Article(id=1212062586951037286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1677168000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-24, revisedDate=1685462400000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907839763, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907839763, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907839763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907839763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062587227861370, articleId=1212062586951037286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics and attributions of a Rossby normal mode in the South China Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rossby normal mode as a solution of the boundary problem is a key part of the dynamics in the South China Sea. With the usage of multiscale window transform, a recently developed decomposition tool for multiscale processes, mesoscale-eddy fields analogous to Rossby normal modes are separated from the satellite observation of the South China Sea. The eddies are dominated by a group with lifetime of 3 months, which belongs to an oscillating mode with period of 6 months and wavelength of 250 km. To explore the external influence on this mode, we apply an information flow-based causality analysis that has been rigorously established from first principles in physics. It is found that both the Kuroshio intrusion and monsoon, believed to be two primary forcings of the South China Sea circulations, are causal to the Rossby normal mode within one period. Specifically, the Kuroshio intrusion mainly affects the 1/2π and 3/2π phases, while the monsoon the 3/4π phase. Further analysis reveals that the transition between penetration and leaping of the Kuroshio at the Luzon Strait is key to the mode development. Under this circumstance, the leaking and looping branches are almost of equal intensity, facilitating the generation of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies west of the Luzon Strait, and hence the Rossby normal mode. The monsoon over the South China Sea, on the other hand, shows the greatest influence at its mature phases. The Gulf of Thailand is a key region for the monsoon to affect the Rossby normal mode in the South China Sea, indicating that local forcing plays an important role in exciting a global mode.

, correspAuthors=Xiangsan Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuhui Zhao, Jiwang Ma, Xiangsan Liang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062589543117303, articleId=1212062586951037286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南海一个罗斯贝标准模态的特征与归因, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南海是一个准封闭海盆,其本征值问题是理解南海动力学的重要内容。本文利用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换,从卫星观测资料中分离得到一个南海本征模态,即罗斯贝标准模态的近似场。发现该模态的周期为6个月左右、波长近250 km,在深水海盆向西传播,这与寿命为3个月左右的南海中尺度涡群体活动特征相一致。在此基础上,本文通过Liang-Kleeman信息流这一严格建立在第一性原理上的定量因果分析工具,探究南海两个最重要外部强迫,即黑潮入侵与南海季风对该罗斯贝标准模态的影响。结果表明二者与该模态均有较强因果关系,但分别影响模态的不同阶段:黑潮入侵主要影响其1/2π和3/2π位相,季风的作用则体现在3/4π位相。二者共同作用,调制该模态在近一个周期内的变化。进一步研究发现,黑潮入侵的过渡态是影响该模态的关键,这时黑潮在南海的分支与流套强度相当,有利于吕宋海峡西部形成不同极性涡旋的排列,从而影响南海内部罗斯贝标准模态。对南海季风而言,冬季风与夏季风的成熟阶段是影响该模态的重要时期,但并非整个南海的季风都发挥作用,泰国湾是季风改变南海罗斯贝标准模态的关键区域,这表明局地的强迫对激发全局模态起作用。

, correspAuthors=梁湘三, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梁湘三(1967—),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MhhmrKbaTjcBOT7ix5tjwA==, magXml=DSyGevxQEb/BDnQ89JZ5XQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2y1+99lDl8kmMz/fo5dlig==, pdfFileSize=3301479, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Y3q2LAh1WuZ3S0HJ7fUO/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/HXjgBKx61eR+8+BBZKk1w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

赵宇慧(1996—),女,山西省平遥县人,博士研究生,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力学。E-mail:

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2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044, bio={"content":"

赵宇慧(1996—),女,山西省平遥县人,博士研究生,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力学。E-mail:

