Article(id=1212062581099991857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023153, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1679846400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-27, revisedDate=1684771200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907838368, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696089600000, pubDateStr=2023-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907838368, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907838368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907838368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062580651201329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907838261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924731029, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133434105918267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062580651201329, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062581343261490, articleId=1212062581099991857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A review of subsea AUV technology, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The observation and exploration of the seabed urgently requires the appearance of large-scale and long-term observation platforms. The subsea AUV has three main points: a structure that suitable for the mobility in the seabed, an intelligent motion performance that adapts to the complex environment of the seabed, and the underwater acoustic communication and positioning technology that adapts to the seabed. In this paper, the development and evolution of subsea AUV is analyzed, the key technical challenges of underwater AUVs are summarized, and corresponding solutions for underwater AUV hydrodynamic shape optimization technology, intelligent motion control technology, underwater acoustic communication and positioning navigation technology, and underwater connection and charging technology are provided. Finally, a study case of Autonomous Underwater Helicopter is given, to provide a solution for subsea AUV. This paper provides guidance for the development of subsea AUV, as well as ocean observation and exploration technology.

, correspAuthors=Ying Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing Zhou, Yulin Si, Yuan Lin, Yan Wei, Xinyu An, Hangzhou Wang, Haocai Huang, Ying Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062583201338186, articleId=1212062581099991857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海底AUV关键技术综述, columnId=1189609213333594548, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海底海洋的观测探测,亟需大范围、长时间的观测平台。海底AUV有三大要点:适应海底机动性的结构、适应海底复杂环境的机敏运动性能、适应海底的水声通信定位技术。本文分析了海底AUV的发展与演变历程,凝练出海底AUV的关键技术难题,并相应地给出海底AUV水动力外形优化技术、海底AUV机敏运动控制技术、海底水声通信与定位导航技术、海底接驳与充电技术的解决思路。最后以碟形结构的水下直升机为例,给出了海底AUV的实践探索一例。本文将为海底AUV及其观测探测技术的发展提供指导意义。

, correspAuthors=陈鹰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈鹰,男,教授,主要从事海洋技术研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TDDkes/6/Q5Dvt5Sgw7JIw==, magXml=tyoS0kg0tHzm5ZhZVLGZOg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CunjbHsJCwwyPkRHEM4IwQ==, pdfFileSize=3442727, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KT7t48eBoDS2/J+DPbYqUA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6OR/pWLs46CXj29Gur1b7g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周晶(1989—),女,山东省东营市人,教授,主要从事水下机器人及其机敏运动控制研究。E-mail:

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周晶(1989—),女,山东省东营市人,教授,主要从事水下机器人及其机敏运动控制研究。E-mail:

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周晶(1989—),女,山东省东营市人,教授,主要从事水下机器人及其机敏运动控制研究。E-mail:

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Top: Odyssey II inductive charging device. Bottom: Contactless energy transfer system developed by Tohuku University and NEC company

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上: Odyssey II电磁感应式充电装置,下: Tohuku大学与NEC公司开发的非接触式能量传输装置

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海底AUV关键技术综述
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周晶 1 , 司玉林 2 , 林渊 2 , 魏艳 2 , 安新宇 2 , 王杭州 2 , 黄豪彩 2 , 陈鹰 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 综述 2023,45(10): 1-12
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海洋学报 | 综述 2023, 45(10): 1-12
海底AUV关键技术综述
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周晶1 , 司玉林2, 林渊2, 魏艳2, 安新宇2, 王杭州2, 黄豪彩2, 陈鹰2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 3 流体动力与机电系统国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310058
