Article(id=1212062585617248544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680969600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-09, revisedDate=1682784000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907839444, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907839444, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907839444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907839444, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062585873101104, articleId=1212062585617248544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The distribution of eastward propagating pathways of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation and its mechanism in the Maritime Continent, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 rainfall data, this study tracks pathways of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations (MJO) from a Lagrange perspective, analyses their distribution in the Maritime Continent (100°−120°E) and further discusses its mechanism. Identifying a raining area with above 12 mm in 24 hours precipitation as a MJO convective region and using its centroid as MJO convective center, pathways of MJO are tracked and a set of pathways is given. Because eastward propagating MJO events happen mostly in boreal winter, this study focuses on the distribution of pathways of MJO events in boreal winter. The results show that if measured by precipitation MJO moves through the Maritime Continent mostly near the equator (5°S−5°N), which is different from past research results that MJO detours to the south of the Maritime Continent measured by using outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) as a index. Besides, the conclusion that the precipitation associated with MJO moves through the Maritime Continent mostly near the equator is independent of background climate patterns like ENSO or IOD. The analysis of the mechanism shows that pathways of the precipitation associated with MJO through the Maritime Continent are mostly regulated by strong latent heat flux anomalies and are inconsistent with regions with warm sea surface temperature anomalies, which leads to different pathways of MJO moving through the Maritime Continent from different perspectives of precipitation and OLR.

, correspAuthors=Lei Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Haorui Zhang, Lei Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062589199184355, articleId=1212062585617248544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=热带季节内振荡在印尼海区域东传路径的分布及其机制, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用降水数据,从拉格朗日观点追踪了热带季节内振荡(MJO)路径,对其在海洋性大陆(100°~120°E)区域的分布及机制进行了探讨。以24 h内超过12 mm的降水范围为MJO的对流区域,以该区域的“重心”为MJO的对流中心,追踪MJO的路径,并形成其路径集。由于向东传播的MJO主要发生在北半球冬季,因此我们聚焦于MJO在北半球冬季的路径分布特征。结果表明,以降水量来衡量,MJO事件主要从赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过印尼海区域。这和前人以对外长波辐射(OLR)为指标得到的MJO在印尼海区域向南偏折有明显的区别。此外,与MJO伴随的降水主要从赤道附近通过的结论不依赖于厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(ENSO)及印度洋偶极子(IOD)等背景气候态。机制分析表明,与MJO伴随的降水通过印尼海区域的路径主要受强的海表热通量异常的调制,而与暖海表温度(SST)异常的区域并不一致,这也造成了从降水和OLR两个不同角度看到的MJO通过印尼海区域的路径不一致。

, correspAuthors=周磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周磊(1979—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SMUvwVHS+ZX88OMHzwr0jg==, magXml=F7i14BQbwzhP3bZn0WFVOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BDwIXVqK9ECUGkxHNP1IAg==, pdfFileSize=7757610, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4v74QHu19mkwcCtBbKH1QQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oBpQ1b7FkXC+6dsMbA8fLQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张浩睿(1998—),男,江苏省南通市人,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:

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张浩睿(1998—),男,江苏省南通市人,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:

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张浩睿(1998—),男,江苏省南通市人,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82(5): 971−976., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215325297059222382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然基金杰出青年基金项目(42125601);国家自然基金面上项目(42076001)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325289438171753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325289450754666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, companyId=1215325289438171753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200030)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215325289534640750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325289551417967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, companyId=1215325289534640750, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215325292655203036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Technical road of precipitation tracking method, figureFileSmall=8S9/H+PkLLMfHWanur0epQ==, figureFileBig=pP/Oyln53y79bZgqKU9UwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325292743283426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图1, caption=降水追踪法的技术路线, figureFileSmall=8S9/H+PkLLMfHWanur0epQ==, figureFileBig=pP/Oyln53y79bZgqKU9UwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325292835558120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The rainfall rate of 21:00 April 30, 2003 in the region 25°S–25°N, 40°E–180°, figureFileSmall=x4d7ywZovoTazdxTGerHLw==, figureFileBig=cAd92hIe1vLXiwVXiR4TNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325292915249900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2003年4月30日21时在25°S~25°N ,40°E~180°的降水率, figureFileSmall=x4d7ywZovoTazdxTGerHLw==, figureFileBig=cAd92hIe1vLXiwVXiR4TNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325292986553073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=An example of the precipitation tracking method

a. The large-scale rainfall envelope (unit: mm/d) after space smoothing of 21:00 April 30, 2003; b. large-scale precipitation regions and convection centroids of 21:00 April 30, 2003, the red envelope and triangle marker indicate the chosen initial precipitation regions and convection centroid respectively; c. large-scale precipitation regions and convection centroids of 21:00 April 30, 2003 and 3:00 May 1, 2004, the red envelope and triangle marker indicate their precipitation region which overlap by at least 50% of their area or a minimum 5° longitudinal and latitudinal range and corresponding convection centroid respectively; d. large-scale precipitation regions and convection centroids of 00:00 May 14, 2003 and 6:00 May 14, 2004, the red triangle and envelope marker indicate their convection centroid of which longitudinal and latitudinal distance are within 10° and corresponding precipitation region respectively. The blue envelope and triangle represent unselected precipitation regions and convective centers

, figureFileSmall=R5y+rNK9p74L+zSAsH44Yg==, figureFileBig=mrH/Z5yT/JKoK/JjNdTKWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293070439157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图3, caption=降水追踪方法的一个示例

a. 2003年4月30日21时空间平滑后的大尺度对流包络(单位:mm/d);b. 2003年4月30日21时的大尺度降水区域和对流中心,红色包络和三角代表追踪起始时刻的降水区域和对流中心;c. 2003年4月30日21时和2004年5月1日3时的大尺度降水区域和对流中心,红色包络和三角代表两相邻时刻重合面积超过它们其中之一的一半或者重合区域经纬度范围超过5°的降水区域和相应对流中心;d. 2003年5月14日0时和2003年5月14日6时的大尺度降水区域和对流中心,红色三角和等高线代表3 d以内的两个时刻空间上经纬度相距10°以内的对流中心和相应降水区域。蓝色包络和三角均代表没有被选择的降水区域和对流中心

, figureFileSmall=R5y+rNK9p74L+zSAsH44Yg==, figureFileBig=mrH/Z5yT/JKoK/JjNdTKWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293171102459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Large scale precipitation tracking results of which starting date is 21:00 April 30, 2003

The 3 h large scale precipitation area drawn every 3 h with dates from blue to red according to the color scale on the right and the precipitation centroids are drawn as black triangles. The horizontal dashed lines are 15°S and 15°N, and the equator is drawn as a solid black line