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赵宇慧(1996—),女,山西省平遥县人,博士研究生,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力学。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294513275462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062586951037286, language=CN, label=图7, caption=RNM6I的不同位相合成(a)与LST到不同位相的信息流绝对值(b), figureFileSmall=DGdhsdQ1VNJl73GGFkYigw==, figureFileBig=ZcQILJb8KoSJeeatDmeShQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294613938766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062586951037286, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Composite map of the sea surface height and geostrophic velocity a week before the RNM6I peaks, figureFileSmall=F+8AOhNMSq40ugD83Xqhhw==, figureFileBig=D93oQiH+47r/QV9uaS6h3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294739767894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062586951037286, language=CN, label=图8, caption=RNM6I波峰前1周的海面高度与地转速度合成图, figureFileSmall=F+8AOhNMSq40ugD83Xqhhw==, figureFileBig=D93oQiH+47r/QV9uaS6h3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294882374241, 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南海一个罗斯贝标准模态的特征与归因
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赵宇慧 1, 2 , 马继望 1, 3 , 梁湘三 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(10): 31-41
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(10): 31-41
南海一个罗斯贝标准模态的特征与归因
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赵宇慧1, 2 , 马继望1, 3, 梁湘三1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海) 前沿研究中心,广东 珠海 519000
  • 2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 3 复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系/大气科学研究院,上海 200438
  • 赵宇慧(1996—),女,山西省平遥县人,博士研究生,研究方向为海洋多尺度动力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*梁湘三(1967—),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
Characteristics and attributions of a Rossby normal mode in the South China Sea
Yuhui Zhao1, 2 , Jiwang Ma1, 3, Xiangsan Liang1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Division of Frontier Research, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 2School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 3Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences/Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023129
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南海是一个准封闭海盆,其本征值问题是理解南海动力学的重要内容。本文利用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换,从卫星观测资料中分离得到一个南海本征模态,即罗斯贝标准模态的近似场。发现该模态的周期为6个月左右、波长近250 km,在深水海盆向西传播,这与寿命为3个月左右的南海中尺度涡群体活动特征相一致。在此基础上,本文通过Liang-Kleeman信息流这一严格建立在第一性原理上的定量因果分析工具,探究南海两个最重要外部强迫,即黑潮入侵与南海季风对该罗斯贝标准模态的影响。结果表明二者与该模态均有较强因果关系,但分别影响模态的不同阶段:黑潮入侵主要影响其1/2π和3/2π位相,季风的作用则体现在3/4π位相。二者共同作用,调制该模态在近一个周期内的变化。进一步研究发现,黑潮入侵的过渡态是影响该模态的关键,这时黑潮在南海的分支与流套强度相当,有利于吕宋海峡西部形成不同极性涡旋的排列,从而影响南海内部罗斯贝标准模态。对南海季风而言,冬季风与夏季风的成熟阶段是影响该模态的重要时期,但并非整个南海的季风都发挥作用,泰国湾是季风改变南海罗斯贝标准模态的关键区域,这表明局地的强迫对激发全局模态起作用。

南海罗斯贝标准模态  /  中尺度涡  /  多尺度子空间变换  /  Liang-Kleeman信息流  /  定量因果分析

Rossby normal mode as a solution of the boundary problem is a key part of the dynamics in the South China Sea. With the usage of multiscale window transform, a recently developed decomposition tool for multiscale processes, mesoscale-eddy fields analogous to Rossby normal modes are separated from the satellite observation of the South China Sea. The eddies are dominated by a group with lifetime of 3 months, which belongs to an oscillating mode with period of 6 months and wavelength of 250 km. To explore the external influence on this mode, we apply an information flow-based causality analysis that has been rigorously established from first principles in physics. It is found that both the Kuroshio intrusion and monsoon, believed to be two primary forcings of the South China Sea circulations, are causal to the Rossby normal mode within one period. Specifically, the Kuroshio intrusion mainly affects the 1/2π and 3/2π phases, while the monsoon the 3/4π phase. Further analysis reveals that the transition between penetration and leaping of the Kuroshio at the Luzon Strait is key to the mode development. Under this circumstance, the leaking and looping branches are almost of equal intensity, facilitating the generation of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies west of the Luzon Strait, and hence the Rossby normal mode. The monsoon over the South China Sea, on the other hand, shows the greatest influence at its mature phases. The Gulf of Thailand is a key region for the monsoon to affect the Rossby normal mode in the South China Sea, indicating that local forcing plays an important role in exciting a global mode.

