Article(id=1212062584367354737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023123, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675353600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-03, revisedDate=1681488000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907839146, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907839146, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907839146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907839146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062584757425018, articleId=1212062584367354737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Provenance and sedimentary evolution of the Southwest Arabian Sea since 45 ka, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grain size, composition of elements and clay minerals, and AMS14C dating of samples of upmost 100 cm in Core CJ09-03 in the Southwest Arabian Sea were analysied, and provenance, the sedimentary evolution and the restricting factors in the study area since 45 ka BP were discussed. The composition of major elements and rare earth elements show that, the sediment in the study area has obvious terrigenous properties Graph of (La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC and the composition of clay minerals show that the sources of the sediments in the study area are relatively complex, which include the Thar Desert, the Northeast Africa, the Southwest Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Based on the index of δ15N from literatures, and indexs of chemical weathering index of illite, K/Al, 1−CaCO3(%), the sedimentary evolution of the Southwest Arabian Sea since 45 ka BP can be divided into four stages: the Last Glacial period, the Last Glacial Maximum periond, the Deglaciation period and the Holocene period. The provenance in different stages are different, which is mainly influenced by the sea level changes and the strength of the Indian monsoon.

, correspAuthors=Jian Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiying Feng, Dejiang Fan, Keyu Wang, Xianming Jia, Jian Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062586917491702, articleId=1212062584367354737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=45 ka以来阿拉伯海西南部物源和阶段性沉积演变, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

选取阿拉伯海西南部沉积物柱状样CJ09-03顶部100 cm样品开展粒度、元素、黏土矿物以及AMS14C测年分析,探讨了45 ka以来研究区的物源、沉积演变及其制约因素。黏土和元素组成显示,研究区沉积物除含有较多的有孔虫等微体生物壳体和碎片以外,还具有明显的陆源属性;(La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC及黏土矿物组成显示沉积物的来源相对复杂,主要物源地有塔尔沙漠、非洲东北部、伊朗和阿拉伯半岛。结合前人的西阿拉伯海季风指标δ15N,伊利石化学指数、K/Al、1−CaCO3(%)等,可将阿拉伯海西南部45 ka以来沉积演化分为末次冰期、末次盛冰期、冰消期以及全新世阶段4个阶段,不同阶段物质来源和贡献主要是受到海平面升降以及印度洋季风强弱的影响。

, correspAuthors=陈坚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈坚,教授级高工,主要从事海洋沉积动力研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=8pyjEeyYTzxtGrZOdJpDAA==, magXml=qxpjy/iL+SX+nIaiUsVz9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KgBNN4r2hCxAU6CbV/a3dQ==, pdfFileSize=4286115, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=R/unF0CoBiPe7cvKwR1iaA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QrNL0AL802YkH4evXvqvDg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

冯启营(1997—),男,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:

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冯启营(1997—),男,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:

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10, caption=Index of K/Al, 1−CaCO3(%), illite chemical index of Core CJ09-03 sediment with oxygen isotope curve of the Greenland ice core and δ15N of Core RC27-14 in the West Arabian Sea[5961], figureFileSmall=P+X5b0/9koVqAQ7+hxVWTg==, figureFileBig=e3kpAKRkcRMNOImkTpJZgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298002940814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062584367354737, language=CN, label=图10, caption=CJ09-03孔沉积物K/Al、CIA*、1−CaCO3(%)、伊利石化学指数与格陵兰冰芯氧同位素及西阿拉伯海RC27-14 δ15N分布[5961], figureFileSmall=P+X5b0/9koVqAQ7+hxVWTg==, figureFileBig=e3kpAKRkcRMNOImkTpJZgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298120381330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062584367354737, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

