Article(id=1212062585222992785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681488000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-15, revisedDate=1684425600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907839351, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907839351, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907839351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907839351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062585499816865, articleId=1212062585222992785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The development and evolution of the coastline of the Qingshuigou sub-delta in the Huanghe River under the background of reduced sediment discharge into the sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The shoreline change is the most direct factor in studying landform erosion and deposition. The Huanghe River Delta is the world’s fastest-growing delta, and understanding its coastline changes and evolution trends is crucial to regional ecological environment protection, marine resource development, and infrastructure construction. In this study, we combined modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and multi-year water frequency index (MWFI) to analyze water quality in typical years from 1976 to 2021, based on previous research. We visually interpreted 207 remote sensing images to obtain an annual coastline that makes the obtained coastline more scientific and representative. We then analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution and stability characteristics of the coastline through quantitative calculations to explore the Qingshuigou sub-delta coastline of the Yellow River’s evolution mechanism since 1976. Our main findings are as follows: (1) In general, the evolution of Qingshuigou sub-delta coastline shows a trend of rapid sedimentation towards the sea, followed by fluctuations and stability. We can divide it into “rapid development” and “slow development,” with the “dynamic equilibrium” in between, taking 1996 and 2002 as nodes. (2) Over the past 45 years, the stability of the coastline in the study area has continued to increase. The coastline of the section of the coastline and the abandoned estuary section of Qingshuigou is relatively active, and its coastline stability index is generally lower than 0.5. (3) The migration of the sedimentation and erosion center of the land delta corresponds to the estuary location’s change, especially the migration of the sedimentation center, which has a positive relationship in the longitude direction between the change of the estuary position and the position of the estuary, R2 = 0.690 4. (4) The Huanghe River’s sediment reduction into the sea, the relocation of the estuary position, and human activities have a significant impact on the delta coastline’s development and evolution. In the long run, the Huanghe River’s silt into the sea is still continuously reducing, and the future of the delta is still facing the threat of erosion.

, correspAuthors=Chao Zhan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yin Cao, Rui Li, Pengjun Yin, Zhen Fan, Fengjiao Zuo, Chao Zhan, Qing Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062588335165529, articleId=1212062585222992785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=入海泥沙减少背景下黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线的发育与演化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

三角洲岸线的变迁是研究地貌冲淤最直接的要素。黄河三角洲是世界上发育最快的三角洲,研究其海岸线变化规律和演化趋势对地区生态环境保护、海洋资源开发、基础设施建设等至关重要。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用修正归一化水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI)与多年水频率指数(Multi-year Water Frequency Index, MWFI)相结合的方法对1976–2021年期间典型年份的207幅遥感影像进行岸线提取,使获取到的海岸线更具科学性和代表性,并在此基础上通过定量计算分析了海岸线的时空演变及其稳定性特征,以此探讨黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线自1976年以来的演化机制。研究结果表明:(1)总体上,清水沟亚三角洲海岸线演化呈现先快速向海淤积后波动稳定的趋势,以1996年和2002年为节点划分为“快速发育” “缓慢发育” “动态平衡”3个阶段;(2)45年来,研究区海岸线稳定性持续增强,其中孤东海堤段岸线与黄河清水沟亚三角洲南部岸线保持相对稳定,而清8汊河口段岸线与清水沟废弃河口段岸线较为活跃,其岸线稳定性指数基本低于0.5;(3)陆上三角洲淤积、侵蚀中心的迁移同河口位置变动相对应,尤其是淤积中心的迁移与河口位置变动之间在经度向存在明显的正向关系,R2 = 0.690 4;(4)黄河入海泥沙减少、河口位置迁移以及人类活动对三角洲海岸线的发育演化影响显著。从长远来看,在黄河入海泥沙持续减少的背景下,三角洲的未来仍面临侵蚀的威胁。

, correspAuthors=战超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*战超(1986—),女,教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌与沉积环境演变研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5ZMWieVGEFnL8EbM4C4H2w==, magXml=0ro1gPm7oDR2UhMs8M4rgQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=XeNIcmCgyYokCM/qgDs2Zg==, pdfFileSize=3714900, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tU/UvAzpVPWQl4rplvmBAQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eIppd/Szw9lDUWU0YQoryQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曹印(1999—),男,山东省东营市人,主要从事河口海岸地貌方面研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=曹印, 李瑞, 殷鹏钧, 范镇, 左凤娇, 战超, 王庆)}, authors=[Author(id=1215325294081262116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=caoyin990331@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294190314028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294081262116, language=EN, stringName=Yin Cao, firstName=Yin, middleName=null, lastName=Cao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294282588723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294081262116, language=CN, stringName=曹印, firstName=印, middleName=null, lastName=曹, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio={"content":"

曹印(1999—),男,山东省东营市人,主要从事河口海岸地貌方面研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

