步验证了融合过程的发生。最后,对融合前后动能、涡度和散度等动力学演变,以及半径、振幅和形状等形态学变化的分析表明:融合大致经历了涡旋渐近、水体交流、轮廓压缩形变、拉长椭圆涡旋生成和边界重塑等过程;涡心所在平面的垂直结构主要表现为由双峰向单峰的演变;涡旋融合后实现了能量向中尺度的逆级联;受限于单核涡结构,在融合过程中部分属性统计存在偏差,可能导致事件前后发生突变。

, correspAuthors=魏振华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏振华(1973—),男,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋卫星遥感和渔业方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VXZDNF9Vh9BCxAN+3AFisg==, magXml=LaLq4UepTl2oaa8lhnOWig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/e5QOQRDIWtZMw5YqoD60A==, pdfFileSize=2830072, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Yp1kgGnVexjwRTyWkI1grQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TA6ddWWrRlbBbeL6quHM9w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

苑忠浩(1994—),男,山东省日照市人,助理研究员,主要从事海洋卫星遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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苑忠浩(1994—),男,山东省日照市人,助理研究员,主要从事海洋卫星遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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苑忠浩(1994—),男,山东省日照市人,助理研究员,主要从事海洋卫星遥感方面研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2020, 50(2): 489−507., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215334227487408600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源卫星遥感技术体系建设与应用示范项目(202301003)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215334222601044250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215334222609432860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, companyId=1215334222601044250, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 山东省海洋资源与环境研究院 山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215334222693318944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215334222701707553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, companyId=1215334222693318944, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215334226254283184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Eddy merge evolution and buoy trajectory

The colors in a from light to dark indicate the time series, the thick dots are the starting positions, and the thick crosses are the ending positions; the dates of b−f are November 7th, 15th, 22nd, 23rd and 30th in order

, figureFileSmall=tMprCN5Nrzf+QbYI5D7zAg==, figureFileBig=sFc5pFH8z3FsjA9Bwik8oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226375918003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图1, caption=浮标轨迹(a)及涡旋演变(b−f)

a. 颜色由浅及深表示时间序列,粗圆点为起始位置,粗叉号为结束位置;b−f时间依次为11月7日、11月15日、11月22日、11月23日、11月30日

, figureFileSmall=tMprCN5Nrzf+QbYI5D7zAg==, figureFileBig=sFc5pFH8z3FsjA9Bwik8oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226505941432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=D2 trajectories under AE2 capture (a), D1 and D2 trajectories under AE1 capture before fusion (b), D1 and D2 trajectories under AE1 capture after fusion (c), pre-D2 trajectories (d) and velocity evolution process (e)

The width of the trajectory segment in a−d indicates the buoy velocity, and the color from light to dark indicates the time series (its value represents the day of this trajectory). Because of the 6 h temporal resolution, the length of the series is larger than the time days; the dashed line in e is the original data, and the solid line is the filtered result; the black dots in a, b, c represent the coordinate origin

, figureFileSmall=ED9gh28TdIkaW7vyTXlltA==, figureFileBig=fSOkgOmjugtPRgrmG3+q2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226598216126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图2, caption=AE2捕获下D2轨迹(a)、融合前AE1捕获下D1、D2轨迹(b)、融合后AE1捕获下D1、D2轨迹(c)和前期D2轨迹(d)及速度演化过程(e)

a−d中轨迹线段宽度表示漂流浮标速度,颜色由浅及深表示时间序列(其值代表这条轨迹的第几天),由于浮标数据的时间分辨率为6 h,故序列长度大于时间天数;e中虚线为原始数据,实线为滤波后结果;a、b、c中黑点表示原点

, figureFileSmall=ED9gh28TdIkaW7vyTXlltA==, figureFileBig=fSOkgOmjugtPRgrmG3+q2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226669519297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Evolution of the buoy SST and its distance to the eddy core (a), and evolution of the eddy radius (b, c)

b. Corresponds to D2 Lagrangian radius and AE2 Eulerian radius; c. corresponds to D1, D2 Lagrangian radius and AE1 Eulerian radius, the dashed line in the figure is the original value and the solid line is the smoothed value