AMS14C dating data of plankton foraminifera in the Core CJ09-03

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层位/cmAMS14C 年龄/(cal a BP)日历年龄/(cal a BP)(±2σ)测试材料
18~2010 560 ± 3011 336(11 182~11 557)Globorotalia menardii,Globorotalia tumida
38~4020 550 ± 7023 524(23 237~23 767)
58~6030 110 ± 15033 602(33 177~34 002)
78~8037 980 ± 34041 463(40 985~41 922)
98~10043 070 ± 64044 713(43 661~45 828)
), ArticleFig(id=1215325298208461719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062584367354737, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CJ09-03孔有孔虫AMS14C测年数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层位/cmAMS14C 年龄/(cal a BP)日历年龄/(cal a BP)(±2σ)测试材料
18~2010 560 ± 3011 336(11 182~11 557)Globorotalia menardii,Globorotalia tumida
38~4020 550 ± 7023 524(23 237~23 767)
58~6030 110 ± 15033 602(33 177~34 002)
78~8037 980 ± 34041 463(40 985~41 922)
98~10043 070 ± 64044 713(43 661~45 828)
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45 ka以来阿拉伯海西南部物源和阶段性沉积演变
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冯启营 1, 2 , 范德江 1, 3 , 汪珂宇 1, 2 , 贾贤明 2, 4 , 陈坚 2, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(10): 56-69
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(10): 56-69
45 ka以来阿拉伯海西南部物源和阶段性沉积演变
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冯启营1, 2 , 范德江1, 3, 汪珂宇1, 2, 贾贤明2, 4, 陈坚2, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋与海岸地质实验室 福建 厦门 361005
  • 3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室 山东 青岛 266061
  • 4 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院 上海 201306
  • 5 福建省海洋物理与地质过程重点实验室 福建 厦门 361005
  • 冯启营(1997—),男,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈坚,教授级高工,主要从事海洋沉积动力研究。E-mail:
Provenance and sedimentary evolution of the Southwest Arabian Sea since 45 ka
Qiying Feng1, 2 , Dejiang Fan1, 3, Keyu Wang1, 2, Xianming Jia2, 4, Jian Chen2, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Geology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Physical and Geological Processes, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023123
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选取阿拉伯海西南部沉积物柱状样CJ09-03顶部100 cm样品开展粒度、元素、黏土矿物以及AMS14C测年分析,探讨了45 ka以来研究区的物源、沉积演变及其制约因素。黏土和元素组成显示,研究区沉积物除含有较多的有孔虫等微体生物壳体和碎片以外,还具有明显的陆源属性;(La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC及黏土矿物组成显示沉积物的来源相对复杂,主要物源地有塔尔沙漠、非洲东北部、伊朗和阿拉伯半岛。结合前人的西阿拉伯海季风指标δ15N,伊利石化学指数、K/Al、1−CaCO3(%)等,可将阿拉伯海西南部45 ka以来沉积演化分为末次冰期、末次盛冰期、冰消期以及全新世阶段4个阶段,不同阶段物质来源和贡献主要是受到海平面升降以及印度洋季风强弱的影响。

阿拉伯海  /  黏土矿物  /  稀土元素  /  物质来源  /  沉积演变

Grain size, composition of elements and clay minerals, and AMS14C dating of samples of upmost 100 cm in Core CJ09-03 in the Southwest Arabian Sea were analysied, and provenance, the sedimentary evolution and the restricting factors in the study area since 45 ka BP were discussed. The composition of major elements and rare earth elements show that, the sediment in the study area has obvious terrigenous properties Graph of (La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC and the composition of clay minerals show that the sources of the sediments in the study area are relatively complex, which include the Thar Desert, the Northeast Africa, the Southwest Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Based on the index of δ15N from literatures, and indexs of chemical weathering index of illite, K/Al, 1−CaCO3(%), the sedimentary evolution of the Southwest Arabian Sea since 45 ka BP can be divided into four stages: the Last Glacial period, the Last Glacial Maximum periond, the Deglaciation period and the Holocene period. The provenance in different stages are different, which is mainly influenced by the sea level changes and the strength of the Indian monsoon.