曹印(1999—),男,山东省东营市人,主要从事河口海岸地貌方面研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325294379057724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294462943810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294379057724, language=EN, stringName=Rui Li, firstName=Rui, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294530052680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294379057724, language=CN, stringName=李瑞, firstName=瑞, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325294626521680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294806876759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294626521680, language=EN, stringName=Pengjun Yin, firstName=Pengjun, middleName=null, lastName=Yin, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325294970454628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325294626521680, language=CN, stringName=殷鹏钧, firstName=鹏钧, middleName=null, lastName=殷, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325295083700846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325295293416050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295083700846, language=EN, stringName=Zhen Fan, firstName=Zhen, middleName=null, lastName=Fan, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325295381496441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295083700846, language=CN, stringName=范镇, firstName=镇, middleName=null, lastName=范, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325295465382525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325295545074307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295465382525, language=EN, stringName=Fengjiao Zuo, firstName=Fengjiao, middleName=null, lastName=Zuo, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325295620571787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295465382525, language=CN, stringName=左凤娇, firstName=凤娇, middleName=null, lastName=左, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325295708652173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhanchao0226@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325295809315473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295708652173, language=EN, stringName=Chao Zhan, firstName=Chao, middleName=null, lastName=Zhan, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325297080189591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325295708652173, language=CN, stringName=战超, firstName=超, middleName=null, lastName=战, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, *, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])]), Author(id=1215325297185047198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215325297298293413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325297185047198, language=EN, stringName=Qing Wang, firstName=Qing, middleName=null, lastName=Wang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215325297398956714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, authorId=1215325297185047198, language=CN, stringName=王庆, firstName=庆, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1215325297591894707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=coastline), Keyword(id=1215325297734501050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=decrease of sediment entering the sea), Keyword(id=1215325297801609920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=relocation of estuary), Keyword(id=1215325297919050435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=coastline stability), Keyword(id=1215325297998742216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=multi-year water frequency index), Keyword(id=1215325298107794125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=Qingshuigou sub-delta of the Huanghe River), Keyword(id=1215325298208457426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=海岸线), Keyword(id=1215325298317509336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=入海泥沙减少), Keyword(id=1215325298439144158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=河口位置迁移), Keyword(id=1215325298514641634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=海岸线稳定性), Keyword(id=1215325298644665062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=多年水频率指数), Keyword(id=1215325298732745452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=黄河清水沟亚三角洲)], refs=[Reference(id=1215325303539418004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Small C, Sousa D, Yetman G, et al. Decades of urban growth and development on the Asian megadeltas[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2018, 165: 62−89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325303610721176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Laignel B, Vignudelli S, Almar R, et al. Observation of the coastal areas, estuaries and deltas from space[J]. Surveys in Geophysics, 2023, 44(5): 1309−1356., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325303698801561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Xuan, Fang Changling, Wang Yuan, et al. Review of effects of dam construction on the ecosystems of river estuary and nearby marine areas[J]. Sustainability, 2022, 14(10): 5974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325303799464862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kong Dongxian, Miao Chiyuan, Borthwick A G L, et al. Evolution of the Yellow River Delta and its relationship with runoff and sediment load from 1983 to 2011[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 520: 157−167., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325303933682591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Zhengjia, Xu Nan, Wang Jieyong. Satellite-observed evolution dynamics of the Yellow River Delta in 1984–2018[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2020, 13: 6044−6050., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304034345891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Houjie, Wu Xiao, Bi Naishuang, et al. Impacts of the dam-orientated water-sediment regulation scheme on the lower reaches and delta of the Yellow River (Huanghe): a review[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2017, 157: 93−113., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304151786407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Xuegong, Chen Zhengxiong, Feng Zhe. From natural driving to artificial intervention: changes of the Yellow River estuary and delta development[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2019, 174: 63−70., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304227283881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Shuai, Fu Bojie, Piao Shilong, et al. Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(1): 38−41., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304298587054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Chengming, Zhu Lining, Dai Zhaoxin, et al. Study on spatiotemporal evolution of the Yellow River Delta coastline from 1976 to 2020[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(23): 4789., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304369890226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Guoyang, Li Peng, Li Zhenhong, et al. Coastal dam inundation assessment for the Yellow River Delta: measurements, analysis and scenario[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(21): 3658., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304441193397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Kuifeng. Evolution of Yellow River Delta coastline based on remote sensing from 1976 to 2014, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2019, 29(2): 181−191., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304541856697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Quantao, Li Peng, Li Zhenhong, et al. Spatiotemporal changes of coastline over the Yellow River Delta in the previous 40 years with optical and SAR remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(10): 1940., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304621548475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Yubin, Li Xiaowei, Hou Xiyong. Spatiotemporal changes to the river channel and shoreline of the Yellow River Delta during a 40-Year Period (1976–2017)[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2020, 36(1): 128−138., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304722211773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Xiaodong, Zhang Yexin, Ji Yang, et al. Shoreline change of the Northern Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta after the latest deltaic course shift in 1976 and its influence factors[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2016, 74: 48−58., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325304831263681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhan Chao, Wang Qing, Cui Buli, et al. The morphodynamic difference in the western and southern coasts of Laizhou Bay: responses to the Yellow River Estuary evolution in the recent 60 years[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2020, 187: 103138., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306089554885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu Yutao, Chen Shenliang, Ji Hongyu, et al. The modern Yellow River Delta in transition: causes and implications[J]. Marine Geology, 2021, 436: 106476., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306160858055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bi Naishuang, Wang Houjie, Wu Xiao, et al. Phase change in evolution of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta: process, pattern, and mechanisms[J]. Marine Geology, 2021, 437: 106516., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306223772617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cui Buli, Li Xiaoyan. Coastline change of the Yellow River Estuary and its response to the sediment and runoff (1976–2005)[J]. Geomorphology, 2011, 127(1/2): 32−40., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306295075788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Suiji, Hassan M A, Xie Xiaoping. Relationship between suspended sediment load, channel geometry and land area increment in the Yellow River Delta[J]. Catena, 2006, 65(3): 302−314., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306378961873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao Wei, Du Jun, Gao Shan, et al. Shoreline change due to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula from 2007 to 2020[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023, 10: 1123067., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306450265046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Toure S, Diop O, Kpalma K, et al. Shoreline detection using optical remote sensing: a review[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2019, 8(2): 75., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306563511257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu Ruirui, Yao Lijun, Yu Jing, et al. Remote sensing of the coastline variation of the Guangdong–Hongkong–Macao Greater Bay Area in the past four decades[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021, 9(12): 1318., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306639008732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan Yaoshen, Chen Shenliang, Zhao Bo, et al. Shoreline dynamics of the active Yellow River Delta since the implementation of water-sediment regulation scheme: a remote-sensing and statistics-based approach[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2018, 200: 406−419., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306710311902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Nan. Detecting coastline change with all available landsat data over 1986–2015: a case study for the State of Texas, USA[J]. Atmosphere, 2018, 9(3): 107., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306785809378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quang D N, Ngan V H, Tam H S, et al. Long-term shoreline evolution using DSAS technique: a case study of Quang Nam Province, Vietnam[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021, 9(10): 1124., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306857112551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Peng, Ke Yinghai, Wang Dawei, et al. Human impact on suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River Estuary, China: Evidence from remote sensing data fusion using an improved spatiotemporal fusion method[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 750: 141612., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325306957775850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chu Zhongxin, Sun X G, Zhai Shikui, et al. Changing pattern of accretion/erosion of the modern Yellow River (Huanghe) subaerial delta, China: based on remote sensing images[J]. Marine Geology, 2006, 227(1/2): 13−30., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307045856237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nienhuis J H, Ashton A D, Edmonds D A, et al. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain[J]. Nature, 2020, 577(7791): 514−518., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307234599920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan Yaoshen, Chen Shenliang, Pan Shunqi, et al. Storm-induced hydrodynamic changes and seabed erosion in the littoral area of Yellow River Delta: a model-guided mechanism study[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2020, 205: 104171., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307356234741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji Hongyu, Chen Shenliang, Pan Shunqi, et al. Morphological variability of the active Yellow River mouth under the new regime of riverine delivery[J]. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 2018, 564: 329−341., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307440120824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Xiao, Wang Houjie, Bi Naishuang, et al. Climate and human battle for dominance over the Yellow River’s sediment discharge: From the Mid-Holocene to the Anthropocene[J]. Marine Geology, 2020, 425: 106188., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307553367037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Peng, Ke Yinghai, Bai Junhong, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River Estuary, China during the past two decades based on time-series Landsat and Sentinel-2 data[J]. Marine Polluttion Bulletin, 2019, 149: 110518., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307662418944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=缪红兵, 乔璐璐, 仲毅, 等. 人类活动和自然演变共同驱动下黄河三角洲海域潮波及物质输运变化[J]. 海洋学报, 2022, 44(9): 73−86., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307750498305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Miao Hongbing, Qiao Lulu, Zhong Yi, et al. Evolution of tidal system and material transport off the Huanghe River Delta induced by human activities and natural evolution[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022, 44(9): 73−86., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307817607172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=褚言皓, 吴文娟, 李鹏, 等. 黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制[J]. 海洋学报, 2022, 44(6): 150−163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307897298952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chu Yanhao, Wu Wenjuan, Li Peng, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of suspended sediment and its driving mechanism in the Yellow River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022, 44(6): 150−163., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325307960213514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姬泓宇. 新入海水沙情势下黄河三角洲地貌动态变化与演变机制[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308035710988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji Hongyu. Morphological variability of the Yellow River Delta and its dynamic mechanism under the new regime of river delivery[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308165734415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐涵秋. 利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J]. 遥感学报, 2005, 9(5): 589−595., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308237037587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Hanqiu. A study on information extraction of water body with the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI)[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2005, 9(5): 589−595., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308346089493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Haibo, Li Yunfei, Wei Jiahua. Yellow River Estuary Coastline change analysis before and after the water and sediment regulation in 12 years[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 955−959: 3883−3886., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308429975573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁小松, 单秀娟, 陈云龙, 等. 基于数字化海岸分析系统(DSAS)的海岸线变迁速率研究: 以黄河三角洲和莱州湾海岸线为例[J]. 海洋通报, 2018, 37(5): 565−575., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308513861656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding Xiaosong, Shan Xiujuan, Chen Yunlong, et al. Study on the change rate of shoreline based on Digital Coastal Analysis System (DSAS): taking the shoreline of the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay as an example[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2018, 37(5): 565−575., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308593553434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Apostolopoulos D, Nikolakopoulos K. A review and meta-analysis of remote sensing data, GIS methods, materials and indices used for monitoring the coastline evolution over the last twenty years[J]. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 2021, 54(1): 240−265., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308660662300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song Yuan, Shen Yongming, Xie Ruofan, et al. A DSAS-based study of central shoreline change in Jiangsu over 45 years[J]. Anthropocene Coasts, 2021, 4(1): 115−128., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308748742687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abou Samra R M, Ali R R. Applying DSAS tool to detect coastal changes along Nile Delta, Egypt[J]. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2021, 24(3): 463−470., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308832628770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘鹏, 王庆, 战超, 等. 基于DSAS和FA的1959−2002年黄河三角洲海岸线演变规律及影响因素研究[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2015, 46(3): 585−594., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325308920709157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Peng, Wang Qing, Zhan Chao, et al. Quantitative analysis of coastline change in the Yellow River Delta from 1959 to 2002[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2015, 46(3): 585−594., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325309046538280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Iskander M M. Stability of the Northern coast of Egypt under the effect of urbanization and climate change[J]. Water Science, 2021, 35(1): 1−10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325309147201579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张云, 张建丽, 李雪铭, 等. 1990年以来中国大陆海岸线稳定性研究[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(10): 1288−1293., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325309281419310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Yun, Zhang Jianli, Li Xueming, et al. Stability of continental coastline in China since 1990[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(10): 1288−1293., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310581653553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Xiang, Zhan Chao, Wu Mengquan, et al. An improved method for mapping tidal waterways based on remotely sensed waterlines: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China[J]. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2020, 38(8): 887−895., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310657151027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘修锦, 邢容容, 邱若峰, 等. 滦河三角洲典型潟湖-沙坝海岸岸线稳定性评价[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2020, 39(3): 426−431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310741037109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xiujin, Xing Rongrong, Qiu Ruofeng, et al. The stability evaluation of lagoon-barrier coastline, Luanhe Delta[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2020, 39(3): 426−431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310816534584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji Hongyu, Chen Shenliang, Jiang Chao, et al. Damming-induced hydrogeomorphic transition in downstream channel and delta: a case study of the Yellow River, China[J]. Water, 2022, 14(13): 2079., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310896226361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Houjie, Yang Zuosheng, Saito Y, et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment load (1950–2005): impacts of climate change and human activities[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, 57(3/4): 331−354., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325310967529531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Xiao, Bi Naishuang, Syvitski J, et al. Can reservoir regulation along the Yellow River be a sustainable way to save a sinking delta?[J]. Earth’s Future, 2020, 8(11): e2020EF001587., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311059804222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈沈良, 谷硕, 姬泓宇, 等. 新入海水沙情势下黄河口的地貌演变[J]. 泥沙研究, 2019, 44(5): 60−66., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311131107391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Shenliang, Gu Shuo, Ji Hongyu, et al. Processes of the Yellow River Mouth on new water and sediment condition[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2019, 44(5): 60−66., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311194021953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胥维坤. 小浪底水库运行后黄河下游水沙及其三角洲动力沉积演变[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311277908036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Weikun. The evolution of water and sediment in lower Yellow River and dynamic geomorphology in Yellow River Delta to water-sediment modulation[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311374377031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘大海, 陈小英, 徐伟, 等. 1985年以来黄河三角洲孤东海岸演变与生态损益分析[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(1): 115−121., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215325311449874505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Dahai, Chen Xiaoying, Xu Wei, et al. Analysis of the evolution and value of coastal ecosystem services at Gudong Coast in the Yellow River Delta since 1985[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(1): 115−121., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215325303371645839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(42330406);山东高校青创科技团队项目(2020KJH002)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215325293871546905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293879935512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293871546905, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215325293988987422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215325293997376031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, companyId=1215325293988987422, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Coastal Research, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215325298992792310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Overview of the study area, figureFileSmall=T44Fs9mLMn2ThhcIxKEmOw==, figureFileBig=WngyKtqxOofM393rlUFs6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299085067003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域概况, figureFileSmall=T44Fs9mLMn2ThhcIxKEmOw==, figureFileBig=WngyKtqxOofM393rlUFs6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299252839171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Temporal distribution of remote sensing images acquisition, figureFileSmall=Irhv0afJs78NZRsjzvfqow==, figureFileBig=YGjMXkVzlpsWzFDn1pmIzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299324142341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图2, caption=遥感影像获取时间分布, figureFileSmall=Irhv0afJs78NZRsjzvfqow==, figureFileBig=YGjMXkVzlpsWzFDn1pmIzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299399639817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flowchart for making annual water and land classification map (taking 2021 as example), figureFileSmall=DUuNQNzNGG1k47asBNsGDA==, figureFileBig=cpMK9ow3HiH3BeNr/Yf37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299483525900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图3, caption=年度水陆分类图制作流程(以2021年为例), figureFileSmall=DUuNQNzNGG1k47asBNsGDA==, figureFileBig=cpMK9ow3HiH3BeNr/Yf37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299554829076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Coastline map from 1976 to 2021 (a) and digital shoreline analysis parameter description (b) (the red box in a is the position of b), figureFileSmall=WSJFOs/ovfMDghxr723f0w==, figureFileBig=B/kbrWo47o76GOvUHUUrfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299638715159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1976–2021年海岸线(a)与数字岸线分析参数说明(b)(a中红框为图b位置), figureFileSmall=WSJFOs/ovfMDghxr723f0w==, figureFileBig=B/kbrWo47o76GOvUHUUrfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299751961375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Cumulative changes of coastline length and delta area (a), changes of coastline length and delta area in different coastal segments (b), correlation between changes of delta area and coastline length (c), figureFileSmall=rKD5biQk0VDuUI3VJsvL8Q==, figureFileBig=S6q297TJr7jr1+7I2NGIxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299865207587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图5, caption=累计岸线变化长度与三角洲变化面积(a),不同岸段岸线长度变化与三角洲面积变化(b),三角洲变化面积与岸线变化长度的相关性(c), figureFileSmall=rKD5biQk0VDuUI3VJsvL8Q==, figureFileBig=S6q297TJr7jr1+7I2NGIxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325299982648105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Line chart of net shoreline movement (NSM) and littoral recession rate (LRR) in the study area from 1976 to 2021 (a), and the relationship between NSM and LRR (b), figureFileSmall=6R6ngyiAx8k4rB4NVATh3g==, figureFileBig=WjDfI0DI7ISmKM04y8FnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325300066534192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1976–2021年研究区海岸线移动距离(NSM)与岸线侵蚀速率(LRR)折线图(a)及NSM与LRR关系(b), figureFileSmall=6R6ngyiAx8k4rB4NVATh3g==, figureFileBig=WjDfI0DI7ISmKM04y8FnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325300133643059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Net shoreline movement (NSM) of each coastal segment in different periods, figureFileSmall=h9a2K3KbnueDzjZh8FQTkA==, figureFileBig=inQtGjnaNVt6qahCkj2Qjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325300204946231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各岸段不同时期净海岸线移动距离(NSM)折线图, figureFileSmall=h9a2K3KbnueDzjZh8FQTkA==, figureFileBig=inQtGjnaNVt6qahCkj2Qjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325300293026618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The spatial distribution of shoreline change envelope (SCE) in different coastal segments from 1976 to 2021 (a), the SCE line of each coastal segment in different periods (b), and coastline stability index (E) variation chart (c), figureFileSmall=8rAuY6ma7JTnUpXE8rdkig==, figureFileBig=T267n6dQpvKuWiQkjeEgjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325300385301311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1976–2021年不同岸段岸线变化距离(SCE)空间分布(a),不同时期各岸段SCE折线图(b),不同岸段不同时期岸线稳定性指数(E)变化(c), figureFileSmall=8rAuY6ma7JTnUpXE8rdkig==, figureFileBig=T267n6dQpvKuWiQkjeEgjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325301635203906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Spatial distribution and change of onshore delta deposition center (a) and erosion center (b)