, figureFileSmall=O7ZZulb62RPr6LNdb/Q6iw==, figureFileBig=aca9NIEJn+NX6/Fwvzf8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226791154116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图3, caption=浮标近海SST及到涡心距离演变(a)和涡旋半径演变(b, c)

b. 对应D2拉格朗日半径和AE2欧拉半径;c. 对应D1、D2拉格朗日半径和AE1欧拉半径,图中虚线为原始值,实线为平滑值

, figureFileSmall=O7ZZulb62RPr6LNdb/Q6iw==, figureFileBig=aca9NIEJn+NX6/Fwvzf8uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226900206025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Status of SST abnormal field near the eddy

a−d dates are November 15th, 22nd, 23rd and 30th, respectively; the red dots in e−g represent the position of the eddy core and the black lines represent the position of the equivalent radius, and the values are dimensionless units; e−g correspond to the normalization results for AE2 (November 1st to 22nd), pre-fusion AE1 (October 13rd to November 22nd) and post-fusion AE1 (November 23rd to December 5th) respectively

, figureFileSmall=kAuvY3iCqLPT6BycYH3RyQ==, figureFileBig=8dEEfSeLf395vqwC7wqScg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334226984092107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图4, caption=涡旋附近海域SST异常场变化

a−d日期依次为11月15日、11月22日、11月23日、11月30日;e−g中红点代表涡心位置,黑线代表等效半径的位置,值为无量纲单位;e−g分别对应AE2(11月1−22日)、融合前AE1(10月13日至11月22日)和融合后AE1(11月23日至12月5日)的归一化结果

, figureFileSmall=kAuvY3iCqLPT6BycYH3RyQ==, figureFileBig=8dEEfSeLf395vqwC7wqScg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334227063783885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Evolution of eddy kinetic energy (a), vorticity (b), and divergence (c) before and after fusion, figureFileSmall=4+KgTokAs92MIdv4+9uwcQ==, figureFileBig=lb8BHaesk9hHU9bOrXqUjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334227151864272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图5, caption=融合前后涡动能(a)、涡度(b)、散度(c)演变, figureFileSmall=4+KgTokAs92MIdv4+9uwcQ==, figureFileBig=lb8BHaesk9hHU9bOrXqUjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334227244138962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Evolution of the fitted ellipse (a), elliptic flatness (b), eddy core profile (c), eddy core distance (d), and amplitude (e) before and after fusion

The value of time series represents the day of this trajectory

, figureFileSmall=3AOj0mR1sThXRDMxK9gJlQ==, figureFileBig=mEI0hpFF0/PTLb1vSuRDOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215334227328025044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062660363940676, language=CN, label=图6, caption=融合前后拟合椭圆(a)、扁率(b)、涡心剖面(c)、涡心距离(d)和振幅(e)的演变

时间序列的值代表这条轨迹的第几天

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基于高度计和漂流浮标数据的墨西哥湾东南部暖涡融合过程研究
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苑忠浩 1 , 朱明明 1 , 汪健平 1 , 韩凯莉 1 , 栾春蕾 1 , 魏振华 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(11): 10-19
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(11): 10-19
基于高度计和漂流浮标数据的墨西哥湾东南部暖涡融合过程研究
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苑忠浩1 , 朱明明1, 汪健平1, 韩凯莉1, 栾春蕾1, 魏振华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东省海洋资源与环境研究院 山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264006
  • 苑忠浩(1994—),男,山东省日照市人,助理研究员,主要从事海洋卫星遥感方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*魏振华(1973—),男,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋卫星遥感和渔业方面研究。E-mail:
Investigating the anticyclonic eddy merger process in southeastern Gulf of Mexico using altimeter and drifting buoy
Zhonghao Yuan1 , Mingming Zhu1, Jianping Wang1, Kaili Han1, Chunlei Luan1, Zhenhua Wei1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2023-11-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023154
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本文结合卫星高度计和漂流浮标数据,采取海表面高度法发现并跟踪了墨西哥湾东南部附近发生的一次暖涡融合事件,通过该典型暖涡融合过程的研究初步揭示了涡间融合作用模式,有助于进一步理解复杂涡旋作用机制。欧拉涡旋结果显示,一对暖涡彼此吸引并伴随传播3周以上,随后融合为统一涡旋结构并继续向西传播。被其捕获的浮标提供了融合前后的拉格朗日涡旋轨迹,在融合发生前8天时,一个浮标随水流交换切换了原本追随的暖涡,表明融合事件被高度计观测到之前,涡间水体交流作用已经比较显著。融合前后,欧拉涡旋和拉格朗日涡旋半径均存在较大改变,其中欧拉半径提升了96.2%,受两个暖涡牵引的漂流浮标的拉格朗日半径分别提升了49.1%和115.6%。受融合效应影响,海表面温度场也表现出不同的环境响应,进一步验证了融合过程的发生。最后,对融合前后动能、涡度和散度等动力学演变,以及半径、振幅和形状等形态学变化的分析表明:融合大致经历了涡旋渐近、水体交流、轮廓压缩形变、拉长椭圆涡旋生成和边界重塑等过程;涡心所在平面的垂直结构主要表现为由双峰向单峰的演变;涡旋融合后实现了能量向中尺度的逆级联;受限于单核涡结构,在融合过程中部分属性统计存在偏差,可能导致事件前后发生突变。