Rossby normal modes in the South China Sea  /  mesoscale eddies  /  multiscale window transform  /  Liang-Kleeman information flow  /  quantitative causality analysis
赵宇慧, 马继望, 梁湘三. 南海一个罗斯贝标准模态的特征与归因. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023129
Yuhui Zhao, Jiwang Ma, Xiangsan Liang. Characteristics and attributions of a Rossby normal mode in the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 31 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023129
罗斯贝标准模态(Rossby normal modes)是β-平面上线性位涡方程的解,是自由流体在旋转球体上的固有波动。早在1964年,就有研究给出了封闭海盆中的标准模态解[1],该解析解对应向西传播的载波,其受正弦振幅函数的调制以满足边界条件,即表现为向西传播的振荡。不同的罗斯贝标准模态对应不同频率与波数的振荡,这些模态共同组成了海盆内的复杂运动。尽管罗斯贝标准模态的概念由来已久,相关理论得到一定发展[24],且在大气科学领域得到实际应用[59],但其在实际海洋问题中的应用屈指可数。直到最近,一些学者开始使用罗斯贝标准模态解释个别海盆如阿根廷海盆[1011]、千岛海盆[12]等海面高度的变率。2017年,Xie和Zheng[13]将这一概念引入南海,用于解释南海海盆内部与中尺度涡有关的二维海面高度异常分布。
南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,四周被大陆和岛屿包围,吕宋海峡是其与外界沟通的唯一深水通道。对于这样一个近乎封闭的平行四边形海盆,Xie 和Zheng[13]以东西长1 000 km,南北宽800 km的等深长方体为代表,求解其线性位涡方程得到了该封闭水体的罗斯贝标准模态。经与卫星高度计实测数据相比较,他们给出了南海深水海盆海面高度异常二维分布与3个单一模态$ {\zeta _{11}} $$ {\zeta _{12}} $$ {\zeta _{13}} $相吻合的实例(详见文献[14]中的图6)。这3个模态的纬向波长分别为364 km、342 km和314 km,经向波长分别为1 760 km、880 km和587 km;取罗斯贝变形半径为58 km时,对应的周期分别为114 d、121 d和132 d。
罗斯贝标准模态概念的引入解释了南海中尺度涡的多涡群发现象[15]以及西向传播特征[1617],弥补了早期简单地将中尺度涡视作单体运动现象研究的不足。南海是一个准封闭的海盆,其边值问题自然是理解南海动力学的重要内容,然而,相关话题却未得到足够的关注。截至目前,南海罗斯贝标准模态的应用研究尚处于起步阶段,与之相关的许多问题有待回答。如罗斯贝标准模态是否在南海长期存在;若长期存在,其对南海涡旋的贡献有多大,不同模态是否发挥不同的作用等。解决这些问题对于我们掌握南海中尺度涡的整体分布与演变是至关重要的。在本研究中,我们基于一套新近发展出来的泛函工具(多尺度子空间变换)从卫星高度计资料中分离得到了一个南海罗斯贝标准模态的近似场,由此给出了该模态的一些基本特征;并使用由第一性原理严格导出的因果分析理论—信息流理论,对该特殊模态进行初步归因,揭示了南海两个最重要外强迫对罗斯贝标准模态的影响。
本研究使用到的数据包括AVISO卫星高度计数据与NCEP-NCAR再分析数据。其中AVISO(Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic; https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr)是TOPEX/POSEIDON的融合产品,提供了自1993年以来对全球表面包括海面高度、地转速度等变量的实时观测,其空间分辨率为0.25°,时间分辨率为1 d,是目前使用最广泛的卫星高度计资料;NCEP-NCAR再分析数据 (https://psl.noaa.gov)是由美国气象环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合提供的一套综合数据集,该产品同化了多种观测资料,包含大气中的多种要素(风场、温度、位势高度、降水等),输出变量的水平空间分辨率为2.5°,垂直范围为10~1 000 hPa,时间分辨率为6 h,起始时间为1948年。
