Article(id=1212062581854957708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676649600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-18, revisedDate=1683388800000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907838547, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907838547, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907838547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907838547, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062582098227341, articleId=1212062581854957708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research on the effect factors of flow division ratio in river networks bifurcated estuary: A case of Jiaomen outlet, the Zhujiang River Delta, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Jiaomen outlet is a typical river network bifurcated estuary and an important channel for flood discharge and sediment discharge of the Zhujiang River. The change of diversion ratio in bifurcated Jiaomen outlet is crucial to the geomorphological evolution, flood control and navigation safety of the Zhujiang River Delta. This study designed a series of flume experiments, and selected sensitivity analysis parameter which includes the water depth of bifurcated channel and bifurcated angle to explores the evolution of the flow division ratio of the river network type bifurcated estuary with the above factors. The dimension of the physical model is based on the recent geomorphic morphology of Jiaomen outlet. The result show that, on the basis of the stability of the section feature of the bifurcated channel, the flow division ratio of Fuzhou Channel depicts a good correlation with the flow velocity ratio between Humen and Jiaomen, and is less affected by the absolute flow velocity of the two outlets. Subsequently, the sensitivity experiment result indicate that the flow division ratio is negatively correlated with the water depth of Jiaomen South Channel and positively correlated with the water depth of Fuzhou Channel, and when the bifurcation angle is between 30° and 65°, the flow division ratio is negatively correlated with the bifurcation angle, but when the bifurcation angle is between 65° and 75°, the positive and negative correlation between the flow division ratio and the bifurcation angle changes around the velocity ratio V = 0.7. Then, the sensitivity of the increase or decrease of the flow division ratio to the above each variable can be obtained by quantifying the sensitivity experiment result. The research results can provide reference for artificial regulation project of Jiaomen outlet.

, correspAuthors=Zhibin Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min Su, Peng Yao, Zhibin Yu, Xinxi An), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062584035995839, articleId=1212062581854957708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=河网型分汊河口分流比影响因素探究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

珠江蕉门河口是典型的河网型分汊河口,是珠江口重要的泄洪排沙通道,其分流比变化对珠江三角洲地貌演变、防洪与航运等至关重要。本文基于蕉门近期地貌形态,以凫洲水道落潮分流比为研究对象,设计系列水槽实验,选取分汊河道断面形态与分汊角两个影响因素进行敏感性分析,探究河网型分汊河口分流比随上述因子的演变规律。结果表明:在分汊河道断面形态稳定的基础上,凫洲水道分流比与虎门、蕉门相对流速有较好的相关关系,受两口门绝对流速的影响较小;分流比与蕉门南水道水深呈负相关,与凫洲水道水深呈正相关;分汊角在30°~65°区间内,分流比与分汊角呈负相关,分汊角在65°~75°时,分流比与分汊角的正负相关关系在流速比V = 0.7前后转换;通过量化各变量敏感性,分别得到凫洲水道分流比增大或减小对上述因子的敏感性大小。研究成果可为蕉门整治工程提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=余志斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*余志斌,男,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MNgJZwkAQ21VICLYRdT9ZQ==, magXml=kircFMQT5lxVVslT1zOrFg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7zPSF13dfwATStq7PAISBg==, pdfFileSize=2400210, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=G8aOyeDEnb6bpgOFVlgikQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9t8v1sn43/Mqs6SFLG2NdA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

苏敏(1986—),女,山东省菏泽市人,副教授,博士,主要从事河口海岸动力地貌方面研究。E-mail:

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苏敏(1986—),女,山东省菏泽市人,副教授,博士,主要从事河口海岸动力地貌方面研究。E-mail:

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苏敏(1986—),女,山东省菏泽市人,副教授,博士,主要从事河口海岸动力地貌方面研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=图1, caption=珠江伶仃洋位置示意图(a)及蕉门分汊河口各水道放大图(b), figureFileSmall=qlRK1EPPlvQB1hxiPRdPWg==, figureFileBig=SzJh+vBvLioco3s/yq/WzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325297747083964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Top view (a) and front view (b) of flume experiment design and instruments layout, figureFileSmall=H+G3dtqQsWHNrlKQGOC0gg==, figureFileBig=oW/tubZ4a5VyQKvgqpy5Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325297839358657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水槽模型设计及仪器布置平面图(a)与正视图(b), figureFileSmall=H+G3dtqQsWHNrlKQGOC0gg==, figureFileBig=oW/tubZ4a5VyQKvgqpy5Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325297948410567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Relationship between flow division ratio of the Fuzhou Channel and velocity ratio between outlets (Case RF65 and the results of Yao et al [28] have the same velocity ratio while different velocity magnitudes), figureFileSmall=fxW6OM8ZeJo0P0oP33j0Kw==, figureFileBig=uGzw6E+phJ2roveZaftfFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298044879565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=图3, caption=凫洲水道分流比随断面流速比变化(Case RF65与姚鹏等[28]流速比相同但绝对流速不同), figureFileSmall=fxW6OM8ZeJo0P0oP33j0Kw==, figureFileBig=uGzw6E+phJ2roveZaftfFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298145542865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Relationship between flow confluence ratio of the Fuzhou Channel and velocity ratio between outlets (Case RF65 and the results of Yao et al [28] have the same velocity ratio while different velocity magnitudes), figureFileSmall=qwHBsJpQBZrKyugeJlsoUA==, figureFileBig=aCCQDpR4v3/DTml//dsCuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298250400468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=图4, caption=凫洲水道与虎门汇流比随断面流速比变化(Case RF65与姚鹏等[28]流速比相同但绝对流速不同), figureFileSmall=qwHBsJpQBZrKyugeJlsoUA==, figureFileBig=aCCQDpR4v3/DTml//dsCuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298346869466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The relationship between variation of flow division ratio, confluence discharge ratio of Fuzhou channel and flow discharge of Humen and Jiaomen outlets (in case of constant Humen flow velocity), figureFileSmall=kewCNlCaDJqJDPpcyn+npA==, figureFileBig=wC1y95hlvCk80mSF8twrsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325298468504290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, 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Flow velocity ratio setting in the reference run

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况V1/(cm·s−1V2/(cm·s−1V1/V2
12.8140.2
25.6140.4
37140.5
48.4140.6
5(基准工况)11.2140.8
6(基准工况)14141
71411.71.2
814101.4
9148.81.6
10147.81.8
111472
12145.82.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215325299747767072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准实验流速比工况设计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况V1/(cm·s−1V2/(cm·s−1V1/V2
12.8140.2
25.6140.4
37140.5
48.4140.6
5(基准工况)11.2140.8
6(基准工况)14141
71411.71.2
814101.4
9148.81.6
10147.81.8
111472
12145.82.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215325299865207588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter setting of sensitivity experimental scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数变化组次S4相对水深比

(蕉门南水道)
S5相对水深比

(凫洲水道)
分汊角
  注:相对水深比指敏感性分析实验中的水深与基准实验中的水深之比。
基准实验Case RF651165°
蕉门南水道水深Case JND1.86
Case JNS0.65
凫洲水道水深Case FZD11.86
Case FZS0.65
分汊角Case RF30130°
Case RF4545°
Case RF7575°
), ArticleFig(id=1215325299991036715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

敏感性分析实验参数设计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数变化组次S4相对水深比

(蕉门南水道)
S5相对水深比

(凫洲水道)
分汊角
  注:相对水深比指敏感性分析实验中的水深与基准实验中的水深之比。
基准实验Case RF651165°
蕉门南水道水深Case JND1.86
Case JNS0.65
凫洲水道水深Case FZD11.86
Case FZS0.65
分汊角Case RF30130°
Case RF4545°
Case RF7575°
), ArticleFig(id=1215325300104282929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Threshold of velocity ratio for the Fuzhou Channel turn to secondary branch and threshold of velocity ratio for the shrivel of current secondary branch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组次主支汊转换流速比蕉门南水道消亡流速比
Case RF65(基准实验)0.301.65
Case JND0.722.02
Case JNS0.031.18
Case FZD0.091.53
Case FZS0.291.96
Case RF300.071.46
Case RF450.061.59
Case RF75/2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215325300175586100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062581854957708, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各组实验中凫洲水道主支汊转换及支汊消亡的流速比阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组次主支汊转换流速比蕉门南水道消亡流速比
Case RF65(基准实验)0.301.65
Case JND0.722.02
Case JNS0.031.18
Case FZD0.091.53
Case FZS0.291.96
Case RF300.071.46
Case RF450.061.59
Case RF75/2.15
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河网型分汊河口分流比影响因素探究
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苏敏 1, 2, 4 , 姚鹏 1, 2, 3 , 余志斌 1, 2, * , 安欣禧 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(10): 147-158
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(10): 147-158
河网型分汊河口分流比影响因素探究
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苏敏1, 2, 4 , 姚鹏1, 2, 3, 余志斌1, 2, * , 安欣禧2
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 3 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 4 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 苏敏(1986—),女,山东省菏泽市人,副教授,博士,主要从事河口海岸动力地貌方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*余志斌,男,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:
Research on the effect factors of flow division ratio in river networks bifurcated estuary: A case of Jiaomen outlet, the Zhujiang River Delta
Min Su1, 2, 4 , Peng Yao1, 2, 3, Zhibin Yu1, 2, * , Xinxi An2
Affiliations
  • 1The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023143
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珠江蕉门河口是典型的河网型分汊河口,是珠江口重要的泄洪排沙通道,其分流比变化对珠江三角洲地貌演变、防洪与航运等至关重要。本文基于蕉门近期地貌形态,以凫洲水道落潮分流比为研究对象,设计系列水槽实验,选取分汊河道断面形态与分汊角两个影响因素进行敏感性分析,探究河网型分汊河口分流比随上述因子的演变规律。结果表明:在分汊河道断面形态稳定的基础上,凫洲水道分流比与虎门、蕉门相对流速有较好的相关关系,受两口门绝对流速的影响较小;分流比与蕉门南水道水深呈负相关,与凫洲水道水深呈正相关;分汊角在30°~65°区间内,分流比与分汊角呈负相关,分汊角在65°~75°时,分流比与分汊角的正负相关关系在流速比V = 0.7前后转换;通过量化各变量敏感性,分别得到凫洲水道分流比增大或减小对上述因子的敏感性大小。研究成果可为蕉门整治工程提供参考依据。