  • 周晶(1989—),女,山东省东营市人,教授,主要从事水下机器人及其机敏运动控制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈鹰,男,教授,主要从事海洋技术研究。E-mail:
A review of subsea AUV technology
Jing Zhou1 , Yulin Si2, Yuan Lin2, Yan Wei2, Xinyu An2, Hangzhou Wang2, Haocai Huang2, Ying Chen2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2023-10-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023153
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海底海洋的观测探测,亟需大范围、长时间的观测平台。海底AUV有三大要点:适应海底机动性的结构、适应海底复杂环境的机敏运动性能、适应海底的水声通信定位技术。本文分析了海底AUV的发展与演变历程,凝练出海底AUV的关键技术难题,并相应地给出海底AUV水动力外形优化技术、海底AUV机敏运动控制技术、海底水声通信与定位导航技术、海底接驳与充电技术的解决思路。最后以碟形结构的水下直升机为例,给出了海底AUV的实践探索一例。本文将为海底AUV及其观测探测技术的发展提供指导意义。

无人潜水器  /  海底  /  海洋观测探测  /  机敏运动  /  水声通导

The observation and exploration of the seabed urgently requires the appearance of large-scale and long-term observation platforms. The subsea AUV has three main points: a structure that suitable for the mobility in the seabed, an intelligent motion performance that adapts to the complex environment of the seabed, and the underwater acoustic communication and positioning technology that adapts to the seabed. In this paper, the development and evolution of subsea AUV is analyzed, the key technical challenges of underwater AUVs are summarized, and corresponding solutions for underwater AUV hydrodynamic shape optimization technology, intelligent motion control technology, underwater acoustic communication and positioning navigation technology, and underwater connection and charging technology are provided. Finally, a study case of Autonomous Underwater Helicopter is given, to provide a solution for subsea AUV. This paper provides guidance for the development of subsea AUV, as well as ocean observation and exploration technology.

unmanned underwater vehicle  /  seabed  /  ocean observation and exploration  /  motion agility  /  underwater acoustic communication and navigation
周晶, 司玉林, 林渊, 魏艳, 安新宇, 王杭州, 黄豪彩, 陈鹰. 海底AUV关键技术综述. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (10) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023153