南海具有各种不同时空尺度的运动,如终年存在的跨海盆尺度环流,直径近百千米、寿命百日左右的中尺度涡活动和直径几十千米、寿命十日左右的亚中尺度活动[15, 1819]等。在这种多尺度背景下,罗斯贝标准模态由于被其他尺度的信号所掩盖而通常很难直接观察到明显特征,借助尺度分解对具有特定频率的模态进行分离不失为一种好的尝试。
本研究采用的尺度分离工具为Liang和Anderson[20]针对多尺度动力学创建的一套泛函工具:多尺度子空间变换(Multiscale Window Transform,MWT),MWT能将任意一个函数空间分解为若干个不同尺度子空间的直和,这些子空间相互正交且具有各自的尺度范围,被命名为“尺度子空间”[21]。在MWT的框架下,与尺度分离有关的参数为$j\left( {j = 0,\;1,\;2,\;\cdots ,\;{j_{\max }}} \right)$,其最大值${j_{\max}}$由时间步长$n$决定:${2^{{j_{\max }}}} = n$,选择不同的$j$可以分离得到具有不同尺度范围的尺度子空间。在本研究中,我们使用1993–2015年共8 192 d的AVISO数据进行尺度分离,该时间步长对应${j_{\max }} = 13$。为分离出南海主要的罗斯贝标准模态,我们划分了3个尺度子空间,分别为大尺度、中尺度和小尺度子空间,其划分依据与参数设置详见第3节。
因果分析一直是科学研究的核心问题,厘清不同现象之间的因果关系是很多研究的关键。与因果推断有关的传统研究将其建立为统计检验问题,对于给定的两条时间序列,只能从统计意义上定性地回答它们之间是否具有因果关系[2223],而且相当程度是经验性的,在很多问题中会给出虚假的因果关系。尽管如此,它们对于因果分析问题的巨大推进作用是不可否认的。近期这个领域有了新的进展,与以前的诸多公理性、经验性的研究不同,Liang[2426]发现因果性可用信息流定量表征,是真实的物理概念,能在严格意义上从第一性原理推导出来。其表征因果的度量已被称为Liang-Kleeman信息流,或者梁氏–克里曼信息流、LK信息流、信息传输等。以下我们简称LK信息流。
对于给定的多维随机动力系统,Liang[26]经过严格推导得到不同变量之间的信息流,可定量地反映不同动力学事件之间的因果关系;对于实际应用中动力学未知而只有时间序列给定的情景,Liang[26]则给出了信息流的最大似然估计,以诊断不同时间序列之间的因果关系。为简洁起见,本文仅给出针对实际问题的信息流最大似然估计。给定多维时间序列${X_1}, {X_2},\;\cdots,\;{X_d}$${X_j}$${X_i}$的信息流为
$ {T_{j \to i}} = \frac{1}{{\det {\boldsymbol{C}}}} \cdot \sum\limits_{k = 1}^d {{\Delta _{jk}}{C_{k,di}}} \cdot \frac{{{C_{ij}}}}{{{C_{ii}}}} \text{,} $
式中,${C_{ij}}$代表$ {X_i} $${X_j}$之间的样本协方差;${C_{k,di}}$代表$ {X_k} $$ \mathrm{d}X_i/\mathrm{d}t $的欧拉前差近似之间的样本协方差;${\Delta _{jk}}$为协方差矩阵$ \boldsymbol{{C}} $的代数余子式(cofactor)。若${T_{j \to i}} = 0$${X_j}$不是$ {X_i} $的因;若${T_{j \to i}} \ne 0$,则${X_j}$$ {X_i} $的因。其绝对值大小反映因果性的强度。式(1)给出的信息流公式仅由协方差组合而成,计算十分简便。也就是说,在实际应用中,仅根据上述协方差就能很容易地得到不同时间序列之间定量的因果关系。注意式(1)给出的信息流是具有方向性的,更换该式中脚标ij的位置即可得到$ {X_i} $${X_j}$的信息流${T_{i \to j}}$,其结果反映$ {X_i} $${X_j}$的因果性。
此外,当时间序列的维度为2时,根据式(1)还可以得到一个十分重要的推论。二维时间序列$ {X_1}\text{和}{X_2} $间的信息流可改写为