Arabian Sea  /  clay minerals  /  rare earth elements  /  provenance  /  sedimentary evolution
冯启营, 范德江, 汪珂宇, 贾贤明, 陈坚. 45 ka以来阿拉伯海西南部物源和阶段性沉积演变. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 56 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023123
Qiying Feng, Dejiang Fan, Keyu Wang, Xianming Jia, Jian Chen. Provenance and sedimentary evolution of the Southwest Arabian Sea since 45 ka[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 56 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023123
源−汇系统理论是现代沉积学研究的重要进展,其不仅研究沉积物母源区的特征,还研究风化搬运全过程中涉及到的构造、气候等因素。气候变化、海平面的升降和洋流的变化对源−汇过程起着重要的控制作用[1]。作为重要的地质信息载体,海洋沉积物携带了过去源汇区以及气候变化的重要信息,例如沉积物的来源、生物生产力的变化、构造活动等[2]。冰川、河流、大气风携带的物质是海洋沉积物最重要的外源物质,占全球大洋沉积物总量的一半以上[3]。沉积物的黏土矿物、主微量元素、稀土元素等地球化学性质与源区的母岩组成、风化以及环境变迁有着紧密的联系[46]。沉积物矿物学和地球化学等特征,为物源追踪、气候以及环境变化等地学问题研究提供重要的手段,如在东亚季风区,利用黏土矿物和元素地球化学特征等开展沉积演化的研究取得很好的成果[710]
阿拉伯海三面环陆,是重要的“汇”,其物源不仅有印度河等周边河流带来的喜马拉雅山脉及德干高原剥蚀的产物,周边风尘也是重要的来源,如其北侧的巴基斯坦、伊朗和印度西北部地区,西侧的索马里半岛和阿拉伯半岛,东侧的印度半岛等均可能是重要的物源区[1113]。独特的地理位置以及复杂的沉积物来源,使得阿拉伯海成为研究海陆源汇过程、季风及环境演化的理想区域[1415]。作为控制物源的重要因素,南亚季风在亚洲季风系统中起重要的作用,是最强烈的气候现象之一[16]。其夏季风(西南季风)深刻地控制物源区的化学风化强度,影响陆源碎屑的入海过程和物质组成[15],其在晚更新世以来的变化和影响是海洋沉积学研究中非常重要的内容。
尽管阿拉伯海沉积学的研究具有非常重要的研究意义,但已有的研究主要集中在北部和东部海域,如利用氧同位素指标,揭示了6 ka以来的气候变化特征,利用氧同位素变化周期反映了印度河流量和南亚季风的变化[17];通过SST和Ba/Ca等讨论了热带消冰温度趋势、季风变化及其在冰期−间冰期过渡期间全球气候变化中的作用[18]。对西阿拉伯海海域的研究还是比较少,主要有对表层沉积物中黏土矿物组成的研究[111219],以及对表层沉积物的来源及搬运路径等方面的研究[51320]。从柱状沉积物组成探讨物源变化和沉积环境的演化,揭示南亚季风变化的沉积记录等都还没有做过深入的讨论。
本文以阿拉伯海西南部CJ09-03号柱状样沉积物为研究对象,通过黏土矿物、元素地球化学和有孔虫AMS14C测年分析,结合前人在周边地区的资料对比分析陆源碎屑的物源及其变化,探讨研究区的沉积演化历史和控制因素,深化该区域海洋沉积学和古气候的认识。
阿拉伯海盆是西北印度洋重要的海盆,西部与索马里半岛和阿拉伯半岛相接,东邻印度半岛和南北走向的拉克沙海岭,北部是伊朗和巴基斯坦等西亚大陆,西南部以卡尔斯伯格洋脊为界与索马里海盆相隔,平均水深为2 734 m,面积约为3 862 000 km2,中央的拉克希米海岭将海盆分割分为东、西两个次海盆[16]图1)。
地质历史上,阿拉伯海的扩张分为两个阶段。第一阶段始于早第三纪,马达加斯加和印度微板块之间的扩张中心向北跃移,形成了卡尔斯伯格洋脊,将印度和塞舌尔岛群分离开来;第二阶段扩张方向为NE−SW向,与现今的扩张方向相同,开始的时间仍存在争议。东阿拉伯海盆是印度次大陆和塞舌尔板块在晚白垩纪裂解后逐渐形成的,是由裂谷和相关地壳所形成的过渡地壳;西阿拉伯海盆及其相邻的东索马里海盆是以卡尔斯伯格洋脊为对称的洋底扩张而形成的[21]。构成阿拉伯海盆西南边界的卡尔斯伯格洋脊,北部因欧文构造带沿转换断层左旋发生偏移[2223],该构造带东南侧的洋脊则是阻拦沉积物向南输运的“堤坝”,尽管该洋脊被一系列转换断层所分割。印度板块与亚欧板块相撞后,印度河及其支流是陆源碎屑物质进入阿拉伯海的主要途径[24]