Jing Zhou, Yulin Si, Yuan Lin, Yan Wei, Xinyu An, Hangzhou Wang, Haocai Huang, Ying Chen. A review of subsea AUV technology[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (10) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023153
海底海洋的观测与探测是海洋探索研究的重要途径之一,在建设海洋强国中具有重要的战略地位。海底环境的海洋观测探测,对于海洋科学发现、海底资源勘探、全球气候变化研究、海洋考古以及海底军事目标探测等,具有极其重要的意义。
目前实现海底观测探测的技术手段比较有限,主要包括布放海底潜标、采用无人/载人潜水器作业或布设海底观测网络等几种方式。海底观测网络用电缆(通常是用光电复合缆)将海底的观测站(Subsea Station)连接成网络,在供给电能的同时返回观测数据。海底观测网络可对特定水域进行长时间、不间断、实时的多参数监测[1]。但由于海底观测网络、海底潜标均是固定的平台,观测探测范围非常有限,潜水器仍是目前海底移动观测探测的重要平台。
然而,海底的地形地貌崎岖多变,存在海山、海丘、海岭、海沟等地貌特征。传统的潜水器在地形复杂的区域作业,存在很大的实际局限性。载人潜水器(Deep Submersible Vehicle,DSV)可搭载科学家到达海底进行直接观测,但活动范围极其受限;无人有缆遥控潜水器(Remotely Operated Vehicle,ROV)通过脐带电缆连接到甲板控制站,其在有限空间中的机动性受到限制,且无法进行大范围的观测探测;无人自治潜水器(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle,AUV)或水下滑翔机(Autonomous Underwater Glider,AUG)虽然运动范围不受脐带缆的限制,但其常见的鱼雷外形和欠驱动特性使其容易被困在海底附近。因此,现有的潜水器平台并不能为海底观测探测任务提供足够支持。
随着海底海洋技术的发展,海底观测潜水器逐渐发展出新的形式,例如:海底爬行机可直接在海底运动,已应用于长期观测[23]、深海采样[4]等场景。仿生潜水器通过模仿鱼[57]、鲾鲼[810]、章鱼[1112]、螃蟹[13]等海洋生物的形态,具备了更灵活的驱动方式与更强的环境适应性。
近年来,随着海底观测探测范围、周期的扩展,对潜水器平台的需求从定点、短期的观测延伸到大范围、长期的立体协同观测。而现有的传统和固定式观测手段受限于各自的技术特性,无法高效协同,难以全面、细致地对海底环境实现有效的观测探测。目前,尚缺少一种低成本、高可靠甚至可栖底的水下移动观测平台,以满足海底复杂环境下的长期、灵活观测探测需求(图1)。这样的无人自主式的移动平台,被称为“海底AUV”(Subsea AUV),或称海底驻留AUV(Resident AUV,RAUV)[14] 和海底机器人(Subsea Robotics)[15] 等。海底AUV因主要海底作业,在技术上需要满足3个方面的要求:一是具有适应海底驻留的本体结构,二是具备较强的机敏性,三是需要解决海底复杂环境下的水声通信导航问题。此外,由于海底AUV需要实现海底驻留,需要为海底AUV提供一个可供充电和数据回传的水下基站,进而需要解决水下接驳关键技术。
自20世纪50年代美国华盛顿大学研制出世界上首台AUV以来,AUV的发展已有60余年。随着计算机技术发展和电子技术的日益成熟,在20世纪90年代后期,AUV 进入快速发展阶段,一批有影响的AUV相继研制成功并成功应用,包括美国的ABE、英国的Autosub、加拿大的Theseus。进入21世纪以来,AUV 技术得到了进一步的发展,产品化的AUV不断涌现,如美国Hydroid公司的Bluefin系列、挪威Kongsberg公司的REMUS系列和HUGIN系列、美国Teledyne公司的Gavia系列,AUV进入了实际应用阶段。
传统鱼雷形AUV多为欠驱动系统,具有较强的非线性特性和强耦合性。当AUV应用于海底环境时,考虑到海底流体作用的复杂性和模型参数的不确定性,其控制存在较大难度。随着潜水器技术的发展与应用场景的拓展,AUV涌现出多种结构形式。
Saab Seaeye 研制的Sabertooth AUV具有长方形本体结构(图2a),且为中性浮力,兼顾续航能力与操纵性能。Sabertooth AUV工作深度为2 400 m,可在AUV和ROV运行模式间切换。Flatfin AUV同样具备底栖能力,但形状有所不同[16]图2b)。Houston Mechatronics Inc. 研制的Aquanaut具有变形功能,在航行时呈现长方体形状,有效减少运动阻力,达到作业地点时,可打开机械臂进行作业(图2c)。Cellula Robotics Imotus是一款低速、可悬停的AUV,用于小范围的持续观测[17]图2d)。Eelume具有细长的本体结构,可在狭窄管道空间内进行探测[18]图2e)。