$ T_{j\to i}=\frac{C_{ii}C_{ij}C_{j,di}-C_{ij}^2C_{i,di}}{C_{ii}^2C_{jj}-C_{ii}C_{ij}^2}=\frac{r}{1-r^2}\left(r_{j,di}^2-rr_{i,di}'\right),\quad i,j=1,2, $
式中,$r = \dfrac{{{C_{ij}}}}{{\sqrt {{C_{ii}}{C_{jj}}} }}$$ {X_1} $$ {X_2} $之间相关系数;$r_{i,\ dj}' = \dfrac{{{C_{i,\ dj}}}}{{\sqrt {{C_{ii}}{C_{jj}}} }}$$ {X_i} $$ \mathrm{d}X_j/\mathrm{d}t $的欧拉前差近似之间的相关系数。显然,根据式(2),两条时间序列$ {X_1}{\text{,}}{X_2} $若不相关($r = 0$)则无因果(${T_{j \to i}} = 0$),其逆反命题即为:有因果必有相关。但反过来不成立,就是说有相关不一定有因果。该式从数学的角度结束了长久以来关于相关和因果之间的哲学争论。而对海洋、大气科学领域的研究者来说,这意味着通过计算时滞相关判断因果关系是行不通的。
在对南海的罗斯贝标准模态进行分离之前,我们首先需要对南海的多尺度运动有大致的了解以确定划分尺度子空间的具体周期。图1所示为基于AVISO高度计资料得到的南海深水海盆(水深大于100 m)平均动能谱,该谱图在周期为1年与半年处具有两个明显峰值,表明南海运动以这两个时间尺度为主。其中周期1年的活动对应具有季节变化的南海大尺度环流[27],周期半年的活动则主要与南海中尺度涡以至可能存在的罗斯贝标准模态有关。根据该结果,我们以256日与128日为截断周期(对应MWT参数$ j = 6 $$ j = 7 $),划分出周期256日以上的大尺度子空间、周期介于256日与128日之间的中尺度子空间与周期小于128日的小尺度子空间。使用这一参数设置能将周期半年的中尺度活动成功地从背景环流中分离出来,且排除更小尺度,如图1所示周期4个月活动的干扰。
经对分离结果进行检查,我们发现南海周期半年的活动具有一系列与罗斯贝标准模态相关的特征。图2所示为中尺度子空间海面高度与相应地转速度在某3个代表性时刻的分布,在这些图中,中尺度涡几乎覆盖整个南海海盆,仅在东南部的小部分区域踪迹少见。值得注意的是,遍布南海的涡旋并非散乱分布,而是以特有的方式整齐排列。以图2a为例,大部分中尺度涡以气旋、反气旋相互交替的形式呈棋盘状分布于深水海盆中,这种水平方向上的二维振荡与罗斯贝标准模态的空间分布特征是一致的。且从图2所示的其他个例见可,这种类似罗斯贝标准模态的中尺度涡空间分布在南海经常出现、并非偶然。尽管受不同因素影响,个体中尺度涡发生形变挤压或强度增减,导致不同个例间涡旋的分布存在一定差异,但它们的空间尺度基本保持不变,直径均在250 km左右。这意味着我们分离得到的中尺度涡旋场很可能对应某一个具有特定波数的罗斯贝标准模态(波数决定罗斯贝标准模态的空间分布)。此外我们注意到在吕宋海峡西部与越南东部这两个受背景流影响最大的区域,黑潮入侵与南海西边界流不仅没有破坏这种分布,反而促进涡旋增长使该分布特征更明显。
进一步观察可以发现,上述呈棋盘状分布的南海中尺度涡作为一个整体在时间上也存在振荡,具体表现为具有相同生命周期的中尺度涡同步演变。我们仍以发生在1996年的典型事件为例对该特征进行阐述。对比图2a图3a,一个发现是南海中尺度涡在时隔3个月前后具有几乎一样的空间特征。整体而言,深水海盆中涡旋的数量、各个涡旋的位置基本保持不变;就固定位置而言,中尺度涡的直径、强度在3个月前后基本不变,只是极性发生了转变,即气旋涡被反气旋涡代替、反气旋涡被气旋涡代替。该涡旋群体的时间振荡形式在我们给出的另外两个例子(图2b图3b图2c图3c)中同样存在,且在这些例子中,某一极性涡旋的生命史均为3个月左右。换言之,在固定空间点上涡旋每3个月经历一次极性转变,其所属的罗斯贝标准模态相应具有6个月周期。
为进一步说明该周期,我们以图2b所示的1995年6月6日中尺度海面高度场为标准,将每一时刻的中尺度海面高度场对其作线性回归,得到了一条由回归系数组成的时间序列。由于该日的涡旋分布接近理想的罗斯贝标准模态空间分布,本文将其作为模态的基准,由此得到的时间序列反映了罗斯贝标准模态的演变。如图4所示,该时间序列几乎不为0且始终表现为周期近6个月的振荡,说明以气旋、反气旋形式交替分布的中尺度涡群体长期随时间发生极性转换,也就是说南海深水海盆一直存在具有特定波长与频率的罗斯贝标准模态,这也解释了能量谱上为何在6个月处具有明显峰值(图1)。鉴于周期为6个月,我们将在后文中使用RNM6代指该罗斯贝标准模态,并把图4中表征其变化的时间序列称为RNM6指数(RNM6I)。