阿拉伯海周边入海河流主要是北部亚洲大陆的印度河等,西侧非洲大陆基本没有河流入海。风尘输入是物质的主要来源,其中研究区北侧,位于印度西北部的塔尔沙漠,气候炎热干旱,有着强烈的风沙活动,其代表了北半球中纬度沙漠最东端的延伸[25],风成地貌约占全部地貌类型的79%[26];研究区南侧,非洲大陆东侧大洋上的塞舌尔群岛,是一系列由花岗岩组成的岛屿型微大陆,类似于碰撞后的A型花岗岩[27],也可能在西南季风的作用下输送陆源碎屑至研究区。阿拉伯海沉积物以细粒沉积物为主,主要由微体生物壳体和砂、粉砂、黏土等组成,是典型的深海环境沉积产物[1628],北部沉积物有明显的浊流沉积的特征,有明显的冲刷侵蚀面[28],西阿拉伯海沉积物主要是受风成因素的影响[11],印度河来源影响较小。
阿拉伯海位于南亚季风区,冬季受亚洲大陆北部高压带影响,盛行东北风,但对印度洋区域影响较小,不会带来寒潮的影响[29];夏季,在南印度洋高压和青藏高原低压的驱动下,发育了源于南半球强烈的西南风季风。受季风影响,海区内表层环流表现出明显的季节性的特征[1830]。在夏季(6−9月),阿拉伯海发育顺时针的环流,在印度半岛的西岸形成了自北向南的表层洋流,而在阿拉伯海西部洋流向北,并沿着索马里半岛及阿拉伯半岛形成稳定的上升流;冬季(12月至翌年2月)则相反,盛行东北季风(冬季风),形成逆时针的表层环流[1531]
CJ09-03号样品由自然资源部第三海洋研究所于2020年采自阿拉伯海西南部(8.46°N,60.22°E)(图1),采样时测得水深为4 118 m,柱样长度为296 cm。考虑到该处沉积速率较低且年龄能被ASM14C测年方法确定,因此以柱样上部100 cm沉积物为研究对象,每2 cm间隔进行取样,共得样品50个,进行粒度、黏土矿物和元素组成以及有孔虫14C年龄分析。除有孔虫14C年龄测试送美国Beta实验室测试外,其余样品的前处理及测试分析都在自然资源部第三海洋研究所分析测试中心完成。
岩性描述:样品岩性比较单一,以粉砂为主,含有较多的有孔虫等微体生物,分为两段,0~40 cm呈灰色,沉积物类型为有孔虫粉砂质黏土,40~96 cm呈土黄色,沉积物类型为有孔虫黏土质粉砂。
粒度测试:用玻璃棒取黄豆粒大小的沉积物于试管中,取样后的试管中加入30%双氧水5~8 mL去除有机质,12 h后加入1∶10稀盐酸2 mL去除碳酸盐,静置24 h,待反应完成后,洗酸2~3次,最后,加入0.5 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠分散剂5 mL,混合均匀12 h后测试,所用仪器为英国Mastersizer2000型激光粒度仪。
黏土矿物鉴定:样品加15% H2O2去除有机质,加入30 mL浓度为25%的冰乙酸(醋酸)去除碳酸盐,用蒸馏水反复清洗,根据Stokes沉降原理所确定的沉淀时间, 提取0.002 mm粒径悬浮物,在提取的溶液中,加入少量CaCl2,沉降1 h后,放入离心管中,离心5 min,待完全沉降,倒掉水后,准备涂样。所用测试仪器为日本理学Smart Lab X射线衍射仪,分析的起始角为3°,终止角为30°;步长为0.02°(2θ);靶型为Cu;管压/管流:40 kV / 100 mA ;发散狭缝为(1/4 )°;散射狭缝为10 mm。各黏土矿物的含量采用改进的biscay方法进行计算[32],其中,坡缕石的含量根据相对于伊利石的峰高比来计算[19]
常量元素分析:将样品烘干、研磨至200目的粉末,称取干燥后样品0.8 g,加混合熔剂(无水四硼酸锂67% + 偏硼酸锂33%)玻璃棒搅匀,倒入铂金坩埚内,加入LiBr脱模剂后放入熔样机熔融,待其冷却后上机测试。使用XRF全自动检测,所用标样为GBW 07316,选取10%重复测试样品监控精密度,测试相对误差小于4%。