The background is the changing area of onshore delta in different periods and the arrows in the figure represent the migration of the deposition/erosion center

, figureFileSmall=B2rIDRv7YrAYHRjlWQAhTQ==, figureFileBig=XEw6+uaD1iuqiQLBU7MIFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325301723284293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图9, caption=陆上三角洲淤积中心(a)与侵蚀中心(b)的空间分布及变迁

背景为不同时期陆上三角洲变化面积,箭头表示淤积/侵蚀中心的迁移

, figureFileSmall=B2rIDRv7YrAYHRjlWQAhTQ==, figureFileBig=XEw6+uaD1iuqiQLBU7MIFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325301836530507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The relationship between the average annual sediment load and the change of shoreline length in each period (a), the relationship with the area change (b), the relationship with the average net shoreline movement (NSM , c), and the relationship with the average shoreline change envelope (SCE, d), figureFileSmall=34AdKpLDdzG21/uvX5Awsg==, figureFileBig=H2+Mz9Lc9d3w/RbeJOQRgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325301958165329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各时期年均输沙量同岸线长度变化的关系(a),同面积变化的关系(b),同平均净岸线移动距离(NSM)的关系(c),同平均海岸线变化距离(SCE)的关系(d), figureFileSmall=34AdKpLDdzG21/uvX5Awsg==, figureFileBig=H2+Mz9Lc9d3w/RbeJOQRgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302058828626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Changes in annual runoff and annual sediment load at Lijin Hydrological Station from 1976 to 2021, figureFileSmall=P0onR920X6zTrxnX2LvuGQ==, figureFileBig=ryCQI/1HZlbq3L9yOwLfVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302146909015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图11, caption=利津水文站1976–2021年年径流量和年输沙量变化, figureFileSmall=P0onR920X6zTrxnX2LvuGQ==, figureFileBig=ryCQI/1HZlbq3L9yOwLfVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302260155230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=The relationship between the change distance of the estuary position and the longitude (a) and latitude (b) change distance of the siltation center, figureFileSmall=c2BxlEBAYVRfT2taYqzGjg==, figureFileBig=58gktvGrOvpBjRVK+q08IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302381790048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图12, caption=河口位置变迁距离与淤积中心经度向(a)和纬度向(b)变迁距离的关系, figureFileSmall=c2BxlEBAYVRfT2taYqzGjg==, figureFileBig=58gktvGrOvpBjRVK+q08IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302474064741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Changes in the distance between shoreline change envelope (SCE) and the mouth of the river in different periods, figureFileSmall=4J+RRCORxG7SHa7xhXMZbQ==, figureFileBig=gtPTI+a0gI/g6PHp2aqnog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302562145129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同时期海岸线变化距离(SCE)距河口位置远近变化, figureFileSmall=4J+RRCORxG7SHa7xhXMZbQ==, figureFileBig=gtPTI+a0gI/g6PHp2aqnog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325302658614127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Division criteria of coastline stability zoning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类标准极稳定区稳定区较活跃区活跃区极活跃区
SCE/m0~100100~500500~1 0001 000~2 000> 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1215325302784443254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海岸线稳定性分区划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类标准极稳定区稳定区较活跃区活跃区极活跃区
SCE/m0~100100~500500~1 0001 000~2 000> 2 000
), ArticleFig(id=1215325302876717947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The coastline movement distance and its change rate of different coast segments in different periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域时间平均移动距离/m最大移动距离/m最小移动距离/m平均变化率/(m·a–1)最大变化率/(m·a–1)最小变化率/(m·a–1)
总研究区1976–2021年4 699.6619 237.1315.08104.44427.490.34
1976–1986年3 407.4116 921.082.94340.741 692.110.29
1986–1996年983.7214 122.78098.371 412.280
1996–2002年215.145 540.83035.86923.470
2002–2006年–210.408 464.430–52.602 116.110
2006–2008年118.944 948.06059.472 474.030
2008–2014年–133.8510 476.480–22.311 746.080
2014–2016年–215.341 074.340–107.67537.170
2016–2021年361.574 625.49072.31925.100
孤东海堤段1986–1996年52.06887.5005.2188.750
1996–2002年0.8830.3200.155.050
2002–2006年–0.4416.600-0.114.150
2006–2008年0.95180.1300.4790.070
2008–2014年–2.5117.260–0.422.880
2014–2016年–0.77132.640–0.3866.320
2016–2021年1.3822.6800.284.540
清水沟亚三角洲段1986–1996年1 618.0314 122.781.68161.801 412.280.17
1996–2002年361.025 540.8310.2060.17923.471.70
2002–2006年–353.358 464.433.03–88.342 116.110.76
2006–2008年199.284 948.06099.642 474.030
2008–2014年–223.2810 476.480–37.211 746.080
2014–2016年–361.431 074.340–180.71537.170
2016–2021年606.814 625.491.45121.36925.100.29
), ArticleFig(id=1215325302973186944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同岸段不同时期岸线移动距离及其变化率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域时间平均移动距离/m最大移动距离/m最小移动距离/m平均变化率/(m·a–1)最大变化率/(m·a–1)最小变化率/(m·a–1)
总研究区1976–2021年4 699.6619 237.1315.08104.44427.490.34
1976–1986年3 407.4116 921.082.94340.741 692.110.29
1986–1996年983.7214 122.78098.371 412.280
1996–2002年215.145 540.83035.86923.470
2002–2006年–210.408 464.430–52.602 116.110
2006–2008年118.944 948.06059.472 474.030
2008–2014年–133.8510 476.480–22.311 746.080
2014–2016年–215.341 074.340–107.67537.170
2016–2021年361.574 625.49072.31925.100
孤东海堤段1986–1996年52.06887.5005.2188.750
1996–2002年0.8830.3200.155.050
2002–2006年–0.4416.600-0.114.150
2006–2008年0.95180.1300.4790.070
2008–2014年–2.5117.260–0.422.880
2014–2016年–0.77132.640–0.3866.320
2016–2021年1.3822.6800.284.540
清水沟亚三角洲段1986–1996年1 618.0314 122.781.68161.801 412.280.17
1996–2002年361.025 540.8310.2060.17923.471.70
2002–2006年–353.358 464.433.03–88.342 116.110.76
2006–2008年199.284 948.06099.642 474.030
2008–2014年–223.2810 476.480–37.211 746.080
2014–2016年–361.431 074.340–180.71537.170
2016–2021年606.814 625.491.45121.36925.100.29
), ArticleFig(id=1215325303082238851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average annual shorline relocation speed (SY) and coastline stability index (E) of different coastal segments in different periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标岸段1976–2021年1976–1986年1986–1996年1996–2002年2002–2006年2006–2008年2008–2014年2014–2016年2016–2021年
SY/(m·a−1)A141.52422.05138.78123.13129.59119.7369.20137.3090.93
B66.55286.9219.420.670.250.940.710.740.71
C222.35633.3295.94169.95250.97334.63154.94154.43148.58
D335.91836.50553.09379.09298.82233.51186.24473.00281.37
E44.62144.4835.3981.19109.8253.6419.8877.8440.34
EA0.100.100.550.650.740.900.800.860.77
B0.250.240.821.001.001.001.001.001.00
C0.000.000.250.610.600.790.680.830.47
D0.000.020.080.010.310.670.260.450.39
E0.000.000.740.600.761.001.000.970.94
), ArticleFig(id=1215325303178707848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062585222992785, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同岸段不同时期海岸线纵深度年均变化速度(SY)与岸线稳定性指数(E