, figureFileSmall=/ICrjwk31TzPoJ7YUWpt8g==, figureFileBig=6By5sVlXRq4cD065uev5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293296931584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图4, caption=起始时间为2003年4月30日21时大范围降水追踪结果

间隔为3个小时的大范围降水区域按照每3个小时的先后顺序对应颜色条绘制成从蓝到红的颜色,对应的降水重心以黑色三角标注,黑色实线标注赤道的位置,黑色虚线标注南北纬15°的位置

, figureFileSmall=/ICrjwk31TzPoJ7YUWpt8g==, figureFileBig=6By5sVlXRq4cD065uev5fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293393400580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Clustering results of precipitation events according to the average meridional velocity

a. Clustering of all precipitation events; b. clustering of Cluster 1 in figure a; c. clustering of Cluster 2 in figure a

, figureFileSmall=Gy6pgwx7AKpAFvSnyQ1RPw==, figureFileBig=mya4AB7dZ/8YDxeoVBLC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293477286664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图5, caption=按照经向平均速度的降水事件聚类结果

a. 全部降水事件的聚类结果;b. 图a的类别1中降水事件的聚类结果;c. 图a的类别2中降水事件的聚类结果

, figureFileSmall=Gy6pgwx7AKpAFvSnyQ1RPw==, figureFileBig=mya4AB7dZ/8YDxeoVBLC9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293569561354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Examples of five clusters of non-MJO events

a−j. Show large scale precipitation tracking results of which starting date is July 13, 2003, June 16, 2007, February 22, 1999, February 25, 2008, May 9, 2000, June 15, 2007, January 11, 2000, December 12, 2005, June 11, 1999, March 27, 2007, respectively. a and b, c and d, e and f, g and h, i and j show precipitation tracking results of cluster I, II, III, IV, V non-MJO events. The 3 h large scale precipitation area drawn every 3 h with dates from blue to red according to the color scale on the right and the precipitation centroids are drawn as black triangles. The horizontal dashed lines are 15°S and 15°N, and the equator is drawn as a solid black line

, figureFileSmall=GS0anfrAgIJf1FCScgDV5Q==, figureFileBig=KoHRkvXu4OztHZy0eKtG8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293645058829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图6, caption=5类非MJO降水追踪结果的示例

a−j. 起始时间分别为2003年7月13日、2007年6月16日、1999年2月22日、2008年2月25日、2000年5月9日、2007年6月15日、2000年1月11日、2005年12月12日、1999年6月11日、2007年3月27日的大范围降水追踪结果,其中a和b,c和d,e和f,g和h,i和j分别对应类型I、II、III、IV、V 的非MJO降水追踪结果。间隔为3 h的大范围降水区域按照每3 h的先后顺序对应每张图右边的颜色条绘制成从蓝到红的颜色,对应的降水重心以黑色三角标注,黑色实线标注赤道的位置,黑色虚线标注南北纬15°的位置

, figureFileSmall=GS0anfrAgIJf1FCScgDV5Q==, figureFileBig=KoHRkvXu4OztHZy0eKtG8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293737333522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Examples of MJO precipitation events

a−c. Show MJO precipitation events of which starting date is May 22, 1999, November 13, 2000, March 4, 2007 respectively. The 3 hourly large scale precipitation area drawn every 3 h with dates from blue to red according to the color scale on the right and the precipitation centroids are drawn as black triangles. The horizontal dashed lines are 15°S and 15°N, and the equator is drawn as a solid black line

, figureFileSmall=VFboi5qm6fun9lP1B7mw2A==, figureFileBig=bdHC5mCSTOUqjMkIOkqbfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293854774040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MJO降水事件的示例

a−c. 起始时间分别为1999年5月22日、2000年11月13日、2007年3月4日的MJO降水事件。间隔为3 h的大范围降水区域按照每3 h的先后顺序对应每张图右边的颜色条绘制成从蓝到红的颜色,对应的降水重心以黑色三角标注,黑色实线标注赤道的位置,黑色虚线标注南北纬15°的位置

, figureFileSmall=VFboi5qm6fun9lP1B7mw2A==, figureFileBig=bdHC5mCSTOUqjMkIOkqbfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325293972214556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The latitudinal distribution of MJO events after two different averaging methods

a. Percentage of MJO events which propagate through the Maritime Continent from different latitude belts in boreal winter after precipitation weighted averaging; b. percentage of MJO events which propagate through the Maritime Continent from different latitude belt in boreal winter after latitude averaging

, figureFileSmall=n+9dTHrKK4IghzLJXuAhlA==, figureFileBig=f7guZncmGxLr2oNpn5uO/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294060294943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图8, caption=两种不同平均后MJO事件的纬度分布

a. 降水加权平均后得到的北半球冬天在海洋性大陆各个纬度带通过的MJO事件数目占总事件数目的百分比;b. 纬度平均后得到的北半球冬天在海洋性大陆各个纬度带通过的MJO事件数目占总事件数目的百分比

, figureFileSmall=n+9dTHrKK4IghzLJXuAhlA==, figureFileBig=f7guZncmGxLr2oNpn5uO/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294144181024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Pathways of MJO events

a. Pathways of 56 MJO events which can pass through the Maritime Continent; b−f. pathways of 5, 10, 23, 14, 4 MJO events which pass through the Maritime Continent from 10°−15°S, 5°−10°S, 0°−5°S, 0°−5°N, 5°−10°N after precipitation weighted averaging. Black triangle markers and cross markers indicate initial points and end points of every MJO events respectively

, figureFileSmall=TrjFrM8Dj7R0IKuBokK0Xw==, figureFileBig=HbJPn36kbK7R/atEXlSLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294236455717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MJO事件的路径

a. 北半球冬天可以通过海洋性大陆的56个MJO事件的路径;b−f. 降水加权平均后分别从纬度带10°~15°S、5°~10°S、0°~5°S、0°~5°N、5°10°N通过的5、10、23、14、4个MJO事件的路径。黑色三角和黑色叉号分别代表每个MJO事件的产生和消亡位置