暖涡  /  涡旋融合  /  卫星高度计  /  漂流浮标

Combining satellite altimetry and drifter data, the method of sea surface height to discover and track an anticyclonic eddy merger event that occurred near the southeastern Gulf of Mexico was used in this study. By studying this typical anticyclonic eddy merger process, the mode of eddy merging is preliminarily revealed, which helps to further understand the complex eddy mechanism. The Eulerian eddy results show that pairs of anticyclonic eddies attract each other and propagate together for more than three weeks before merging into a unified eddy structure and continuing to propagate westward. The Lagrangian vortex trajectories captured by drifters provide evidence of water exchange between the vortices before the merger, as one drifter exchanged its original anticyclonic eddy on November 15, indicating significant water exchange between the vortices before being observed by the altimeter. Before and after the merger, the radii of the Eulerian and Lagrangian vortices both increased significantly with the Eulerian radius improving by 96.2% and the Lagrangian radius of the drifting buoys pulled by two anticyclonic eddies improving by 49.1% and 115.6%, respectively. The sea surface temperature field also exhibited different environmental responses due to the merging effect, further verifying the occurrence of the merger process. Finally, the analysis of the dynamic evolution of kinematics such as kinetic energy, vorticity, and divergence before and after the merger, as well as the morphological changes such as radius, amplitude, and shape, showes that the merger roughly experienced processes such as vortex asymptote, water exchange, contour compression and deformation, elongated elliptical vortex generation, and boundary reshaping. The vertical structure of the plane where the vortex is located mainly shows evolution from bimodal to unimodal. After the vortex merger, energy is transferred to the mesoscale through inverse cascade. Due to the single-core vortex structure, some statistical properties are biased during the merging process, which may have led to abrupt changes before and after the event.