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标岸段1976–2021年1976–1986年1986–1996年1996–2002年2002–2006年2006–2008年2008–2014年2014–2016年2016–2021年
SY/(m·a−1)A141.52422.05138.78123.13129.59119.7369.20137.3090.93
B66.55286.9219.420.670.250.940.710.740.71
C222.35633.3295.94169.95250.97334.63154.94154.43148.58
D335.91836.50553.09379.09298.82233.51186.24473.00281.37
E44.62144.4835.3981.19109.8253.6419.8877.8440.34
EA0.100.100.550.650.740.900.800.860.77
B0.250.240.821.001.001.001.001.001.00
C0.000.000.250.610.600.790.680.830.47
D0.000.020.080.010.310.670.260.450.39
E0.000.000.740.600.761.001.000.970.94
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441459026210850, delFlag=0, nameCn=海洋学报, nameEn=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4193, eissn=null, cn=11-2055/P, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262543687, updatedTime=1761729782936, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=H, firstLetterEn=H, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=Natural Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, picEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190344242636624294, language=CN, name=海洋学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, createdTime=1761729782971, updatedTime=1761729782971, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190344242712121767, language=EN, name=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.aosocean.com/, createdTime=1761729782989, updatedTime=1761729782989, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1149651085930835976, websiteList=[Website(id=1188165202219512001, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761210259251, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210330879, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=海洋学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166688563413602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210613623, updateTime=1761210613623, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688538247775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210613617, updateTime=1761210613617, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688529859166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210613615, updateTime=1761210613615, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688555024993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761210613621, updateTime=1761210613621, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688546636384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761210613619, updateTime=1761210613619, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688575996515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210613626, updateTime=1761210613626, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688596968036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210613631, updateTime=1761210613631, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1188165202282426564, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761210259266, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210377920, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Haiyang Xuebao, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166798101856873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210639739, updateTime=1761210639739, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798076691046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210639733, updateTime=1761210639733, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798068302437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210639731, updateTime=1761210639731, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798093468264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761210639737, updateTime=1761210639737, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798085079655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761210639735, updateTime=1761210639735, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798106051178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210639740, updateTime=1761210639740, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798110245483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210639741, updateTime=1761210639741, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=海洋学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Haiyang Xuebao, journalPhotoCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPhotoEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, journalFirstLetter=H, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2023135, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/10.12284/hyxb2023135, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2023135, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2023135, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
入海泥沙减少背景下黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线的发育与演化
收藏切换
PDF下载
曹印 1 , 李瑞 1 , 殷鹏钧 1 , 范镇 1 , 左凤娇 1 , 战超 1, * , 王庆 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(10): 87-104
收起
收藏切换
海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(10): 87-104
入海泥沙减少背景下黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线的发育与演化
全屏
曹印1 , 李瑞1, 殷鹏钧1, 范镇1, 左凤娇1, 战超1, * , 王庆1
作者信息
  • 1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025
  • 曹印(1999—),男,山东省东营市人,主要从事河口海岸地貌方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*战超(1986—),女,教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌与沉积环境演变研究。E-mail:
The development and evolution of the coastline of the Qingshuigou sub-delta in the Huanghe River under the background of reduced sediment discharge into the sea
Yin Cao1 , Rui Li1, Pengjun Yin1, Zhen Fan1, Fengjiao Zuo1, Chao Zhan1, * , Qing Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Coastal Research, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023135
文章导航
收藏切换

三角洲岸线的变迁是研究地貌冲淤最直接的要素。黄河三角洲是世界上发育最快的三角洲,研究其海岸线变化规律和演化趋势对地区生态环境保护、海洋资源开发、基础设施建设等至关重要。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用修正归一化水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI)与多年水频率指数(Multi-year Water Frequency Index, MWFI)相结合的方法对1976–2021年期间典型年份的207幅遥感影像进行岸线提取,使获取到的海岸线更具科学性和代表性,并在此基础上通过定量计算分析了海岸线的时空演变及其稳定性特征,以此探讨黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线自1976年以来的演化机制。研究结果表明:(1)总体上,清水沟亚三角洲海岸线演化呈现先快速向海淤积后波动稳定的趋势,以1996年和2002年为节点划分为“快速发育” “缓慢发育” “动态平衡”3个阶段;(2)45年来,研究区海岸线稳定性持续增强,其中孤东海堤段岸线与黄河清水沟亚三角洲南部岸线保持相对稳定,而清8汊河口段岸线与清水沟废弃河口段岸线较为活跃,其岸线稳定性指数基本低于0.5;(3)陆上三角洲淤积、侵蚀中心的迁移同河口位置变动相对应,尤其是淤积中心的迁移与河口位置变动之间在经度向存在明显的正向关系,R2 = 0.690 4;(4)黄河入海泥沙减少、河口位置迁移以及人类活动对三角洲海岸线的发育演化影响显著。从长远来看,在黄河入海泥沙持续减少的背景下,三角洲的未来仍面临侵蚀的威胁。

海岸线  /  入海泥沙减少  /  河口位置迁移  /  海岸线稳定性  /  多年水频率指数  /  黄河清水沟亚三角洲

The shoreline change is the most direct factor in studying landform erosion and deposition. The Huanghe River Delta is the world’s fastest-growing delta, and understanding its coastline changes and evolution trends is crucial to regional ecological environment protection, marine resource development, and infrastructure construction. In this study, we combined modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) and multi-year water frequency index (MWFI) to analyze water quality in typical years from 1976 to 2021, based on previous research. We visually interpreted 207 remote sensing images to obtain an annual coastline that makes the obtained coastline more scientific and representative. We then analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution and stability characteristics of the coastline through quantitative calculations to explore the Qingshuigou sub-delta coastline of the Yellow River’s evolution mechanism since 1976. Our main findings are as follows: (1) In general, the evolution of Qingshuigou sub-delta coastline shows a trend of rapid sedimentation towards the sea, followed by fluctuations and stability. We can divide it into “rapid development” and “slow development,” with the “dynamic equilibrium” in between, taking 1996 and 2002 as nodes. (2) Over the past 45 years, the stability of the coastline in the study area has continued to increase. The coastline of the section of the coastline and the abandoned estuary section of Qingshuigou is relatively active, and its coastline stability index is generally lower than 0.5. (3) The migration of the sedimentation and erosion center of the land delta corresponds to the estuary location’s change, especially the migration of the sedimentation center, which has a positive relationship in the longitude direction between the change of the estuary position and the position of the estuary, R2 = 0.690 4. (4) The Huanghe River’s sediment reduction into the sea, the relocation of the estuary position, and human activities have a significant impact on the delta coastline’s development and evolution. In the long run, the Huanghe River’s silt into the sea is still continuously reducing, and the future of the delta is still facing the threat of erosion.