, figureFileSmall=TrjFrM8Dj7R0IKuBokK0Xw==, figureFileBig=HbJPn36kbK7R/atEXlSLjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294295175977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The SST、LHF background field of MJO events

a, c. Show the variation of SST and LHF with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°E and 120°E of MJO events propagating through the west Maritime Continent from 0°−5°S in boreal winter; b, d. show the variation of SST and LHF with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°E and 120°E of MJO events propagating through the west Maritime Continent from 0°−5°N in boreal winter. The vertical dashed lines show the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=+nZg/+Sny/Dq5rG5qQGOpg==, figureFileBig=EPXUQT7Nrm2AadER/urzHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294429393711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图10, caption=MJO事件的海表温度、潜热通量背景场

a, c. 北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°S通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化。b, d. 展示了北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化。黑色虚线均表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=+nZg/+Sny/Dq5rG5qQGOpg==, figureFileBig=EPXUQT7Nrm2AadER/urzHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294504891187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The SST background fields and their difference of two clusters of MJO events

a. Composite SST for the MJO events which pass through the Maritime Continent from 5°−15°S; b. MJO events which pass through the Maritime Continent from 5°S−5°N; c. the difference between a and b. The dotted regions indicate statistically significant differences at the 95% confidence level. The two black boxes are the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=t+vX8k4Z6kyJA2SHbdmIuQ==, figureFileBig=nycGyPBW7fCjE18zN5yJSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294613943096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图11, caption=两类MJO事件的海表温度背景场及差异场

a. 北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带5°~15°S通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度背景场;b. 北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带5°S~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度背景场;c. 两类MJO事件海表温度的差异场,黑色点标记两类MJO事件的海表温度背景场在95%显著性水平下具有显著差异的区域,黑色框表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=t+vX8k4Z6kyJA2SHbdmIuQ==, figureFileBig=nycGyPBW7fCjE18zN5yJSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294714606398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=The LHF background fields and their difference of two clusters of MJO events

a. Composite LHF (W/m2) for the MJO events which pass through the Maritime Continent from 5°−15°S; b. MJO events which pass through the Maritime Continent from 5°S−5°N; c. the differences between a and b. The dotted regions indicate statistically significant differences at the 95% confidence level, the two black boxes are the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=84DgailZTA2gU3auovwZ7A==, figureFileBig=TAglWoLtjfhmn5DPXMfI/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294819464003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图12, caption=两类MJO事件的潜热通量背景场及差异场

a. 北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带5°~15°S通过的MJO事件所处的潜热通量背景场;b. 北半球冬天在海洋性大陆从纬度带5°S~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的潜热通量背景场;c. 两类MJO事件潜热通量的差异场,黑色点标记两类MJO事件的潜热通量背景场在95%显著性水平下具有显著差异的位置,黑色框表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=84DgailZTA2gU3auovwZ7A==, figureFileBig=TAglWoLtjfhmn5DPXMfI/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325294932710213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The latitudinal distribution of MJO events during different phases of ENSO

a. Percentage of MJO events which propagate through the Maritime Continent from different latitude belts in boreal winter when El Niño happens; b. percentage of MJO events which propagate through the Maritime Continent from different latitude belt in boreal winter when La Niña happens; c. percentage of MJO events which propagate through the Maritime Continent from different latitude belt in boreal winter when ENSO neutral condition happens

, figureFileSmall=p6oPrdOBjaqE+ivs7W50UA==, figureFileBig=X27aYAPnBmBWYbi0F2mMHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295004013383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同ENSO相位的MJO事件纬度分布

a. 北半球冬天厄尔尼诺发生时在海洋性大陆各个纬度带通过的MJO事件数占总数的百分比;b. 北半球冬天拉尼娜发生时在海洋性大陆各个纬度带通过的MJO事件数占总数的百分比;c. 北半球冬天ENSO中间态发生时在海洋性大陆各个纬度带通过的MJO事件数占总数的百分比

, figureFileSmall=p6oPrdOBjaqE+ivs7W50UA==, figureFileBig=X27aYAPnBmBWYbi0F2mMHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295083705165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=The SST、LHF background fields of MJO events when El Niño happens

a, c. The variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°S in boreal winter when El Niño happens; b, d. the variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°N in boreal winter when El Niño happens. The vertical dashed lines show the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=z9I/tu+65PhQ/fkcd5JZOw==, figureFileBig=ENKSU9FADuGxPoV0Kock9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295167591249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图14, caption=厄尔尼诺下的MJO事件的海表温度、潜热通量背景场

a,c. 北半球冬天厄尔尼诺发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°S通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化;b,d. 北半球冬天厄尔尼诺发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化。黑色虚线均表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=z9I/tu+65PhQ/fkcd5JZOw==, figureFileBig=ENKSU9FADuGxPoV0Kock9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295243088726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=The SST、LHF background fields of MJO events when La Niña happens

a, c. The variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°S in boreal winter when La Niña happens; b, d. the variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°N in boreal winter when La Niña happens. The vertical dashed lines show the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=BrxdlMhJXHVDWCVXTjjAWg==, figureFileBig=xGRPa2tUrZTnEmW1HM4vlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295322780506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图15, caption=拉尼娜下的MJO事件的海表温度、潜热通量背景场

a, c. 北半球冬天拉尼娜发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°S通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化;b, d. 北半球冬天拉尼娜发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化。黑色虚线均表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=BrxdlMhJXHVDWCVXTjjAWg==, figureFileBig=xGRPa2tUrZTnEmW1HM4vlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295402472285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=The SST、LHF background fields of MJO events when ENSO neutral condition happens

a, c. The variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°S in boreal winter when ENSO neutral condition happens; b, d. the variation of sea surface temperature and latent heat flux with latitude after longitude averaging between 100°−120°E of MJO events propagating through the Maritime Continent from 0°−5°N in boreal winter when ENSO neutral condition happens. The vertical dashed lines show the latitude belts where MJO events detour

, figureFileSmall=FXhsywHyl3hURHRmva8uaQ==, figureFileBig=x/pO+ChERGrw0LIZkhj2BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295494746977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=图16, caption=ENSO中间态下的MJO事件的海表温度、潜热通量背景场

a, c. 北半球冬天ENSO中间态发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°S通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化;b, d. 北半球冬天ENSO中间态发生时在海洋性大陆从纬度带0°~5°N通过的MJO事件所处的海表温度、潜热通量背景场在经度范围100°~120°E平均后随纬度的变化。黑色虚线均表示对应MJO事件的偏折纬度带

, figureFileSmall=FXhsywHyl3hURHRmva8uaQ==, figureFileBig=x/pO+ChERGrw0LIZkhj2BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325295587021667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution of MJO events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节MJO事件个数
夏季(6–9月)26
冬季(11月至翌年4月)60
), ArticleFig(id=1215325295696073575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585617248544, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MJO事件的分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节MJO事件个数
夏季(6–9月)26
冬季(11月至翌年4月)60
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热带季节内振荡在印尼海区域东传路径的分布及其机制
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张浩睿 1 , 周磊 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(10): 13-30
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(10): 13-30
热带季节内振荡在印尼海区域东传路径的分布及其机制
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张浩睿1 , 周磊1, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200030
  • 张浩睿(1998—),男,江苏省南通市人,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*周磊(1979—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:
The distribution of eastward propagating pathways of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation and its mechanism in the Maritime Continent
Haorui Zhang1 , Lei Zhou1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023125
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本文利用降水数据,从拉格朗日观点追踪了热带季节内振荡(MJO)路径,对其在海洋性大陆(100°~120°E)区域的分布及机制进行了探讨。以24 h内超过12 mm的降水范围为MJO的对流区域,以该区域的“重心”为MJO的对流中心,追踪MJO的路径,并形成其路径集。由于向东传播的MJO主要发生在北半球冬季,因此我们聚焦于MJO在北半球冬季的路径分布特征。结果表明,以降水量来衡量,MJO事件主要从赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过印尼海区域。这和前人以对外长波辐射(OLR)为指标得到的MJO在印尼海区域向南偏折有明显的区别。此外,与MJO伴随的降水主要从赤道附近通过的结论不依赖于厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(ENSO)及印度洋偶极子(IOD)等背景气候态。机制分析表明,与MJO伴随的降水通过印尼海区域的路径主要受强的海表热通量异常的调制,而与暖海表温度(SST)异常的区域并不一致,这也造成了从降水和OLR两个不同角度看到的MJO通过印尼海区域的路径不一致。