分汊河口  /  分流比  /  水槽实验  /  敏感性分析  /  蕉门凫洲水道

Jiaomen outlet is a typical river network bifurcated estuary and an important channel for flood discharge and sediment discharge of the Zhujiang River. The change of diversion ratio in bifurcated Jiaomen outlet is crucial to the geomorphological evolution, flood control and navigation safety of the Zhujiang River Delta. This study designed a series of flume experiments, and selected sensitivity analysis parameter which includes the water depth of bifurcated channel and bifurcated angle to explores the evolution of the flow division ratio of the river network type bifurcated estuary with the above factors. The dimension of the physical model is based on the recent geomorphic morphology of Jiaomen outlet. The result show that, on the basis of the stability of the section feature of the bifurcated channel, the flow division ratio of Fuzhou Channel depicts a good correlation with the flow velocity ratio between Humen and Jiaomen, and is less affected by the absolute flow velocity of the two outlets. Subsequently, the sensitivity experiment result indicate that the flow division ratio is negatively correlated with the water depth of Jiaomen South Channel and positively correlated with the water depth of Fuzhou Channel, and when the bifurcation angle is between 30° and 65°, the flow division ratio is negatively correlated with the bifurcation angle, but when the bifurcation angle is between 65° and 75°, the positive and negative correlation between the flow division ratio and the bifurcation angle changes around the velocity ratio V = 0.7. Then, the sensitivity of the increase or decrease of the flow division ratio to the above each variable can be obtained by quantifying the sensitivity experiment result. The research results can provide reference for artificial regulation project of Jiaomen outlet.