coastline  /  decrease of sediment entering the sea  /  relocation of estuary  /  coastline stability  /  multi-year water frequency index  /  Qingshuigou sub-delta of the Huanghe River
曹印, 李瑞, 殷鹏钧, 范镇, 左凤娇, 战超, 王庆. 入海泥沙减少背景下黄河清水沟亚三角洲海岸线的发育与演化. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023135
Yin Cao, Rui Li, Pengjun Yin, Zhen Fan, Fengjiao Zuo, Chao Zhan, Qing Wang. The development and evolution of the coastline of the Qingshuigou sub-delta in the Huanghe River under the background of reduced sediment discharge into the sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023135
河口三角洲是经济社会高度发达的重要区域,具有资源和生态系统服务等多重功能。全球约有60%的大城市和6亿人口集中在河口三角洲地区[1]。然而,由于气候变化和人类活动的影响,河口三角洲面临着海平面上升、河流来沙减少、人类活动增加等问题,这导致了海岸侵蚀、滩涂湿地的萎缩、洪涝灾害的加剧、堤防及涉水工程的损毁等一系列风险。当前,全球超过85%的河口三角洲地区都面临着严峻的蚀退风险,严重威胁着三角洲地区城市的安全[24]
与其他三角洲相同,黄河三角洲在人类活动的影响下,同样面临着蚀退的威胁。在黄河流域范围内,由于河流筑坝、中上游水土保持工作的进行以及工农业用水量的持续增加等人类活动的影响,河流入海泥沙量急剧下降[58]。在黄河三角洲,沿海大堤的修建、盐田和养殖池的建设和石油开采等人类活动直接影响着三角洲的发育演化[910]
近几十年来,学者们对黄河三角洲进行了广泛的研究,研究方面主要包括海岸线变迁[9, 1113]、废弃河口−亚三角洲海岸侵蚀与潮滩地貌演变[1415]、水下三角洲地貌冲淤及其动力过程[1617]等方面。具体而言,关于黄河三角洲海岸线变迁,前人研究主要集中在三角洲海岸线的提取[12]、海岸线时空变化和驱动力因素[9, 1113]、海岸线的形态变化[13]、海岸线发育的临界水沙量研究[1819]等方面。对黄河三角洲的岸线稳定性评价以及入海泥沙量与河口位置变迁共同影响下的三角洲发育的定量研究还较为有限。因此,长时间的黄河三角洲岸线研究对贯彻实施“黄河三角洲区域的生态保护与高质量发展”国家战略及区域可持续发展具有重要意义。
海岸线是陆地和海洋之间的分界线[2, 20],其研究对了解海洋与陆地之间相互作用、气候变化、海洋生态系统、自然灾害等方面具有重要意义,同时对其变迁特征的研究在一定程度上能够反映三角洲的发育演化情况。黄河三角洲是世界上最年轻的河口三角洲之一,数十年来,其岸线发生了巨大的变化,影响该区域的人类活动和生态环境[9, 1112, 16]
在每天潮汐涨落海水进退的过程中,海岸线在海洋和陆地之间不间断地迁移,在风暴、台风等特殊天气和海洋动力条件下,这个迁移距离相当宽,且具体位置有着随时间变化的不确定性[21]。因此,海岸线提取是研究岸线特征及其发育演化的重中之重。相比于实地调查、航空摄影等传统的测量方法,利用遥感手段进行海岸线提取的方法能够在减少人力物力投入的同时,获取更清晰准确的信息[2122]。Cui和Li[18]结合Alesheikh等人提出的直方图阈值方法通过人机交互的方式提取黄河三角洲的平均高潮线。Fan等[23]通过潮位数据对提取的瞬时水边线进行校正得到海岸线。Liu等[13]通过提取相邻的多期瞬时水边线作为岸线。Fu等[16]使用自动边界检测算法同人工监督相结合提取水陆边界作为海岸线。Zhu等[12]利用光学图像的SAR强度信息和波段运算进行海陆分割提取岸线。通过总结上述海岸线提取方法,多数是选择一期合适时间的遥感影像提取其高潮线或瞬时水边线,将其作为海岸线用于岸线分析中。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用一种将修正归一化水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index, MNDWI)与多年水频率指数(Multi-year Water Frequency Index, MWFI)相结合的方法[2425],利用该年份及其前后年份全部的Landsat系列遥感影像进行水边线提取,并将其作为该年份年度海岸线用于岸线分析中。这种岸线提取方法与前人提出的方法相比,更具年度代表性,同时更符合海岸线平均多年的定义。
本文通过运用遥感技术和数值模型,首先提取更符合海岸线定义的水边线,将其作为年度海岸线用于研究中;其次通过对三角洲岸线变迁与陆上三角洲面积变化的分析,总结三角洲岸线发育演化的不同阶段;并对不同时期不同空间的海岸线稳定性进行分析评价,探寻其影响因素;同时,对亚三角洲淤积、侵蚀中心的变迁过程进行分析;最后,探讨人类活动主导的入海泥沙−河口位置迁移共同影响下三角洲岸线发育演化机制,以期为三角洲地区的生态环境保护和经济发展提供科学依据。
黄河三角洲地区位于37°35′~38°12′N ,118°33′~119°20′E之间,是山东省东北部、渤海湾与莱州湾之间呈扇形隆起的区域,总面积为5 460 km2,海岸线长度约为350 km(图1)。现代黄河下游以多沙善徙为特征,河口是典型的多泥沙弱潮河口,口门沿岸南北迁移、改道频繁,每次迁移都会迅速形成新的河口与亚三角洲,不同时期形成的废弃亚三角洲及现代清水沟亚三角洲共同构成了现代黄河三角洲[7, 13, 16, 26]。该地区位于温带季风气候区,波浪受季风影响显著,以风浪为主,风向多为S向、NE-NNE向、N-NNW向,其潮流多为沿岸流动的往复流,以半日潮为主,是典型的河控弱潮型三角洲[2729]。作为世界上发育最迅速的河口三角洲,黄河三角洲拥有丰富的土地、油气、生物等资源。
黄河清水沟亚三角洲的泥沙运移主要包括陆域来沙与海域泥沙输运两部分。根据已有研究,黄河清水沟亚三角洲陆域来沙量每年约1.4 × 108 m3。这一数值在过去几十年间有明显的变化。在人类活动和自然气候变化的影响下,在过去的60年里,黄河三角洲入海泥沙量下降了约90%[9, 30],其中80%~90%的入海泥沙减少是由于人类活动造成的[31]。海域泥沙输运同样是清水沟亚三角洲泥沙运移的主要方式,其方向和量值受到多种因素的影响,如河流入海方向、海洋水动力条件、气候变化、三角洲形态等[26, 32]。1976年,黄河改道至清水沟流路后,河口泥沙主要呈先向南方向,再向东北方向扩散。在改道至清8汊流路后,河流入海泥沙在现行河口外主要向莱州湾方向输运,并逐渐在该海域形成一个表层悬沙浓度高值区[15, 3334]。在气候变化背景下,海域沿岸输沙也存在着变化。例如,气候变暖导致的海平面上升和海洋风暴的频率增加,在短时强风天气的影响下,波浪掀沙作用增强,使得泥沙扩散范围增大[35]
现行清水沟亚三角洲是1976年黄河改道至清水沟流路以来巨量黄河泥沙入海堆积而成,包含清水沟废弃流路与清8汊现行流路两部分。为研究现行黄河三角洲河口处的岸线变迁和冲淤变化及其对周围地区海岸线的影响,本文选择整个清水沟亚三角洲作为研究区,研究范围包括东营港以南至宋春荣沟。
本研究采用了207幅Landsat MSS、Landsat TM、Landsat OLI卫星影像的多时相遥感数据,涵盖了1976年、1986年、1996年、2002年、2006年、2008年、2014年、2016年、2021年及其前后年份的数据。这些遥感影像来源于地理空间数据云(http://www.gscloud.cn)和美国地质勘查局(https://www.usgs.gov)。图2展示了这些遥感影像的获取时间分布情况。此外,本研究还搜集了《中国河流泥沙公报》以及《黄河泥沙公报》中利津水文站(37°31′N,118°18′E,距河口104 km)的实测资料,包括1976–2021年的年径流量和年输沙量,这些资料将用于分析入海水沙量变化对河口三角洲岸线变迁与冲淤变化的影响。
遥感影像具有获取成本低、覆盖范围广、空间分辨率高等特点,广泛应用于海岸线提取中[12, 21]。基于卫星遥感影像进行岸线提取的方法主要依靠提取遥感影像上的水陆分界线来实现。然而,卫星遥感影像上记录的水陆分界线可能是位于高潮线和低潮线之间的任意水边线。为提高海岸线的代表性,本文结合前人的研究,采用MNDWI-MWFI的方法对年度水边线进行提取,并将其作为年度海岸线用于海岸线分析。具体实施步骤如下。
为了保证遥感影像的精度,本研究首先对搜集到的207幅遥感影像进行了包括裁剪、辐射定标、大气校正、地理配准在内的预处理。其中,地理配准以2021年11月12日遥感影像为标准进行,处理后的误差保持在0.5个像元内。
MNDWI是一种通过对绿光波段和中红外波段进行波段运算得到水体指数的用于提取水体的方法。与其他水体指数相比,如归一化水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI)和自动水提取指数(Automated Water Extraction Index, AWEI),MNDWI对建筑物和道路等地面物体的干扰较小,能够更好地消除陆地上的土地噪声[3637]。因此,对于泥沙悬浮物含量较高的黄河三角洲地区,其能有效地消除悬浮泥沙、人工建筑等阴影对水体的影响,提高精准度,具有更好的应用效果,得到广泛的应用[12, 38]图3展示了MNDWI处理前后影像的对比。
MNDWI计算如下[36]
$ {{\mathrm{MNDWI}}}=\frac{{\mathrm{Green-MIR}}}{{\mathrm{Green+MIR}}}\text{,} $
式中,Green代表遥感影像的绿光波段;MIR代表遥感影像的中红外波段;MNDWI计算结果得到的水体指数位于–1到1之间。之后结合天地图选择合适的阈值对直方图进行分割,将遥感影像的像元点分为两类,即陆地0类和水体1类。另外,由于Landsat 2MSS传感器MIR波段的缺失,本文中对Landsat 2遥感影像的二值化处理采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)进行。
在利用MNDWI对各景遥感影像的像元点进行分类后,本文利用MWFI对分类结果进行计算,从而获取年度水陆分类图,并以此提取年度水边线。同其他方法相比,该方法的优点在于能够平均每年的海岸线,减轻短期内海平面变化和季节性沉积物变化的影响,完整地反映本年度海岸线的空间位置[2425, 39]。研究表明,当用于制作年度水陆分类图的遥感影像达到10幅时,海岸线在空间位置上的误差小于1.5 m,海岸线变化率的误差小于0.03 m/a[24]。在本文中,关于MWFI方法的使用,采用了该年份及其前后年份的全部MNDWI的分类结果图进行计算。这种方法更符合海岸线多年平均的定义,更具代表性和科学性。
MWFI计算如下:
$ \mathrm{MWFI}=\frac{N\mathrm{_{water}}}{N_{\mathrm{water}}+N\mathrm{_{land}}}\text{,} $
式中,$ {N}_{{\mathrm{water}}} $$ {N}_{{\mathrm{land}}} $分别是指多年内同一像元被观测为水体和陆地的次数。图3显示了2021年研究区域的年度水陆分类图制作过程。计算结果MWFI ≥ 0.5的像元被重分类为水体,MWFI < 0.5的像元重分类为陆地[24]。最后通过使用ArcMap10.8结合天地图将生成的多年水陆分类图进行目视解译提取水边线,并对提取的水边线进行适当的平滑处理,得到最终岸线(图4a)。
海岸线长度变化是研究海岸线演变规律的重要指标之一,可以了解不同时期海岸线长度的变化情况,用于揭示海岸线的演变规律。海岸线长度变化计算如下:
$ \Delta {L}_{ij}={L}_{j}-{L}_{i} \text{,} $
式中,$ \Delta {L}_{ij} $是指第i年至第j年海岸线变化长度;$ {L}_{i} $$ {L}_{j} $分别指第i年和第j年的海岸线长度。
海岸线变迁分析是研究海岸线演变过程、分析变化原因和趋势的重要方法。数字岸线分析系统(Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS)是由美国地质勘察局开发的定量化分析海岸线的Esri ArcGIS Desktop软件的一个插件,常用于海岸线变迁分析中[4041]。它可以通过在自定义基线和提取到的多时相海岸线之间建立垂直横断面的方法来计算不同时期的海岸线迁移情况。
由于黄河三角洲变化剧烈,海岸线曲折,本研究基于提取到的1976年海岸线手动生成沿海岸线不同方向的基线,并在设置基线与多时相海岸线属性后生成间隔为100 m横断面553条。以此计算净岸线移动距离(Net Shoreline Movement, NSM)和岸线侵蚀速率(Littoral Recession Rate, LRR)等指标。其中,NSM是生成的横断面与不同时期两条岸线交点之间的距离,LRR是海岸线的变化率,即岸线位置的变化速度[25, 38, 42]。这些指标可以用于分析海岸线在45年间的变化情况,并提供有关黄河三角洲海岸线变化的重要信息。图4b展示了这些指标的分析参数代表的含义。
NSM计算如下[25]
$ {\mathrm{NSM}}={D}_{2}-{D}_{1} \text{,} $
式中,$ {D}_{1} $是指两条岸线较早时期和基线的距离;$ {D}_{2} $是指两条岸线较晚时期和基线的距离。
LRR计算如下[25]
$ {\mathrm{LRR}}=\frac{{L}_{1}-{L}_{2}}{{t}_{1}-{t}_{2}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {L}_{1} $表示当前岸线位置;$ {L}_{2} $表示上次测量岸线位置;$t_1-{t}_{2} $为岸线变化时间间隔。
NSM和LRR有正有负,正值表示向海淤进,负值表示向陆蚀退。通过使用DSAS技术生成净岸线移动距离(NSM)和岸线侵蚀速率(LRR)的统计数据对研究区45年来的岸线变迁进行分析。
海岸线稳定性是指海岸线在一定时间内的稳定性质,即海岸线的位置、形态、长度等特征是否发生变化[4345]。海岸线稳定性分析以各时期海岸线变迁分析为基础,利用岸线变迁分析中的海岸线变化距离(Shoreline Change Envelope,SCE)指标表示向海推进或向陆蚀退的水平距离,以此计算岸线稳定性指数,分析海岸线稳定性。
SCE计算如下[25]
$ {\mathrm{SCE}}=\left|{D}_{2}-{D}_{1}\right| \text{,} $
式中,$ {D}_{1} $是指两条岸线较早时期和基线的距离;$ {D}_{2} $是指两条岸线较晚时期和基线的距离。
海岸线纵深度年均变化速度SY[44]计算如下:
$ {\mathrm{SY}}=\frac{{\mathrm{Ave}}{\mathrm{SCE}}}{{t}_{1}-{t}_{2}} \text{,} $
式中,AveSCE为岸线平均纵深度;${t}_{1}-{t}_{2}$为岸线变化时间间隔。