热带季节内振荡  /  降水追踪  /  k均值聚类  /  海表温度  /  海表热通量

Using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 rainfall data, this study tracks pathways of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillations (MJO) from a Lagrange perspective, analyses their distribution in the Maritime Continent (100°−120°E) and further discusses its mechanism. Identifying a raining area with above 12 mm in 24 hours precipitation as a MJO convective region and using its centroid as MJO convective center, pathways of MJO are tracked and a set of pathways is given. Because eastward propagating MJO events happen mostly in boreal winter, this study focuses on the distribution of pathways of MJO events in boreal winter. The results show that if measured by precipitation MJO moves through the Maritime Continent mostly near the equator (5°S−5°N), which is different from past research results that MJO detours to the south of the Maritime Continent measured by using outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) as a index. Besides, the conclusion that the precipitation associated with MJO moves through the Maritime Continent mostly near the equator is independent of background climate patterns like ENSO or IOD. The analysis of the mechanism shows that pathways of the precipitation associated with MJO through the Maritime Continent are mostly regulated by strong latent heat flux anomalies and are inconsistent with regions with warm sea surface temperature anomalies, which leads to different pathways of MJO moving through the Maritime Continent from different perspectives of precipitation and OLR.

Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation  /  precipitation tracking  /  k-mean clustering  /  sea surface temperature  /  latent heat flux
张浩睿, 周磊. 热带季节内振荡在印尼海区域东传路径的分布及其机制. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 13 -30 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023125
Haorui Zhang, Lei Zhou. The distribution of eastward propagating pathways of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation and its mechanism in the Maritime Continent[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 13 -30 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023125
在1971年,Madden和Julian[1]在太平洋中心的一个站点使用无线电探空仪发现了对流层纬向风场和气压场的一个周期为40~50 d的振荡,随后在1972年,两人通过在多个站点进行观测,发现这个振荡与全球热带的环流有关。这种热带季节内的信号就被称作热带季节内振荡,也被称为MJO(Madden-Julian Oscillation)。MJO是热带季节内变化的最主要的模态[12],其时间尺度多在20~90 d,它给热带印太区域带来了大量的降水。赤道印度洋、海洋性大陆和西太平洋上有地球上分布最广的深对流,通常MJO正是发源于西赤道印度洋的大尺度的深对流[3],以5 m/s的平均速度缓慢东传是MJO区别于其他热带大气现象(比如开尔文波)的显著特征之一[2],其强度也于东传穿过印度洋的过程中逐渐增强。MJO的存在有着现实的意义,由于MJO本身是一个伴随着强风、强降水的系统,在它东传过程中会影响到太平洋、亚洲季风区、澳大利亚、北美西海岸、南美和非洲的降水变化。除此之外,它还会影响到太平洋和加勒比海的热带气旋的生成以及大西洋的赤道表面风。MJO在传播过程中还会与海洋发生相互作用,改变低频的厄尔尼诺–南方涛动现象(ENSO)的振幅和周期,进而就会影响到ENSO的演变,这也一定程度上增加了ENSO的可预测性[2, 4]。同样地,印度洋也有自己的年际变化模态,被称作印度洋偶极子(IOD),Wilson等[5]指出MJO受与IOD相关的大尺度大气变化的影响,相较弱IOD或者IOD负相位,在IOD正相位期间,MJO在东印度洋和海洋性大陆的发展会受到一定程度的阻碍。正因为MJO与这些天气和气候系统的广泛联系,MJO会影响全球中纬度乃至更大范围的天气预测,因此MJO东传路径的追踪前人已经有了不少研究,最简单的追踪MJO指标是基于在给定地点的风、压强和对外长波辐射(OLR),MJO的首次发现就是基于在西太平洋暖池数千千米以东的广州岛的高层大气风场波动[1]。接下来一个稍微复杂也是追踪MJO最常见的方法之一就是用经验正交函数分析或者与其等效地分离出与MJO有关的空间模态[613]。这种方法采用RMM (the Real-time Multivariate MJO)指标,RMM指标对在15°S~15°N之间平均的OLR异常、850 hPa纬向风场和200 hPa纬向风场进行经验正交函数分析。RMM指标和其他基于经验正交函数分析的指标都有一些不足,一个不足是RMM指标相对于降水信号过于偏向200 hPa纬向风场[14],这就使得RMM指标虽然可以很好地追踪在印度洋深对流的发展以及它在多年总体上的向西太平洋的东传,但是对于单独的一个对流过程的发展传播的追踪效果没有那么好[15]。另一个不足是对OLR异常、850 hPa纬向风场和200 hPa纬向风场均进行了15°S~15°N之间的纬向平均,从而无法追踪MJO路径在纬向的偏折。当进入海洋性大陆时MJO通常会有所减弱,一些MJO事件可以从赤道穿过海洋性大陆,但是更多的MJO事件会在传播的过程中向南偏折,也有一些不能穿过海洋性大陆的MJO事件[4, 1619]。因此,是否能跨过印尼海也在一些研究中成为对MJO路径分类的标准[3, 17]。在最新的天气和气候模式中,MJO在海洋性大陆的强度和路径还没有得到很好的呈现与预测[2022],这也就需要对MJO在海洋性大陆路径分布特点及其机制进行更深入的研究。