稀土元素分析:将样品烘干、研磨至200目的粉末,称取40 mg,加入3 mL HNO3和3 mL HF放入防腐蚀烘箱中180℃消解12 h。冷却后,放入赶酸仪中150℃蒸至近干(约30~45 min,样品呈现白色固体),加1 mL HNO3,再次蒸至近干(约15~30 min,样品呈现白色固体),以赶尽HF。近干的样品加1 mL HNO3, 1 mL H2O,密封加盖组装后,放入烘箱中150℃ 6 h溶解后,定容至40 mL等待测试,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪iCAPQ测稀土元素含量,标样为Multi-element Calibration Standard 2A、Multi-element Calibration Standard 1和Multi-element Calibration Standard 4(Agilent,混标,内含10 µg/mL各待测元素)。选取10%重复测试样品监控精密度,测试相对误差小于10%。
总碳、总氮含量测试:将沉积物样品冷冻、干燥,并研磨至200目,送往自然资源部第三海洋研究所分析测试中心进行测试。CaCO3含量采用下述公式计算:
$ {w({\mathrm{CaCO}}_3)}=\left[{w({\mathrm{TC}})-w({\mathrm{TOC}})}\right]\times8.33, $
式中,TC为总碳;TOC为有机碳。
年代测试:对柱状沉积物顶部100 cm样品间隔20 cm共取样5个,挑选浮游有孔虫Globorotalia menardiiGloborotalia tumida 为测年材料。原始测年数据经Calib 8.20软件校正[33],区域碳库校正值为206 a。
研究测得5个ASM14C年龄数据(表1),最底部的年龄为44 713 a BP,依据日历年龄计算沉积速率为1.76~6.15 cm/ka,平均为2.24 cm/ka(图2)。
CJ09-03站上部100 cm的样品,沉积物以粉砂级组分为主(64.68%~84.39%,平均为76.51%),砂级组分的含量在0.55%~12.18%,黏土级组分的含量为11.41%~27.91%,砂级组分和黏土级组分的平均含量分别为3.07%和20.44%。从垂向分布特征上来看(图3),岩芯各粒度组分及参数特征可以20 cm、60 cm为界分为3段。砂级组分主要集中在0~20 cm,从20 cm向下砂级组分的含量较低。在整体上来看,该样品的平均粒径变化并不大,Φ在6.64~7.56之间,平均为Φ = 6.99;分选系数在1.32~2.21范围内,分选性从较差到差,除了第一个层位(0~2 cm),其他层位都是分选较差;偏态除第一个层位(0~2 cm)为负偏(−0.68),其他层位均在−0.02~0.85之间,为近对称、正偏;峰态在2.94~4.49之间,均为很宽。
CJ09-03站上部100 cm的沉积物从垂向上可以分为60~100 cm、20~60 cm、0~20 cm段(图4)。60~100 cm段,除CaO外,含量都有一个小幅升高的趋势;在20~60 cm段,各个元素含量变化比较剧烈,大多表现先增多然后减小。0~20 cm段除Mn有一个异常高值,其他元素的含量变化不大。
研究区稀土元素含量总体较低,稀土元素总含量(ΣREE)范围为38.92~67.89 mg/kg,平均值为52.18 mg/kg;轻稀土元素的含量(ΣLREE)在32.77~58.35 mg/kg之间,平均值为44.41 mg/kg;重稀土元素含量(ΣHREE)范围为6.15~9.54 mg/kg,平均值为7.77 mg/kg,其中轻稀土元素的含量(ΣLREE)要高于重稀土元素的含量(ΣHREE)。垂向上来看,可以分为60~100 cm、20~60 cm、0~20 cm部分。60~100 cm段,轻重稀土元素含量都有一个小幅度的升高,ΣLREE/ΣHREE、δCe、δEu也呈现小幅度的波动变化;20~60 cm段,ΣLREE、ΣHREE、ΣLREE/ΣHREE、δCe、(La/Yb)N等都呈现相互先升高然后降低的趋势;0~20 cm,各稀土元素含量(ΣLREE、ΣHREE)、δEu以及(Sm/Nd)N都呈现出一个升高的趋势,而ΣLREE/ΣHREE、δCe、(La/Yb)N则呈现出一个降低的趋势(图5)。
用球粒陨石数据[34]对沉积物进行稀土元素标准化配分,来消除元素奇偶效应,从而反映源区的地球化学特征(图6)。从右倾的配分模式图可以看出该区域轻稀土元素要相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,并存在明显的Ce、Eu负异常。一般来说,陆源物质轻稀土含量很高,火山源物质重稀土含量很高,生物源物质稀土总量很低[35]。从配分曲线来看,与塔尔沙漠和非洲东北部的配分曲线较为相似,La/Sm段(轻稀土)与非洲东北部相似;Sm/Ho段(中稀土)与非洲东北部和塔尔沙漠都有较相似的形式,尤其是塔尔沙漠;Ho/Lu段(重稀土)变化较为平缓,与塔尔沙漠较为相似。总体上,稀土元素组分表现出明显的陆源特征。Ce负异常主要与生物碳酸盐等自生沉积有关,Ce负异常值越低,就代表自生碳酸盐含量越高。研究区位于热带,气候温暖,生物生产力高,沉积作用强烈,可能造成本区域明显的Ce负异常。