岸线稳定性指数是指相对稳定的岸段的长度与该分析区域岸线总长度的比值,该比值越大,说明该岸线越稳定[46],其计算公式如下:
$ E=\frac{{L}_{{\mathrm{S}}}}{L} \text{,} $
式中,$ {L}_{{\mathrm{S}}} $为稳定岸段岸线总长度;$ L $为该分析区域岸线总长度。海岸线稳定性参考海岸线变化距离、海岸线资源保护与利用以及黄河三角洲岸线的特征划定[44, 46](划分标准见表1)。
淤积、侵蚀面积变化分析指对海岸线围成的三角洲面积进行定量分析和评估的过程,主要包括淤积面积、侵蚀面积、淤积中心、侵蚀中心变迁等指标。其中,淤积面积和侵蚀面积变化为海岸线前进和后退引起的二维海岸长、宽的变化,是一个二维指标,用于直观地反映三角洲淤积和侵蚀的范围和分布情况。淤积、侵蚀中心是指海岸线发育演变过程中,在河流输沙、海洋水动力等作用共同影响下三角洲面积变化在空间上的中心点,其位置变化情况,会对海岸线的地貌形态、水文环境、生态系统等产生影响,在本文中主要通过ArcMap10.8中的平均中心方法以变化面积为权重对不同时期的空间位置进行提取并分析。
以上指标的获取与计算均采用ArcMap10.8与Origin软件进行。除此之外,本文还使用Excel、SPSS等软件对各指标进行相关性分析。
本文通过对多时相卫星遥感影像数据的处理和分析,研究了黄河清水沟亚三角洲45多年来的海岸线变迁与冲淤变化,研究结果如下。
通过对海岸线变化长度及三角洲变化面积的数据进行相关性分析,在一定程度上表明二者之间存在相关性,R2 = 0.963 4(图5c)。如图5a所示,总体而言,岸线长度和三角洲面积的变化趋势相似,呈现出先上升后保持稳定的趋势,其中2002年是一个转折点,2002年之前处于增长阶段,之后虽然有一定波动但总体保持稳定,进入波动稳定阶段。不同的是,在1986–1996年期间,岸线长度的变化表现为缓慢增长,而三角洲面积的增长速度仍然较快。1976–2021年,三角洲面积增长了360.16 km2,年平均增长约8.00 km2。三角洲岸线长度由1976年的72.62 km快速增长到2021年的124.99 km,增长了72.13%,相当于每年增长1.16 km。
不同区域的岸线长度和三角洲面积变化情况不同。其中,1985–1987年孤东海堤的建设以及1988年孤东海堤北部盐田、养殖池的建设改变了该区域岸线的属性,将自然岸线转变成了人工岸线,岸线长度及其后的三角洲面积保持稳定,如图5b所示。而清水沟亚三角洲自1976年改道形成后处于快速增长阶段,直到2002年后在调水调沙的影响下,岸线长度与三角洲面积增长放缓,进入波动稳定阶段。
海岸线长度的变化可以分为3个阶段:1976–1986年处于快速增长阶段,10年期间岸线长度增长36.30 km,年平均增长3.63 km,增长速度最快;1986–2002年,岸线增长速度放缓,进入缓慢增长阶段;随后进入波动稳定阶段。三角洲面积变化同样经历了3个阶段,即1976–1996年的快速增长阶段,1996–2002年的缓慢增长阶段以及2002年后的波动稳定阶段。
本文主要通过NSM等指标对1976–2021年之间的海岸线变迁进行了定量分析,量化结果见表2。研究结果显示(图6),黄河清水沟亚三角洲的海岸线总体呈现向海推进的趋势。在河流巨量泥沙供给的作用下,河口附近的海岸线变化程度最大,最大的向海推进距离达到了19.24 km。整个研究区平均向海推进了4.70 km,每年推进约0.11 km,平均LRR为79.71 m/a。
1976–2021年之间的海岸线变迁研究虽然反映了黄河清水沟亚三角洲45年来海岸线的整体变化情况,但也存在一定的局限性。在海岸线整体表现为向海推进的趋势下,不同岸段在不同时期的变化特征不同。如图7所示,孤东海堤段海岸线除1976–1986年表现为强烈的向海淤进外,始终处于稳定状态,建成后至今,累计NSM变化为–0.51 m。清8河口段海岸线向海淤进幅度最大,45年来整段岸线平均向海淤进10.29 km,尤其是1996年黄河人工出汊到清8汊流路入海后,向海淤进速度增加且较为稳定。在1976–1996年作为黄河入海流路期间,清水沟废弃河口段在黄河携带的巨量入海泥沙的作用下,快速向海推进,并在海洋动力作用以及科氏力等共同作用下,逐渐向南偏转形成一个巨大的深入海洋的亚三角洲。随着1996年的黄河改道,由于陆源沉积物的丧失,原清水沟河口处岸线呈现出明显的向陆蚀退的趋势。此外,值得注意的是,在清水沟废弃河口段中部,即清水沟亚三角洲转角处出现向海淤进和向陆蚀退的波动,是由于原清水沟河口在海洋动力作用影响下崩解的沉积物运移造成的。在河口废弃初期,其河口前缘在强侵蚀的泥沙河口往复流的作用下向河口两侧输运、沉积,后随着侵蚀的进行,原河口前缘泥沙侵蚀殆尽,废弃河口整体转为侵蚀状态。
总体而言,研究区范围内的海岸线变迁具有明显的阶段性和区域性。在不同时期,海岸线表现出较为明显的向海淤进和向陆蚀退的特征。具体来说,海岸线在前期快速向海淤进,随后淤进速度逐渐放缓,最终趋于稳定。这种变化趋势在不同的区域表现出不同的特征,需要进行针对性的研究和分析。
本文着重研究了研究区海岸线的稳定性,该稳定性是指海岸线在一定时间内的稳定性质。为了深入探究这一问题,本文采用DSAS计算得到了SCE指标(图8b),并将研究区(A段)划分为4个部分,即孤东海堤段(B段)、清8汊河口段(C段)、清水沟废弃河口段(D段)和黄河清水沟亚三角洲南部岸线(E段),对不同分区在不同时期的岸线稳定性特征进行了研究。具体分区结果可见图8a
从整体上来看,在1976–2021年期间,研究区海岸线均表现为活跃态,海岸线纵深度年均变化速度为141.52 m/a,岸线稳定性指数为0.10,极不稳定(表3)。其中,清水沟废弃河口段(D段)岸线纵深度年均变化速度最大,为335.91 m/a,岸线稳定性指数为0;而黄河清水沟亚三角洲南部岸线(E段)岸线纵深度年均变化速度相对最小,为44.62 m/a,岸线稳定性指数为0。整个研究区岸线(A段)的岸线稳定性指数表现为先上升后逐渐稳定的趋势,变化趋势与岸线长度和三角洲面积变化相似。在2002–2021年期间,平均岸线稳定性指数为0.81,整个研究区的岸线较为稳定。
图8c所示,不同岸段在不同时期的岸线稳定性特征不同。B段与E段岸线相对稳定,B段岸线在1985–1987年孤东海堤建成后始终保持极稳定态,岸线稳定性指数为1。E段岸线在1996年黄河向北改道至清8汊流路后的一段时间内,由于接收到一部分清水沟河口崩解的沉积物,稳定性有所下降,但随后再度上升,岸线稳定性指数保持在1附近。C段与D段作为清水沟亚三角洲主体,受黄河输沙量影响较大,岸线较为活跃,但C段岸线相对更为稳定,而D段岸线稳定性指数基本位于0.5以下。这是由于C段岸线在黄河改道至清8汊流路后,于2002年黄河流域开始的“调水调沙”工程,黄河入海泥沙供应趋于稳定,而D段岸线在改道前接收大量黄河入海泥沙,改道后受海洋动力作用影响严重,岸线始终剧烈变化。
本文利用ArcMap软件提取了研究区不同时期陆上三角洲面积变化的中心,如图9所示。三角洲淤积中心主要沿着河口变动方向进行迁移。黄河自清水沟流路入海时期,1976–1986年的淤积中心向东南方向迁移。黄河改道自清8汊流路入海后,淤积中心向北迁移,2007年黄河河道受汛期影响再次向北移动,淤积中心同样迁移至北部入海口,后在黄河入海河口位置出汊与科氏力等因素的影响下,小幅度摆动。这里值得注意的是1996–2002年的淤积中心并未跟随河口位置的变动向北迁移,而是位于黄河清水沟亚三角洲南端尾部。这一现象是以下两个原因造成的:一是1996–2002年这一时期的黄河入海泥沙最少,河口位置缺乏泥沙供给,造陆面积较小;二是原清水沟河口在泥沙供给断绝和海洋动力作用的双重影响下强烈蚀退,部分崩解的沉积物堆积于此,这一区域向海淤积。
三角洲侵蚀中心同样受河口位置的迁移影响。如图9所示,在1996年黄河改道至清8汊流路前,侵蚀中心主要分布于清水沟叶瓣两侧,1996年后,侵蚀中心主要分布在清水沟废弃河口位置。淤积和侵蚀中心平均变迁的直线距离分别为8.26 km和9.72 km,其中淤积中心最大的迁移距离为19.56 km,出现在1996–2002年向2002–2006年的变迁中,侵蚀中心最大的迁移距离为21.99 km,出现在1976–1986年向1986–1996年的变迁中。
黄河三角洲作为典型的河口三角洲,其持续向海推进需要充足的泥沙供给。研究表明,黄河入海泥沙量的年际变化与岸线长度、三角洲面积变化、岸线变迁幅度和稳定性之间在数据上存在相关性,这在一定程度上表明其存在物理意义上的相关性,相关系数分别为0.790 3、0.938 9、0.920 7和0.934 8(图10)。随着黄河入海泥沙量的持续减少,三角洲淤积速率也随之减缓。通过对图10中的拟合线进一步分析表明,维持黄河清水沟亚三角洲岸线发育演变的临界入海泥沙量位于1.44 × 108~1.85 × 108 t的范围内。
黄河曾经是世界上含沙量最大的河流,在过去的60年里,其河流输沙量下降了90%[6, 8]。同世界上大部分的河口三角洲相同,河流筑坝与中上游工农业用水的增长使得河流入海泥沙量大幅度减少,迫使黄河清水沟亚三角洲开始转型[7, 47]。根据《中国河流泥沙公报》以及《黄河泥沙公报》统计利津水文站1976–2021年的实测资料,黄河年均输沙量达6.36 × 108 t,其中最大年输沙量为11.5 × 108 t,出现在1981年,最小年输沙量为2017年的0.077 × 108 t,仅为最大年输沙量的0.67%[48]图11)。
1976–1996年期间由于黄河流域生活用水、工农业用水量的不断增加以及中上游龙羊峡水库的建设,在减少黄河水量,降低泥沙携带能力的同时截留了大量泥沙,使得年入海泥沙量有所减少,但由于年均输沙量仍大于维持河口淤积平衡的临界年输沙量[1819],河流作用强烈,新形成的陆地不断向海深入,岸线极为活跃。1996–2002年期间,在小浪底水库的建设、中游水土保持措施以及用水量持续增长等人类活动的作用下,入海泥沙量急剧下降为近45年来最低值,整个三角洲向海深入的速度放缓,面临着侵蚀的风险。2002年后,在黄河流域实施“调水调沙”以及“生态补水”战略的背景下,三角洲获得较为稳定的泥沙供给,岸线稳定性增强,清水沟亚三角洲整体保持波动稳定。然而,随着“调水调沙”工作的持续进行,通过人为制造洪峰,虽然在一定程度上减缓了下游“枯水少沙”的情况,但库存泥沙量将会持续减少,黄河水沙形势将转变为“多水少沙”状态,入海泥沙的源头性减少问题并未得到解决,随着黄河流域人类活动影响的增大,未来黄河清水沟亚三角洲仍面临侵蚀的威胁[4951]
河口位置迁移与三角洲演化密切相关,尤其是与淤积中心迁移之间的关系,其主要通过改变河流入海泥沙的空间位置,使得不同时期的三角洲发育具有空间差异性[9, 13]。本文具体研究了河口位置的迁移与淤积中心在空间上的关联性以及距河口位置的远近对三角洲岸线稳定性的影响。
淤积中心的变化通常是由于河口位置的移动和沉积物输运的变化引起的。随着河口位置的迁移,沉积物的输运路径和沉积环境也会改变,从而影响淤积中心的位置和分布。自1976年黄河三角洲由刁口流路改道至清水沟流路入海以来,河口位置在人为和自然因素共同作用下发生多次摆动。1996年,在清8剖面处人工改道,入海口向东北方向移动。2007年,由于汛期影响,黄河河道再次向北移动,河流入海方向稳定为北略偏东方向。2014年,在持续的入海泥沙供给下,清8河口不断向海延伸的同时出汊成北汊口和东汊口,形成分汊式河口,分汊流路的分流使淤积中心再次偏移。通常情况下,淤积中心和侵蚀中心的迁移会随着河口位置的变化而相应变化,即淤积中心迁移至新河口附近,侵蚀中心出现在旧河口[16]。对淤积中心与河口位置迁移的数据进行分析,结果表明,淤积中心的经度向迁移同河口位置的经度向变动存在一定的相关性,表现为明显的正向关系。但是淤积中心的纬度向迁移同河口位置的纬度向迁移相关性不强(图12)。淤积中心经度向与纬度向迁移详见图9a
此外,本文还尝试定量化研究不同岸段距河口位置的远近对三角洲岸线稳定性的影响,研究结果如图13所示。从整体来看,河口位置的远近对三角洲岸线稳定性具有一定的影响,即距河口位置越远,三角洲变化幅度越小,岸线越稳定。需要注意的是,自1996年黄河改道至清8汊流路入海后,河口南部的岸线稳定性与距离河口的位置的关系减弱(图13d图13i)。这一现象是以下3点因素共同作用导致的:首先是黄河改道后,原清水沟河口泥沙供应中断,同时其深入海洋,海洋动力作用较强,加剧了侵蚀作用;其次,原清水沟河口处受到侵蚀崩解,其沉积物在海洋动力作用的影响下发生运移,部分堆积于黄河清水沟亚三角洲南侧,为其提供了新的沉积物来源;第三,1996–2002年期间是黄河入海泥沙最少的时期,新生成的清8汊河口造陆困难,新生成的三角洲土地面积较小。具体表现为1996–2002年该区域的悬浮泥沙浓度极高[26, 3233] 。此外,淤积中心与河口位置之间的纬度向迁移相关性不强,同样是受以上3点因素的影响。这一现象表明,影响三角洲岸线稳定的因素并非是单一的,海洋动力作用的强弱、河口位置泥沙的运移以及沉积物来源等因素共同影响着三角洲海岸线的发育演变。
人类活动对黄河清水沟亚三角洲变化的影响主要包括直接影响与间接影响两个方面。其中,间接影响主要是通过人工改变河流入海方向、建设流域水利工程[49]、加强水土保持工作[8]、进行流域“调水调沙”工作[6]以及人工用水等手段[31]影响河口位置与入海泥沙量。20世纪50年代至70年代,黄河下游区域大量进行了水利工程建设,使得黄河的来沙量明显减少,尤其是1986年龙羊峡水库以及1997年小浪底水利枢纽的建设,截留了大量泥沙,使得黄河入海水沙量骤降约60%。而在2002年以后,由于黄河流域“调水调沙”工作的开展,通过人为制造洪峰,改变了黄河入海水沙年内季节分布,使得入海水沙量有所回升[5051]。20世纪60年代以来,黄河中游地区水土流失治理的实施和草地退化的改善,大幅度增加了黄土高原地区的植被覆盖,使得入海泥沙量下降。同时,自 20 世纪初以来,由于生活用水、灌溉用水、工业生产用水需求的增加,黄河流域引水工程逐渐增强。根据黄河水资源公报,从20世纪80年代到2010年,黄河流域人类用水量增加了86%。人类用水量的增加将减少入海水量,从而减少入海水沙量[8],进而影响清水沟亚三角洲海岸线变化。
人类活动的直接影响是通过建设防海大堤、改变海域使用方式等手段,直接改变岸线类型。研究发现,1976–2021年期间整个研究区人工岸线长度增长了约25.58 km,占2021年总岸线长度的20.47%,人工岸线分布如图1红线所示。1976–1986年为人工岸线长度增长最快的时期。这一时期的人工岸线主要由两部分组成,一部分是为保证海岸稳定、保护油气开发建设而修建的孤东海堤(1985–1987年),另一部分是东营港南部至孤东海堤北部修建的盐田与养殖池(1988年)[910]。防海大堤的建设和海域使用方式的改变,将自然岸线转变为人工岸线,导致岸线类型转变后,其长度变化、三角洲面积变化、岸线迁移指标与稳定性指数均保持稳定。此外,相关研究表明,过度的人工岸线的建设严重影响海岸的养护和防灾功能,造成巨大的生态系统服务价值损失[52]
本文以1976–2021年的黄河清水沟亚三角洲为研究对象,利用典型年份的207幅遥感影像,采用MNDWI-MWFI的方法提取得到更符合海岸线定义的年度水边线,利用数字岸线分析、岸线稳定性分析、三角洲面积变化分析以及侵蚀淤积、淤积侵蚀中心变化迁移等方法定量分析了海岸线的变化特征,主要结论如下:
(1)1976–2021年整个研究区海岸线演变总体呈现先快速向海淤进后整体趋于稳定的趋势,整个岸线年增长率为1.16 km/a,陆地面积年变化率为8.00 km2/a。45年来,海岸线平均向海推进了4.70 km。其海岸线变迁还具有明显的阶段性和区域性。孤东海堤段海岸线在人类活动的影响下,1986年后始终保持稳定,清水沟亚三角洲段变化趋势同整个研究区相同,先快速向海淤进后冲淤共存、整体保持动态平衡。通过对整个研究区的岸线变化与三角洲面积变化分析,将三角洲海岸线发育演化划分为3个阶段,即1976–1996年的“快速发育阶段”、1996–2002年的“缓慢发育阶段”以及2002年至今的“动态平衡阶段”。
(2)1976–2021年间研究区海岸线极不稳定,海岸线纵深度年均变化速度为141.52 m/a,岸线稳定性指数为0.10。整个研究区的岸线稳定性指数表现为先上升后逐渐稳定的趋势,变化趋势同三角洲发育海岸线演化过程相似。具体来看,孤东海堤段海岸线与黄河清水沟亚三角洲南部岸线相对稳定,而清8汊河口段岸线与清水沟废弃河口段岸线作为三角洲主体,在河流和海洋动力作用的共同影响下,岸线稳定性指数基本低于0.5,岸线较为活跃。对岸线稳定性影响因素的研究结果表明,其稳定性受岸线距河口位置远近、海洋动力作用的强弱、河口位置泥沙的运移以及沉积物来源等因素的共同作用。
(3)在人类活动与自然因素的共同影响下,黄河三角洲河口位置始终处于动态变迁过程中。陆上三角洲淤积、侵蚀中心的迁移同河口位置变动相对应,在空间上表现为淤积中心迁移至新河口附近,侵蚀中心出现在旧河口,对其相关性进行分析表明,二者在经度向存在明显的正向关系,R2 = 0.690 4。
(4)黄河入海泥沙减少、河口位置迁移以及人类活动对三角洲发育演化影响显著。其中,人类活动是根本性因素;黄河入海泥沙减少是作用最直接的影响因素;而河口位置迁移使得三角洲海岸线演化产生空间时空差异性。当前黄河清水沟亚三角洲处于相对稳定状态,但从长远来看,黄河流域仍受人类活动影响,在入海泥沙减少的背景下,三角洲的未来仍面临侵蚀的风险。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(42330406);山东高校青创科技团队项目(2020KJH002)。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Small C, Sousa D, Yetman G, et al. Decades of urban growth and development on the Asian megadeltas[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2018, 165: 62−89.
2
Laignel B, Vignudelli S, Almar R, et al. Observation of the coastal areas, estuaries and deltas from space[J]. Surveys in Geophysics, 2023, 44(5): 1309−1356.
3
Zhang Xuan, Fang Changling, Wang Yuan, et al. Review of effects of dam construction on the ecosystems of river estuary and nearby marine areas[J]. Sustainability, 2022, 14(10): 5974.
4
Kong Dongxian, Miao Chiyuan, Borthwick A G L, et al. Evolution of the Yellow River Delta and its relationship with runoff and sediment load from 1983 to 2011[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 520: 157−167.
5
Liu Zhengjia, Xu Nan, Wang Jieyong. Satellite-observed evolution dynamics of the Yellow River Delta in 1984–2018[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2020, 13: 6044−6050.
6
Wang Houjie, Wu Xiao, Bi Naishuang, et al. Impacts of the dam-orientated water-sediment regulation scheme on the lower reaches and delta of the Yellow River (Huanghe): a review[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2017, 157: 93−113.
7
Xu Xuegong, Chen Zhengxiong, Feng Zhe. From natural driving to artificial intervention: changes of the Yellow River estuary and delta development[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2019, 174: 63−70.
8
Wang Shuai, Fu Bojie, Piao Shilong, et al. Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(1): 38−41.
9
Li Chengming, Zhu Lining, Dai Zhaoxin, et al. Study on spatiotemporal evolution of the Yellow River Delta coastline from 1976 to 2020[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(23): 4789.
10
Wang Guoyang, Li Peng, Li Zhenhong, et al. Coastal dam inundation assessment for the Yellow River Delta: measurements, analysis and scenario[J]. Remote Sensing, 2020, 12(21): 3658.
11
Wang Kuifeng. Evolution of Yellow River Delta coastline based on remote sensing from 1976 to 2014, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2019, 29(2): 181−191.
12
Zhu Quantao, Li Peng, Li Zhenhong, et al. Spatiotemporal changes of coastline over the Yellow River Delta in the previous 40 years with optical and SAR remote sensing[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(10): 1940.
13
Liu Yubin, Li Xiaowei, Hou Xiyong. Spatiotemporal changes to the river channel and shoreline of the Yellow River Delta during a 40-Year Period (1976–2017)[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2020, 36(1): 128−138.
14
Zhang Xiaodong, Zhang Yexin, Ji Yang, et al. Shoreline change of the Northern Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta after the latest deltaic course shift in 1976 and its influence factors[J]. Journal of Coastal Research, 2016, 74: 48−58.
15
Zhan Chao, Wang Qing, Cui Buli, et al. The morphodynamic difference in the western and southern coasts of Laizhou Bay: responses to the Yellow River Estuary evolution in the recent 60 years[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2020, 187: 103138.
16
Fu Yutao, Chen Shenliang, Ji Hongyu, et al. The modern Yellow River Delta in transition: causes and implications[J]. Marine Geology, 2021, 436: 106476.
17
Bi Naishuang, Wang Houjie, Wu Xiao, et al. Phase change in evolution of the modern Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta: process, pattern, and mechanisms[J]. Marine Geology, 2021, 437: 106516.
18
Cui Buli, Li Xiaoyan. Coastline change of the Yellow River Estuary and its response to the sediment and runoff (1976–2005)[J]. Geomorphology, 2011, 127(1/2): 32−40.
19
Wang Suiji, Hassan M A, Xie Xiaoping. Relationship between suspended sediment load, channel geometry and land area increment in the Yellow River Delta[J]. Catena, 2006, 65(3): 302−314.
20
Gao Wei, Du Jun, Gao Shan, et al. Shoreline change due to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula from 2007 to 2020[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2023, 10: 1123067.
21
Toure S, Diop O, Kpalma K, et al. Shoreline detection using optical remote sensing: a review[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2019, 8(2): 75.
22
Hu Ruirui, Yao Lijun, Yu Jing, et al. Remote sensing of the coastline variation of the Guangdong–Hongkong–Macao Greater Bay Area in the past four decades[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021, 9(12): 1318.
23
Fan Yaoshen, Chen Shenliang, Zhao Bo, et al. Shoreline dynamics of the active Yellow River Delta since the implementation of water-sediment regulation scheme: a remote-sensing and statistics-based approach[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2018, 200: 406−419.
24
Xu Nan. Detecting coastline change with all available landsat data over 1986–2015: a case study for the State of Texas, USA[J]. Atmosphere, 2018, 9(3): 107.
25
Quang D N, Ngan V H, Tam H S, et al. Long-term shoreline evolution using DSAS technique: a case study of Quang Nam Province, Vietnam[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2021, 9(10): 1124.
26
Li Peng, Ke Yinghai, Wang Dawei, et al. Human impact on suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River Estuary, China: Evidence from remote sensing data fusion using an improved spatiotemporal fusion method[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 750: 141612.
27
Chu Zhongxin, Sun X G, Zhai Shikui, et al. Changing pattern of accretion/erosion of the modern Yellow River (Huanghe) subaerial delta, China: based on remote sensing images[J]. Marine Geology, 2006, 227(1/2): 13−30.
28
Nienhuis J H, Ashton A D, Edmonds D A, et al. Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain[J]. Nature, 2020, 577(7791): 514−518.
29