bifurcated estuary  /  flow division ratio  /  flume experiment  /  sensitive analysis  /  Jiaomen outlet Fuzhou Channel
苏敏, 姚鹏, 余志斌, 安欣禧. 河网型分汊河口分流比影响因素探究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 147 -158 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023143
Min Su, Peng Yao, Zhibin Yu, Xinxi An. Research on the effect factors of flow division ratio in river networks bifurcated estuary: A case of Jiaomen outlet, the Zhujiang River Delta[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 147 -158 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023143
分汊河口是河流三角洲中常见的地貌结构,其指上游径流在河口区通过两个或者多个口门入海,我国主要入海河口中约有37.5%呈现出分汊特征[12]。根据河口汊道体系的拓扑学性质,分汊河口可分为4种基本模式:少汊型、多汊型、河网型和游荡型[3]。分汊河口的水沙运动特征与汊道演变规律受诸多因素综合作用,分汊节点处微小的变动将改变上游径流与沉积物的分配过程,从而影响河口区地貌形态演变[2, 4]。不同分汊模式河口的形成发育过程不尽相同,如长江口是单一河流入海形成的分汊河口,沙岛将河道分隔成三级分汊[3],其分汊模式属于少汊型。此类由单一河道分汊成两条或多条河道的分汊结构不仅存在于分汊河口中,还大量存在于平原河网中的分汊河道与引水工程中的分汊明渠[2, 5],其相关研究通常根据河道分汊形成的特定形态进行简化,采用物理模型和数学模型研究上游流量、河道形态、节点、水面坡降、泥沙分选性、水力糙率和分汊角(即分汊处下游两河道的夹角)等因素对水沙分配过程、局部水流结构和汊道演变特征等内容[611]。对于分汊河口,除以上影响因子外,针对长江三角洲与Mahakam三角洲的研究表明:河口边界展宽、科氏力、潮汐振幅和水利工程可显著影响河口三角洲分汊格局演变过程和河口分汊河槽的稳定性[1, 1215]。结合上述研究,针对少汊型分汊河口的发育演变机制、分流比演变规律和影响因素等的认识较为全面。
河网型分汊河口是在独特的径潮动力条件作用下,由横向汊道将两相邻河口连接而成的分汊河口,其分汊格局演变模式、分汊平面形态和水沙输运机制均与少汊型分汊河口不同[1, 3, 1617]。珠江三角洲中蕉门为河网型分汊河口的研究典例之一。蕉门分汊河口在过去百余年间经历了由单一河道入海到分汊入海的演变过程,其发育出的横向凫洲水道将蕉门水道与虎门水道相连(图1),并逐渐由支汊发育成主汊[18]。针对蕉门分汊河口的研究主要集中于凫洲水道泄流对伶仃洋沉积体系的水沙治导、虎门–狮子洋潮汐通道演变、珠江三角洲防洪体系和南沙港航深的影响等[1922],其核心问题是凫洲水道的分流比与分沙比[23],且多认为分流比与蕉门上游流量、蕉门南水道淤积程度、凫洲水道分流点位置和分汊处流态有关[2327]。最新研究表明:凫洲水道分流比还受蕉门与虎门共同影响,虎门、蕉门相对流速越大,凫洲水道分流比越大[28]。但汊道的断面形态、分汊角等少汊型分汊河口分流比的关键因子对河网型分汊河口的影响及其相对重要性尚未可知,不同地貌参数下凫洲水道主支汊转变的阈值等问题有待深入研究。因此,本研究以蕉门分汊河口为研究对象,选取汊道断面形态和分汊角(即凫洲水道与蕉门南水道间的夹角)为影响因子,设计系列物模水槽实验,探究凫洲水道分流比的演变规律,阐明各影响因子对分流比的影响及相对重要性,丰富河网型分汊河口演变机理,为蕉门整治工程提供科学依据。
珠江三角洲具有复杂的水系河网系统[29],呈“三江汇流,八口出海,两湾纳潮,径潮交汇”的水系特点[30]。其中,珠江八大入海口门分为东四口门与西四口门[31],其中蕉门和虎门是八大口门中重要的泄洪排沙通道,地处珠江三角洲中心区域。虎门河口是潮汐优势型河口[32],内接狮子洋,外连伶仃洋,形成的狮子洋–虎门–伶仃水道是珠江三角洲主要的潮汐通道[33]。蕉门河口是径流优势型河口[32],其分为两汊(图1):一条沿万顷沙向南延伸,即蕉门南水道[18];另一条沿南沙向东延伸,即凫洲水道[34]。蕉门与虎门通过凫洲水道交汇,在东四口门下泄伶仃洋的总流量中占比分别为33%和35%[35],总输沙量中占比为27.2%与36.1%[36],对伶仃洋沉积地貌演变至关重要。