上述结果表明我们分离得到的南海中尺度涡主要作为一个群体以固定振荡的形式存在,这是罗斯贝标准模态的一个重要特征。同时,南海的中尺度涡群体还具有罗斯贝标准模态的另一特征:西向传播。如图5所示,我们在振荡较强的吕宋海峡西部与越南东部选取两条截线(分别位于18°N和12°N),绘制了中尺度子空间上海面高度随时间的演变,该图展示出明显的西向传播特征。特别是在1996年冬季,当南海罗斯贝标准模态特征最明显时,西向传播的特征最为清晰可见。
综上,我们认为南海深水海盆中生命史近1个月、直径250 km左右的中尺度涡群体活动可以用一个对应的周期为6个月的罗斯贝标准模态RNM6来解释,使用MWT分离得到的中尺度涡旋场可以认为是该罗斯贝标准模态的近似场,这是首次从观测资料中得到南海整个深水海盆范围内如此规律的大规模罗斯贝标准模态。需要注意的是,在理论中,求解罗斯贝标准模态是一个特征值问题,不同的特征值对应具有不同频率的罗斯贝标准模态;相应地,实际海洋中的涡旋运动也不可能仅用一个罗斯贝标准模态解释,而是很多模态叠加的结果。南海RNM6仅次于年周期活动占主导(参见图1)是很特殊的情况,这是我们能有幸将其从观测资料中分离出来的关键条件之一;其他模态混杂在一起很难被独立地分离出来。
从上一节内容中我们了解到,RNM6是南海最主要的罗斯贝标准模态,控制着南海寿命为3个月左右的中尺度涡群体活动。但是该模态是如何被激发出来的,目前尚不清楚。针对此问题,本文采用第2节所介绍的LK信息流对其进行初步探讨。在众多外部因素中,吕宋海峡处黑潮入侵和大气风场强迫是南海运动的最主要驱动因素,我们将从此入手,探究它们在罗斯贝标准模态演变过程中所起的作用。
黑潮入侵被认为是调控南海特别是南海北部环流的重要因素。当流经吕宋海峡时,黑潮以不同形式入侵南海,热力上将来自太平洋的高盐、高热海水带入南海,动力上伴随强的涡流相互作用,共同改变南海多尺度运动[2832]。前人常用黑潮进入吕宋海峡的流量(Luzon Strait Transport,LST)表征黑潮入侵[3335],本研究亦遵循此惯例,使用121°E截线上的纬向速度计算得到了表层LST以代表黑潮入侵活动。为调查黑潮入侵对南海罗斯贝标准模态RNM6的影响,我们计算了LST超前不同时间时到RNM6I的LK信息流。
图6所示为根据上述方法计算得到的LK信息流结果,其中通过置信检验的值(实线部分)表示该因果性在99%的置信水平上是显著的;值越大,因果性越强。从信息流的结果可知,黑潮入侵是造成RNM6变化的原因之一,具体特征如下:LST对RNM6I的因果性主要体现在超前时间6个月内,超过6个月则接近0。鉴于6个月恰好是RNM6的周期,可知黑潮入侵会影响RNM6在最近一个周期内的变化。此外,LST到RNM6的信息流随超前时间呈现周期性变化,通过显著性检验的峰值分别出现在超前时间为7、53、95与140日时,这表明具体而言,黑潮入侵对RNM6在近一个周期内不同位相的影响也是有差异的,只有当RNM6处于特定位相时,黑潮入侵才会对其产生影响。
为明确被影响的特定位相,我们计算了RNM6处于不同位相时来自超前LST的信息流,如图7所示。具体方法为挑选出处于不同位相时的RNM6I与对应时刻的LST,组成在时间和位相两个维度上的面板数据1,计算该面板数据的信息流(有关面板数据的因果推断详见Rong 和 Liang[36])。为方便比较,该图仅给出了通过99%显著性检验的信息流绝对值,其中不同颜色的直方代表LST超前某位相不同时间的绝对信息流。从图7发现,黑潮入侵影响了RNM6发展的最关键阶段:波峰与波谷,即$ {\text{π}} /2 + 2n {\text{π}} $$3 {\text{π}} /2 + 2n {\text{π}} $位相,且对RNM6变化最快的阶段,即$\pi + 2n\pi $$2{\text{π}} + 2n{\text{π}} $位相也能产生一定影响($ n = 0,1,2,\cdots $)。由此可见黑潮入侵对于RNM6演变的重要性。此外值得注意的是,由于RNM6的周期为180日,超前${\text{π}} + 2n{\text{π}} $$3{\text{π}} /2 + 2n{\text{π}} $$2{\text{π}}+ 2n{\text{π}} $位相53、95与140日分别相当于超前$ {\text{π}} /2 + 2n{\text{π}} $位相8、5与5日,即影响这些位相的是提前于${\text{π}} /2 $位相5~8日的活动。换言之,RNM6到达巅峰前近1周的吕宋海峡处黑潮活动是影响其在一个周期内变化的关键。