CJ09-03号柱状沉积物上部100 cm的黏土矿物含量如图7所示,该区黏土矿物以伊利石为主(53.61%~64.56%),其次为绿泥石和高岭石,其含量分别为13.82%~20.06%和11.20%~19.51%,蒙脱石含量最少,为4.82%~10.94%。此外,还含有一定量的坡缕石(17.04%~28.84%),坡缕石的含量是根据相对于伊利石的峰高比计算而来。在垂向上可以分为20~100 cm、0~20 cm两段。20~100 cm段,各黏土矿物的含量呈现波动变化,其中在30 cm深度(约14 600 cal a BP),除伊利石外,都出现一个高值或低值;0~20 cm段,伊利石含量呈现降低的趋势,绿泥石含量呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,其他黏土矿物的含量都表现出上升的趋势。
根据特征峰强度,我们识别出4种常见的黏土矿物:蒙脱石、绿泥石、高岭石、伊利石。除此之外,我们还识别出10.5Å的坡缕石的001衍射峰。坡缕石一般只存在于干旱和半干旱地区,阿拉伯海西部的坡缕石,主要来源于阿拉伯半岛和非洲东北部地区[19]
稀土元素在地球化学过程中,往往是以“一个整体”发生运移,在搬运过程中物理化学性质比较稳定,在风化、剥蚀、搬运、沉积过程中,其组成基本不会改变,较好反映源区母岩的特征[4143],可以很好地用于物质来源方面的研究[4446]。 (La/Sm)UCC、(Gd/Yb)UCC等稀土元素比值与源岩岩性有关,有着良好的物源指示意义,在亚洲大陆边缘海物质的“源−汇”研究中被广泛应用[47]。研究也表明,不同粒级的沉积物和重矿物含量等也会影响沉积物的稀土含量[48]。由前文可知,本研究的柱状沉积物中砂组分含量很少,平均含量仅为3.07%,而粉砂组分的平均含量为76.51%,含量占据主导地位。因此,研究区沉积物粒径相差不大,重矿物含量很少,稀土元素组成主要是受到源区母岩性质的影响,可以很好地用于物源识别。
研究区位于阿拉伯海西南部,河流直接输送的陆源碎屑较少,主要受到周边陆地和岛屿风尘输入的影响。从(La/Sm)UCC-(Gd/Yb)UCC判别图(图8)可以发现,研究区与代表塔尔沙漠、非洲东北部地区的稀土组成特性比较相近。推断印度次大陆西北部的塔尔沙漠、非洲东北部地区对研究区的物源都有较大的贡献。从图8中也可看出,11~45 ka BP沉积物在判别图中的点,更接近于塔尔沙漠,0~11 ka BP(上部9 cm)这一阶段的沉积物和非洲东北部更相近,即在11 ka BP前后沉积物的物源比例或结构发生了一些变化。
黏土矿物是沉积物的重要组成部分,能够敏感地响应源区风化特征,对阐明海洋沉积环境的变化具有重要的作用[474950]。其物源一般可通过黏土矿物三角图来识别,从图9可看出研究区黏土矿物的点落在塔尔沙漠、伊朗以及印度河(其中3个数据点)的周边,其中塔尔沙漠更为接近一些,而与印度半岛、阿拉伯半岛、大部分的印度河样品、非洲东北部的黏土矿物组成差别要大一些。
研究区发现一定量的坡缕石,根据前人研究和现有文献资料,坡缕石主要是来自阿拉伯半岛和非洲东北部。相比较而言,阿拉伯地区的黏土矿物中坡缕石含量相对较高,并且富含伊利石,而非洲东北部的黏土矿物则主要富含蒙脱石[19]。塔尔沙漠西部的钙质土壤中也含有一定量的坡缕石,主要是来自该地区的海相沉积岩,但该地区黏土矿物中含有较多的蒙脱石[51],这与研究区蒙脱石含量在4.82%~10.94%不匹配。从坡缕石与蒙脱石的组合看,研究区黏土可能是来自阿拉伯半岛,但从黏土矿物的端元图来看,研究区的黏土矿物与阿拉伯半岛的黏土组成投的点要离得远一些,可能显示研究区沉积物物质来源的多样性。
总的来说,从黏土矿物组合特征来看,沉积物可能主要来源于塔尔沙漠和伊朗以及阿拉伯半岛,周边其他地区,如非洲大陆也有可能,但其来源含量可能相对要少一些。比较不同年龄样品,研究区的黏土矿物组成在11 ka BP前后也发生一定的改变,相对而言11 ka BP以后的黏土矿物组成中,伊利石+绿泥石的含量有所减少,高岭石和蒙脱石的含量相对增加,表现出趋向更为温暖湿润的气候特点。