据1906年与1927年海图显示[18, 37],蕉门河口为单一河流入海河口,口门外鸡抱沙浅滩与龙穴浅滩已发育,但未出现横向支汊,此时蕉门口为潮汐优势型河口。自20世纪50年代以来,在河口自然演变和人类活动影响下,与蕉门水道相邻的洪奇沥水道过流能力减弱,更多水沙从蕉门水道汇入伶仃洋,导致口门外延和河道淤积[3738]。在洪水作用下,原蕉门主泄洪道发生冲决,形成横向凫洲水道[18]。至20世纪70年代,大规模填海工程较大程度改变了东四口门的出口边界,鸡抱沙浅滩成陆,蕉门主汊向南形成新的出口,即蕉门南水道;支汊向东与虎门连通,即凫洲水道[39],蕉门分汊河口正式形成[40]。20世纪80年代开始的蕉门整治工程后,蕉门分流格局发生改变,蕉门南水道继续向海延伸,凫洲水道由支汊转变成主汊,出现“强支夺干”[18]。至20世纪90年代,凫洲水道与蕉门南水道分流比跃变为8∶2左右[41],蕉门分汊格局稳定为“一主一支”。
物理模型实验是河口航道治理研究中重要技术手段,常用的物理模型有潮流定床模型、清水动床模型和悬沙淤积定床模型[42]。潮流定床模型对河道各地貌参数变化前后的流场已有很高的模拟精度[42],已有针对河道分汊处分流过程的物模实验研究表明[5, 7, 9, 43],实验室尺度下得到的分汊口动力参数–形态参数相关关系与天然汊道趋于一致。鉴于河口分流过程常以落潮分流比作为主要动力参数[4445],其变化可反映汊道稳定性和演化过程[46],童朝锋[5]、Zhu等[45]探究了长江分汊河口水沙运动、地貌演变等问题,并认为落潮分流比可用于表征汊道稳定性和分汊格局的变化。因此,本研究关注凫洲水道落潮分流比变化,利用室内宽浅水槽设计系列物理模型实验,探究凫洲水道分流比对分汊口附近地貌形态参数的响应机制。
鉴于蕉门分汊河口在各发育阶段的地貌形态特征均不一样,本研究以近期(2008年)海图为依据设计基准实验,具体实验断面设置依据、实验水槽设置参数和布置方案等模型布设内容参考前期研究[28]。实验过程中,自行研发的水流循环系统可保证整个模型中水量恒定和水位稳定,通过改变流速大小控制上游进口流量。在基准模型的设计基础上,模型中S5水道处设置有分汊角调整装置(图2),可控制凫洲水道分汊角,各河道水深通过调整底床高度实现(图2)。
本研究基准实验流速调节过程、基准工况流速比、凫洲水道分流比μ计算公式与实验误差计算方法参照前期研究[28],此处不再赘述。在此基础上,新增凫洲水道与虎门汇流比β[47]的计算与分析,计算公式为
$ \beta =\frac{{Q}_{5}}{{Q}_{3}}=\frac{{Q}_{3}-{Q}_{1}}{{Q}_{3}}=\frac{{V}_{3}{A}_{3}-{V}_{1}{A}_{1}}{{V}_{3}{A}_{3}}\text{,} $
式中,A为各断面面积,单位为cm2V为断面平均流速,单位为cm/s;Q为断面平均流量,单位为cm3/s;下标为各断面序号。
本文基准实验参数设置见表1,保证相对流速比与前期研究一致[28],但绝对流速值大小不同,用于探讨凫洲水道分流比与上游绝对流速和相对流速的相关关系。通过调节水槽生流系统,得到现状地貌特征下凫洲水道分流比随两口门不同来流工况(表1)的变化过程。
敏感性分析是一种研究变量不确定性的方法[48],其在确定性分析的基础上探究对研究目标影响最大的变量,目前已广泛应用于生物模型、环境模型和河流动力学模型[4951]。敏感性分析的结果通常可由敏感性系数直观体现,即研究目标的相对变化与所选参数的相对变化之比[5253]。因此,本研究中,S5河道(凫洲水道)分流比μ的敏感性系数φ计算公式为[49]
$ \varphi =\frac{\Delta \mu /{\mu }_{1}}{\Delta \delta /{\delta }_{1}}=\frac{\left({\mu }_{2}-{\mu }_{1}\right)/{\mu }_{1}}{\left({\delta }_{2}-{\delta }_{1}\right)/{\delta }_{1}}\text{,} $
式中,φ为敏感性系数,其正、负值分别表示呈正相关或负相关,绝对值代表敏感程度,绝对值越大则敏感性越高,反之亦然;μδ分别为分流比与敏感性变量;δ1为基准实验中变量取值,δ2为敏感性实验中变量取值,变量变化幅度∆δ = δ2δ1μ1为基准实验分流比,μ2为敏感性实验分流比,分流比变化幅度∆μ = μ2μ1