海洋性大陆地形较为复杂,很多岛屿的高度超过2 000 m,这会在地形上通过涡量和辐合的变化阻碍MJO的传播[2324]。海陆比热容的不同也可能是海洋性大陆阻碍MJO传播和造成其偏折的一大原因,Sobel等[25]指出陆地可以看作混合层深度为0的海水,因此在海陆分布比较复杂的海洋性大陆,海表热通量就有比较明显的差异,同样由于海陆比热容不同,昼夜的海气因素的变化在陆地也比在海洋更明显。除了海洋性大陆复杂的地形和海陆比热容的差异这样的其本身的特殊性,大尺度的大气运动和大气热运动也对MJO在海洋性大陆的减弱和偏折有重要影响[4]。从太平洋到东海洋性大陆,赤道罗斯贝波参与影响了MJO的偏折,在印度洋和西海洋性大陆,Kim等[18]指出湿静能的平流项对MJO的偏折有显著影响。而对海洋因素来说,海表温度(SST)的变化通常被认为对MJO在海洋性大陆偏折起到重要的作用,最早研究海洋对MJO的影响的是 Krishnamurti 等[26],其指出海表风场和SST都对季节内时间尺度的海气相互作用有重要影响,而海表风场在其中起到更重要的作用。Tseng等[27]用数值实验指出在东南印度洋的暖SST异常有利于MJO在海洋性大陆的南偏,Zhang和Ling[19]也指出低层大气的水汽辐合和SST可能也是影响MJO偏折的因素。然而,这些研究并没有对MJO在海洋性大陆的偏折给出完整的解释,除了SST之外的其他海洋因素的影响也需要更多的考虑。于是本文为了克服前述的已有MJO指标不能追踪纬度偏折的缺点,以拉格朗日观点,从降水的角度呈现MJO事件的路径,同时考虑除了SST之外的海气因素的影响,以便对MJO在海洋性大陆的偏折进行进一步的研究。
降水数据使用的是1998–2019年的Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission(TRMM)Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis(TMPA),也被称作3B42[28]。该数据时间间隔为3 h,水平空间分辨率均为0.25°。SST数据使用的是来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的1998–2019年的(1/4)°OISST (Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature)[29] ,逐日数据,空间分辨率为0.25°。潜热通量(LHF)数据使用的是来自NOAA的1998–2019年的NCEP-NCAR再分析数据[30],逐日资料,空间分辨率为2.5°。
首先介绍追踪MJO事件路径的方法。总体来说本文采用拉格朗日观点,从降水的角度来对MJO的路径进行追踪[17]。具体来说,首先,对降水数据进行空间平滑,每3个小时,在每个格点处,采用包括其四周经纬度范围15°(60个格点)以内的点,用标准差为5°的高斯滤波器进行空间滤波,除去经纬度范围小于5°的小范围降水区域,因此,后续认定经纬度范围5°为大范围降水区域的最小尺度。将12 mm/d等值线以内的区域作为大范围的降水区域,假如一个大范围降水区域包含格点$ {x}_{1},\;{x}_{2},\;\dots,\; {x}_{n} $,它们的经度、纬度和对应的降水值分别为$ {lon}_{1},\;{lon}_{2},\;\dots,\; {lon}_{n} $$ {lat}_{1},\;{lat}_{2},\;\dots,\; {lat}_{n} $$ {r}_{1},\;{r}_{2},\;\dots,\; {r}_{n} $,通过式(1)、式(2)用降水值对经纬度进行加权平均就分别得到这个区域的降水“重心”的经纬度(lonclatc)为
$ {{lon_{\mathrm{c}}}}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits _{i\;=\;1}^{n}{r}_{i}\times {lon}_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum _{j\;=\;1}^{n}{r}_{j}}, $
$ {{lat_{\mathrm{c}}}}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i\;=\;1}^{n}{r}_{i}\times {lat}_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum _{j\;=\;1}^{n}{r}_{j}}. $
然后就取一个时刻所有的大范围降水区域的降水“重心”作为这一时刻用来追踪MJO的对流中心,以大范围降水区域内降水量的平均值作为MJO在这一时刻对应区域内的对流强度。
在得到每一时刻的大范围降水区域以及对流中心后,就进行MJO的追踪。MJO对流异常通常产生于热带西印度洋,然后东传到日期变更线附近[7, 3132],所以将20°S~20°N ,40°~80°E作为追踪开始的区域,也就是MJO的生成区域。首先选取对应降水区域可被判定为大范围降水区域(即经纬度范围在5°以上)的经纬度范围在20°S~20°N ,40°~80°E以内的对流中心作为降水过程追踪的起点。对于相邻两个时刻来说,如果它们大范围降水区域重合面积超过它们其中之一的一半或者重合区域经纬度范围超过5°,即上述空间滤波所选判定为大范围降水区域的最小尺度,则认为这两个大范围降水区域具有时间上的连续性。当然,大范围降水区域的时间连续性也和选定的降水阈值有密切的关系,比如,如果选8 mm/d为阈值,则大范围降水区域面积将增大,12 mm/d的阈值下不具有时间连续性的两个大范围降水区域,在8 mm/d的降水阈值下可能就具有时间连续性。由于降水具有间歇性,即使是同一个连续的对流系统,降水也可能出现间断。所以如果两个大范围降水区域时间上相距在3 d以内,然后它们的降水重心空间上相距在10°以内,则也认为这两个大范围降水区域具有时间上的连续性。当一个时刻与后面的时刻都不具有时间的连续性,则认为该时刻是这次大范围降水追踪的终止时刻。由于MJO的时间尺度多在20~90 d,因此选择持续时间在10 d以上的大范围降水追踪结果作为之后统计的研究对象。图1直观展现了上述降水追踪方法。