针对海底AUV在海底复杂环境下作业的机敏运动需求,首先要提出适应海底复杂环境的潜水器本体结构。在一定的本体结构设计的基础上,开展海底底部边界对海底AUV水动力性能的影响机理及优化机制,并设计相适应的推进机制来实现海底AUV的机敏运动,如矢量推进机制,基于混合推进(螺旋桨推进与浮力调节)的多维调姿技术,以及适应海底复杂环境的智能通导技术、海底接驳与充电等关键技术研究,使之满足海底海洋的全方位观测探测需求。
此外,还有两个指标对提升AUV的性能尤为重要。第一是AUV的搭载能力。由于AUV是用于海洋的观测探测的移动平台,能够搭载的传感器载荷的体积与重量,是决定AUV实用性的重要指标。在常用的鱼雷形结构中,AUV的搭载能力比较受限。因此在海底AUV结构设计时,考虑其搭载能力是保证潜水器实用性的重要因素。第二是AUV能否真正具备作业能力。数十年以来,这个问题在AUV技术领域一直是一个争论的热点。当海底AUV具备了悬停(在水体中速度为0)或栖底的机动性时,AUV可以配备作业机械手实现作业功能。因此,发展海底AUV的搭载和作业能力,也是海底AUV旺盛生命力的重要体现。
AUV本体结构的水动力性能决定了潜水器的稳定性,以及在有限能量载荷下的航速及航程。计算流体动力学(Computional Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法可用于AUV外形设计的迭代优化,且无需考虑模型尺度效应等诸多优势,因此被广泛用于AUV的水动力研究[19]。Phillips等[20]通过建立了CFD算法协助设计AUV的壳体线型,并分析了其运动稳定性和机动性能。Li等[2122]系统性地研究了斯特劳哈尔数和壳体的长宽比对水下滑翔机水动力性能的影响。在AUV外形水动力优化研究方面,Sun等[23]受座头鲸的外形启发,基于代理模型优化为AUV设计了生物学水动力外形。Honaryar和Ghiasi[24]设计了类似于鲶鱼的外形,并使壳体的边缘变薄,提高了AUV的转向速度。Alvarez等[25]采用模拟退火算法优化了AUV的外形,通过首部和尾部的尖锐化处理,提高了AUV在近自由液面的抗浪性能。Divsalar[26]发现将AUV的首部设计成弹头形状,同时将尾部设计成尖锐外形,可提升其水动力性能,以上研究均提高了AUV的机敏性。在潜水器海底和海面水动力性能的研究方面,Du等[27]分析了海底边界影响下AUV巡航过程中的水动力特征,发现阻力系数随着巡航高度的减小而增大。Sakari和Rava[28]通过采用不同的湍流模型分析了海面波浪对于AUV的影响。Wu等[29]探讨了AUV与锥形海底接驳站对接过程中的水动力性能。在外形结构方面,Wang等[30]提出通过优化AUV艏部形状以提升入水稳定性,da Silva等[31]研究了如何通过优化AUV尾部结构提升运行稳定性与操纵性。研究表明,AUV的水动力结构外形对其运动操纵性和抗流能力有着极其重要的影响,可以通过AUV的结构外形优化增强其运动稳定性。
研究适应海底环境的AUV结构,首先要考虑海底复杂环境的稳定性。一般海底AUV包括以下几种结构形式(图3):(1)多体形,如美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WHOI)的ABE号AUV,最大潜深为6 km,考察距离大于30 km,考察时间大于50 h,能够在没有母船支持的情况下,较长时间地执行海底科学考察任务;(2)立扁形,如WHOI的Sentry号AUV及中科院沈阳自动化所的万米“海斗”号AUV等;(3)仿生型,如西北工业大学的仿蝠鲼AUV;(4)圆碟形,如浙江大学的水下直升机(Autonomous Underwater Helicopter,AUH)。相比较而言,圆碟形AUV在稳定性、机敏性等方面具有较大的优势。
近年来,针对海底移动观测需求,新概念的海底AUV技术正在快速发展。西北工业大学的仿鲾鲼AUV,是一款能够用于海底巡航作业的潜水器。其本体结构采用了仿生型结构,能够较好地适应海底作业场景[32]。浙江大学提出的水下直升机,充分考虑海底环境,采用了圆碟形本体结构。由于与传统的鱼雷形潜水器的外形、推进器布置,以及机动特征存在显著不同,针对传统AUV的水动力分析理论不能完全适用于诸如AUH的海底AUV。目前,针对此类碟形潜水器的水动力性能分析和优化研究已有一定的进展。如对碟形潜水器减阻性能和路线运动稳定性开展了初步的研究[33],并探讨了基于碟形结构的水动力优化技术[34]。对于AUH的近海底和海面边界的水动力问题,Chen等[35]研究了其在接近水面船只并考虑波浪影响的水动力问题及在入水过程中的受力情况。Chen等[36]初步研究了AUH在海底边界效应影响下的流体阻力及其波动现象。
不可否认的是,采取了适应海底的不同本体结构,相比常用的鱼雷形结构,水动力特性会有较大的影响,直接带来了航速和续航里程的降低。因此海底AUV适合海底环境作业,但不太适合快速航行和远程跋涉。虽然,水动力优化设计能够在一定范围里提升航速和续航里程,但对于海底AUV来说,更为重要的是突出其海底环境的稳定性以及适应这种环境的机敏性能。