anticyclonic eddy  /  eddy merger  /  satellite altimetry  /  drifting buoy
苑忠浩, 朱明明, 汪健平, 韩凯莉, 栾春蕾, 魏振华. 基于高度计和漂流浮标数据的墨西哥湾东南部暖涡融合过程研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (11) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023154
Zhonghao Yuan, Mingming Zhu, Jianping Wang, Kaili Han, Chunlei Luan, Zhenhua Wei. Investigating the anticyclonic eddy merger process in southeastern Gulf of Mexico using altimeter and drifting buoy[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (11) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023154
中尺度涡是广泛分布于海洋中的环形水体结构,蕴藏过半的海水动能[1],通常具有数十到数百千米的空间尺度和数天到数月的时间尺度,甚至存续数年之久[2],在海水混合、热盐输运、生物运动方面扮演重要角色[34]。受流场、边界效应、风应力强迫等因素的影响,涡旋间存在复杂交互作用,进而诱发融合[5]、分裂[6]和交互[7]等拓扑现象。当涡间距离越过临界值[8]后,可能触发融合事件,并引发动量和能量的重新分配[9],融合后涡旋的性质受参与涡旋的尺度、强度、位置和相对运动等的影响[1011]
涡旋融合机制的研究起初主要通过实验计算和数值模拟来实现。Pavia和Cushman-Roisin[12]通过简化重力模型,发现合并时伴随水体入侵、融合形变和轴对称化等过程;Oulhen等[13]通过表面准地转模型研究了两个涡旋融合过程,并通过示踪剂跟踪水体变化;Masina和Pinardi[14]使用区域准地转动力学模型显示融合过程经历了涡旋形变、涡度混合和涡心滑动等阶段;Reinaud等[15]通过拓展二维欧拉方程,建立广义三维准地转模型并观测到三涡结构下涡旋的坍缩演变。然而真实海洋状态远比实验模拟更为复杂,数值模拟在涡旋融合研究中存在许多局限性。例如,数值模拟对初始条件的敏感性较高[5]、对边界条件的处理方式存在差异[10],以及涡旋融合涉及多尺度的动力学过程,背景流、湍流等物理过程的模拟也存在挑战[910, 12]。虽然数值模拟可以精确控制实验条件,但其结果仍是对融合现象的近似描述,涡旋融合的研究需要进一步的实测数据支撑。
受益于遥感卫星、Argo计划等的发展,涡旋融合现象得以被观测发现。例如,部分学者通过卫星高度计数据,已经观测到一些大洋中发生的中尺度涡融合现象[11, 16]。此外,Rodríguez-Marroyo等[10]利用水文数据和卫星数据的组合分析,发现了一次三涡结构下的涡旋融合过程,并指出第3个涡旋能够延缓却无法阻止融合的发生。然而,过往的研究侧重于涡旋自身的追踪和性质分析,融合事件通常被粗略报道甚至略过,一定程度上制约了我们对海洋中复杂动力学过程的理解。近年来,一些学者提出了基于高度计数据和多核涡结构的融合、分裂现象追踪算法[1719],通过引入距离比值、面积重叠度等参数判别融合事件,但这些算法仍需完善提高,特别是结合实测数据合理设置判别参数,否则可能导致错误的涡旋轨迹追踪,因此目前难以完整描述融合机制。
本文基于法国国家空间研究中心卫星海洋学存档数据中心(Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data,AVISO)卫星高度计数据和全球漂流浮标计划(Global Drifter Program,GDP)漂流浮标(Drifter)数据,对发生于墨西哥湾东南部的一次暖涡(Anticyclonic Eddy,AE)融合过程进行验证和分析,探讨融合效应对海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)响应的影响,并从动力学和形态学等角度分析该事件前后的变化,揭示暖涡融合作用机制。