为了进一步详细叙述降水追踪方法,以2003年4月30日21时(记作t0 = 0)作为起始时刻为例具体介绍整个降水追踪过程,记MJO对流中心为X(t),对应大范围降水区域为A(t)。具体算法步骤为:(1)对t0时刻的TMPA降水数据(图2)进行空间平滑,图3a是空间平滑后得到的大尺度降水包络。接着,选定12 mm/d的降水阈值后,就得到本研究中定义的大范围降水区域,进而利用式(1)、式(2)求出大范围降水区域的降水“重心”即MJO对流中心,见于图3b。(2)选择经纬度范围在20°S~20°N ,40°~80°E以内的MJO对流中心作为追踪起点X(t0),相应的大范围降水区域作为起始区域A(t0)。(3)对时刻 t0t0 + 1重复(1)中操作。判断A(t0)和t0 + 1时刻的大范围降水区域是否重合面积超过它们其中之一的一半或者重合区域经纬度范围超过5°,若有,则记时刻为t0 + 1时满足条件的大范围降水区域为A(t0 + 1),若有多个满足要求则取面积最大的作为A(t0 + 1),A(t0 + 1)相应的对流中心记作X(t0 + 1),赋值t0 = t0 + 1,继续步骤(3)。但是如果没有满足要求的,则赋值t = t0 + 2转入步骤(4)。(4)当tt0 < 25时(t是和t0时间间隔在3 d以内的时刻),检验t时刻是否有与X(t0)空间上经纬度相距10°以内的MJO对流中心,若有,则记为X(t),若有多个则取距离X(t0)最近的作为X(t),对应降水区域记作A(t),赋值t0 = tA(t0) = A(t),X(t0) = X(t),进入步骤(3)。但是如果没有满足要求的,则令t = t + 1继续步骤(4),当tt0 $\geqslant $ 25时,终止算法,降水追踪结束。图3c为判断相邻时刻降水区域是否重合面积超过它们其中之一的一半或者重合区域经纬度范围超过5°,图3d为判断3 d以内两个时刻的对流中心空间上经纬度是否相距10°以内。最终集合{X(t)}就是MJO对流中心的路径,{A(t)}为对应的降水区域,图4为起始时刻为2003年4月30日21时的降水追踪结果。
以上降水追踪方法中采用拉格朗日观点,相比于欧拉观点,其对每个大范围降水包络进行从产生到消亡的完整追踪,有利于清晰呈现MJO的一个生命周期与其伴随的对流过程的具体路径。进行空间平滑的目的是将分散的降水系统包括在多个范围较大的降水区域内,方便后续进行追踪,同时也符合MJO是大尺度对流波包的特点。而之所以选择高斯滤波器的标准差是5°,是因为如果采用的标准差更小,比如2.5°,则会包括很多空间尺度小于1 000 km的降水系统,而如果采用的标准差更大,比如7.5°,则包含很多连成一片的范围很大的降水区域,不利于显示真实降水数据的边界情况。而之所以选择高斯滤波器的长宽大小为30°,也就是其标准差5°的6倍,是因为高斯函数在距离中心3倍标准差以外的值约等于0,即距离中心15°以外的点对过滤过程基本不起作用。然后采用12 mm/d作为阈值的原因则在于如果采用更小的阈值,比如,8 mm/d、10 mm/d,得到的降水范围将过大,以至于连接印度洋和海洋性大陆;如果采用更大的阈值,比如,14 mm/d或者16 mm/d,则会导致降水范围过小,会使得后续降水过程的追踪更容易受降水间歇性的影响而不恰当地终止,得到的降水过程持续时长较实际要短。
在统计MJO事件经过海洋性大陆的纬度分布时,将南北纬25°之间以5°为间隔划分为10个纬度带,对应地统计通过海洋性大陆时MJO事件的平均纬度位置所在的纬度带。具体来说,以北半球冬天为例,对于每一个具体的MJO事件,统计其在北半球冬天经过海洋性大陆区域(100°~120°E)的MJO对流中心,以每个对流中心对应的MJO对流强度(以降水量衡量)作为权重,对所有点的纬度进行加权平均,即如果所选中的对流中心为$ {c}_{1},\;{c}_{2} $, $ \dots\;{c}_{m} $,它们对应的纬度为$ {lat}_{1},\;{lat}_{2},\;\dots\;{lat}_{m} $,对应的按式(1)计算的降水强度为$ {inc}_{1},\;{inc}_{2},\;\dots \;{inc}_{m} $,则平均纬度为
$ lat_\mathrm{mean}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i\;=\;1}^{m}{inc}_{i}\times {lat}_{i}}{\displaystyle\sum _{j\;=\;1}^{m}{inc}_{j}}. $
这里采用按降水强度进行加权平均的原因主要在于,强降水是MJO过程的主要特征之一,而且强降水也是MJO造成严重洪涝灾害的最直接因素。因此,研究MJO伴随的降水从哪个纬度范围通过海洋性大陆区域比仅仅着眼于其对流中心从哪个纬度范围通过更具有现实意义。
在北半球冬天,将可以通过海洋性大陆区域的MJO事件归入10个纬度带后,对于每一个具体的事件需要计算在北半球冬天通过海洋性大陆区域的所有点的SST、LHF背景场的平均场作为该事件所处的SST、LHF背景场,最后取各个纬度带中的所有事件的SST、LHF背景场的平均场作为该纬度带通过的MJO事件对应的SST、LHF背景场,通过比较不同纬度带对应的SST、LHF背景场的差异来分析SST、LHF对MJO在海洋性大陆路径分布的影响。
此外,本文还分析了ENSO不同相位发生时MJO事件通过海洋性大陆时的纬度分布情况。对于ENSO事件,用Nino3.4 SST异常确定ENSO的每月相位[33],若Nino3.4 SST异常大于0.5°C,则判定厄尔尼诺发生,若Nino3.4 SST异常小于–0.5°C,则判定拉尼娜发生,若Nino3.4 SST异常在–0.5°~0.5°C之间,则判定为ENSO中间态发生。
1998年1月1日0时起至2019年12月31日21时,采用拉格朗日观点追踪MJO降水,最终得到520个持续时间10 d以上的大范围降水追踪结果,对于得到的降水追踪结果,根据它们的经向平均速度和纬向平均速度(以东和北作为速度的正向)分类为3类的k均值聚类,聚类结果见于图5a。对于类别1和类别2的两类降水追踪结果,类别1经向平均速度均小于0 m/s,类别2的经向平均速度绝大多数在0 ~2 m/s之间,分别继续分类为3类和4类的k均值聚类,聚类结果见于图5b图5c。根据图5b,3类的经向平均速度和纬向平均速度特征分别为:经向平均速度小于0 m/s且纬向平均速度大于1 m/s;经向平均速度小于–1.5 m/s且纬向平均速度小于1 m/s;经向平均速度在–1.5 m/s和0 m/s之间且纬向平均速度小于1 m/s。根据图5c,4类的经向平均速度和纬向平均速度特征分别为:经向平均速度在0~2 m/s之间且纬向平均速度大于1 m/s;经向速度也在0~1 m/s之间且纬向平均速度在0~1 m/s之间;经向平均速度在1~2 m/s之间且纬向平均速度在0~1 m/s之间;经向平均速度在0~2 m/s之间且纬向平均速度小于0 m/s。根据速度特征,经纬向速度绝对值在0~1 m/s之间归为无明显移动,而1~2 m/s之间视作缓慢传播。按类别内大部分事件经纬向速度所在区间,将以上7类的降水路径方向特征依次总结为:西北走向、西南走向、西北或西南走向整体无明显移动、缓慢向东主要向北、东北走向整体无明显移动、缓慢向东纬向无明显移动、东南走向整体无明显移动,将整体无明显移动的3类合并为1类,这样经向平均速度小于2 m/s的降水追踪结果可分为5类:类型I(西北走向)、类型II(西南走向)、类型III(缓慢向东主要向北)、类型IV(缓慢向东纬向无明显移动)、类型V(整体无明显移动),各选取类型I~V的两个典型降水追踪结果分别展示于图6a图6j。上述类型I~V的路径均没有明显东传,但是MJO区别于其他热带大气现象(比如开尔文波)的显著特征之一是以5 m/s的速度缓慢东传[2],于是将向东传播的平均速度大于2 m/s的结果认定为MJO对流过程,如果采用更低的传播速度阈值,可能会将一些在海洋性大陆上空基本静止的降水追踪结果包括进来[17]。最终可以被认为是MJO降水追踪的有120个事件,图7a图7c展示了3个典型的MJO事件。在北半球印度洋主要研究6–9月的夏季风和11月至翌年4月的冬季风两个时段,对于跨时段的MJO事件以包含降水中心最多的时段作为其发生时段,MJO事件在两个时段的分布见于表1