传统意义上对潜水器性能的研究往往关注其快速性与续航能力,特别是追求AUV的高速度,而对其机敏性的研究并不多见。对于海底AUV来说,由于海底环境的复杂性,潜水器的机动性、敏捷性则是性能评判的重要指标。由于没有潜水器机敏性能相关的前期研究工作,参照空中飞行器的机动性、敏捷性相关研究工作[37-38],对于潜水器的机敏性的概念作如下说明。
潜水器的机敏性是指其改变航行速度、航行方向和航行场所的有效性和快速性。机敏性可分为机动性和敏捷性,机动性是指潜水器在保证稳定性的前提下改变航行速度、航行方向和航行场所的能力(图4),具体阐述如下:
(1)速度机动性:一方面,具备更快速且稳定的海底航行能力;另一方面,具备在极低速(包括悬停,即速度为0)情况下的工作能力。
(2)方向机动性:具有转向的能力,且改变俯仰、偏航和横滚3个自由度的能力,即姿态控制的能力。机敏型潜水器需同时具备瞬时角速度和大迎角稳定性。由于需要快速适应海底地形地貌的复杂性,方向机动性对海底AUV尤为重要。
(3)场所机动性:这是潜水器设计中考虑得比较少的部分,指潜水器在空中、陆地、水面、水体、海底等5个不同场所的变换能力。譬如空海两栖航行器,就需要具备空中飞行和水下潜行的能力。而对于海底AUV来说,主要是具备从水体中降落到海底,以及从海底起飞的稳定运行能力。
敏捷性则是指潜水器改变航行速度、航行方向和航行场所的快速性。速度敏捷性就是潜水器加速或减速的能力,方向敏捷性涉及到角速度,以及潜水器的转变半径等量,场所敏捷性,是指潜水器改变场所需要的时间。机敏性为潜水器航行性能和作业能力的拓展提供了必要条件,也是海底AUV技术发展的重点所在。
近年来,随着应用场景的拓展,研究人员针对潜水器机敏性能的分析与提升开展了前期工作。传统潜水器的设计目标追求机动性更多,即更快的速度与更高的推进效率,而针对在受限空间的运动机动性与海底复杂环境的敏捷性的研究较少。在方向机敏性方面,Kumar和Rajagopal[39]设计了一种分离壳体式潜水器,通过优化转向模式增加了潜水器的机敏性,并研究了优化后侧向力变化及其对潜水器控制系统的影响。Gao等[40]设计了一种具有螺旋桨推进器和仿生鳍的混合推进式潜水器,该混合驱动模式使潜水器兼具快速性与敏捷性,更适应于复杂海洋环境。受两栖/三栖动物的启发,具有场所机敏性的潜水器陆续被研发出来,例如机器乌龟[41]、四鳍仿生潜水器[42],都具有陆地−水体−海底等多场所变换的能力。
针对AUV机敏性的运动控制目标,需要在水动力特性研究的基础上,提出符合其机敏运动特征的运动控制模型[43]。从速度、方向、场所机敏性的可操作角度,研究多推进器与浮力调节机构等驱动系统的最优布局方案。依据运动学、水动力等特性建立其控制模型,定量分析多推进器与浮力调节机构协同作用对AUH运动姿态与推力的作用(图5)。优化基于多维调姿与矢量推进的潜水器驱动与控制方案,提升可靠性与响应速度。通过研究不同强度、速度、方向的近海底水流等干扰作用下对AUV的重力和浮力的偏移影响,建立其运动姿态与方向的动态补偿机制[4447]。考虑海底AUV水动力特征的高度非线性以及水下环境模型参数的不确定性,采用新型滑模控制方法克服控制过程中模型不确定性以及外部扰动的影响[48]
通信定位导航系统是AUV的核心系统之一,不仅为潜水器可靠、安全地执行任务提供了必要保障,同时也是检测AUV航行参数、机动性能的必要手段。然而,由于不同的海底地形和底质对潜水器的探测范围往往有重大影响,如影响声场预报精度、目标强度、声影区位置等,要获得精准的海底探查信息,往往需要潜水器距离海底较近。在海底环境中,AUV通信定位的挑战主要来自两个方面(图6):一是海底反射导致的多径干扰带来的空间随机性;二是时变的复杂声传播环境带来的时间随机性。海底环境的时间−空间双重随机性,增加了可靠水下通信和高精度水下定位的难度,这是海底AUV必然面临的困难和挑战。
在水声通信系统中,由于时变的多径扩展、频率偏移以及随机相位起伏,近海底通信信道仅有很少携带重要能量的多径成分,大部分信道响应权系数都为0或接近0,因此可用稀疏多径信道模型来为其建模。相关信道估计与均衡算法是应对近海底稀疏多径道模型中的多径干扰和时变问题、提高海底AUV通信可靠性的有效方式。
在水声定位导航系统中,由于多径效应,很有可能发生反射径比直达径先到达接收端,令判决系统难以确定真实目标,从而导致多径虚源问题。这个问题在海底尤为突出。此外,当相邻反射径的时延小于定位脉冲及其处理算法的最高时延分辨率时,会在定位结果上造成目标模糊,增大定位误差。
为了克服海底水声定位导航系统中的多径虚源问题并进一步提高定位精度,近年来有研究学者提出利用海底反射径来获取海底通信环境和本征声线的传播,从而实现对海底AUV的精确定位。为了准确区分直达径和海底反射径,Güneş和Güllü[49]利用光线追踪来模拟复杂的水下环境,研究了到达时间和到达时差测量模型的最近邻和概率数据关联滤波器,实现了对海底AUV的定位和跟踪。通过分析水平线阵列近场定位原理,Song和Yang[50]建立了海底稀疏多径信道的数学模型,并利用空间几何特性实现了近场定位技术。此外,在海底水声定位导航系统,传统的基于到达时间和角度的声学定位方法由于没有考虑海底反射径信号,需要同时利用多个接收节点才能实现对海底目标的定位。而通过利用海底反射径信号,可以只利用单个接收节点就能实现对海底目标的定位。Lohrasbipeydeh等[51]基于到达时间差定位的原理,通过同时利用直达径信号和海底反射多径信号,实现了单水听器对深海鲸鱼的定位。国内的孙华等[52]研究了单个水听器对海底目标被动定位的方法,采用倒谱法估计海面和海底反射相对于直达波的多径时延,推导了通过海面和海底多径时延估计海底目标深度与距离的公式,并用实测数据对方法进行了相关的验证。