本实验选取蕉门南水道水深、凫洲水道水深和分汊角3个地貌形态参数作为分析变量。在基准实验的基础上,采用单因素分析法,设计系列敏感性分析实验(表2),每组次仅改变一个参数,且各组的流速比工况均与基准实验一致。为保证实验的重复性,各组实验至少重复3次。参考前期研究[28]的误差分析方法,本研究各组实验平均误差在2.6%~4.7%之间,处于合理误差范围内,实验重复性较好。
根据基准实验(Case RF65)结果绘制凫洲水道分流比与虎门、蕉门流速比之间的相关关系如图3所示。据现场水文测验数据[18, 25, 54],凫洲水道年均落潮平均分流比为69%~73%(图3中绿框);洪季平均分流比为70%~75%,最大分流比为76.6%~78%(图3中黄框)。对比实验结果与年均、洪季工况下的实测分流比(图3),发现基准实验结果与实测水文资料吻合较好,验证本水槽模型实验可模拟蕉门分汊河口分流特征。如图3所示,凫洲水道分流比与虎门、蕉门断面流速比呈正相关关系。这主要是由于凫洲水道既是蕉门口的分流主汊,同时又是虎门口的汇流支汊。当虎门与蕉门之间的流速比不断增大时,虎门过流流量提高,显著的大于凫洲水道下泄流量,故交汇区虎门水流对凫洲水道水流的顶托作用逐渐减弱,对于凫洲水道分流具有正向促进作用,从而带动凫洲水道分流比增大。因此,在讨论河网型分汊河口分流比时,应同时关注分流区和汇流区水流运动的相互作用。
图4所示为凫洲水道汇流比、分流比分别随虎门、蕉门两口门流速比的变化趋势,凫洲水道汇流比与断面流速比呈负相关关系。从汇流比变化趋势来看,呈现变化幅度先快后慢的趋势。这主要是由于在川鼻水道(虎门下游)下泄能力一定的情况下,随着虎门、蕉门相对流速比增大,虎门下泄流量不断提高,川鼻水道承泄的总流量中虎门下泄水流占比随之增大,导致凫洲水道可汇入川鼻水道的流量有限,汇流比逐渐减小。
图5为虎门流速不变,仅改变蕉门流速时,凫洲水道分流比、汇流比的变化规律。结果显示,仅增大蕉门流速时,虎门与凫洲水道汇流比基本保持不变,表明汇流区水力特性变化较小,故蕉门来流增大,凫洲水道分流能力变化较小,反而更利于分汊口水流分流进入蕉门南水道。因此,在姚鹏等[28]研究中发现,虎门流速不变,凫洲水道的分流比随蕉门流速的增大而减小。综上所述,在讨论河网型分汊河口分流比时,应同时关注分汊比和汇流比的影响。
通过将本文基准实验(Case RF65)与姚鹏等[28]中基准实验的分流比和汇流比对比(图3图4),发现当虎门、蕉门断面流速比相同时,虽然两组实验中绝对流速大小不同,但凫洲水道分流比变化规律基本相似。其主要原因在于,凫洲水道既是蕉门口的分流主汊,也是虎门口的汇流支汊,分流与汇流的水流运动特性变化均会影响凫洲水道分流比。
图6图7分别为蕉门南水道水深改变(即Case RF65,Case JND,Case JNS)、凫洲水道水深改变(即Case RF65,Case FZD,Case FZS)后凫洲水道分流比随断面流速比的变化规律,其中绿色和黄色阴影分别代表年均工况(V = 0.8~1.0)和洪季工况(V = 1.08~1.16)。上述6组实验结果显示,分流比与流速比均呈现正相关关系,但凫洲水道分流比对两支汊的水深变化敏感性不同。从定性角度,凫洲水道分流比与凫洲水道水深呈正相关关系,但与蕉门南水道水深呈负相关关系,这是由于蕉门南水道和凫洲水道的水深增大时,对应河道的过流能力增强,从而改变凫洲水道分流比;从定量角度,年均工况和洪季工况下,相同支汊水深改变率引起的分流比变化率不同:蕉门南水道水深调整引起的分流比变化率约为13.4%~21.7%,是凫洲水道水深调整引起的分流比变化(约4.7%~7.2%)的3倍。该实验结果证实,在实际的蕉门河口治理工程中,通过疏浚蕉门南水道以减小凫洲水道分流比的方案[23]是合理可行的。
图8为凫洲水道分流比在分汊角变化下(即Case RF65,Case RF30, Case RF45和Case RF75)的演变规律,其中分汊角65°(Case RF65)为基准算例。当分汊角在30°~65°区间内变化时,分流比与分汊角成正相关关系。在年均工况和洪季工况下,当分汊角从65°减小至45°时,分流比仅变化1.6%左右,从45°减小至30°时,分流比变化幅度略有增大,为2.2%左右;当分汊角由65°增大至75°时,分流比平均变化可达8.3%,且以V = 0.7为阈值,在小流速比(V1V2 < 0.7)情况下,凫洲水道分流比与分汊角呈正相关,在大流速比(V1V2 > 0.7)情况下呈负相关。即,若采取增大分汊角的方式减小凫洲水道分流比时,虽然能在V > 0.7时取得显著的效果,但在V < 0.7时会导致分流比增大的情况不应忽略。因此,在河网型分汊河口中,分汊角对横向汊道分流比的影响较为复杂,不仅和角度增大或减小有关,角度改变的大小、两口门相对流速等均会对河网型分流比有影响。