由上述分类结果发现降水追踪结果具有多样性。Kerns和 Chen[17]也指出大范围降水追踪揭示了之前的RMM指标或者对外长波辐射(OMI)指标没有呈现出来的MJO对流的多样性。在他们的研究中,24个可以穿过海洋性大陆的降水追踪结果中,有18个(75%)有强MJO RMM信号,19个(79%)有OMI信号,17个既有RMM信号又有OMI信号,而在18个没有穿过海洋性大陆的降水追踪结果中,只有6个(33%)有RMM信号。然后也有一些RMM指标认定为MJO的事件在大范围降水追踪中并没有表现出明显的向东传播,约占45个事件的38%,而对OMI指标,这些事件占全部37个事件的30%。因而,采用本文降水追踪方法或许可以更充分地研究明显向东传播的大部分对流过程的路径,为之后的统计工作准备更为充足多样的样本。
这一部分主要统计MJO通过海洋性大陆时的纬度分布特征,并以此对MJO事件进行分类。根据上述得到的大范围降水追踪的结果,发现在北半球夏天,降水的季节内变化主要向北传播(也就是通常说的季风季节内降水(MISO)),而不是向东传播。所以下面的分析选取北半球冬天作为研究时段,即MJO以向东传播为主的时段,统计不同的可认定为MJO事件的降水追踪结果在海洋性大陆区域(100°~120°E)偏折的不同纬度分布,按降水平均后MJO降水中心的纬度分布展示于图8a图8a显示在北半球冬天通过海洋性大陆区域的56个事件中,有37个事件(约占总事件的66%)从赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过海洋性大陆;有23个事件从5°S~0°通过;有14个事件从0°~5°N通过,由此可见大部分MJO事件的降水路径都从赤道附近通过海洋性大陆。然而,之前已经有不少研究表明在北半球冬天MJO会在海洋性大陆向南偏折。例如Wu 和 Hsu[23]指出在海洋性大陆深对流和西风异常会向赤道以南偏折而不是像在印度洋一样沿着赤道传播;Kim 等[18]采用湿静力能收支分析解释了MJO在海洋性大陆向南偏折的原因;Zhou等[34]先将海洋性大陆划分为NE区域(5°S~5°N,100°~140°E)和SE区域(5°~15°S,100°~140°E),之后其统计得1982年到2019年的所有MJO事件中,北半球冬天11月到翌年4月在海洋性大陆向南偏折,大致从10°S通过的有21个事件,从赤道附近通过的有12个事件,可见大部分MJO事件在北半球冬天于海洋性大陆向南偏折,前人结果与本文从降水量角度统计的大部分(约占66%)MJO事件从赤道附近通过有明显的区别。这说明伴随MJO的降水主要从赤道附近通过,这无疑具有现实意义。作为对比,单纯对各个MJO事件通过海洋性大陆的对流中心的纬度位置平均得到的MJO事件的纬度分布展示于图8b图8b显示北半球冬天通过海洋性大陆区域的56个事件中,有37个事件(约占总事件的66%),从赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过海洋性大陆,其中25个事件从0°~5°S通过,12个事件从0°~5°N通过。对比图8a图8b,两种平均方式结果相近,经过降水加权平均后,有更多的事件会从赤道以北(0°~5°N)通过。出于考察现实降水的目的,仍然采用降水加权平均。将北半球冬天可以通过海洋性大陆区域的有56个MJO事件的从产生到消亡的路径分布展示于图9a,将在降水加权平均下,分别从纬度带10°~15°S、5°~10°S、0°~5°S、0°~5°N、5°10°N通过的5、10、23、14、4个MJO事件的路径分布展示于图9b图9f
图8a所示,并不是每个纬度带中都有MJO事件通过,而且上述统计结果表明在北半球冬天从降水量角度统计的MJO事件主要从赤道附近通过,因此这里只研究从0°~5°S和0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的海表温度背景场,为了展示从这两个纬度带通过的MJO事件对应的在海洋性大陆区域(100°~120°E)的海表温度随纬度的变化,将对应的经度平均后的海表温度随纬度的变化图展示于图10a图10b。Zhou 和 Murtugudde[4]指出对于MJO的偏折,海洋因素起到积极的作用,特别是海表温度异常是关键因素。但对于MJO的降水分布机制却并不相同。为了进一步研究与MJO相关的降水主要从赤道附近通过海洋性大陆的原因,同样地将从0°~5°S和0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的潜热通量(LHF)背景场经度平均后随纬度的变化图分别展示于图10c图10d。根据图10a图10c中显示,从0°~5°S通过的MJO事件对应的SST在0°~5°S范围内的3.9°S处取得0°~15°S范围内的最大值29°C且在0°~5°S范围的SST一直维持在相对高值(28°C以上),而LHF也在0°~5°S范围内的2.9°S取得0°~15°S范围内的最大值131.7 W/m2,在0°~5°S范围的LHF一直维持在相对高值(110 W/m2以上)而且在10°S附近取得0°~15°S范围内的最小值98.6 W/m2,或许0°~5°S范围内相对10°S附近较大的LHF解释了MJO相伴的降水从0°~5°S通过而未从10°S附近通过的原因。根据图10b图10d显示,从0°~5°N通过的MJO事件对应的SST在该纬度范围内相对10°S~0°范围内的值较低,而LHF在0°~5°N范围内维持在10°S~5°N范围内的相对高值(99 W/m2以上),而且在10°S附近取得10°S~5°N范围内的最小值70.5 W/m2,这显示虽然MJO事件从0°~5°N范围内通过时,该纬度范围内的SST相较10°S较低,但相对于10°S附近却有着较高的LHF值。为了进一步研究从10°S附近(5°~15°S)和赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过海洋性大陆的两类MJO事件的SST、LHF背景场的差异,两类MJO事件的SST背景场以及经过显著性检验的差异场见于图11a图11c,两类MJO事件的LHF背景场以及经过显著性检验的差异场见于图12a图12c。由图11c图12c,两类MJO事件的SST背景场在海洋性大陆的差异并不显著,而两类MJO事件的LHF背景场差异在海洋性大陆的对应偏折纬度带在95%的显著性水平下显著。之前已经有不少研究显示海气相互作用可能是驱动MJO的能量来源,一些研究使用准平衡模型表明由于海表暖湿空气上浮导致的积云对流会通过冷却和干燥海表或者加热上层大气,或者两者兼有来抑制这种上浮[3537],准平衡模型预测诸如MJO在内的大范围扰动不会仅仅因为对流而自发发展,而会受到其他过程的影响,比如由这个扰动本身导致的海表风场变化引起的海表热通量的变化,这个机制被称为风−蒸发反馈或者风引发的海表热交换(WISHE)。在海洋上,MJO和净热通量的强烈变化密切相关,在MJO活跃相位的从海洋到大气的通量可以比抑制相位高出100 W/m2及以上,其中有相当一部分是辐射和湍流通量[38]。这些通量异常和MJO对流方差比较大的海洋区域的降水异常在时间上有着很强的相关性[39]并且这些海洋区域的总海表通量在任意给定时间和降水在空间上相关[40],因而MJO降水在海洋性大陆主要从赤道附近通过主要与这里有着较大的海表热通量有关。根据WISHE理论,海表热通量主要受风场控制,而不是海表温度[40],所以MJO降水在海洋性大陆通过的纬度带和暖SST异常所在的纬度带并不一致。
当厄尔尼诺发生时,MJO深对流可以东传到日期变更线以东并保持较高的强度,然而在印太暖池MJO的强度较弱。而拉尼娜发生时,MJO通常传播不到日期变更线以东,但是会伴随着更强的对流[4142],ENSO还会影响MJO的发生频率、相位持续时长、纬向尺度、垂直和水平结构以及传播速度,鉴于ENSO对MJO有各方面的影响,本节旨在研究ENSO是否影响MJO东传路径的纬度分布。以下通过本文方法部分陈述的统计方法比较北半球冬天厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜、ENSO中间态发生时MJO在海洋性大陆的纬度偏折情况。