本文提取涡旋结构采用的数据是AVISO公开的海平面异常(Sea Level Anomaly,SLA)产品(https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/),空间分辨率为(1/4)°,时间分辨率为1 d。无制动能力的浮标主要分布在海洋近表面并随流移动[20],能够记录局地水体运动,被涡捕获后其轨迹可反映涡流内粒子运动状态,从而可以揭示分裂、融合等复杂演变过程。众多学者已将该数据应用到涡旋识别、验证等研究中[10, 2022]。为分析涡内粒子运动特征,本文采用GDP发布的6-Hourly漂流浮标数据产品(https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/gdp/),该产品通过对原始数据进行克里金法插值获得,时间分辨率为6 h。
涡旋自动提取算法主要包括物理参数法、几何参数法和拉格朗日法等[23],不同方法有各自优缺点。本文采用基于海表面高度的算法,该算法主要依据涡流地转效应引发的闭合海表面高度异常结构,已被众多学者使用并改进[2, 24]。基于海表面高度法是一种欧拉涡旋提取算法,首先需要搜索SLA极值点作为涡旋识别的“种子”信号,然后按照0.25 cm的间隔遍历SLA等高线,将满足以下阈值条件的封闭流线识别为涡旋边界:(1)种子点个数仅为1个;(2)振幅(Amp)满足:2 cm ≤ Amp ≤ 150 cm;(3)面积(Area)满足:2个网格点面积 ≤ Area ≤ 2 000 个网格点面积;(4)形状测试误差(ShapeError)低于55%,计算采用下式:
$ {\mathrm{ShapeError}} = \dfrac{{{\mathrm{Are}}{{\mathrm{a}}_{{\mathrm{deviation}}}}}}{{{\mathrm{Are}}{{\mathrm{a}}_{{\mathrm{fit}}\_{\mathrm{circle}}}}}} , $
式中,Areadeviation为涡旋边界和对应拟合圆的对称差区域的面积;Areafit_circle为对应拟合圆面积。
涡旋自动轨迹追踪算法主要包括像素联通法[25]、最近邻法[4]和相似度法[2]等,本文采用基于相似度法的方式追踪涡旋轨迹。对于t时刻的涡旋,到t + 1时刻对应的搜索空间中按照相似度原则匹配最佳涡旋。综合考虑涡旋传播速度的影响,搜索空间设置为长斜压罗斯贝波传播速度的1.75倍[2],相似度函数采用下式:
$ {S_{t,\;t + 1}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {\frac{{\Delta R}}{{{R_0}}}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {\frac{{\Delta \varepsilon }}{{{\varepsilon _0}}}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {\frac{{\Delta D}}{{{D_0}}}} \right)}^2}} , $
式中,St, t+1为相邻时刻涡旋间相似度;ΔR、Δε和ΔD依次为涡旋半径变化量、涡度变化量和涡心距离;R0ε0D0依次为对应参数用于消除量纲差异的标准尺度值[26]。考虑到数据噪声和次表层涡旋传播等因素的影响,为提高追踪结果的鲁棒性,本文参照Faghmous等[4]的方法把“伪涡”纳入计算,允许涡旋出现临时性消失而成为“伪涡”,即在t + 1时刻未能成功匹配时,仍可在未来时刻寻找最佳涡旋,直到其超过最大容许上界(5 d)才能判定为涡旋消散。
基于上述算法提取的涡旋,本文在墨西哥湾东南部附近观察到1次暖涡融合过程(图1)。该事件发生于2014年11月期间,位于28°N,69°W附近的暖涡(以下称AE1)在向西南方向传播过程中与位于26°N,70°W附近向东北方向传播的暖涡(以下称AE2)发生交互后融合,并最终将其吸收。同时,本文采取基于KD树空间搜索的策略匹配随涡运动的漂流浮标。该策略利用涡旋轨迹数据逐日切割划分空间以建立KD树结构,并在该结构基础之上搜索邻近浮标,随后更新涡旋−浮标关联权重。遍历结束后,权重超过阈值的浮标轨迹将进一步通过目视判读的方式完成筛选以获得关联浮标。