在分汊河口的演变中存在两个关键阈值:主支汊转换阈值和支汊消亡阈值。在本研究中,分别以分流比为0.5和0.1为界,各组实验中凫洲水道主支汊转换与蕉门南水道支汊消亡对应的断面流速比如表3所示。基准工况(Case RF65)、Case JNS、Case FZD、Case RF30和Case RF45等工况下,凫洲水道主支汊转换的流速比阈值为0.03~0.30,远小于年均流速比,因此可认为在常态动力条件下,凫洲水道目前的主汊地位是较为稳定的。在Case JNS实验中,蕉门南水道消亡的流速比阈值为1.18,略大于洪季流速比,故在多次连续洪水事件后蕉门南水道有可能逐渐由支汊转变为消亡状态(表3)。
基于不同地貌特征下凫洲水道分流比物模实验结果,采用式(2)可计算得到12种流速比工况下分流比的敏感性系数,并将其分为可引起分流比增大和分流比减小两种情况分别讨论各影响因素的敏感性。针对引起分流比增大或减小的变量,其敏感性系数随断面流速比变化如图9图10所示,各变量敏感性系数均呈现随分流比增大而趋于0的变化趋势,这是由于凫洲水道分流比与流速比之间均呈现流速比越大,分流比越大的情况,当分流比接近1时,分流比相对变化较小(图6图8)。值得注意的是,Case RF75中变量敏感性系数随流速比变化趋势与其他组次实验不同,即,当分汊角由65°增大75°时,当V < 0.7时敏感性系数随流速比增大而趋于0,当V > 0.7时敏感性系数先减小后趋于0。
图9中,蕉门南水道水深减小(Case JNS)、分汊角减小(Case RF30、Case RF45)和凫洲水道水深增大(Case FZD)的平均敏感性系数绝对值分别为0.40、0.16和0.08。因此,引起凫洲水道分流比增大的各变量敏感性的顺序由大到小依次为蕉门南水道水深、分汊角、凫洲水道水深。图10中,分汊角增大(Case RF75)、蕉门南水道水深增大(Case JND)、凫洲水道水深减小(Case FZS)的平均敏感性系数绝对值分别为0.46、0.21和0.13。因此,引起凫洲水道分流比减小的各变量敏感性顺序由大到小依次为分汊角、蕉门南水道水深、凫洲水道水深。
综合上述敏感性分析结果可见,在河网型分汊河口中,诸如蕉门的凫洲水道、横门的洪奇沥水道之类的横向汊道,其自身断面形态变化对分流比的影响较小,而另一汊的过水断面的影响则相对较大。在蕉门分汊河口演变历史中,相关研究认为蕉门南水道淤积与外延是导致凫洲水道发生“强支夺干”的主要原因[18],即蕉门南水道过流能力的变化对凫洲水道分流比影响较大,与本研究敏感性分析结果相吻合。从蕉门口形态特征分析,若蕉门南水道未发生淤塞(即相较于目前情况,进行一定的疏浚增大水深后),由于蕉门南水道与蕉门上游河道方向一致,更利于水流沿阻力最小路径入海的规律进行自然分流,对分流比产生直接影响。若对目前的凫洲水道疏浚,虽然更利于蕉门口分流流入凫洲水道,但凫洲水道分流比不仅与分流有关,也与虎门口汇流有关。当两口门流速比不变的情况下,常态工况下凫洲水道的汇流比变化较小,因此单纯增大凫洲水道水深对其分流比的增大效果不明显。因此,凫洲水道过流能力除受相邻河道虎门的制约,另一支汊(蕉门南水道)的过水能力改变也是凫洲水道分流比的敏感因素。
分汊角是分汊河道平面形态的直接体现,其变化与分汊河道的稳定性密切相关[46]。不同类型的分汊河口,分汊角变化对分流比的影响不同,内在机制存在差异。在少汊型分汊河口中,例如针对长江口分汊格局演变的研究表明,长江口在发育过程中北支与南支间的分汊角逐渐增大并趋于90°,造成北支进口流路不畅,汊道过流阻力增大,促进了北支河道衰退,分流比逐渐减小至5%左右,北支汊道分流比与分汊角呈现出负相关关系[5560]
在河网型分汊河口中,例如珠江口,由于洪水冲缺而成的横向分汊,将两相邻河道或河口互相连接,形成分汊河口,分汊角为横向汊道与分汊后下游河道间的夹角。根据本研究实验结果,在蕉门分汊河口中,当分汊角小于65°时,由于分汊角增大导致蕉门上游流量分流进入凫洲水道的流路不畅,分流区出现局部壅水,阻碍凫洲水道下泄水流,分流比减小,凫洲水道分流比与分汊角呈负相关,与长江口北支分流比随分汊角的相关关系相同。但当分汊角在65°~75°时,凫洲水道分流比与分汊角的正负相关性在流速比V = 0.7前后转换。不可忽略的是,凫洲水道同时连接蕉门和虎门,当分汊角增大时,凫洲水道水流呈较大的入射角与虎门水流交汇,顶托作用增强,交汇口水流分离区尺度增大[6162],汇流过流断面束窄,减弱凫洲水道过流能力。两者共同的作用导致分汊角越大,对横向汊道分流的抑制效果更强,故在年均和洪季工况下(图8中绿色和黄色阴影),分汊角增大10°引起的分流比的变化幅度大于分汊角减小20°对分流比的影响(图9图10)。因此,在讨论分汊角变化对河网型分汊河口分流比的影响时,需要同时关注横向汊道分流区与汇流区的水流运动特性变化。