CJ09-03孔沉积物的稀土配分模式表现出富含轻稀土、Ce和Eu负异常,有明显的陆源属性,11 ka以后较年轻沉积物的(La/Sm)UCC以及(Gd/Yb)UCC值略小于之前的沉积物,物质来源显示出明显的差异。从黏土矿物组成看,周边源区的阿拉伯半岛、塔尔沙漠以高含量的伊利石为特征,非洲东北部以高含量的蒙脱石为特征,印度半岛蒙脱石和高岭石的含量较高,印度河以富伊利石和绿泥石为特征,伊朗则含有较多的绿泥石。蒙脱石−高岭石−(伊利石+绿泥石)三角图显示,研究区柱状沉积物物质主要来源于塔尔沙漠、伊朗、非洲东北部地区和阿拉伯半岛;它们的输入量与季风等的变化有关,如常年盛行西北风(夏马尔风)的阿拉伯半岛,可以将伊利石和坡缕石运送到阿拉伯海上空,强劲的东北风则可能把北部大陆高伊利石含量的碎屑带到研究区,而西南季风盛行则带来非洲东北部,甚至塞舌尔群岛的,含较高含量高岭石和蒙脱石的碎屑。气候和海平面产生巨大的变化,沉积物组成也呈现出相应变化特征。
45~11 ka BP,黏土矿物含量呈现波动式变化,含量无较大的变化,存在多个冷期,相较于全新世阶段,西南季风强度减弱、东北季风增强,海面下降,来自研究区的伊利石和绿泥石含量达到了80%左右,塔尔沙漠向阿拉伯海提供了富含伊利石和坡缕石的碎屑,经海盆内部内环流,将物质输送到CJ09-03站位;与此同时,西南季风相对较弱,来自阿拉伯半岛和非洲东北部的坡缕石输送较少,
11 ka BP以后的全新世时期,西南季风强度增强,更多的来自非洲东北部的蒙脱石可被输送到阿拉伯海上空,强盛的西南季风甚至可以阻隔西北方向的夏马尔风,减少阿拉伯半岛的物质输入,显示出伊利石含量的减少和高岭石、蒙脱石含量的增加;绿泥石的增加可能来自于伊朗,坡缕石含量相对45~11 ka BP有所增加可能是非洲东北部来源的坡缕石弥补了阿拉伯半岛来源的减少。
矿物岩石的化学风化,各元素表现出不同的稳定性。K易被风化淋滤,而Al性质稳定不容易风化,它们都具有典型的陆源属性[5556]。因而,K/Al可以用来指示源区化学风化的强弱。对于黏土矿物来说,化学风化较强及湿热气候条件下形成的伊利石化学指数较高,结晶度降低[57],伊利石风化指数也是源区风化程度很好的指标。CIA指数也是反映源区风化状况的很好指标,由于研究区沉积物中含较多生物成因的CaO,本文使用改进的方法计算化学风化指数CIA*[58],方法如下:$ \rm CI{A^*} = A{l_2}{O_3}/\left( {A{l_2}O_3^{} + N{a_2}O + {K_2}O} \right) \times 100 $
此外,通过TC(%)、TOC(%)数据可以计算出生物成因的CaCO3的含量,剩余的(1−CaCO3(%))就可指示陆源物质的输入强度,反映风尘输入的强度。
前人研究表明,西阿拉伯海低氧区沉积物的δ15N 可以作为生产力的有效指标[59],用δ15N可以指示印度季风的强度,即δ15N值越高,生产力越高,西南季风(印度夏季风)强度越强。
本文根据CJ09-03柱样ASM14C测年结果、K/Al、1−CaCO3(%)、伊利石化学指数、海平面变化、格陵兰冰心氧同位素以及代表季风指标的西阿拉伯海RC27-14孔的δ15N等指标(图10),初步探讨了45 ka BP以来阿拉伯海西南部沉积演变以及控制因素,根据化学风化程度以及陆源输入量的变化可分为4个阶段。
(1)末次冰期
这一阶段印度洋夏季风减弱,降水量减少,沉积记录与季风强度变化有较好的呼应。H2、H3、H4时期,伊利石化学风化指数、K/Al以及CIA*指示的化学风化强度都减弱,而各冷期之间指化学风化强度较强(图10)。本阶段的化学风化强度主要受控于夏季风的强度,比较而言,伊利石化学风化指数相对于K/Al、CIA*能够更好地指示夏季风的强度。
在H4−H2这段时间,1−CaCO3(%)指示的陆源物质的输入量逐渐增多, H2、H3和H4这3个冷期相对于这个阶段的其他时期的陆源物质输入量有所增加,且有H4向H2增加的趋势(图10g),这可能是由于海平面和季风强度两者共同控制的结果。其中,海平面下降,导致大范围裸露的陆架,缩短物源区的距离,在东北季风作用下带来较多的陆源碎屑。H2、H3和H4时期的夏季,西南季风强度降低,来自非洲东北部陆源物质的输入要相应减少。
因此,这个时期陆源碎屑输入的增加,主要受到海平面降低和东北季风增强共同影响的控制。
(2)末次冰盛期
末次冰盛期(LGM)气候变冷,冰盖覆盖面积显著增加,夏季风强度和降水量显著减小,物理剥蚀和化学风化作用强度降低。伊利石化学风化指数有较大幅度减小,K/Al继续保持在高值区,显示风化程度和夏季风强度的减弱。但是CIA*相较于末次冰期没有明显的减小,可能是CIA*不能很好反映此时的夏季风强度的明显减弱(图10)。