基于第2节中描述的KD树搜索策略,本文成功提取被目标涡旋对捕获的两个浮标及其拉格朗日轨迹回路信息。作为融合事件的见证者,这对浮标随涡漂流,图1a为其轨迹示意,其标识符分别为113963和115001(以下称D1和D2),图1b图1f分别为不同时刻下涡旋及浮标的演变。D1最初位于29°N,68°W附近,随暖涡AE1做周期性顺时针运动,并逐渐向西南方向移动;与此同时,D2最初位于25°N,70.5°W附近,随暖涡AE2保持周期性顺时针旋转,并向北偏东方向移动。在旋转方向上,这对浮标的运动均符合北半球暖涡运动特征[12],表明其正受到涡旋裹挟作用影响,能够有效反映涡内粒子运动状态,从而揭示融合时期涡旋水体的交互作用。
11月23日后,随着AE1和AE2的融合,这对浮标被较大的“新生”AE1获取,并继续绕其旋转。综合浮标轨迹信息,在11月15日时,原本被AE2捕获的D2已事实上位于AE1的涡旋边界内(图1c),而这比基于卫星高度计数据观测到的欧拉涡旋融合日(11月23日)提前8 d。这表明涡旋间合并可能不会短时间内完成,而是存在一定时间的准备期,进行必要的水体交换,并最终融合成新的稳定水团。在此期间,涡旋边缘变得更加不稳定,基于算法提取的涡旋边界可能存在“失灵”现象。
为客观描述浮标在涡旋作用下的传播规律,本文以各自对应涡心坐标系重建了浮标轨迹(图2a图2c)。对于D2,在11月1日被同时间识别的涡旋截获后,围绕涡心做周期性旋转,传播速度基本保持稳定;11月11日后随着涡间交互和流的不稳定作用加剧,其开始加速远离当前涡心,传播速度先增大后减弱,直到11月15日被新的涡旋捕获,并在新的坐标系下保持相对稳定的自旋(图2b);融合完成后其重新绕涡心顺时针旋转,速度先增后降(图2c)。同时期的D1始终在AE1的影响之下围绕涡心旋转,从轨迹分布来看,其更倾向于在涡心的东北方向做局部自旋,但在全局仍呈顺时针运动。值得注意的是,D2自10月13日已在研究海域漂流,且其轨迹呈纠缠移动的特征(图2d);而对应海域的AE2直到11月1日才被卫星高度计获取欧拉涡旋信号。该结果表明尽管AE2未能通过海表高度流场信息表现出来,但已能够在该海域影响周围环境,甚至捕获浮标等粒子物质;基于海平面流场拓扑关系识别的涡旋数据存在一定的局限性,特别是针对次表层水下传播的涡旋。
综合来看,身处事件中的浮标,受涡旋合并作用的影响,其传播速度发生不同程度地改变(图2e)。由于数据的时间分辨率为6 h,为便于比较,本文对其进行窗口为1 d的滑动滤波。在大部分时间中D2的速度都低于D1,这可能是由于漂流速度主要受海洋环境影响,而AE1具有更大的面积和涡动能,被其捕获的浮标速度也相对更快。11月11−15日期间,D2的漂流速度显著增长并快速超过D1(图2e框I),恰好对应D2向AE1转移阶段(图1c)。部分学者指出,受到涡旋融合期间的水体交流作用,涡旋边界变得不稳定,外轮廓会发生“丁香花”式变形,并沿侧面形成射流[14]。原本位于暖涡边界处的浮标在水流的裹挟输运下,短时间内获得较高传播速度,并随外围水体的交流和成丝逸散进行移动并完成转移。之后在同一个涡的作用下,这对浮标的漂流速度及变化较为接近:在事件发生前后,两者的漂流速度均发生突变并形成局部峰值,表明涡−涡作用达到顶点,水体混合基本完成。随后二者以更高的速度随涡传播,不久之后相继丢失信号。相较于融合前,事件后(图2e框II)D1和D2的平均漂流速度分别提升了44%和125%。
借助浮标携带的温度传感器,图3a展示了融合前后近海SST变化。由于D2未提供SST信息,本文只能针对1组数据分析。在11月2日前,近海的SST较高且相对稳定;随着浮标逐渐远离涡心,温度开始缓慢下降,并在11月13−23日期间保持低温震荡,此时其正位于距涡心较远的位置;融合发生前后,浮标到涡心的距离急剧下降,延迟1~2 d后SST也开始快速上升,表明该事件不仅加剧涡流不稳定性,促使涡旋同环境水体进行物质交换,而且导致海表环境要素发生较大改变。之后随着远离涡心,SST也随即降低。总体而言,SST的变化与暖涡中心的距离呈负相关性,即距涡心越近,温度越高。
由于洋流、风应力等因素,浮标并非都能随涡漂流。部分学者根据轨迹的回路特征及极性,提取出被涡旋捕获后连续成环漂流的浮标数据,并标记为漂流浮标拉格朗日涡旋轨迹(Looper)[2122]。见证融合事件的这对浮标已被GDP项目识别为Looper,并同时提供了其闭合回路半径等信息[21],接下来我们将该拉格朗日半径同本文计算的欧拉半径进行对比分析。需指出的是,无动力源的浮标主要受涡旋表层水体运动牵引,但未必沿涡旋外层边缘移动,而是对涡旋结构进行随机采样[27],或者倾向于相对涡度较大的地方[28],因此拉格朗日涡的回路半径实为最小涡旋半径[21]。在大部分时间内,本文计算的涡旋半径都大于拉格朗日涡的回路半径(图3b图3c)。D2在11月10−15日期间,其回路半径显著超过本文计算结果。结合其传播轨迹及漂流速度变化(图1图2)可知,此时D2正受到两个涡旋的融合作用影响,导致其被另一个涡旋捕获并发生轨道转移,这导致其半径存在过度估算的可能。随后,在新的涡旋影响下,其回路半径仍然小于本文计算的欧拉半径。值得注意的是,在融合事件被高度计发现的前后,无论是闭合回路拉格朗日半径还是本文计算的欧拉半径,均存在不同程度地快速增长。融合后D1、D2回路平均半径较事件前平均半径分别提升了49.1%和115.6%,而欧拉半径则提升了96.2%,这进一步验证了事件发生后海洋动力环境发生了相应改变。