Fan Yaoshen, Chen Shenliang, Pan Shunqi, et al. Storm-induced hydrodynamic changes and seabed erosion in the littoral area of Yellow River Delta: a model-guided mechanism study[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2020, 205: 104171.
30
Ji Hongyu, Chen Shenliang, Pan Shunqi, et al. Morphological variability of the active Yellow River mouth under the new regime of riverine delivery[J]. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 2018, 564: 329−341.
31
Wu Xiao, Wang Houjie, Bi Naishuang, et al. Climate and human battle for dominance over the Yellow River’s sediment discharge: From the Mid-Holocene to the Anthropocene[J]. Marine Geology, 2020, 425: 106188.
32
Li Peng, Ke Yinghai, Bai Junhong, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of suspended particulate matter in the Yellow River Estuary, China during the past two decades based on time-series Landsat and Sentinel-2 data[J]. Marine Polluttion Bulletin, 2019, 149: 110518.
33
缪红兵, 乔璐璐, 仲毅, 等. 人类活动和自然演变共同驱动下黄河三角洲海域潮波及物质输运变化[J]. 海洋学报, 2022, 44(9): 73−86.
Miao Hongbing, Qiao Lulu, Zhong Yi, et al. Evolution of tidal system and material transport off the Huanghe River Delta induced by human activities and natural evolution[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022, 44(9): 73−86.
34
褚言皓, 吴文娟, 李鹏, 等. 黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制[J]. 海洋学报, 2022, 44(6): 150−163.
Chu Yanhao, Wu Wenjuan, Li Peng, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of suspended sediment and its driving mechanism in the Yellow River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2022, 44(6): 150−163.
35
姬泓宇. 新入海水沙情势下黄河三角洲地貌动态变化与演变机制[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2021.
Ji Hongyu. Morphological variability of the Yellow River Delta and its dynamic mechanism under the new regime of river delivery[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2021.
36
徐涵秋. 利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J]. 遥感学报, 2005, 9(5): 589−595.
Xu Hanqiu. A study on information extraction of water body with the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI)[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2005, 9(5): 589−595.
37
Yang Haibo, Li Yunfei, Wei Jiahua. Yellow River Estuary Coastline change analysis before and after the water and sediment regulation in 12 years[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2014, 955−959: 3883−3886.
38
丁小松, 单秀娟, 陈云龙, 等. 基于数字化海岸分析系统(DSAS)的海岸线变迁速率研究: 以黄河三角洲和莱州湾海岸线为例[J]. 海洋通报, 2018, 37(5): 565−575.
Ding Xiaosong, Shan Xiujuan, Chen Yunlong, et al. Study on the change rate of shoreline based on Digital Coastal Analysis System (DSAS): taking the shoreline of the Yellow River Delta and Laizhou Bay as an example[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2018, 37(5): 565−575.
39
Apostolopoulos D, Nikolakopoulos K. A review and meta-analysis of remote sensing data, GIS methods, materials and indices used for monitoring the coastline evolution over the last twenty years[J]. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 2021, 54(1): 240−265.
40
Song Yuan, Shen Yongming, Xie Ruofan, et al. A DSAS-based study of central shoreline change in Jiangsu over 45 years[J]. Anthropocene Coasts, 2021, 4(1): 115−128.
41
Abou Samra R M, Ali R R. Applying DSAS tool to detect coastal changes along Nile Delta, Egypt[J]. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 2021, 24(3): 463−470.
42
刘鹏, 王庆, 战超, 等. 基于DSAS和FA的1959−2002年黄河三角洲海岸线演变规律及影响因素研究[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2015, 46(3): 585−594.
Liu Peng, Wang Qing, Zhan Chao, et al. Quantitative analysis of coastline change in the Yellow River Delta from 1959 to 2002[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2015, 46(3): 585−594.
43
Iskander M M. Stability of the Northern coast of Egypt under the effect of urbanization and climate change[J]. Water Science, 2021, 35(1): 1−10.
44
张云, 张建丽, 李雪铭, 等. 1990年以来中国大陆海岸线稳定性研究[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(10): 1288−1293.
Zhang Yun, Zhang Jianli, Li Xueming, et al. Stability of continental coastline in China since 1990[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(10): 1288−1293.
45
Yu Xiang, Zhan Chao, Wu Mengquan, et al. An improved method for mapping tidal waterways based on remotely sensed waterlines: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China[J]. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2020, 38(8): 887−895.
46
刘修锦, 邢容容, 邱若峰, 等. 滦河三角洲典型潟湖-沙坝海岸岸线稳定性评价[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2020, 39(3): 426−431.
Liu Xiujin, Xing Rongrong, Qiu Ruofeng, et al. The stability evaluation of lagoon-barrier coastline, Luanhe Delta[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2020, 39(3): 426−431.
47
Ji Hongyu, Chen Shenliang, Jiang Chao, et al. Damming-induced hydrogeomorphic transition in downstream channel and delta: a case study of the Yellow River, China[J]. Water, 2022, 14(13): 2079.
48
Wang Houjie, Yang Zuosheng, Saito Y, et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment load (1950–2005): impacts of climate change and human activities[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, 57(3/4): 331−354.
49
Wu Xiao, Bi Naishuang, Syvitski J, et al. Can reservoir regulation along the Yellow River be a sustainable way to save a sinking delta?[J]. Earth’s Future, 2020, 8(11): e2020EF001587.
50
陈沈良, 谷硕, 姬泓宇, 等. 新入海水沙情势下黄河口的地貌演变[J]. 泥沙研究, 2019, 44(5): 60−66.
Chen Shenliang, Gu Shuo, Ji Hongyu, et al. Processes of the Yellow River Mouth on new water and sediment condition[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2019, 44(5): 60−66.
51
胥维坤. 小浪底水库运行后黄河下游水沙及其三角洲动力沉积演变[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2016.
Xu Weikun. The evolution of water and sediment in lower Yellow River and dynamic geomorphology in Yellow River Delta to water-sediment modulation[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2016.
52
刘大海, 陈小英, 徐伟, 等. 1985年以来黄河三角洲孤东海岸演变与生态损益分析[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(1): 115−121.
Liu Dahai, Chen Xiaoying, Xu Wei, et al. Analysis of the evolution and value of coastal ecosystem services at Gudong Coast in the Yellow River Delta since 1985[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(1): 115−121.
2023年第45卷第10期
PDF下载
225
103
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023135
  • 接收时间:2023-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-15
  • 修回日期:2023-05-19
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42330406);山东高校青创科技团队项目(2020KJH002)。
作者信息
    1 鲁东大学 海岸研究所,山东 烟台 264025

通讯作者:

*战超(1986—),女,教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌与沉积环境演变研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2023135
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