与此同时,末次冰盛期海平面急剧降低(比现代海平面低约120 m),增强的东北季风带来了北方较多的陆源碎屑物质。相对于末次冰期,此时的1−CaCO3(%)没有明显的增大,甚至还要低于末次冰期的部分时期,可能是西南季风强度大幅减弱,非洲东北部陆源输入量的严重减少所致。
总体而言,这一阶段海平面急剧降低,夏季风强度大幅减弱。相比于末次冰期,陆源物质的输入量略有降低,主要体现出西南季风大幅减弱的影响。
(3)末次冰消期
这一阶段主要包括H1时期、暖期(B/A)、新仙女木事件(YD)。总体上,这一阶段海平面和气温上升,阿拉伯海季风指标指示的印度洋夏季风强度升高,在YD和H1期夏季风强度有所减弱,B/A期夏季风强度增加。伊利石化学指数的值总体上高于末次冰盛期,YD和H1期要低于B/A期,能够较好地指示夏季风强度的增强(图10)。
K/Al在这一阶段总体上是呈现下降的趋势,也说明夏季风强度的增强。1−CaCO3(%)显示的陆源物质输入量总体上呈现出下降的趋势,B/A期的陆源物质输入量要高于YD和H1时期,显示B/A期引起的夏季风增强(图10f图10g),其对陆源输入的作用要高于海平面上升的影响。但是CIA*在此阶段的值要相对低于末次冰盛期,未能反映出风化强度增高的趋势。
在H1时期,伊利石化学风化指数和1−CaCO3(%)指示的陆源物质的输入量以及阿拉伯海季风指标δ15N都处于低值,K/Al处于相对高值,这些也都表明此时夏季风强度的减弱。
(4)全新世阶段
这一阶段气候回暖,西南季风强度增强,降水量增多,K/Al有明显的下降,伊利石化学风化指数则整体上处于上升趋势,显示化学风化程度的增强(图10)。从沉积物组成看,黏土矿物中蒙脱石成分增多(图6),(La/Sm)UCC和(Gd/Yb)UCC比值变小(图5),表明增强的夏季风及西北风从非洲东北部和阿拉伯半岛带来更多的陆源物质,它们与东北风带来的碎屑具有很大的区别。物质来源输入比例的变化是造成沉积物黏土矿物和元素组成变化的主要原因。
(1)通过CJ09-03柱状样和周边陆地沉积物的黏土矿物和稀土元素组成特征的比较,阿拉伯海西南部沉积物除了有较多海洋生物成因碎屑外,还具有较明显的陆源属性。黏土矿物和稀土元素的组成特征显示,塔尔沙漠是其最主要的物质来源,同时周边大陆地区,如阿拉伯半岛、非洲东北部、伊朗也是其主要的物质来源区,它们在不同的地质历史阶段扮演了不同的角色。
(2)通过伊利石化学风化指数、K/Al及1−CaCO3(%)等指标,研究区45 ka BP以来沉积环境可以划分为末次冰期、末次盛冰期、冰消期以及全新世4个阶段,不同阶段物质供应主要受控于海平面升降及季风强弱变化的消长。
  • 全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-04-HYDZ-02,GASI-02-WIND-CJ09)。
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2023年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023123
  • 接收时间:2023-02-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-03
  • 修回日期:2023-04-15
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全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-04-HYDZ-02,GASI-02-WIND-CJ09)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋与海岸地质实验室 福建 厦门 361005
    3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室 山东 青岛 266061
    4 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院 上海 201306
    5 福建省海洋物理与地质过程重点实验室 福建 厦门 361005

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*陈坚,教授级高工,主要从事海洋沉积动力研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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