垂直运动作为涡旋运动的重要组成部分,不仅引发水体交换,而且改变海洋的能量和物质分布,甚至影响温跃层结构。暖涡在垂向上以向下运动为主,引发周围水体发生辐聚,从而导致表层温度异常升高,因此SST变化是一项重要的涡旋活动示踪剂[22]。本文采用遥感系统(Remote Sensing Systems,RSS)提供的AMSR SST数据产品(https://www.remss.com/missions/amsr/),空间分辨率为(1/4)°,时间分辨率为1 d;为获得涡致温度异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA)信息,通过滤波处理从原始数据中去除大尺度背景SST场。
在暖涡影响之下,周围水域SST表现为异常升高,但异常中心和涡心并不重合(图4);随着涡旋渐近,水体融合引起涡旋边界拉长变形,该异常结构也出现相似的环境响应:结构变得更加松散和不稳定,异常分布随海流出现扭曲、偏移。在融合前7天时(图4a),两个高温异常区域已经贯通,涡间水体交流导致两块水体性质开始趋于均一化;融合前后(图4b图4c),伴随拉长椭圆涡旋的形成,异常水体连为整体;融合后7 天时(图4d),水体混合基本完成,高温异常中心更加突出,和涡旋结构重塑阶段相对应。
为得到全局涡致SST异常形态,本文通过归一化全生命周期涡旋毗邻水域的SST异常数据,并沿传播方向进行校正,得到了两个涡旋在传播过程中引发的全局涡致SST异常结构(图4e图4g)。需指出,转换后,图上温度异常量为无量纲单位。虽然两个涡旋的生命周期、传播距离、强度等存在一定的差异,但全局统一后的结构却表现出较强的一致性:涡致高温区域分布在涡心附近,但中心存在偏移,高温区域倾向于纬向拉伸,南北两端呈现低温趋势。特别的,涡旋引发的温度异常范围并不限于有效半径范围内,图4e图4g中黑线为涡旋等效半径位置,边缘处为1.5倍等效半径,暖涡引发的温度异常范围已经超出自身边界,展现了较大的环境塑造能力。对比事件前后变化,融合后“新生”涡旋引发SST异常能力似乎更强,高温分布更加集中,异常值也更加突出。
本文选取涡动能(EKE)、涡度(vorticity)和散度(divergence)作为主要涡旋动力学参数进行演变分析,计算结果均为单位像素的平均量。由于两个涡旋的生命周期差异,为简化描述并突出融合事件对涡旋的影响,本文选取二者共存期间及合并后10天内的涡旋作为分析对象(图5)。
从演变过程来看,被吸收的涡旋AE2的涡动能变化呈现为“弱−强−弱”的总体趋势,在临近合并前两个涡旋的表层平均涡动能趋于一致;在事件发生后,“新生”的AE1平均动能有了显著提升并持续增强。表明在融合发生时,伴随着水体搅拌混合,涡旋持续从大尺度背景流场中吸收能量,实现能量向中小尺度传递的跨尺度串级,导致合并后涡旋的能量强度要大于事件前的初始状态。
在涡度变化方面,本次事件发生在暖涡之间,涡度均为负值。在整个演变周期内,AE2涡度变化幅度更大且始终大于AE1,表现出更强的旋转性。在临近合并前,AE2涡度开始减弱,而AE1涡度则逐渐增强,两者趋同发展;水体混合结束后,和涡动能变化不同,涡旋的涡度逐渐减弱。在散度变化方面,自11月5日起,AE2散度始终低于0,表明有更多的流体体积通量流向该涡旋,海水运动呈辐合趋势,宏观上表现为收缩状态的汇;与之相反,同时期的AE1散度基本非负,在海域上表现为源,存在向外流的体积通量,宏观表现为膨胀状态,海水运动呈辐散趋势,这与两者在合并事件中的“角色定位”相一致。
参考相关研究[2930],本文以椭圆形为涡旋假想形状,按照最小二乘原则,对不同时期的涡旋边界进行拟合计算,图6a为不同时期的演化。11月1日AE2首次被高度计发现,随后涡旋不断生长,但其外观结构基本维持稳定(图6b),截至11月15日,其平均扁率为0.44。11月15日后,二者涡心距离快速下降(图6d),相互作用加强,水体交流明显,边界处湍流剪切增大,AE2拟合椭圆的扁率显著上升,意味着其边界在水流侵蚀下被显著拉长。同时期的AE1形状变化则较为平缓,展现出其在合并过程中的主导地位。融合发生后,新生AE1迅速占据周围海域,面积显著增加,整体呈拉长椭圆结构,扁率达到0.69。在保持面积基本稳定的情况下,其内部水体逐渐混合均匀,扁率逐步下降到事件前水平,完成结构重塑。