蕉门整治工程规划始于20世纪70年代,目的在于调整凫洲水道水沙分配,通过疏浚蕉门南水道、缩窄凫洲水道河宽和理顺凫洲水道岸线走向等治理措施,增强蕉门南水道泄洪能力,稳定蕉门河口河势[23, 2526]。据本研究,在年均和洪季工况下,引起凫洲水道分流比减小的各因素敏感性顺序由大到小为分汊角、蕉门南水道水深、凫洲水道水深。因此,在整治过程中通过采用浚深蕉门南水道、增大凫洲水道分汊角的整治措施,可以更为有效的达到减小凫洲水道分流比的整治目标。
另一方面,凫洲水道下泄水流与虎门的汇流角度将影响虎门潮汐通道、虎门双向射流体系和汇流后泥沙沉积区域。从整治蕉门分汊河口的目标来看,增大分汊角的手段能达到减小凫洲水道分流比的目的,但可能会造成凫洲水道下泄水流与虎门涨落潮流的汇流区改变,不利于潮汐通道稳定,可能会进而影响虎门双向射流体系[63]的射流强弱及分布、凫洲水道下泄泥沙的沉积区域如何变化等也未可知,因此,后续可通过动力地貌数值模拟、动床物理模型实验等手段对各因素变化对蕉门河口分汊格局的分沙比、地貌格局演变进行深入探讨。
本研究重点关注河网型分汊河口分流比及其影响因素,以珠江三角洲蕉门分汊河口为例,基于物理模型设计系列敏感性分析实验,在已有研究成果[28]的基础上进行延续研究,逐一量化凫洲水道分流比对蕉门南水道水深、凫洲水道水深和分汊角的敏感性,探讨凫洲水道分流比随多个因素的变化规律,更为全面的揭示了凫洲水道分流比随虎门、蕉门两口门水流条件的演变规律,得到如下结论:
(1)在分汊河口当前形态条件下,凫洲水道分流比受虎门、蕉门断面的相对流速影响,两口门绝对流速变化对分流比的影响较小。
(2)凫洲水道分流比随虎门、蕉门流速比呈正相关关系;凫洲水道分流比与蕉门南水道水深和分汊角呈负相关关系、与凫洲水道水深呈正相关关系;分汊角在65°~75°时,分流比与分汊角的相关关系在流速比V = 0.7前后转换。
(3)引起凫洲水道分流比增大的各变量敏感性的顺序由大到小依次为蕉门南水道水深、分汊角、凫洲水道水深;引起凫洲水道分流比减小的各变量敏感性顺序由大到小为分汊角、蕉门南水道水深、凫洲水道水深。
致谢:感谢康彦彦副教授对本文卫星遥感图片绘制的帮助与支持!
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3106201);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(B230201046);国家自然科学基金项目(51809296,52071129);大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(LP2207);河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLEC-KF202006);江苏省“双创计划”项目。
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2023年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023143
  • 接收时间:2023-02-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-18
  • 修回日期:2023-05-07
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3106201);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(B230201046);国家自然科学基金项目(51809296,52071129);大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(LP2207);河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLEC-KF202006);江苏省“双创计划”项目。
作者信息
    1 河海大学 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
    3 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    4 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241

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*余志斌,男,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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