当在北半球冬天厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜、ENSO中间态发生时,用本文方法部分陈述的统计方法分别将所有通过海洋性大陆区域的MJO降水事件在10个纬度带的纬度分布展示于图13a图13c。北半球冬天厄尔尼诺发生时,从海洋性大陆通过的MJO事件有15个,在赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过的有12个(占80%);北半球冬天拉尼娜发生时,从海洋性大陆通过的MJO事件有25个,在赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过的有14个(约占56%);北半球冬天ENSO中间态发生时,从海洋性大陆通过的MJO事件有16个,在赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过的有7个(约占44%)。由于北半球冬天无论厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜还是ENSO中间态发生时,MJO事件都主要从赤道附近通过,故下面只展示从0°~5°S和0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF背景场随纬度的变化。厄尔尼诺发生时的情况见图14a图14d,拉尼娜发生时的情况见图15a图15d,ENSO中间态发生时的情况见图16a图16d。当厄尔尼诺发生时,从0°~5°S通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.6°C、123.3 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为28.7°C、101.2 W/m2,从0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.4°C、108.1 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为28.0°C、76.9 W/m2。当拉尼娜发生时,从0°~5°S通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.8°C、129.3 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为28.8°C、125.6 W/m2,从0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.9°C、99.8 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为28.5°C、73.0 W/m2。当ENSO中间态发生时,从0°~5°S通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.9°C、102.3 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为29.2°C、80.4 W/m2,从0°~5°N通过的MJO事件的SST、LHF在该纬度范围内的平均值分别为28.6°C、119.8 W/m2,10°S附近的SST、LHF值分别为27.7°C、52.2 W/m2。当厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜和ENSO中间态发生时,与3.3节所述一致,即在赤道附近的SST和10°S附近的相近甚至有时候较低,但赤道附近的LHF大于10°S附近的LHF,甚至有时可以超出30%以上。
总之,ENSO处于不同相位时,虽然气候状态非常不同,但3.3节中所述的关于MJO路径分布的结论及其机理依然成立,不受这两个最主要气候态相位变化的影响。
MJO是热带季节内变化的主要模态。在北半球冬天,MJO主要向东传播。之前已有研究表明相当一部分的MJO在海洋性大陆会向南偏折,从10°S附近通过海洋性大陆。Zhou和Murtugudde[4]已经指出北半球冬天在南赤道印度洋的海表温度异常是造成MJO整个海气耦合系统南偏的重要原因。
本文采用大范围降水追踪法利用从1998–2019年的TRMM 3B42降水数据追踪MJO的对流和降水,主要采用对TRMM数据进行空间平滑的方法追踪了空间范围在300 000 km2以上,时间在10 d以上的降水过程,将其中向东传播速度大于2 m/s的降水程认定为MJO对流过程。采用大范围降水追踪克服了RMM指标和其他基于经验正交函数分解方法的指标进行过纬度平均的局限,从而可以监测出MJO通过海洋性大陆时纬度上的偏折,反映出MJO通过海洋性大陆的路径的多样性。基于这种多样性,以通过海洋性大陆(100°~120°E)的纬度不同,将东传速度超过2 m/s的可以认定为MJO的降水追踪结果分类。不同于以往的研究在北半球冬天,MJO事件主要从10°S附近通过海洋性大陆,本文在用降水加权之后,56个通过海洋性大陆(100°~120°E)的MJO事件,有37个从赤道附近(5°S~5°N)通过,约占66%,说明MJO伴随的降水主要从赤道附近通过海洋性大陆。这个结果和前人以对外长波辐射(OLR)为主要指标得到的结果明显不同。这说明对于MJO来说,不同角度(即通过不同物理量)得到的特征并不一定相同。而不同角度都有相应的实际意义。
本文也给出造成MJO的降水北半球冬天在海洋性大陆主要从赤道附近通过的一个可能原因是10°S度附近的潜热通量取得局部极小值,而赤道附近的潜热通量相对于赤道以南(5°~15°S)较大,因而与MJO伴随的降水信号有从赤道附近通过的趋势。这个结果也再次说明在海气相互作用中,虽然SST是很重要的一个海洋参量,但很多时候可能并不是唯一重要的,甚至不是最重要的。在海气相互作用的复杂过程中,特别是和强大气对流相伴的过程(例如MJO),海气热通量经常是另一个关键的沟通海气的物理量,而海气热通量的变化很多时候和SST的变化并不一致。对于与MJO伴随的降水来说,SST变化的影响并不是主要的,而热通量的变化才是决定MJO降水纬度分布的关键因素。
当然,本文在方法上也有一些需要进一步改进的。例如本文对MJO追踪的方法中,MJO降水区域的最小尺度、降水阈值的选择具有某种主观性,另外,对于海表温度、潜热通量对MJO在海洋性大陆的偏折影响程度的量化也是很有必要的,这些限于当前的研究条件,只能寄希望于未来更多的系统观测和使用更高分辨率的海气模型。
  • 国家自然基金杰出青年基金项目(42125601);国家自然基金面上项目(42076001)。
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2023年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023125
  • 接收时间:2023-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-09
  • 修回日期:2023-04-30
基金
国家自然基金杰出青年基金项目(42125601);国家自然基金面上项目(42076001)。
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200030

通讯作者:

*周磊(1979—),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,研究方向为热带海气相互作用、海洋大气动力学、季节内振荡。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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