为描述垂直方向上涡旋形态演变,本文沿两个涡心连线方向对SLA做剖面处理(图6c)。最初两个暖涡在海面上形成明显的双峰结构,11月14−22日,仅从振幅角度(图6e)看,两个涡旋都产生了在持续减弱的假象。然而结合SLA剖面演变可知,这是由于AE1对AE2的持续入侵,SLA表面结构向单峰演化造成的。基于单核涡结构的算法无法有效识别过渡状态下的复杂涡旋构造,相关属性的统计分析可能存在偏差,多核涡结构则成为弥补单核涡描述融合、分裂现象时不足的重要手段。这同样解释了为何涡旋面积等属性在融合后发生剧烈变化的现象。
本文基于SLA、SST和漂流浮标等数据对墨西哥湾东南部附近发生的1次暖涡融合过程进行跟踪分析,通过融合前后涡旋结构、性质、粒子运动、环境响应等变化,初步揭示了涡间相互作用模式,对理解海洋涡旋融合的机制和影响具有重要意义。
此次暖涡融合过程大致存在3个过程:初期,涡旋渐近引发水体交流,边界处存在水体粒子逸散,但外边界基本稳定;中期,结构形变增强,在加强的湍流、射流作用下,涡旋结构被持续压缩,轮廓倾向于细长,SST等外部响应也变得破碎;后期,生成拉长椭圆涡旋并逐渐重塑结构,融合后涡旋面积、振幅、涡动能等均大幅增加,外轮廓较为扁长,随时间推移,该结构逐渐稳定,SST异常也更加集中。
在跟踪浮标拉格朗日轨迹时,发现粒子交换先于事件发生。事件发生前后,粒子回路半径和欧拉涡旋半径均存在较大突变,其中粒子回路半径分别提升了49.1%和115.6%,欧拉半径提升了96.2%。事件后,涡旋结构逐渐恢复,涡致温度异常能力得到增强。从SLA剖面演化能够观察到涡旋融合的垂直结构主要表现为双峰模型向单峰模型的演变,并指出了单核涡结构在描述该过程时的不足。
本文的研究结论与前人成果[13, 31]具有一致性,均发现融合时伴随拉长形变和轴对称化等过程,然而受限于实测数据缺失,特别是连续的海洋深层数据,关于融合中垂直结构的演变规律仍不明朗。无论是高度计还是浮标数据都受限于其二维平面性,而涡旋的垂直影响可达百米乃至千米,因此,涡旋融合过程研究需结合温盐深仪、流速剖面仪等实测手段,以及高精度模式数据,聚焦其垂直结构的演化。除此之外,涡旋融合因子分析也是下一步重要的研究课题,风应力强迫、背景流剪切、地形摩擦作用等[16, 18]都可能与该事件的发生密切相关。以本次事件为例,涡间融合受到墨西哥湾流作用,在融合时背景急流剪切既诱导涡旋渐近和水体交流,也为事件发展提供了所需能量,但具体作用机制,特别是涡内水体和湾流水体间如何相互作用仍需进一步探明。同时,结合多源观测数据和数值模拟方法,也能够全面了解涡旋融合现象的特征、机制和影响因素,以完善对海洋涡旋运动的认识和模拟能力。
  • 自然资源卫星遥感技术体系建设与应用示范项目(202301003)。
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2023年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023154
  • 接收时间:2023-04-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-11-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-06
  • 修回日期:2023-07-25
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自然资源卫星遥感技术体系建设与应用示范项目(202301003)。
作者信息
    1 山东省海洋资源与环境研究院 山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室,山东 烟台 264006

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*魏振华(1973—),男,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋卫星遥感和渔业方面研究。E-mail:
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