为此,我们根据RNM6I对波峰前一周时吕宋海峡处的海面高度与地转速度进行合成以明确黑潮入侵影响南海内部RNM6的具体活动。如图8所示,合成结果表明在RNM6达到波峰前的一周,黑潮处于3种主要路径—分支路径(leaking path)、流套路径(looping path)与跃隙路径(leaping path)[37]共存的过渡状态。这时黑潮西翼自吕宋海峡中部进入南海,分为黑潮分支与流套,前者向西流动进入南海内部,后者向西北方向流动,在台湾岛西南部形成反气旋流套,后流出南海;黑潮东翼则径直越过吕宋海峡,对应黑潮的跃隙路径。可以看到处于过渡状态下的黑潮入侵程度并不深,其分支与流套都只处在发展或衰退阶段,流速最强的黑潮主轴处于入侵的临界状态,即将进入或刚刚离开南海。由于黑潮分支(流套)较强的气旋性(反气旋性)切变利于气旋涡(反气旋涡)的形成,在图8所示过渡状态下,强度相当的黑潮分支与流套有利于吕宋海峡西部南侧气旋涡与北侧反气旋涡共同形成,这种不同极性涡旋的经向排列能进一步影响RNM6的演变。值得一提的是,尽管通常认为黑潮入侵冬强夏弱,但上述合成结果并不受这种季节变化的影响,单独针对冬季或夏季进行合成得到的结果是一样的。
南海季风是控制南海多尺度运动的另一重要因素。一方面,它被认为是驱动南海表层大尺度环流及其季节变化的主要因子[27, 3839];另一方面,有研究表明局地的风应力旋度是部分区域涡旋生成的动力机制之一[4042]。风向随季节变化是季风最重要的特征之一,前人使用经向切边涡度UR1-UR2定义南海季风指数SCSMI,其中第一项和第二项分别为5°~15°N,110°~120°E和20°~25°N,110°~120°E区域内850 hPa纬向风的平均[43]。该指数能很好地反映南海季风在多种时间尺度上的变化,适用于探究南海季风活动对罗斯贝标准模态的影响。根据图9a所示的SCSMI到RNM6I的时滞信息流结果,前者对后者的显著影响出现在超前时间4个月以内,即南海季风可以影响罗斯贝标准模态RNM6在最近一个周期(准确来说是2/3个周期)内的演变。与上节中介绍的黑潮入侵类似,SCSMI到RNM6I的信息流也存在周期性振荡,也就是说南海季风对RNM6的影响同样依赖后者所处的位相。同样地,通过计算图9a中信息流峰值对应的超前时间(82日)下SCSMI到RNM6不同位相的信息流,如图9b所示,我们发现与黑潮入侵影响RNM6的多个重要位相不同,南海季风基本只影响RNM6的$3/4{\text{π}} + 2n{\text{π}} $位相($n = 0,\;1,\;2,\cdots$),对其他位相的影响则较弱或不显著。
基于以上结果,我们对RNM6I达到 $3/4{\text{π}} + 2n{\text{π}} $ 位相前82日的南海季风活动进行合成,以解释其影响RNM6演变的关键活动。合成过程中发现不同季节的合成结果是不同的,如图10所示,夏季影响RNM6的为西南季风,冬季为东北季风,这是南海季风自身具有的季节性使然。但无论是夏季风还是冬季风,当对RNM6表现出显著的因果性时,它们都处于季风的成熟阶段,长驱直入南海内部,相应地以台湾海峡至卡里马塔海峡一线为零线,在南海西北部与东南部上空具有不同的旋度。该结果表明南海季风影响RNM6与风向无关,而与特定的分布形式有一定的关系。
截止到目前,我们基于一个季风指数代表南海季风考察了南海季风作为一个整体对RNM6的影响,考虑到南海范围较大,使用一个统一的指数有可能忽略局地季风对RNM6的影响,我们另外计算了南海上空每一点上风对RNM6的LK信息流。如图11所示,尽管从置信检验的结果(黑色散点)来看,南海上空及附近大部分格点的季风都能对RNM6产生影响,但影响的强度具有很强的区域性,信息流的结果在泰国湾附近具有一个非常强的大值中心,表明泰国湾附近的季风对RNM6有异常强的影响,是南海季风影响RNM6的一个关键区域。尽管此前有研究指出越南外海的局地风场或是该区域涡旋偶极子生成、发展的关键[4446],但据我们所知从未有研究将泰国湾附近的季风与南海环流及涡旋联系起来。上述结果表明相较黑潮入侵,南海季风影响罗斯贝标准模态是一个很复杂的过程,在时间和空间上都具有很强的局地性,泰国湾区域风场对海盆模态具有强因果也许与该处海面特征与后者的协同变化有关(未展示),但想要全面了解这种影响背后的过程还需要大量的研究工作,在本文中,我们仅针对南海季风影响罗斯贝标准模态的基本特征给出初步结论。