近年来,以深度学习为代表的人工智能技术飞速发展,在诸多领域得到广泛应用并取得了瞩目的成果,为解决上述水声通信定位导航技术中的挑战,提供了新的思路[53]。Zhang等[54]提出了一种联合水声OFDM解调、信道估计以及均衡的神经网络模型,实现了接收端的一体化。该模型在基于BELLHOP的仿真信道中进行了离线的训练和在线测试,结果表明了基于神经网络的网络模型相较传统算法具有明显优势,尤其在正交频分复用技术(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)通信导频数量有限的场景下优势更明显。为缓解多普勒效应和多径效应,提高通信可靠性,Lee-Leon等[55]提出了一种基于深度置信网络的水声接收系统,仿真及海上试验结果验证了该方法的有效性。针对到达时间差声传感器阵列定位系统的定位误差,Rauchenstein等[56]提出使用机器学习中的分类和回归算法来减小误差。首先通过近似最大似然算法,跟踪声学标签的位置。然后,通过使用集成分类树,过滤掉误差较大的数据点。仿真及试验结果表明,该方法对于深度方面的误差减小效果极其明显。利用深度增强学习算法,Yan等[57]提出了一种基于深度增强学习算法的定位估计器用于估计水下目标的位置,该定位方案可以有效地保护隐私信息,具有较强的鲁棒性。目前水声智能通信定位导航技术研究仍处于理论研究阶段,尚未有成熟的应用系统。因此,亟需对海底AUV智能通导技术开展研究,通过将智能算法运用到水声通信定位导航技术中,构建网络模型模拟复杂多变的水下环境,提高潜水器的通信可靠性和定位精度。
为保障AUV在海底开展机敏运动作业时(比如:有效地改变离底高度、快速地变换航行方向等)的水下通导成功率和导航高精度,针对海底复杂环境下潜水器通信难、多径虚源带来的定位精度差等难题,需要深入开展面向海底AUV的通导理论与方法研究,开展适应于海底稀疏信道的联合信道估计及均衡算法研究和基于宽带通信信号复用的通信定位一体化理论研究,使AUV具备海底复杂环境下的抗多径能力和抗噪能力,同时有更高的定位频率和定位精度,满足海底AUV作业的水声通信与导航定位需求,为实现海底AUV机敏运动机理提供理论支撑。同时,惯导加DVL的导航方式以及海底地形匹配的导航定位方式,为海底AUV提供了更多的定位导航方案。
在海底观测网、潜航器、海洋移动和固定式观测与作业平台等多种需求的综合刺激下,水下接驳与充电技术得到迅速的发展和广泛的应用。海底AUV的能量传输能力是制约其续航时间、作业范围及功能多样化的关键。因此,安全高效的海底接驳与充电技术成为海底AUV关键技术之一。然而,海底AUV接驳与充电技术是富有挑战性的研究课题,主要技术难题在于:(1)海水是流动的弱导电介质,海水介质中的电磁场传播与衰减规律尚不明确(图7);(2)AUV与海底基站的接驳需要存在定位精度较差,无法确保恶劣海况下的接驳成功率等问题,需要进一步研究声光复合引下的接驳入坞技术与方法。
在强烈的需求牵引下,国内外专家学者对水下电磁耦合式能量与信息传输的理论研究与工程应用进行了积极的探索和实践。2001年,MIT与WHOI共同研发的水下机器人Odyssey II成功在海底观测网进行了电磁感应式充电,工作水深为2 000 m,传输功率为200 W,效率为79%[5859]。随后,REMUS 100、REMUS 600和Bluefin21均完成了水下电磁感应式充电的实验[6061]。川崎重工研制的Marine Bird无人潜航器可在基站接驳入坞,并完成电磁感应式充电(图8[6265]。2004年,Tohuku大学与NEC公司联合研发面向AUV的非接触式充电系统,系统传输功率为500 W,效率为90%。此外,日本TRITON公司开发了能量与信息同步传输的浮标系统,可以为水下传感设备提供180 mW的电能。天津大学研发了非接触式的耦合机构,可利用太阳能转换为电能为水下传感器供电[66]。浙江大学承担国家863计划“深海移动平台与海底观测网非接触接驳技术”项目,通过研制适用于深海海底观测网的移动观测平台系统接驳设备,实现海底观测网试验系统与移动观测平台的能源补给和信息传输(图9)。
受到底栖生物魟鱼的启发,浙江大学于2015年提出了一种海底AUV平台方案—水下直升机AUH。AUH具有圆碟形本体设计,可在海底实现自由起降、全周转向、定点悬停、贴底飞行等机动功能,具备一定的作业功能,有效填补了海洋底部区域缺乏观测平台的空白。AUH与水下停机坪(Underwater Helipad)协同工作[67]图10),水下停机坪可为AUH提供电能补给与信息传输,实现AUH的水下常驻(Subsea Residency)。在国家和地方有关科研计划的支持下, AUH开展了海底观测探测初步应用,在将来的几年中重点突破海底AUV的机动性和敏捷性,进一步提升其在海底复杂环境下作业的机敏性,可更好地解决海底环境的大范围、长时间的观测探测工作。