罗斯贝标准模态是β-平面上线性位涡方程的解,运动形式为向西传播的振荡。这一概念的引入可以解释南海中尺度涡的群发现象及西向传播特征,但相关研究数量较少,对南海罗斯贝标准模态的了解尚浅,其应用研究仍处于起步阶段。本研究利用一套新近发展的泛函工具:多尺度子空间变换,成功地从卫星观测数据中分离得到了南海一个罗斯贝标准模态的近似场。该模态近似场在周期128~256日的中尺度子空间中占主导地位,表现为深水海盆中具有近3个月生命史、个体直径约250 km的涡旋群体的极性更替与传播。在这一罗斯贝标准模态的控制下,南海中尺度涡在空间上呈现出明显的气旋、反气旋式交替的棋盘状分布,时间上以周期6个月的振荡为主。不过受局地因素影响,个体涡旋强度不一,故该罗斯贝标准模态在不同区域、不同时段的强度存在差异。
我们基于尺度分离得到的近似场对这一特殊的罗斯贝标准模态进行了初步归因。归因用到的方法为基于Liang-Kleeman信息流的因果分析方法,该方法由物理中的第一性原理严格导出,不仅具有一系列优秀性质,且计算起来简单快速,能定量给出不同时间序列之间的因果关系。根据信息流的时滞计算结果,我们发现一般认为南海最关键的两个外部强迫—黑潮入侵和南海季风也是造成罗斯贝标准模态变化的重要因素。它们通过影响南海罗斯贝标准模态的不同位相,共同调制其变化。相较而言,黑潮入侵对南海罗斯贝标准模态的影响更为重要,对其增长(衰减)与鼎盛阶段都有显著影响,南海季风则只影响其增长(衰减)的次要阶段。二者产生影响的时间也有区别,黑潮入侵提前一周、南海季风则提前约3个月影响罗斯贝标准模态,这意味着我们将来能基于这两种强迫对南海的罗斯贝标准模态进行一定时间范围内的预报。
进一步地,我们使用合成分析揭示了黑潮入侵与南海季风影响罗斯贝标准模态的条件。对于黑潮入侵而言,黑潮在吕宋海峡的过渡态是影响罗斯贝标准模态的关键。这一条件下黑潮入侵南海的分支与流套强度基本相当,它们产生的气旋性与反气旋性切变有利于在吕宋海峡西部的南侧与北侧共同形成不同极性的涡旋,从而影响罗斯贝标准模态。对于南海季风而言,无论是西南季风还是东北季风,在达到成熟阶段后都能影响罗斯贝标准模态,但这种影响具有明显的局地性,其关键区域位于泰国湾附近,这里很可能是南海海气相互作用的重要区域。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42005052,42230105,41975064);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)科研项目(313022003,313022005,SML2023SP203);上海市“一带一路”国际联合实验室项目(22230750300);上海市“科技创新行动计划”国际科技合作伙伴项目(21230780200)。
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2023年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023129
  • 接收时间:2023-02-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-24
  • 修回日期:2023-05-31
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42005052,42230105,41975064);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)科研项目(313022003,313022005,SML2023SP203);上海市“一带一路”国际联合实验室项目(22230750300);上海市“科技创新行动计划”国际科技合作伙伴项目(21230780200)。
作者信息
    1 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海) 前沿研究中心,广东 珠海 519000
    2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    3 复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系/大气科学研究院,上海 200438

通讯作者:

*梁湘三(1967—),男,教授,主要从事大气海洋多尺度动力学、定量因果推断、人工智能等方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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