AUH自总体设计时,就着重考虑适应海底作业的需求,在离底高度、悬停、快速转向、海底起降等方面,具有常规的鱼雷形AUV无可比拟的优势,如360°全周向转向功能等。此外,碟形结构的AUH在海底作业时更有利于保持稳定性,较为容易地实现近底航行、定点悬停、垂直起降等机动性能。值得指出的是,AUH的经济航行速度不高,一般不大于2 kn,可与鱼雷形的AUV差异化发展。
海底运动和观测探测作业对海底AUV的机动性和敏捷性提出了较高的要求,在 AUH 机敏性运动机理方面,前期主要针对其机动性开展研究工作,综合考虑圆碟形AUH回转体结构的水动力特性[3335, 6870],通过外形迭代优化AUH的水平和垂向机动性能。针对其航向易受外部扰动和模型失配的问题,研究水下直升机的无模型参数自适应滑模控制方法[71],使其可较优地实现自由起降、定点悬停、全周转向等功能。同时,在全周转向方面初步考虑了运动敏捷性,AUH在航向、横滚、纵倾等自由度具有更快的调节速度,可完成零半径全周旋转等标志性敏捷动作。另外,通过声源设置在水下停机坪上的双超短基线声学导航加之AUH惯导形成组合导航,配之抗多径反射算法提高抗噪能力,较好地解决了海底环境的水声通信与导航问题。
针对海底环境探察、水质监测、生态保护等多种需求,经过多年迭代,浙江大学团队研制出了AUH系列样机(图11),以面向不同的应用场景。Mini-AUH是第一代概念样机,用以验证圆碟形潜水器的基本运动功能。随后,又研发了具有声学定位功能的S-AUH,并在国家重点研发计划的支持下,研制了具备水声通导、浮力调节、无线充电等功能的G-AUH,并在南海1 000 m水深完成了海试验收。自2019年起,研究团队开始走上了AUH的系列产品化道路,包括面向冰下藻类观测的ICE-AUH,面向珊瑚礁生态观测的CORAL-AUH,以及面向多种产业需求的标准化产品样机OT-AUH。
在海底海洋的观测探测领域,现有的传统和固定式观测手段受限于各自的技术特性,无法高效协同,难以全面、细致地对海底环境实现有效的观测探测,亟需发展一种能够实现海底观测探测作业的AUV。海底AUV因长期在海底作业,在技术上需要满足3个方面的要求:一是具有适应海底驻留的结构;二是具备较强的机敏性;三是解决海底复杂环境下的水声通信导航问题。本文综述了海底AUV发展与演变历程,分析了海底AUV水动力外形优化技术、海底AUV机敏运动控制技术、海底水声通信与定位导航技术、海底接驳与充电技术。除此之外,海底AUV的研究还有两大要点:水动力学基础上的机敏运动模型和高抗噪性能的水声通导支撑下的机敏运动控制机理。随后,本文以圆碟形AUV—水下直升机为例,介绍了一种海底AUV的解决方案。海底AUV的发展及其海底观测探测能力的综合提升,将为海底海洋科学探索、海洋资源勘探、海底目标发现等科学与工程问题提供解决思路。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0306100);国家自然科学基金面上项目(52271352);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022062)。
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2023年第45卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023153
  • 接收时间:2023-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-27
  • 修回日期:2023-05-23
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0306100);国家自然科学基金面上项目(52271352);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022062)。
作者信息
    1 浙江大学 电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
    2 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    3 流体动力与机电系统国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310058

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*陈鹰,男,教授,主要从事海洋技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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